Editors

I Gusti Agung Gde Sosiowati

Ni Luh Nyoman Seri Malini

ENGLISH PROSE ANALYSIS

From Theories to Practices 1

CAKRA PRESS
in collaboration with
English Department Faculty of Arts Udayana University
ENGLISH PROSE ANALYSIS
From Theories to Practices 1

Editors
I Gusti Agung Gde Sosiowati
Ni Luh Nyoman Seri Malini

CAKRA PRESS
in collaboration with
English Department Faculty of Arts Udayana University
2017
 English Prose Analysis:
From Theories to Practices 1

Editors
I Gusti Agung Gde Sosiowati
Ni Luh Nyoman Seri Malini

Design cover
Amanda Ratri Yasmin
Luh Putu Udiani Sari

Publisher:
CAKRA PRESS
Jalan Diponegoro 256
Denpasar, Bali 80114

in collaboration with
English Department Faculty of Arts Udayana University

First Edition: January 2017

ISBN 978-602-9320-66-4

ii
 Acknowledgment

It has been known that there are various kinds of

people with various kinds of characters living in this world.
There are also various kinds of experiences happening that
they have to undergo. These kinds of people and experiences
inspire the authors of literature to write about those things.
This is very important and useful considering that the life of
human beings is very limited and it is expected that they will
know about the world as much as possible. The only possible
and cheapest way of doing it is through reading literary
work. People can have more information, ideas and the
feeling about something without necessarily experiencing it
by themselves. The types of literary works produced by those
authors can be fiction and non-fiction. The works produced
can be based on the real events, completely imaginative
or the combination of factual and imaginative events. By
reading all the researchers conducted by the students of the
Faculty of Arts and Cultures, it is expected that the readers
can improve their life quality considering that there are a lot
of moral teaching and human behaviors that will be able to
learn.
Great gratititude is extended to those students who
have contributed in the publishing of this compilation which
mostly talked about, characters, characterization, methods
of characterization, and the dimensions creating a human
being. Special gratitude is also extended to Ni Luh Nyoman
Seri Malini who has initiated the idea of producing this
compilation.

Editor

iii
 Table of Contents

Acknowledgement ~ iii
Table of Contents ~ iv

The Analysis of the Main Character in Doyle’s

“The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: The Boscombe
Valley Mystery”
Amanda Ratri Yasmin ~ 1

An Analysis of the Main Characters in Novel “The

Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde” By Robert Louis
Stevenson
Ni Putu Dewi Wulan Widyasari ~ 15

The Analysis of the Main and the Secondary Characters in

Ashton’s A Ship To Nowhere
Ni Made Mitha Suandari ~ 27

The Analysis of The Main Character Behaviours and

Characterization in Lardner’s “Haircut”
Ni Nyoman Bella Ayuniari Astawa ~ 41

The Analysis of The Characters in Maupassant’s

“The Necklace”
Yunita Sari ~ 53

The Analysis of Main Character in Dark Brown Dog Short

Story by Stephen Crane
Ni Made Ari Supin ~ 73

iv
The Analysis of Characters and Plot in Draanen’s Flipped
Luh Putu Udiani Sari ~ 81

Plot Analysis in Short Story “The Adventures of Tom

Sawyer” by Mark Twain
I Kadek Dody Mahendra ~ 113

A Psychological Analysis of the Main Characters in the

Novel “Cirque Du Freak: A Living Nightmare” by Darren
Shan
Ni Putu Diah Antari Suwawi ~ 127

A Psychological Analysis of the Main Character in Cabot’s

“The Mediator”
Putu Intan Teresna Sari ~ 141

The Analysis of Psychological Aspect in Chopin’s

“The story of An Hour”
Ni Nym Claudia Agustina Dewi ~ 153

The Analysis of Intrinsic Elements in Hans Christian

Andersen’s “Ib And Little Christine”
Ivet Rosenova Belevska ~ 175

Stylistic Analysis of The Nightingale and The Rose Short

Story by Oscar Wilde
I Gusti Ayu Dwi Dharmayanti ~ 191

Three Dimensional Aspect of Main Character in A Rose For

Emily by William Faulkner
Ni Putu Eka Wahyuni ~ 203

v
vi
 ~1~
The Analysis of the Main Character in
Doyle’s “The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes:
The Boscombe Valley Mystery”

YASMIN, Amanda Ratri

1301305057
English Department, Faculty of Arts Udayana University
Email address: [email protected]

Abstract
The study entitled The Analysis of the Main Character in Doyle’s
“The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: The Boscombe Valley Mystery”
is aimed at finding out the physiological, sociological and
psychological dimensions of the main character and the methods of
characterization used by the author to present the main character in
the short story. There were some theories that are used in this study
such as the theory about character proposed by Tarigan (1993),
theory about characterization proposed by Kenney (1966) and
theory about the dimension of character proposed by Wellek and
Warren (1955). The findings are the author only used two methods
of characterization such as discursive method and character on
character method and after analyzing Sherlock Holmes as the main
character, he is a character who was a well-known private detective
that not fond of other people but if he already trusted someone
he would be fond of that person, a thoughtful man who did not
jump to conclusions easily; he would collect facts and evidence
to support his assumption. He was also a crimes addict yet very
confident, intelligent, and perceptive man.
Keywords: short story, character, characterization, Sherlock Holmes

1
S
1. INTRODUCTION
hort story like any other prose have special
characteristic, in the sense that it has intrinsic elements
and extrinsic elements. Intrinsic elements cover theme,
setting, plot, character, point of view, style and tone (Kenney,
1966). Character is one of the intrinsic elements which is
an important aspect because it conveys the author’s idea,
makes the story alive and carries the author’s message that
can bring various values into human life such as morality,
education, and many others. It is important to understand
physiology, psychology, and sociology aspects of the
character in order to know the factors that influence the
character’s attitude and behaviour. Furthermore, this study
analyzes the method of characterization used by the author
to present the main character in the short story. How the
main character is presented can build such atmosphere that
affects the emotion and the feeling of the readers. From the
background mentioned above, there are some problems that
could be analyzed in this study, those are:
1. How are the physiological, sociological and
psychological dimensions of the main characters in the
short story?
2. What methods of characterization used by the author
to present the main character in the short story?

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
This study was inspired by some previous study such
as a study entitled “Main Character Analysis of Lord of the
Ring Fellowship of the Ring by J. R. R. Tolkien” (Mertadana:
2006). This previous study analyzed the characters in terms

2
of physiological, sociological, and psychological aspects
but focused more on the sociological aspect. Another
previous study that also inspired this study is “Method of
Characterization and Three Dimensional Aspects of Main
Character in Brontë’s Jane Eyre” (Sawitri: 2012). This previous
study analyzed the three dimensions of character including
the characterization method used by the author to present
the characters.

3. RESEARCH METHOD
The data of this study was taken from the short story
entitled “The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: The Boscombe
Valley Mystery” by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. This short story
is chosen as data source because it can fulfill the need of data
in this study.
The data was collected through library research that
was collected through doing some steps, such as: (1) reading
and understanding the whole content of the story, (2)
identifying the data related to the topic and it was followed
by note taking.
The collected data was analyzed descriptively based on
theoretical framework. First, the collected data was analyzed
by classifying the main character. After being classified, the
data was analyzed in order to determine the physiological,
sociological and psychological dimension of the main
character based on the theory proposed by Bernhardt, Wellek
and Warren (1955). Then, the methods used by author to
present the main character in the short story based on the
theory proposed by Kenney were analyzed.

3
4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
There are some theories used in this study such as the
theory about character proposed by Tarigan (1993), theory
about characterization proposed by Kenney (1966) and
theory about the dimension of character proposed by Wellek
and Warren (1955).

1.1. Character
According to DiYanni (2001:38) characters are the
fictional people, who are part of the action or a literary work.
Tarigan (1993:76) divides character into three types based on
its function and position:

1.1.1. Main Character

Main character is the central character that can explain
the other characters in the story. As an important figure, it
plays an important role in the story.
a. Secondary Character
Secondary character is the character that mostly affects
the main character.
b. Supporting Character
Supporting character is a character that incidentally
supports the main character by confirming what the main
character says or does in the story.

1.2. Characterization
In presenting characters in the story, the author uses
some methods to present and reveal the characters. According
to Kenney (1966) there are five methods of characterization,
they are:

4
1.2.1. Discursive Method
This kind of characterization takes a direct approach
towards building the character. The author revealed the
character by descriptive portrayal or by direct comments (the
author tells the readers what the personality of the character
is like in straight forward manner).

1.2.2. Dramatic Method

In the dramatic method, the characterization of the
character is represented through what they say and how
they say it, their verbal interactions with others and the
discrepancies between their talk and their actions, the action
of the character made who the character is.

1.2.3. Character on Character Method

In the character on character method, the charac­
terization of the character is represented through what other
characters say or think about her or him.

1.2.4. Contextual Method

In this method the author reveals information about
a character and their personality through verbal context
that surrounds that character. The environment in which a
character lives may cause readers to form certain assumptions
about the character.

1.2.5. Mixing Method

This method represents the character in the story
by using more than one method (e.g. dramatic method and
character on character method). If the author uses dramatic

5
and character on character method, the author reveals the
character by presenting the character to the audience through
what the character say and how they say it, their verbal
interactions with others and the discrepancies between their
talk and their actions, besides that, the main character’s
characteristics are also revealed by other characters in the
story.

1.3. Dimension of Character

As Wellek and Warren stated, the author must concern
with the three dimensions in describing the character in order
to create the perfectness of the character.

a. Physiological Dimension
Physiology is the study of the human body (Tokay, 1957:1).
So, physiological dimension is related to physical condition or
appearance of the character which can be observed through
sex, age, and the other physical appearance, such as body
shape, size, height, skin color, and face.

b. Sociological Dimension
Sociology is the study of human beings and their
interaction within and between groups of people (Roucek
and Warren, 1963:3). So, in literary work, the sociological
dimension can be connected with economic, political, social
situations and the interrelationships between all spheres of
human activities (Wellek and Warren, 1955:101).

c. Psychological Dimension
Wellek and Warren (1955:75) state that psychology of

6
literature means the study of the writer, or the study of the
creative process, or the study of the psychological types
and laws presented within works of literature. According to
Bernhardt (1953), psychology of literary work can be observed
through the character. Through psychological approach, the
psychology of character that includes the human motivation,
feeling and emotion can be analyzed.

5. ANALYSIS
Main character is the central character that plays an
important role in the story. As the title of the short story
explicitly stated, the main character is Sherlock Holmes.
The story entitled “The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes:
The Boscombe Valley Mystery” tells about Sherlock Holmes
adventure in solving cases and mysteries. Therefore, Sherlock
becomes the main character because he takes an important
role in the story.
The discussion below concerned with the analysis of the
dimensions which build the main character’s characteristic
and also how the author characterizes the main character.

5.1 Physiological Dimension

The physiological dimension can be analyzed through
the general health, sex, age, appearance including shape of
body, size, color of skin, etc. The analysis of this dimension is
in the following discussion:
At the beginning of the story “The Adventures of
Sherlock Holmes: The Boscombe Valley Mystery”, Sherlock
was identified as a tall man with gaunt figure, who wore
a long grey travelling-cloak and close-fitting cloth cap that

7
made him even taller and gaunter. This point can be seen
from this following quotation:

“… his tall, gaunt figure made even gaunter and taller by

his long grey travelling-cloak and close-fitting cloth cap.”
(Doyle, 1986: 161)

In this statement, Sherlock was characterized in

discursive method because the author tried to give the
information of Sherlock’s appearance through direct
comment through the narrator. The author directly stated
that Sherlock is a tall man with gaunt figure according to the
quotation above.
From physiological dimension, it can be concluded that
Sherlock was a tall man with gaunt figure. In finding out the
physiological dimension of Sherlock as the main character,
the author used only one method, discursive method.

5.2 Sociological Dimension

The sociological dimension in the story can be seen
from many things, which are related to environment and
its influence to us such as family, neighborhood, school,
the relationship of the character to other characters, and
etc. which are the closest group that form a basic behavior
patterns and attitudes of their members. Social interaction
also concerns social group, social status system, economy,
and religion. The analysis of this dimension is presented in
the following discussion:
Sherlock looked out for people he cares about. This
point can be seen from these following quotations:

8
 “My dear fellow, I know you well. I know the military neatness
which characterizes you.” (Doyle, 1986: 162)

In this statement, Sherlock was characterized in

discursive method because the author tried to give the
information of Sherlock’s social relationship with his friend
through direct explanation. The author stated directly that
Sherlock knew his friend well; he knew his friend’s habit that
his friend was always neat because he used to be in military.
Sherlock Holmes is a man who is not fond of other
people but if he already trusts someone he will be fond of
that person. This point can be seen from these following
quotations:

“It makes a considerable difference to me, having someone

with me on whom I can thoroughly rely.” (Doyle, 1986: 161)

In this statement, Sherlock was characterized in

discursive method because the author tried to give the
information of Sherlock’s social relationship with his friend
through direct explanation. In the quotation above, the
author tried to give explanation that Sherlock is glad to be
accompanied by his trustworthy friend. It seems like he
rather being alone than being accompanied by someone else
who he cannot rely on. That is why it can be said that he is not
of other people except the people he trusts. Sherlock is well-
known private detective from London. This point can be seen
from these following quotations:

“Oh, Mr. Sherlock Holmes! I am so glad that famous detective

like you have come all the way here.” (Doyle, 1986: 165)

9
 In this statement, Sherlock was characterized in
character on character method because the author tried to
give the information of Sherlock’s social relationship with
people around him through other character explanation.
The author, by using the other character, gives information
to the reader that Sherlock is a famous detective because he
is well-known in different regions that are far enough from
where he lives. Other people can recognize him easily that he
is Sherlock Holmes, a famous detective.
From sociological dimension, it can be concluded that
Sherlock was a well-known private detective who is not fond
of other people but if he already trusts someone he will be
fond of that person. In finding out the sociological dimension
of Sherlock, the author used two methods namely discursive
method and character on character method.

5.3 Psychological Dimension

When analyzing the psychological dimension of a
character, there are various aspects to be concerned on. They
are human motivation included appetites, wants, emotions,
feeling and attitude, and social motives, and also feelings and
emotions. The analysis of this dimension is in the following
discussion:
Sherlock is a thoughtful man. He did not jump to
conclusions easily; he would collect facts and evidence to
support his assumption. This point can be seen from these
following quotations:

“I shall take nothing for granted until I have the opportunity

of looking personally into it.” (Doyle, 1986: 161)
10
 “The London press has not had very full accounts. I have just
been looking through all the recent papers in order to master
the particulars.” (Doyle, 1986: 161)
“‘Circumstantial evidence is a very tricky thing,’ answered
Holmes thoughtfully.” (Doyle, 1986: 162)

Those statements above show that Sherlock was

characterized through discursive method because the author
tried to give the information of Sherlock’s psychological
condition through direct explanation. According to the
quotations above, Sherlock will not make any assumption
before he gets some facts or evidence to proof his assumption.
The author also directly stated that he will say something
thoughtfully.
Sherlock Holmes is a very confident, intelligent and
perceptive man. This point can be seen from this following
quotation:

“I very clearly perceive that in your bedroom the window is

upon the right-hand side…” (Doyle, 1986: 162)

In this statement, Sherlock was characterized in

discursive method because the author tried to give the
information of Sherlock’s psychological condition through
direct comment that he is able to know facts of someone
or something without being told about it. Sherlock is very
intelligent; he can know some information without anyone
told him. He is also a confident man; he always says his
assumption confidently when he has the proofs.
Sherlock Holmes is a crimes addict; he loves to work
unofficially to uncover crimes with his own point of view.

11
This point can be seen from this following quotation:

“I knew your energetic nature, and that you would not be happy
until you had been on the scene of the crime.” (Doyle, 1986: 164)

In this statement, Sherlock was characterized in

character on character method because the author tried to
give the information of Sherlock’s psychological condition,
through another character explanation. The author makes
Sherlock a character that was addicted to crime. He was
happy to see crime scene and collected facts and evidences
to proof his assumption later on. The fact that he was usually
able to get some proof that the police unable to; can change
the point of view of some cases. This was a strange behaviour,
because people usually do not like to go to the crime scene.
From psychological dimension, it can be concluded
that Sherlock was thoughtful man who did not jump to
conclusions easily; he would collect facts and evidence to
support his assumption. He was a crimes addict yet very
confident, intelligent, and perceptive man. In finding out
psychological dimension of Sherlock as the main character,
the author used two methods, namely discursive method and
character on character method.

6. CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis and discussion of the problems
mentioned earlier, some conclusions can be drawn as follows:
In order to figure out the character of Sherlock
Holmes as the main character, there are three dimensions of
character that are analyzed. From physiological dimension,
Sherlock was a tall man with gaunt figure. From sociological
12
dimension, Sherlock was a well-known private detective
who was not fond of other people but if he already trusted
someone he would be fond of that person. From psychological
dimension, Sherlock was a thoughtful man who did not jump
to conclusions easily; he would collect facts and evidence to
support his assumption. He was a crimes addict yet very
confident, intelligent, and perceptive man.
In this story, the author only used two methods of
characterization those are: discursive method and character
on character method.

REFERENCES

Bernhardt, Karl S. 1953. Practical Psychology. Canada: Mc.Graw-Hill

Book Company,Inc.
DiYanni, Robert. 2001. Literature Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama.
New York: Mc.Graw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. 1986. Sherlock Holmes: The Complete Novels
and Stories, Vol. 1. New York: Bantam Classics
Hornby, A.S. 2010.Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Eighth
Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Kenney, William. 1966. How to Analyze Fiction. New York: Monarch
Press
Mertadana, I Made Meyge. 2006. Main Character Analysis of Lord of
the Ring Felllowship of the Ring by J. R. R. Tolkien.Denpasar:
Udayana University
Roucek, Joseph S. and Rolland L. Warren. 1963. Sociology An
Introduction. New Jersey: Littlefields, Adams, and Co Paterson
Sawitri, Komang Alit. 2012. Method of Characterization and Three
Dimensional Aspects of Main Character in Brontë’s Jane Eyre.
Denpasar: Udayana University
Tarigan, Henry Guntur. 1984. Prinsip-Prinsip Dasar Sastra. Bandung:

13
 Angkasa Bandung.
Wellek, Rene, and Austin Warren. 1955. The Theory of Literature.
London: Lowe & Brydone Ltd.

14
 2
An Analysis of the Main Characters in Novel
“The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr.
Hyde” By Robert Louis Stevenson

WIDYASARI, Ni Putu Dewi Wulan

1301305077
English Department, Faculty of Arts Udayana University
Email address: [email protected]

Abstract
The article entitled An Analysis of the Main Characters in Novel
“The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde” By Robert Louis
Stevenson is aimed at finding out the main characters. The theory
used in this study is proposed by Edgar V. Roberts (1964: 41).
Character is a general description of the man who determines human
ideas, words and style through dialogue, action, and commentary
about the character. This study used library research to collect the
data by note taking. Qualitative was used in the analysis and it was
descriptively presented.
Keywords: Character, Main Character

I
1. INTRODUCTION
n our lives there are many realities that can affect human
life. Every event happens to create stress on our lives. The
influence of the reality of this life will be better or worse
depending on how human beings accept it. The example of
the reality that can affect a person’s behavior is loss of parents.
Indirectly, this will be the cause of the man who suffers to
change. Whether it is a good change for the better or even for

15
the worse depends on how humans accept that reality. As
social beings we certainly need the help from others, support
from others to get through the tough times.
Short story, novel, drama and poetry are literary works
which are created based on author’s situations, experiences
or imagination. Literature is a piece of writing that describes
the authors’ thoughts and feelings in the reality of social
life as a reflection of the phenomena occurring around
them. Wellek & Warren (1971:3) say, “Literature  is the
mirror of human life that portrays human feeling, thought,
imagination and  perception  which  can  be  viewed  based  on 
personal  judgment.”  Literature constitutes the imaginative
act  from  the human’s  imagination  and  interpreting life-
experiences. Author writing a novel is not merely to give
feelings of pleasure to the readers, but also want to convey a
message of understanding human life through the explanation
of the events and actions of the characters in the novel. And
through a novel, the author also describes that everyone has
different characters, such as temperamental, humorous and
possessive etc.
According to Reaske (1966: 5) in t “How to Analyze
Drama”, a literary work can depict life by presenting a variety
of action and dialogue between the characters. Disposition is
one important element in special literary works. According to
Hofman, in The Encyclopedia of Americans, characterization
is one of the attitudes, behaviors or habits in imagining
someone to make them credible to the readers.
According to Glorier (1977: 291), the characterization
is a unique characteristic of fiction such as short story, novel,
drama, and poetry. Character contained in the novel may

16
also show changes which is significantly influenced by the
narrative, so that each character has the power to dominate
the story as a whole.
“The Strange of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde” is one of the
works of Robert Louis Stevenson that was published in 1866
by eBook Planet in the USA. “The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll
and Mr. Hyde” describes Dr. Jekyll as the one who who has
more than one personality or in the figure of Dr. Jekyll there
is another figure, named Mr. Hyde. The second personality is
the opposite, where the figure of Dr. Jekyll is a good figure to
everyone, while the figure of Mr. Hyde is very nasty.
The author choses this topic because the main character
in the novel “The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde”
is very interesting to analyze since it has more than one
personality or multiple personalities in one person.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
A thesis titled “An Analysis of Main Characters in
Stephenie Meyer’s novel: New Moon” by Umi Fauziah
discusses the key figures contained in the novel New Moon
by Stephenie Meyer. The author found the main characters
have different characteristics and have different properties
as well. The author used library research method by reading
some English grammar books as references to information
that supports this title and also search from the internet.
Thus the characteristics and properties of each character in
the novel can be found.

3. RESEARCH METHOD
The data for this article was taken from the enternet

17
(http://www.planetebook.com/ebooks/The-Strange-Case-
of-Dr-Jekyll). It is a novel entitled “The Strange Case of Dr.
Jekyll and Mr. Hyde” written by Robert Louis Stevenson. It
was originally published in 1866 by eBook Planet in the USA.
This study used library research to collect the data by
note taking. The process of analysis was divided into several
steps. The first step was reading the short story repeatedly
and intensively to understand the content of the short story.
Then, the second step was reading the theory book and
browsing to the internet, in order to get more information
that is relevant to the topic.
The author used descriptive qualitative research
method with purposive sampling method in taking the
sample data. Qualitative was used in the analysis and it was
descriptively presented. In analyzing the data, there are some
steps. The steps are reading, comprehending and finding
important details of the data, analyzing the characteristic of
the main characters in novel “The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll
and Mr. Hyde” written by Robert Louis Stevenson.

4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
In conducting this study the theory that Edgar V.
Roberts (1964: 41) was used. It says that the character is a
general description of the man who determines human ideas,
words and style through dialogue, action, and commentary
about the character, he suggested four special ways to get
information about the characters, namely:
a. What the character said about himself.
b. What the character did.
c. What is the other character’s opinion about the character

18
 that being analyzed.
d. What the author said about the character.

5. ANALYSIS
Here’s the characteristics owned by the main characters
in the novel “The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde”
by Robert Louis Stevenson”:

5.1. Dr. Jekyll

5.1.1. Arrogant

“I was born in the year 18— to a large fortune, endowed besides

with excellent parts, inclined by nature to industry, fond of the
respect of the wise and good among my fellowmen, and thus, —
might have been supposed, with every guarantee of an honourable
and distinguished future.” (Stevenson, 1993: 48)

The quotation above illustrates that Dr. Jekyll is a person

born in a wealthy family is regarded as a good luck. As Dr.
Jekyll, representing the upper class society with abundant
wealth and intelligence as well as its higher education, makes
him highly respected in society in Victorian times in England.
In order to keep his pride, he should be able to keep himself
from despicable acts such as killing or stealing.

5.1.2. Liar

“... I [Dr. Jekyll] swear to God I will never set eyes on him again. I
bind my honor to you that I am done with him in this world.”

Liar is also one of the characteristic owned by Dr.

19
Jekyll, as contained in the following passage, he tried to cover
up the truth about who Mr. Hyde is when the authorities
investigated some strange events that occurred in London
where Dr. Jekyll lives.

5.1.3. Ambitious
“I had learned to dwell with pleasure, as a beloved
day-dream. On the thought of the separation of these
elements. If each, I told myself, could but be housed in
separate identities, life would be relieved of all that was
unbearable; the unjust might go his way, delivered from the
aspirations and remorse of his more upright twin; and the
mst could walk steadfastly and securely on his upward path,
domg the good things in which be found his pleasure, and
no longer exposed to disgrace and penitence by the hands
of this extraneous evil. It was the curse of mankind that
these incongruous faggots were thus bound together—that
in the agonized womb of consciousness these polar twins
should be continuously struggling. How, then, were they
dissociated?” (Stevenson, 1993: 48-49)
As a human being, Dr. Jekyll definitely has weaknesses.
One of his main weaknesses is an attempt to separate the
good and bad qualities in him with the intention that can
maintain its good name in the public. He feels uncomfortable
and worried, until he feels that he was not real, that there is
a power in his turbulent wanting to come to the surface. It
is constantly terrorized, sharpening his senses and his inner
weaken. He speculates that he has a second person, who
wants to take part in his life, the evil side of him that does not
want to dwell in the subconscious. Then one day, he makes an

20
experiment creating a strange potions and trying it on himself
at midnight. The result is very surprising, he finds himself is
not himself anymore, but another figure, the second person
of evil, which will eventually take over himself entirely. His
name was Edward Hyde.

5.1.4. Wicked
“He was wild when he was young” Utterson said.
The wickedness described by his friend and lawyer
refers more to the ambitions of Dr. Jekyll himself. Since he
is a doctor, he only works in the laboratory and through the
work he starts doing various experiments that do not make
sense, such as creating a serum to separate the good and the
bad side in him.

5.1.5. Kind
“On the other side, I announced to my servants that a
Mr. Hyde (whom I described) was to have full liberty and
power about my house in the square;”
Dr. Jekyll in this novel is described as a man who is
very kind to everyone. His kindness can be seen when he
gives the authority over his house to Mr. Hyde.

5.1.6. Friendly
“10th December, 18 —DEAR LANYON, You are one
of my oldest friends; and although we may have differed at
times on scientific questions, I cannot remember, at least on
my side, any break in our affection.”
Dr. Jekyll is also described as being very friendly,
it can be seen from the contents of his letter to his friend,

21
Lanyon.
5.1.7. Smart
“Henry Jekyll, M.D., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S.…etc.”
The intelligence of Dr. Jekyll also can be seen from the
title described by the narrator that he is a very smart man.
Title given by the narrator is an illustration to describe how
genius Dr. Jekyll is in his field.

5.2. Mr. Hyde

5.2.1. Rude
““Common friends?” echoed Mr. Hyde a little hoarsely”
Rude is one of the Mr. Hyde’s characteristics, and this
can be seen from his words to Mr. Utterson contained in the
quotation above.
5.2.2. Grumpy
“He never told you!” cried Mr. Hyde with a flush
of anger.”
One of the characteristics that become the habit of Mr.
Hyde described by Stevenson is that Hyde is someone who is
very easily upset and offended.
5.2.3. Mysterious
““Never heard of him, since my time”. Lanyon
said.”
“He is not easy to describe. There is something
wrong with his appearance; something displeasing,
something downright detestable. I never saw a man I so
disliked, and yet I scarce know why”
Not many people are familiar with of Mr. Hyde, this
includes Dr. Lanyon as a friend of Dr. Jekyll. It could almost
be said that only Dr. Jekyll knows who Mr. Hyde really was

22
because Mr. Hyde is a figure hiding behind Dr. Jekyll. Then
we can find him only when he has to transform himself by
drinking a kind of serum that has been created through an
experiment that has been done for him at his laboratory. So
even a close friend never heard about Mr. Hyde.

6. CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis of characters that can be seen
from the main character in the novel “The Strange Case of
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,” it is known that Dr. Jekyll and Mr.
Hyde is the main character in the story because they often
appear in the story and are described as figures with multiple
personalities. He raises himself as Dr. Jekyll with the good
personalities and Mr. Hyde with the bad personalities. It
can be concluded that the characteristics of Dr. Jekyll and
Mr. Hyde are as follows: good, evil, arrogant, ambitious,
intelligent, ruthless, killer.
Dr. Jekyll became a round character or his character
changes along the story, while Mr. Hyde is a flat character,
because from the beginning, the narrator has described the
character of Hyde as flat character or there is no changes in
his character.

REFERENCES
Fauziah, Umi. 2009. An Analysis of Main Characters in Stephenie
Meyer’s Novel: New Moon. North Sumatera University.
Grolier. 1977. The Encyclopedia American International, Ed.6.
New York: American Company.
Gill, Richard. 1995. Mastering English Literature. United
Kingdom: Palgrave MacMillan

23
Holman. 1977. The Encyclopedia of American. New York:
American Company.
Kenney, William. 1966. How to Analyze Fiction. New York:
Monarch Press
Reaske, Christopher R. 1966. How to Analyze Drama. New
York: Monarch Press.
Robert, Edgar V. 1983. Writing Themes about Literature. New
Jersey. Prentice Hall, inc.
Stevenson, Robert Louis. 2014. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll
and Mr. Hyde USA: Planet
EBook. Visit site http://www.planetebook.com/ebooks/The-
Strange-Case-of-Dr-Jekyll.To download free eBook of
classic literature, Books and novels.
Welleck, Rene and Austin Warren. 1976. Theory of Literature.
Florida: Harcourt Brace & World, Inc.

APPENDIX
Summary of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

The novel begins with a lawyer named Mr. Utterson

going for a walk with his friend and relative Mr. Enfield. They
walked past a door, which somehow prompted Mr. Enfield
to tell a sad story: a brute of a man knocked down a little girl,
everyone yelled at the rude man, and the man offered to pay
a lot of money. He then disappeared through the door, only
to return with a large check drawn from Dr. Jekyll’s bank
account. The nasty man? None other than Mr. Hyde.
Mr. Utterson, it turns out, is Dr. Jekyll’s lawyer, and
we found out that in the event of Dr. Jekyll’s death or
disappearance, his entire estate is to be turned over to Mr.

24
Hyde. Mr. Utterson, who thought highly of Dr. Jekyll, was
extremely suspicious of this whole arrangement. He resolved
to get to the bottom of this mystery. He hunted down Mr.
Hyde and was suitably impressed with the evil just oozing
out of his pores. He then asked Dr. Jekyll about these odd
arrangements. Dr. Jekyll refused to comment, and there the
matter rested until “nearly a year later.”
Cut to “nearly a year later.” A prominent politician
was brutally beaten to death. The murder was conveniently
witnessed by a maid, who pointed to evil-oozing Mr. Hyde
as the culprit. Everyone tried to hunt down this evil man, but
with no success. Meanwhile, Dr. Jekyll was in great health
and spirits; he entertained his friends (among them one Dr.
Lanyon), gave dinner parties, and attended to his religious
duties.
Two months later, both Dr. Lanyon and Dr. Jekyll fell
terribly ill, and claimed to have irrevocably quarreled with
each other. Dr. Lanyon died, leaving mysterious documents
in Mr. Utterson’s possession, to be opened only if Dr. Jekyll
died or disappeared. Dr. Jekyll remained in seclusion, despite
offrequent visits from Mr. Utterson.
Finally, one evening, Dr. Jekyll’s butler visited Mr.
Utterson at home. He was worried about his master and was
convinced of foul play. The butler persuaded Mr. Utterson to
return to Dr. Jekyll’s house, where they broke into Dr. Jekyll’s
laboratory. They found Mr. Hyde dead on the floor, with Dr.
Jekyll nowhere to be found.
Mr. Utterson founds several documents left to him, and
went back home to read both Mr. Lanyon’s narrative and Dr.
Jekyll’s narrative, which, it turned out, are two parts of the

25
same story. At the end of the story, the author of this story,
Robert Louis Stevenson, decided that it was about time to
tell us what happened at the beginning. So we discovered
(through the documents left by the dead men) the following:
by means of a potion, Dr. Jekyll was able to transform into
Mr. Hyde and give into a world of pleasure and self-serving
crime. In his narrative, Dr. Jekyll writes that Mr. Hyde became
ever more powerful and ever harder to control—in essence,
the dominant personality.

26
 3
The Analysis of the Main and the Secondary
Characters in Ashton’s A Ship To Nowhere
SUANDARI, Ni Made Mitha
1301305072
English Department, Faculty of Arts Udayana University
Email address: [email protected]

Abstract
The article entitled The Analysis of the Main and the Secondary
Characters in Ashton’s “A Ship to Nowhere” is aimed at finding out the
main and the secondary characters, the characterization method
used by the author, and how the personalities of the main characters
are presented in the story. There are some theories will be used in
this article, such as theory about characters, and characterization.
Characters are the people in narratives, and characterization in
the author’s presentation and development of characters (Griffith,
1982: 29). According to William Kenney (1966: 27), there are three
types of characters based of the function;main character, secondary
character, and supporting character. While characterization is the
process by which the writer reveals the personality of a character.
Characterization is revealed through direct characterization and
indirect characterization. Characterization method can be divided
into direct method, and indirect method.
Keywords: Character, Characterization, Method of characterization

T
1. INTRODUCTION
here are three products of literary works that can be
produced by human beings. One of the most popular
product of literary work is a prose. Nowadays, not
only mature-aged-people can be considered as the author of
a prose, but, younger people also have the same ability and

27
the same chances to produce this kind of literary work. There
is no age limit to create stories. Having the imaginations of
scenes going on in your head is the beginning of working for
a fiction, in this case, a short story.
Character is one of the important elements in literary
works such as a short story. The character influences the
story through its personality, motivation, and attitude.
Characters are the people in narratives, and characterization
in the author’s presentation and development of characters
(Griffith, 1982: 29). According to William Kenney (1966: 27),
there are three types of characters based of the function;main
character, secondary character, and supporting character.
This study is focusing on the main and the secondary
characters exist in the short story. Besides that, this study also
analyzes the method of characterization used by the author
to present the main and secondary character. According to
the background above, the aims of this study are:
1) To find out the main and the secondary characters in the
short story “A Ship to Nowhere” by Ashton.
2) To analyze the method of characterization used to
present the main and secondary characters in the short
story “A Ship to Nowhere” by Ashton.
3) To describe how the author represented the personalities
of the main characters in the short story.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Some previous studiesconcerning about characters
and characterization have been reviewed. According to
Wirawan (2015) in his thesis entitled “Analysis of Main and
Secondary Characters in “47 Ronin” Movie in Term of Method of

28
characterization and Three Dimensions of Characters”, character
is the figure that participates in the action or the people who
play role in a story and it is expected to be natural or lifelike
to make the story interesting. The author in his object of study
used two methods of characterization in the movie. They are
dramatic method and character on other characters method
of characterization.
Another study being reviewed was written by Tumisih
(2011) with the title “The Analysis of The Characterization
Hemingway’s of a Farewell to Arms Novel”. She, in her study,
isinterested in investigating and analyzing the novel
because the writer wants to grasp the novel, especially, the
characterization. The characters to be discussed are L.t.
Frederick Henry, Catherine Barkley, Rinaldi and the priest.

3. RESEARCH METHOD
This is a library research, and to make this article a
short story was chosen to be the data source. It was published
by a young author named Ashton who is from Calpine,
California, USA. Her short story “A Ship to Nowhere” was
published through internetand was cited on November
2015.The data is presented in the form of words, phrases,
and sentences indicating the personality of the main and
secondary characters.
The data collected was read thoroughly to decide who
the main and secondary character is, then analyze the method
of characterization, followed by identifyingthe personality of
the main and secondary characters. More information that
are relevant to the topic was searched in the internet.
In analyzing the data, descriptive qualitative method

29
was used. The data analyzed about the personalities of the
main and secondary characters of the story and the method
of characterization.

4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
4.1. Character
Characters are the people in narratives, and charac_
terization in the author’s presentation and development of
characters (Griffith, 1982: 29). When we speak of characters, we
refer to the persons or agents which undergo the experiences
in fantasy fictions, the characters may not be human, they
may also be animals, robots, things, given human abilities
and traits.
Kenney proposes that a character is obviously relevant
to us and to our experience if he is like others whom we know.
A character is relevant if there are a lot of people like him
in the real world (1966: 27). The character can be classified
into main character, secondary character, and supporting
character, based on the function of character in the story. The
main character is the most important figure as the central
figure in the story, but the secondary character also has
important role and give influence to the main character.
Based on the function, a character can be classified into
some categories as follows:
a. Main character
The one who takes an important role in the story, who
determines where the story will go and always becomes
the central figure in the story.
b. Secondary character
The character that plays the important role and gives

30
 influence to the main character. Usually, the secondary
character helps the main character to form the terms of
story.
c. Supporting character
The character which supports the main character in
the story. Though, it may take an important part in the
story but incidentally acts as supporter.

4.2. Characterization
Characterization is the author’s presentation (the
method) and the development ways that is usually used by
an author in characterization; direct and indirect (Griffith,
1982: 29). It is the process by which the writer reveals the
personality of a character. Characterization is revealed
through direct characterization and indirect characterization.
4.2.1. Direct Method
In the direct method, the novelists simply
tell the readers what the characters are like. William
Kenney in his book “How to Analyze Fiction” (1966)
calls that kind of method discursive method, while
Donald in his book To Read Literature (1983) says
that it is exposition of character. This method is often
used to reveal minor characters.
4.2.2. Indirect Method
In the indirect method, the novelists show
the readers rather than telling them, basically, there
are ways that are usually used by the novelists in
indirect method. First, through the characters’ action,
the novelists want to tell about the characters. The
second ways is through the characters’ thoughts,

31
 conversations, or things. Finally, through the verbal
context that surround the characters.
The novelist may use characters and characterization for
different purposes. A character may do characteristics things
in order to advance the plot (Hawthorn, 1985: 48), through
characterization the novelists should explain the things done
by the characters.

5. ANALYSIS
5.1. The main and secondary character
The main character is the person who generates
the action of a story and engages the reader’s interest
and empathy. In the short story “A Ship to Nowhere”
by Ashton, the main character is the man named
Harold. Unfortunately, the author didn’t mention his
age, nor personalities. Harold happens to be the main
character because he has most of the conflict and is
never absent from the story. His actions create the
plot of the story.
The secondary character is the character that
plays the important role and gives influence to the
main character. Usually, the secondary character
helps the main character to form the terms of story.
Elizabeth happens to be the secondary character
because she has great influence on what the main
character did, especially she and her words affected
the main character’s emotions. Elizabeth is a lovely
young woman, recently out of school with a part-time
job. Since this is a very simple story with only two
characters, the analysis will be put into one to show

32
 the close relationship and how they influence one
another.

5.2. The method of characterization used in the story

The short story “A Ship to Nowhere” by Ashton used
indirect method of characterization. In indirect method, the
author shows the readers rather than tell them, basically,
there are ways that are usually used by the author in indirect
method. First, through the characters’ actions, the author
wants to tell about the characters. The second way is through
the characters’ thoughts, conversations, or things. Finally,
through the verbal context that surround the characters.

5.3. How the personalities of the main characters are

presented in the story
The personalities of the main characters are presented
indirectly by the author. The author shows the readers rather
than simply tell them. In this story, the author shows the
personalities of the characters through their thoughts, actions
and conversations. Such conversations are:

The characters’ thoughts/actions/ The personalities

conversations of the characters
1. “He kissed her gently” This shows that the man is a
loving person.
2. “Oh, probably nothing. I was only This shows that the woman is a
kidding. My boss is a nice old man” humorous person.
3. “I believe it was your hair reminds This sentence shows that the
me of a beautiful waterfall I once man is a flirty person.
saw in paradise.”

33
a) From seeing the first sentence, we can conclude that
the man is a loving person. It is supported by the word
“kissed”. The word kiss (Oxford Dictionary, 4th Edition)
is defined as touching somebody with your lips to
showaffection.
b) It can be said that the woman is a humorous person
because it is supported by the word “kidding” in the
second example. Where the word kidding itself means
to engage in teasing or good-humored fooling (The Free
Dictionary by Farlex).
c) In example three, we can say that the man is a flirty person.
The word flirty or flirt means behave towards somebody
in a romantic but not serious way (Oxford Dictionary, 4th
Edition). The supportingsentence is “your hair reminds
me of a beautiful waterfall I once saw in paradise”
where the words “beautiful waterfall” and “paradise”
are considered romantic because it refers to beautiful
things. The author also showed the use of metaphor here.
Metaphor means the comparison between two unlike
things as if they are one, without the words like or as
(Rozakis (1995: 33)). The comparison happened between
“hair” and “a beautiful waterfall”.

5. CONCLUSION
According to the discussion above, the writer has come
to a conclusion to answer the problems found earlier. The
main character found in the short story “A Ship to Nowhere”
by Ashton is a man named Harold because he has most of
the conflict and is never absent from the story..The secondary
character is a young girl named Elizabeth, because she has

34
great influence on what the main character did. They are the
only characters exist in the story. The author of this short
story used indirect method of characterization to show
the personalities of the characters. In indirect method, the
author shows the readers rather than tell them, through their
thoughts, actions and conversations.

REFERENCES
Griffith, Jr., Kelley. 1982. Writing Essays About Literature: A Guide
and Style Sheet. New York:Harcout Brace Jovanovich New
York
Hall, Donald. 1983. To Read Literature. Boston: Cengage Learning,
Inc.
Hawthorn, Jeremy. 1985. Studying the Novel: An Introduction. United
Kingdom: Chiron Media
Kenney, William. 1966. How to Analyze Fiction. New York: Monarch
Press Oxford Dictionary, 4th Edition.
Read Write Think. 2004. Defining Characterization (Accessed on
November 20th 2015 at http://www.readwritethink.org/
files/resources/lesson_images/lesson800/Characterization.
pdf)
Rozakis, Laurie. 1995. Power Reading. United States: MacMillan
Publishing Company
Tumisih. 2011. The Analysis of The Characterization Hemingway’s of a
Farewell to Arms Novel. Tuban: PGRI Ronggolawe University
(Accessed on November 20th 2015 at
https://bigfkipunirow2008c.wordpress.com/2011/07/01/
the-analysis-of-the-characterization-
hemingway%E2%80%99s-of-a-farewell-to-arms-novel-2/)
Victor,William. Creative Writing Now: A Ship to Nowhere. (Accessed

35
 on November 14th 2015 at http://www.creative-writing-
now.com/a-ship-to-nowhere.html)
Wirawan, KadekAdi. 2015. Analysis of Main and Secondary Characters
in “47 Ronin” Movie in Term of Method of characterization
and Three Dimensions of Characters (undergraduate thesis).
Denpasar: Udayana University.

APPENDIX
Waking up at dawn, the man rolled over to meet his
lover’s gaze. A pretty, young lady who was recently out of
school, with a part-time job at the Tackle Shop at the Bay
Park.The man knew what was to come on that day. But she
did not know a single thing about it. She is having the baby
of the man. Things would be different now, now that they
both knew what would be in that stomach in just a few weeks
time. But the man knew he wouldn’t see this woman again,
let alone his own child. He didn’t know the perfect way of
telling his lover about the truth of him leaving her alone with
their unborn child.
“Harold...” she sighed, but she spoke with a smile.
“What are we going to do today?” Harold chuckled softly.
“Let’s go to the Bay Park. It’s so peaceful there, and you know
me. I always have to be around the ocean.” “What? Are you
crazy? I work at the Tackle Shop right by Bay Park. If my boss
sees me out there on a working day -”.
“Screw your boss,” Harold said simply. “Okay, we’ll
go. But if I lose my job, it’s on you.” The woman said.”I can
live with that,” he said casually. “As long as you’re with me,
nothing else matters to me. You know that, don’t you?” She
sat up and leaned forward to kiss him. “Of course I do.”

36
 Harold took her sitting up as a final cue to start getting
out bed and getting dressed.”Elizabeth?” Harold called from
the bathroom during his morning shave. “What would your
boss do if he saw you with me out there?”
Elizabeth was in the middle of untangling her locket
when she replied. “Oh, probably nothing. I was only kidding.
My boss is a nice old man. I’m sure he’ll think nothing of it
since I’ve known him for so long.”
“How long?” Harold asked. But Elizabeth shrugged.
“For as long as I can remember. He’s like a grandfather to
me, really. I know him through my mother.” Harold nodded
as he rinsed his blade and reached for a towel. Even though
he knew he was leaving in nearly less than an hour, he didn’t
want any other man near Elizabeth.
“Can you put this on?” Elizabeth asked, seeming to
finally untangle the locket, but having trouble fastening it. “I
don’t know how it managed to come off last night.”
Harold made a laughing sound under his breath as he
fumbled with the little golden clasp on the locket. “I’m not
even sure how anything managed to happen last night.”
She turned around, questions printed on her face.
“What do you mean?” was the best one that could sum up
most of the questions.
“Well, let’s face it,” he took his hands in hers, “I had a
few drinks in me, and you obviously didn’t want anything to
do with me at the bar last night, and yet, here we are.”
“Ah, yes, but that was before what you said to me that
made me fall for you. What was it? Your hair is like a waterfall
or something like that?”
They were both laughing, something Harold had

37
always wanted; to be laughing with the girl he loved most like
they knew each other for decades. “I believe it was your hair
reminds me of a beautiful waterfall I once saw in paradise.
That was the whiskey talking, believe me. Like I said, I was
guzzling by the bottle last night.”
“Clearly,” she said. When they’d both finished making
themselves presentable for a leisurely stroll in the park, they
headed off. Elizabeth didn’t seem to notice anything strange
or off about Harold, and he was both grateful and ashamed.
The Hotel was massive. It was one of the most luxurious and
grand hotels around, The Pink Pearl Hotel. They ran holding
hands the entire way to the little park by the bay, enjoying the
warm February morning.
There were a few people here and there. A little boy
with his grandmother was collecting rocks by the shore and
an old man sat on an iron bench feeding some pigeons. But,
other than that, it was peaceful. Even peaceful enough to fall
back asleep.But both Harold and Elizabeth knew that they
could never sleep through a day like this. For Harold knew
this time with Elizabeth would soon come to an end.
“Elizabeth?” Harold asked her, leaned up against an
old oak while Elizabeth lay against his chest. “If I didn’t have
to leave, would you consider marrying me?”
She craned her neck to face his gentle gaze. “You- you’re
l-leaving? Why? When?”
Harold sighed. “Look, I know I didn’t tell you. I didn’t
really see the point. After all, I didn’t think I’d be this much
into you. I’ve only known you for a night and I already want
to spend the rest of my life with you, Elizabeth.”
“Well, what’s the point of asking me to marry you

38
if you’re just going to leave?” Her tone blended into a soft
whimper, a definitely noticeable lump forming in her throat.
“Maybe the only reason I brought it up was because I
wanted to show my true feelings for you. I love you, and?”
“You didn’t answer my question. Why are you leaving?”
She embossed.
But Harold didn’t seem to give much of an answer.
Instead, he stood up and shuffled towards the sea, stopping
when he was flush with the lapping waves by the dock.
“Look,” he said, placing both hands on either side of
her face. “You just have to understand that I have to leave,
okay? I must go.”
Hot tears spilled down Elizabeth’s pretty face. It nearly
broke Harold’s heart to see her this way.
“I’ll never forget you, Harold. I wish you could tell me.”
“Sshhh, love,” was the last thing Harold ever said to
Elizabeth. He knew it wasn’t the best goodbye, but what was
he supposed to do about it?
With much strength of mind, Harold let go of the love
of his life and began walking down the dock to his sailboat
for one. A sailboat of solitude.
Elizabeth didn’t move. Her knees were too shaky. All
she could do was cry hopelessly and helplessly, as if weeping
was the only real solution.
She watched in sorrow as Harold sailed off into the
sunset. She knew she would never see him again. She could
sense it in his voice and see it in his eyes.
The day that Harold left changed everything. He picked
possibly the worst day to leave, the best woman to leave, and,
the best child to leave. I know that wherever he had run off

39
to was a mystery to everyone that knew him, especially to
Elizabeth.
I also know that the day Harold left was Cupid’s special
day. The day he shot arrows at Harold and Elizabeth. I know
that that day.
It was Valentine’s Day.

40
 4
The Analysis of the Main Character
Behaviours and Characterization in Lardner’s
“Haircut”

ASTAWA, Ni Nyoman Bella Ayuniari

1301305075
English Department, Faculty of Arts Udayana University
Email address: [email protected]

Abstract
Literature is a social institution, using medium language a social
creation. Prose can be divided into two kinds, fiction and non-
fiction. The characters in fiction just reflect to real human beings
which expressed in written form. The reflection of it could be in
the physical description, the way of thinking, the attitude, and the
ideas or feelings. The findings showed that the main character of
this story is Jim Kendall. The reason is because this story basically
tells about him, the plot and resolution of conflict revolves around
Jim Kendall, and the narrator purposes here is to tell about his
life when he was still alive till why he can die. Jim Kendall is a
humorist, rough, lady-killer, and persistent man. And for the
characterization, the narrator used discursive method to explain
the major character. It’s because the narrator know all the things
about the main character.
Keywords: Character, characterization, Haircut short story

L
1. Introduction
iterature is a social institution, using medium language
a social creation. Such tradition literary derives as
symbolism and mater are social in their very nature
(Wellek and Warren, 1984:89). Prose can be divided into two

41
classes, fiction and non-fiction. Novel is one of those literary
works which belongs to fiction. It is a story long enough
to fill a complete book, in which the characters and events
are usually imaginary (Hornby, 2006:999). Novel has two
elements; they are intrinsic and extrinsic element. The intrinsic
elements of novel are theme, setting, plot, character, point of
view, style and tone, structure and technique (Kenney, 1966)
The extrinsic elements include history, biography, society,
psychology, ideas and arts. The extrinsic elements is needed
in order to learn the external aspects of prose which bear
relationship to its creation process, such as biography of his
writer, his idea, the feelings and etc.
By reading this short story by the title Haircut by Ring
Lardner, I would like to analyze one of elements which exist
in this short story. Here I would like to take one of intrinsic
elements on this short story. It is about character, I would
like to analyze it in more detail. The characters in fiction just
reflect to real human beings which are expressed in written.
The reflection of it could be in the physical description, the
way of thinking, the attitude, and the ideas or feelings.
As we know character is one of intrinsic elements that
cannot be separated from literary work itself. In every literary
works always there is a character which is as object that is
talked.
Characters in a literary work is very important for
instance in a novel, short story, drama, and many others. To
know who is the major character, the characteristics, and also
characterization more detail, we need to analyze it. In all of
fictions reveal that character is very important to be known.
By character we can be easier to know what is purposed on

42
one of literary works.
According to the phenomena above, the aims of this
study are: (i) To know who the major character in the short
story and to know what the character look like and how
he show his characteristic. And (ii) To explain the methods
of characterization used by the author to present the main
character in the story.

2. Literature Review
An article by Widyawati (2014) entitled AN ANALYSIS
OF DEPRESSION ON THE MAIN CHARACTER KYLE
KINGSON ON THE BEASTLY FILM. In this article, the writer
conducts discussion of literaryworks which is related with
the personality of the main character in the Beastly film
namely Kyle Kingson. The findings of this article showed
that there are five symptoms of depression from the main
character Kyle Kingson namely, feeling sad or unhappy, loss
of interest or pleasure daily activity that be loved before, easy
to be angry or easy to be offended, difficult to take decision,
less to concentrate, feeling worthless, guilty and always
thinking about past failures.

3. Research Method
The data source refers to the object from which the
data are taken, for example: book, novel, and various kinds
of documents. The data were taken from an English short
story by Ring Lardner entitled Haircut that found in the
website https://www.englishclub.com/reading/story-haircut.
htm. In this study the short story “Haircut” by Ring Ladner
was chosen to be analyzed. This study used library research

43
to collect the data by note taking. The working procedure
was divided into several steps. The first step was reading
the short story repeatedly and intensively to understand
the content of the short story. Then, the second step was
reading the theory book and browsing to the internet, in
order to get more information that are relevant to the topic.
The technique of analyzing data is the process to find and
arrange the data systematically, by organizing the data into
categories, describing the data into units, arranging the data
into pattern, and making conclusion. Qualitative method was
used in the analysis and it was descriptively presented.

4. Theoretical Framework
There are two theories used as the framework of this
study in order to help to analyze the problem.

4.1. Characters
Bernardo defined character as a person who is
responsible for the thoughts and action within a story, poem,
or other literature. Characters are extremely important
because they are the medium through which reader interacts
with piece of literature. Every character has his or her own
personality, which a creative author uses to assist in forming
the plot of a story or creating mood.

4.2. Characterization
Characterization is a literary device that is used step
by step in literature to highlight and explain the details
about a character in a story. According to Kearns (1984:610),
a characterization is personality of the character and the

44
method that an author uses to reveals this personality. It is in
the initial stage where the writer introduces the character with
noticeable emergence and then following the introduction of
the character, the writer often talks about his behavior; then
as the story progresses, the thought-process of the character.
In presenting characters in the story, the author uses some
methods.
A. Type of Characters:
According to Bernardo, in fictional literature, authors
use many different types of characters to tell their stories.
Different types of characters fulfill different roles in the
narrative process, and with a little bit of analysis, you can
usually detect some or all of the types below.
a. Major or central characters are vital to the development
and resolution of the conflict. In other words, the
plot and resolution of conflict revolves around these
characters.
b. Minor character who serve to complement the major
characters and help move the plot events forward.
c. Dynamic character who is a person who changes over
time, usually as a result of resolving a central conflict
or facing a major crisis. Most dynamic characters tend
to be central rather than peripheral characters, because
resolving the conflict is the major role of central
characters.
d. Static character is someone who does not change over
time; his or her personality does not transform or
evolve.
e. Rounded character is anyone who has a complex
personality; he or she is often portrayed as a conflicted

45
 and contradictory person.
f. Flat character is the opposite of a round character.
This literary personality is notable for one kind of
personality trait or characteristic.
g. Stock characters are those types of characters who have
become conventional or stereotypical through repeated
use in particular types of stories. Stock characters are
instantly recognizable to readers or audience members
(e.g. the femme fatale, the cynical but moral private
eye, the mad scientist, the geeky boy with glasses, and
the faithful sidekick). Stock characters are normally
one-dimensional flat characters, but sometimes stock
personalities are deeply conflicted, rounded characters
(e.g. the “Hamlet” type).
h. Protagonist is the central person in a story, and is often
referred to as the story’s main character. He or she (or
they) is faced with a conflict that must be resolved. The
protagonist may not always be admirable (e.g. an anti-
hero); nevertheless s/he must command involvement
on the part of the reader, or better yet, empathy.
i. Antagonist is the character(s) (or situation) that
represents the opposition against which the protagonist
must contend. In other words, the antagonist is an
obstacle that the protagonist must overcome.
j. Anti-Hero is a major character, usually the protagonist,
who lacks conventional nobility of mind, and who
struggles for values not deemed universally admirable.
k. Foil is any character (usually the antagonist or an
important supporting character) whose personal
qualities contrast with another character (usually the

46
 protagonist). By providing this contrast, we get to
know more about the other character.
l. Symbolic character is any major or minor character
whose very existence represents some major idea or
aspect of society.

B. Methods of Characterization:
In presenting characters in the story, the author uses
some methods. According to Kenney (1966) there are five
methods of characterization:
a. Discursive Method (direct)
This kind of characterization takes a direct approach
towards building the character. The author revealed the
character by descriptive portrayal or by direct comments (the
author tells the readers what the personality of the character
is like with straightforward manner. These comments may
even refer to the character’s thoughts. But the reader has no
access to the character’s mind. He remains outside; his views
are shaped by the knowing narrator. Direct characterization
is also important in showing the character’s motivation.
Motivation refers to what characters want, fear, love and hate.

b. Dramatic Method (indirect)

In the dramatic method, the characters are presented
to the audience through what they say and how they say it,
their verbal interactions with others and the discrepancies
between their talk and their actions. In an actual performance,
an actor’s voice and tone thus also play a major role for how
the audience perceives the played character. This can also be
seen in plays where dialect or specific sociolects are used.

47
Dialect indicates what region or geographical area one comes
from, while sociolect refers to linguistic features which give
away one’s social status and membership in a social group.

c. Character on Character Method (indirect)

The Character on Character Method is presented through
what other characters say or think about them. One character
talks about another character; not necessarily reliable; reader
needs to question who is being characterized.

d. Contextual Method (indirect)

The writer reveals information about a character and
his/her personality through verbal context that surrounds
that character. The environment in which a character lives
may cause readers to form certain assumptions about the
character. For example, if a character lives in a mobile home
in a trailer park, we might make different assumptions that
we would if the character lived in the penthouse of a high-
rise apartment in a high-rent district. Revealed the characters
of the character in the story also can be given through
description about condition of their bedroom or their office
(e.g. clean or dirty) or ext.

e. Mixing Method
This method use when the character in the story revealed
by used more than one method (e.g. Discursive Method and
Dramatic Method). For example, if the author used discursive
and dramatic method, the author revealed the character by
descriptive portrayal or by direct comments and describe the
characters of the character by presenting the character to the

48
audience through what the character say and how they say
it, their verbal interactions with others and the discrepancies
between their talk and their actions.

5. DISCUSSION
5.1. The Analysis of Main or Major Characters
In this story the major character is Jim Kendall. Because
this story more emphasizes on him. He is the major character
in this story, because he is mentioned from the beginning till
the end of the story. These quotes from the story that shows
Jim Kendall is the major character:

5.1.1. From the beginning of the story

“You’re a newcomer, ain’t you? I thought I hadn’t seen you round

before. I hope you like it good enough to stay. As I say, we ain’t no
New York City or Chicago, but we have pretty good times. Not as
good, though, since Jim Kendall got killed. When he was alive, him
and Hod Meyers used to keep this town in an uproar. I bet they was
more laughin’ done here than any town its size in America.” (The
second paragraph of the beginning)

5.1.2. From the ending of the story:

“Personally I wouldn’t never leave a person shoot a gun in the

same boat I was in unless I was sure they knew somethin’ about
guns. Jim was a sucker to leave a new beginner have his gun, let
alone a half-wit. It probably served Jim right, what he got. But still
we miss him round here. He certainly was a card! Comb it wet or
dry?”(The last paragraph of the ending)

According to Bernardo a major or central characters

49
are vital to the development and resolution of the conflict.
In other words, the plot and resolution of conflict revolves
around these characters and minor character who serve to
complement the major characters and help move the plot
events forward.
Jim is very humorist and little rough but good in heart.
He is pretty good drinker and quite a lady-killer. He is very
bad and also lying to his family. These quotes from the story
that shows Jim Kendall looks like and his characteristic:

5.1.3. The part where shows Jim’s humorist characteristic

“Whitey, your nose looks like a rosebud tonight. You must of been
drinkin’ some of your aw de cologne.” So I’d say, “No, Jim, but you
look like you’d been drinkin’ something of that kind or somethin’
worse.” Jim would have to laugh at that, but then he’d speak up
and say, “No, I ain’t had nothin’ to drink, but that ain’t sayin’
I wouldn’t like somethin’. I wouldn’t even mind if it was wood
alcohol.” (From the fifth paragraph)
“I guess he paid more attention to playin’ jokes than makin’
sales. Finally the concern let him out and he come right home here
and told everybody he’d been fired instead of sayin’ he’d resigned
like most fellas would of. It was a Saturday and the shop was full
and Jim got up out of that chair and says, “Gentlemen, I got an
important announcement to make. I been fired from my job.” Well,
they asked him if he was in earnest and he said he was and nobody
could think of nothin’ to say till Jim finally broke the ice himself.
He says, “I been sellin’ canned goods and now I’m canned goods
myself.” (From the eleventh paragraph)

5.1.4. The part where shows Jim bad characteristic

“Jim didn’t work very steady after he lost his position with the
Carterville people. What he did earn, coin’ odd jobs round town
why he spent pretty near all of it on gin, and his family might of

50
 starved if the stores hadn’t of carried them along. Jim’s wife tried
her hand at dressmakin’, but they ain’t nobody goin’ to get rich
makin’ dresses in this town.” (From the fourteenth paragraph)

“As I say, she’d of divorced Jim, only she seen that she couldn’t
support herself and the kids and she was always hopin’ that someday
Jim would cut out his habits and give her more than two or three
dollars a week. They was a time when she would go to whoever he
was workin’ for and ask them to give her his wages, but after she
done this once or twice, he beat her to it by borrowin’ most of his
pay in advance. He told it all round town, how he had outfoxed
his Missus. He certainly was a caution!” (From the fifteenth
paragraph)
5.1.5. The part where Jim lie to his family
“Well, he didn’t have no intentions of bein’ there or buyin’
tickets or nothin’. He got full of gin and laid round Wright’s
poolroom all day. His wife and the kids waited and waited
and of course he didn’t show up. His wife didn’t have a dime
with her, or nowhere else, I guess. So she finally had to tell
the kids it was all off and they cried like they wasn’t never
goin’ to stop.” (From the seventeenth paragraph)

5.2. Analysis of Jim Kendall’s Characterization

According to Kearns (1984:610), a characterization is
personality of the character and the method that an author
uses to reveals this personality. It is in the initial stage where
the writer introduces the character with noticeable emergence
and then following the introduction of the character, the writer
often talks about his behavior; then as the story progresses,
the thought-process of the character. The main character for
the novel is Jim Kendall. Jim worked in a factory of canned
goods He is a card and character. He is pretty good drinker
and quite a lady-killer. And he also is a playboy, because he
51
likes other women even though he is married to his wife.
From this short story, I found that author uses only
the discursive method to explain the major character.
According to Kenney (1966) discursive method (direct) takes
a direct approach towards building the character. The author
revealed the character by descriptive portrayal or by direct
comments (the author tells the readers what the personality
of the character is like with straightforward manner. These
comments may even refer to the character’s thoughts. But
the reader has no access to the character’s mind. He remains
outside; his views are shaped by the knowing narrator.
Direct characterization is also important in showing the
character’s motivation. Motivation refers to what characters
want, fear, love and hate. The reason is because the narrator
(I, who has name Dick Whitey) in this short story is using first
person participant and he knows all about this story and the
characteristics of the major character. Almost the entire story
tells directly by the narrator who knows all about the story.
These quotes about Jim’s characterization shown through
discursive method:

5.2.1. The narrator directly tells us about Jim and his wife
condition
“Then Hod Meyers would say, “Neither would your wife.” That
would set everybody to laughin’ because Jim and his wife wasn’t
on very good terms. She’d of divorced him only they wasn’t no
chance to get alimony and she didn’t have no way to take care of
herself and the kids. She couldn’t never understand Jim. He was
kind of rough, but a good fella at heart.” (From sixth paragraph)

5.2.2. The narrator tells us about Jim’s situation in his

52
 workplace
“I guess he paid more attention to playin’ jokes than makin’ sales.
Finally the concern let him out and he come right home here and
told everybody he’d been fired instead of sayin’ he’d resigned
like most fellas would of.” (1st and 2nd lines from the eleventh
paragraph).

5.2.3. Part where the narrator tells us that Jim is a lady

killer and persistent men
“Now Jim Kendall, besides bein’ a jokesmith and a pretty
good drinker, well Jim was quite a lady-killer. I guess he run
pretty wild durin’ the time he was on the road for them Carterville
people, and besides that, he’d had a couple little affairs of the heart
right here in town. As I say, his wife would have divorced him,
only she couldn’t.” (From the thirty fourth paragraph)
“But Jim was like the majority of men, and women, too,
I guess. He wanted what he couldn’t get. He wanted Julie Gregg
and worked his head off tryin’ to land her. Only he’d of said bean
instead of head. Well, Jim’s habits and his jokes didn’t appeal
to Julie and of course he was a married man, so he didn’t have
no more chance than, well, than a rabbit. That’s an expression
of Jim’s himself. When somebody didn’t have no chance to get
elected or somethin’, Jim would always say they didn’t have no
more chance than a rabbit.” (From the thirty fifth paragraph).

6. CONCLUSION
After analyzing this short story Haircut  by Ring
Lardner, I can conclude that the main character of this story
is Jim Kendall. The reason is because this story basically
tells about him, the plot and resolution of conflict revolves
around Jim Kendall, and the narrator purposes here is to tell
about his life when he was still alive till why he can die. Jim
Kendall is a humorist, rough, lady-killer, and persistent man.

53
He dealt with the problems in his life by making a joke out
of it. He shows his bad side to his family, but when he’s with
his friends, he always able to make all his friends laugh. For
the characterization, the narrator use discursive method to
explain the major character. It’s because the narrator know all
the things about the main character and the author revealed
the main character by descriptive portrayal or by direct
comments (the author tells the readers what the personality
of the main character.

REFFERENCES

Hornby, A.S. 2006. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Seventh

edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kenney, William. 1966. How to Analyze Fiction. New York: Monarch
Press
Widyawati, Wiwin. 2014. AN ANALYSIS OF DEPRESSION ON THE
MAIN CHARACTER KYLE KINGSON ON THE BEASTLY
FILM. Downloaded from:http://jurnal.stainponorogo.ac.id/
index.php/kodifikasia/article/view/115. Accessed on Sunday
June 12th 2016.
Bernardo, Karen. Characterization in Literature. Found in http://
learn.lexiconic.net/characters.htm. Accessed on Monday 30th
November 2015.
https://www.englishclub.com/reading/story-haircut.htm. Accessed
on Tuesday 10th November 2015.

Appendix
Summary of Haircut by Ring Ladner
This story has title haircut  because it tells about
something which has relation to the place where the
54
characters work there or having fun. The narrator in this
story is I who has name Dick Whitey. He tells the story
and characters directly. He is a stylist/barber. The story
began when he remembered his companion who has gone,
in particular Jim Kendall. He is a humorist individual and
savvy to mimic the voice of different persons. He is a very
awful person, even though he was married regardless he
prefers other young lady in particular Julie Gregg. He is a
great alcohol consumer, and exceptionally unfeeling to make
a joke to another individuals. He is not a very mindful person
to his family. He couldn’t care less to his youngsters and his
wife. Jim has a companion specifically Hod Meyers. They
frequently make joke together by utilizing individuals as the
object.
There is this individual who has sickness in his from
the accident of him tumbled from trees when he was ten
years. His name is Paul Dickson. He is obsessed with Julie
Gregg yet Julie does not care for him. She likes a specialist
named doc Stir. Jim calls Paul as cuckoo. He is not insane
just simply senseless. Jim can mimic other individuals’
voice. He use it to lie and make joke to other individuals, for
example, Dick and Julie. He ever imitated doc Stir’s voice to
make a joke on Julie. One day, Jim welcomed Paul to go to
lake to hunt ducks. It is likewise Jim’s error. He is extremely
indiscreet. He bring weapon there to shoot ducks in the lake.
After he can shoot a few ducks then he gives his weapon to
Paul to tries his fortunate by it. Indeed, even Jim realizes that
Paul never utilizes firearm, however he gives it a chance. Paul
holds the weapon shakily and extremely anxious of the fact
that he never handles a firearm. All of a sudden he shoots

55
Jim. At that point Jim sunk to the lake and died.

56
 5
The Analysis of the Characters in
Maupassant’s The Necklace

SARI, Yunita
1301305076
English Department, Faculty of Arts Udayana University
Email Address: [email protected]

Abstract
This study is an analysis of the characters in short story “The
Necklace” by guy de Maupassant. The aims of this study were to
describe the method of characterization and to explain the character
in term of three dimensional aspects (psychology, sociology, and
physiology) in short story “The Necklace” by Guy de Maupassant.
To analyze the data, the writer applied theory of characterization by
Kenney in his book “How to Analyzed Fiction” (1966) and theory
of dimension of character by Wellek and Warren (1966). Based on
the data analysis, the writer found two points in this research. The
first point is about the method of characterization in presenting the
main character (Mathilde) and the supporting character (Forestier)
through mixing method (discursive and dramatic method), while
Monsieur as the secondary character is presented through dramatic
method only. The second point is about the three dimensional
aspects of character. Mathilde and Forestier are presented in
physiological, psychological, and sociological aspects; Monsieur
is presented in psychological and sociological aspects. All of those
points contribute in forming the character in the story.
Keywords: Character, characterization, dimensional aspects of character

C
1. INTRODUCTION
haracter cannot be separated from the process of
creating a work of fiction. It is one important element
who carries the events in fiction so that the events are

57
able to establish the story. According to Richard Gill (1995),
a character is someone in literary work who has some sort of
identity (it does need to be a strong on), an identity which
is made up by appearance, conversation, action, name and
possibly thoughts going in the head.
Sometimes authors deliberately inserting the
characteristics, behavior and moral values contained
in humans to these fictional figures. In inserting the
characteristics, behavior and moral values to the fictional
character, the author use the techniques which are usually
referred to as characterization or characterization methods.
According to Kearns (1984:610), a characterization is
personality of the character and the method that an author
uses to reveals this personality.
The short story “The Necklace” by Guy de Maupassant
is one literary work that gives a moral message through a
simple story. The main character in the short story is Mathilde
Loisel. Mathilde had been blessed with physical beauty but
not with the affluent lifestyle. The writer chose this story
because the story is very interesting because it has a shocking
ending in which a diamond necklace that had been borrowed,
lost, and then replace back is a fake necklace.
According to the explanation above, this study has two
specific aims: (i) To describe the method of characterization
in short story “The Necklace” by Guy de Maupassant and (ii)
To explain the character in term of three dimensional aspects
(psychology, sociology, and physiology) in short story “The
Necklace” by Guy de Maupassant.

58
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The thesis by Dewi (2008) purposes to define the main
character in the novels and discover about how Daniel
Steel describes the main character in terms of physiological,
psychological, and sociological aspects. The theory which was
applied on her thesis is taken from Theory of Literature (1955)
by Rene Wellek and Austin Warren, Practical Psychology (1953)
by Kerl S. Bernhardt, The fundamental of Physiology (1957) by
Elbert Tokey, and Sociology Introduction (1963) by Roucek and
Warren. This thesis is a suitable reference to find out how to
analyze the character in terms of three dimensional aspects
of character because it gave the clear analysis of each aspect.
Sawitri (2012) in her article, collected the data through
library research. The method used in analyzing the character
is descriptive method. In analyzing the character, she applied
the theory of William Kenney (1966) and the supporting theory
introduced by Lajos Egri in the book I Made Sukada (1978).
The method used by the author to describe the character of
the main character in the novel Jane Eyre is a dramatic blend
mixing method, method and character on other character.
Three aspects of the dimensions of the physical, the social,
and psychological dimensions used by the writer to shape the
character of the main character. The writer used this article as
the reference on how to present the analysis. The weak of
the article is she did not give a full analysis of the method of
characterization.

3. RESEARCH METHOD
The writer used the data which was taken from http://
www.eastoftheweb.com/short-stories/UBooks/Neck.shtml.

59
It was the short story entitled “The Necklace” which was
written by Guy de Maupassant. It first published on 17
February 1884 in the French newspaper Le Gaulois.
The method that is used in this research is library
research. The data are collected through reading the short
story repeatedly and take a note all information related to the
character which became the focus of this study.
The data will be analyzed by descriptive qualitative
method. The steps are reading, comprehending, and finding
important details of the data, analyzing the main character,
the method of characterization, and three dimensional
aspects of the character in short story “The Necklace” by
Guy de Maupassant. In analyzing the data, the writer used
theory of characterization by Kenney in his book “How to
Analyzed Fiction” (1966) and theory of dimension of character
by Wellek and Warren (1966).

4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
4.1. Character
According to Richard Gill (1995), a character is someone
in literary work who has some sort of identity (it does need to
be a strong on), an identity which is made up by appearance,
conversation, action, name and possibly thoughts going in
the head. Character can be divided based on the functions:

4.1.1. Main character: Takes an important part in the story

and has a central position in the whole of the story. Main
character is a character which consistently support the
author’s idea, has much more portrayal than the other
character

60
4.1.2. Secondary character: A secondary character gives the
influence to the role of the main character.

4.1.3. Supporting or complementary character: The character

that supports the other characters, less dominant than
the secondary character.

4.2. Characterization
Characterization is the process of conveying
information about the characters in the fiction. The author
uses some methods in presenting the character in his or her
story (Kenney, 1966: 24). The methods that can be used are:

4.2.1. Discursive method

The author who presents the character through
discursive method simply tells about his characters. The
author revealed the character by descriptive portrayal or by
direct comments.

4.2.2. Dramatic Method

The author allows the characters to reveal themselves
through their own words and actions. Compare to discursive
method, this method is more lifelike and invites the reader’s
active participation in the story.

4.2.3. Character on other character method

This method is one character talks about another
character in the story. What A says to B, may tell us about
A than about B. this is one source of information about
character.

61
4.2.4. Contextual method
The contextual method is the device of suggesting the
character by the verbal context that surrounds the character.

4.2.5. Mixing method

The reader will rarely find a work of fiction in which
only one of the methods can be used effectively in combination
with other methods.

4.3. Dimension of Character

Wellek and Warren (1966) stated that the writer must
concern with three aspects to create the perfectness of the
characters in describing the character. Wellek and Warren
claimed that these three dimensions with a technical term
“block characterization” which build the characterizations in
literary work.

4.3.1. Physiological dimension

Physiological dimension can be observed through sex,
age, physical appearance.

4.3.2. Psychological Dimension

It can be observed through their attitude, feeling,
thought, mentality, dream, etc. Psychological aspect will
show the character through their outlook, such as personality,
ambition, emotion, his behavior towards the surrounding
environment, ego, capability, quality, and problems.

4.3.3. Sociological Dimension

In terms of sociological aspect, it is one which indicates

62
the class, race, nationality, religion, relation of the character,
profession, occupation, environment, and education levels.

5. ANALYSIS
5.1. The method of characterization
Characterization is the process of conveying
information about the characters in the fiction. The author
uses some methods in presenting the character in his or her
story (Kenney, 1966: 24). The methods that were used in the
short story “The Necklace” are:

5.1.1. Mathilde Loisel

The author used mixing methods of characterization to
reveal the characteristic of Mathilde. It is the combination of
discursive and dramatic method. The analysis is as follows:
a. Discursive method.
The author revealed the character by descriptive
portrayal or by direct comments.
1. Mathilde’s physical appearance shown discursive
method can be seen in quotation below:
She was one of those pretty and charming girls born, as
though fate had blundered over her, into a family of artisans.
(page: 2)
She was the prettiest woman present, elegant, graceful,
smiling, and quite above herself with happiness. (page: 5)
From this quotation, it can be seen the author
present the character by his direct comment. Mathilde
is blessed with the physical beauty, she is a pretty and
charming girl.

63
b. Dramatic method
Dramatic method is the method of showing rather than
telling. The author allows the characters to reveal themselves
through their own words and actions.
1. Mathilde is ungrateful which can be seen by her own
words, like the quotation below:
“I’m utterly miserable at not having any jewels, not a
single stone, to wear,” she replied. “I shall look absolutely
no one. I would almost rather not go to the party.” (page: 4)
“No . . . there’s nothing so humiliating as looking poor
in the middle of a lot of rich women.” (page: 5)
The author presents that she was not thankful for
the little that she have, even when her husband secured
the invitation to the ball.

5.1.2. Monsieur Loisel

The author used dramatic method, in which Monsieur
Loisel imparts his own characteristics through the thing he
said and did. The analysis is as follows:
1. Monsieur always shows his care and concern to his
wife. It is showed in quotation below:
“What’s the matter with you? You’ve been very odd for
the last three days.” (page: 4)
“Wait a little. You’ll catch cold in the open. I’m going to
fetch a cab.” (page: 6)
The quotation shows that how the author presents
the character through the character’s own words and
action.

64
5.1.3. Madame Forestier
The author used mixing methods of characterization to
reveal the characteristic of Forestier. It is the combination of
discursive and dramatic method.
a. Discursive method
By this method, Maupassant shows the appearance of
Madam Forestier who still looks young and beautiful:
It was Madame Forestier, still young, still beautiful, still
attractive. (page: 10)
From this quotation, it can be seen the author present
the character by his direct comment.

b. Dramatic method
The author used dramatic method, in which Madame
Forestier imparts her own characteristics through the thing
she said and did. The analysis is as follows:
1. Besides wealthy, Forestier is also generous. She likes
to share her jewels with her friend, Mathilde. It can be
seen from quotation below:
Madame Forestier went to her dressing-table, took up a
large box, brought it to Madame Loisel, opened it, and said:
“Choose, my dear.” (page: 5)
Through her own words and action, the character
of Forestier is generous. She likes to share her jewels
with her friend, Mathilde.

5.2. Three dimensional aspects of character

Wellek and Warren (1966) stated that the writer must
concern with three aspects to create the perfectness of the
characters in describing the character. These three aspects are

65
psychological, physiological, and sociological aspects.

5.2.1. Mathilde Loisel

a. Physiological dimension
Physiological dimension can be observed through sex,
age, and physical appearance. These are quotes from the
short story, as follows:
She was one of those pretty and charming girls born, as
though fate had blundered over her, into a family of artisans. (page:
1)
From this quotation, it can be seen that Mathilde is
blessed with the physical beauty, she is a pretty and charming
girl.

b. Psychological Dimension
Psychological dimension can be observed through their
attitude, feeling, thought, mentality, dream, etc.
She had no clothes, no jewels, nothing. And these were the
only things she loved; she felt that she was made for them. She had
longed so eagerly to charm, to be desired, to be wildly attractive and
sought after. (page: 3)
This quotation shows that Mathilde is very obsessed
with the wealth. She wants to charm and to be desired by the
other, but she does have anything to be what she wants.

c. Sociological Dimension
In terms of sociological aspect, it is one which indicates
the class, race, nationality, religion, relation of the character,
profession, occupation, environment, and education levels.
She suffered from the poorness of her house, from its mean

66
walls, worn chairs, and ugly curtains. All these things, of which
other women of her class would not even have been aware, tormented
and insulted her. (page: 1)
The quotation shows that Mathilde is poor. It can be
seen from the condition of her house with mean walls, worn
chairs, and ugly curtains.

5.2.2. Monsieur Loisel

In describing the character of Monsieur Loisel, the
writer only found out two dimensions used by Maupassant,
they are the psychological and sociological aspect.
a. Psychological Dimension
Psychological dimension can be observed through their
attitude, feeling, thought, mentality, dream, etc. The analysis
is as follows:
“I don’t know exactly, but I think I could do it on four
hundred francs.”
He grew slightly pale, for this was exactly the amount he
had been saving for a gun, intending to get a little shooting next
summer on the plain of Nanterre with some friends who went lark-
shooting there on Sundays.
“Very well. I’ll give you four hundred francs. But try and get
a really nice dress with the money.” (page: 4)
The quotation shows the personality of Monsieur,
which is very generous to his wife. He always tried to make
her wife feeling happy.

b. Sociological Dimension
In terms of sociological aspect, it is one which
indicates the class, race, nationality, and religion,

67
 relation of the character, profession, occupation,
environment, and education levels.
…..she let herself be married off to a little clerk in
the Ministry of Education. (page: 2)
The quotations shows the married status and
occupation of Monsieur which is a husband and a
little clerk in the Ministry of Education.

5.2.3. Madame Forestier

a. Physiological dimension
Physiological dimension can be observed through sex,
age, and physical appearance. Such as shape of body, whether
or not a person is beautiful or handsome, color of skin, and
hair, etc. This is the quotation from the short story, as follows:
It was Madame Forestier, still young, still beautiful, still
attractive. (page: 10)
The quotation above shows the physical appearance
of Madam Forestier who still beautiful and young after ten
years passed.

b. Psychological Dimension
Psychological dimension can be observed through their
attitude, feeling, thought, mentality, dream, etc.
Madame Forestier went to her dressing-table, took up a large
box, brought it to Madame Loisel, opened it, and sai
“Choose, my dear.” (page: 5)
Forestier is generous. She likes to share her jewels
with her friend, Mathilde. Her behavior can be seen from
quotation above.
c. Sociological Dimension

68
 In terms of sociological aspect, it is one which indicates
the class, race, nationality, religion, relation of the character,
profession, occupation, environment, and education levels.
 One Sunday, as she had gone for a walk along the
Champs-Elysees to freshen herself after the labours of the
week, she caught sight suddenly of a woman who was taking
a child out for a walk. It was Madame Forestier, still young,
still beautiful, still attractive. (page: 10)
From the quotation above, it can be concluded that
Forestier’s status is married and having a child.

6. CONCLUSION
The analysis was done to reveal the methods of
characterization and three dimensional aspects (physiology,
psychology, and sociology) of characters in the short story
“The Necklace”. Mathilde is the main character of the story
whose characteristic is presented through mixing method:
discursive and dramatic method. Then, the method of
characterization used for Monsieur Loisel as the secondary
character of the short story is dramatic method. Meanwhile,
in presenting the character of Madame Forestier used mixing
method: discursive and dramatic method.
In terms of three dimensional aspects of character,
Mathilde from physiological aspect is described as the
beautiful woman in the beginning of the story, but at the
end in the story she looks old, her hair was badly, and her
hands were red due to she should work hard to pay the debt.
Psychologically, she is obsessed with wealth, ungreatful,
and vain. Her social status is just a wife of a little clerk.
Then, Monsieur Loisel is presented as generous man and

69
care with her wife. Meanwhile Madame Forestier’s physical
appearance is presented as beautiful woman. She has good
behavior, such as very generous and sympathetic to her
friend.

REFERENCES

Dewi, Sarah Sari. 2009. The Analysis of Characters in Sidney Sheldon’s

The Stars Shine Down. Skripsi Sarjana, Denpasar: Faculty of
Letters, Udayana University.
Dewi, Ni Putu Indra Puspita. 2008. The Main Character in “Irresistible
Forces” By Danielle Steel Seen from Psychological, Physiological,
and Sociological Aspects. Skripsi Sarjana, Denpasar: Faculty of
Letters, Udayana University.
Gill, Richard. 1995. Mastering English Literature. United Kingdom:
Palgrave MacMillan
Kenney, William. 1966. How to Analyze Fiction. New York: Monarch
Press Matthews, Brander. 1907.  The Necklace By Guy de
Maupassant. 1907. Available at: www.bartleby.com/195/20.
html. Accessed on: November 23, 2015.
Sawitri, Komang Alit. 2012. METHOD OF CHARACTERIZATION
AND THREE DIMENSIONAL ASPECTS OF MAIN
CHARACTER IN BRONTË’S JANE EYRE. Skripsi Sarjana,
Denpasar: Faculty of Letter, Udayana University.
Wellek, Rene, and Austin Warren. 1966. The Theory of Literature.
London: Cox and Wyman, Ltd..

APPENDIX
Mathilde Loisel, a young woman who was unhappy
with her status and her marriage to a lowly clerk who works
with the Department of Public Instruction. Although of a
humble background, she is very pretty. Her beauty is enough
to put her in the same status as wealthy woman.
70
 One day, her husband received an invitation to an
exclusive event at the Ministry. Mathilde declined the
invitation, and crying due to lack of new clothes and jewelry
for the event. Mathilde finally bought a new dress from her
husband savings which are intended to buy a gun to shoot
the birds, for hobbies. After having the dress, Mathilde
revealed that she needed jewelry. At first, her husband
suggested she wear flowers, however, realizes that his wife is
not happy. He then advised her to borrow jewelry to her rich
friend, Madame Forestier. She visited her friend and chose
a diamond necklace from her collection. Her friend happily
lent it to her. Mathilde arrived at the ball and became the
center of attention, even catching the eye of the Minister.
She spent the night for dancing and really enjoying
herself, while her husband sat waiting. They left around
4:00 pm, and took the train home. While undressing, she
shouted because she realized that the necklace was missing.
Her husband had to go out and look for the necklace, and
found nothing. He then checked with the police station, the
taxi company, and even in the newspaper, but he still did not
find the necklace.
Her husband asked Mathilda to tell her friend that the
necklace was being repaired. After a week, they both gave
up looking and instead decided to replace the necklace. They
find jewelry with replacement and negotiate to pay thirty-six
thousand francs. They took three days to collect the money.
Her husband took a series of loans. He finally came back and
got the necklace.
He returns the necklace to Madame Forestier were
apparently not happy with the late return, but did not

71
examine the pieces. Mathilde and her husband then worked
for the next ten years to repay the loan. They get rid of the
house help, Mathilde now have to take care of household
responsibilities. Her husband even got another job as a copier.
After one decade, she met Madame Forestier in
coincidence in the park and decided to tell the truth about
the necklace. She tells everything from the night she lost the
necklace, for the misery he has to face the consequences.
Madame Forestier was later revealed that the necklace was
only an imitation and valued at about five hundred francs.

72
 6
The Analysis of Main Character in Dark
Brown Dog Short Story by Stephen Crane

SUPINI, Ni Made Ari

1301305065
English Department, Faculty of Arts Udayana University
Email address: [email protected]

Abstract
Character is an important element in a story. If the story does not
have the character, it cannot be called a story because the character
is an actor who carry out events in a cover story that the event enter
into a story. The data was taken from short story title “Dark Brown
Dog” in the internet.Descriptive analysis method is used to analyze
the main character. The purpose of this paper are to describe the
types of character that used in the “A Dark Brown Dog” short story
and second to find out how the character development of major or
main character that used in the “A Dark Brown Dog” short story.
From the result ofthis paper are the major character is the dog and
minor characters are the other characters such as the father and
the rest of the family. the character development of major or main
character that used in the “A Dark Brown Dog” short story are
action, appearance, and author’s comment according to Arp and
Johnson theory (2005; p. 103).

C
1. INTRODUCTION
haracter may be defined as a verbal representation of
a human being. Through action, speech, description,
and commentary, authors portray character that are
worth caring about, rooting for, and even loving, although
there are also characters you may laugh at, dislike, or even

73
hate.
Characters may be flat, minor characters; or round and
major. The major character in a story is generally known as
protagonist, the character who opposes him is the antagonist.
Character is revealed by how a character responds to conflict.
Every stories hinges on the actions undertaken by its major
character, or protagonist, a term drawn from ancient Greek
tragedy that is more useful in discussions of fiction than such
misleading terms as hero or heroine. Additionally, stories
may contain an opposing character, or antagonist, with
whom the protagonist is drawn into conflict.
The characters in the story can be divided into some
categories based on the point of view taken ; major and
minor character, protagonist and antagonist character, round
and flat character, dynamic and static character, typical and
neutral character (Nurgiyantoro, 2007:176). In this case we
will discuss about what types of characterization in character
are used in the “A Dark Brown Dog” short story and how the
character development that used in the “A Dark Brown Dog”
short story.
Based on the problems above there is purpose of this
paper. Firstly, to describe the types of character that used in
the “A Dark Brown Dog” short story and second to find out
how the character development of major or main character
that used in the “A Dark Brown Dog” short story.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature review is used to make different and
compare it between the new research and the papers
already done previously. Literature review is used to review

74
papers written by Abdul Hakim with the title “Lexical
Analysis on Main Character of Short Story “Amy Foster” ”
this paper discusses about the lexical categories support
characterization of the text. The second paperwritten by
EtiKusumawati the title “An analysis on Intrinsic Elements of
Agatha Christie’s “The Pale Horse” this paper focus discuss
about intrinsic element of the novel, consisting the characters
and characterization, the theme and the plot.
After reviewing the two papers above, that data
compared with mine in the same topic entitled “The Analysis
of Main Character in Dark Brown Dog Short Story by Stephen
Crane”. The data was taken from the internet that accessed in
13th June 2016. This research was focused on main character
of short story.

3. RESEARCH METHOD
The method used by the writer in this research is quali-
tative method that will used descriptive – analysis. Descrip-
tive analysis method is used to analyze the main character. In
this paper, the main focus of analysis the main character in
the “Dark Brown Dog” short story. Thus, the writer is going
to use the theory from Koesnosoebroto to explain how the
types of character are used in the “A Dark Brown Dog” short
story which is in the basic of importance character can be di-
vided into two types, mayor andminor character.
First, the writer reads the Dark Brown Dog short story
deeply, understands comprehensively. Second, the writer
finds the main character in the story. Third, gives the code
of the variable. Fourth, applied the character in the story as
the main character in accordance theory. Finally, give the

75
analysis about the main character.

4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.
4.1. Koesnosoebroto, (1988; 67)
Character can be divided into two kindly major or
main character and minor character. Major character is the
most important character in a story. Basically, a story is about
this character, but he cannot stand on his own; he need other
characters to name tie story more convincing and lifelike.
Minor characters are characters of less important than those
main.

4.2. Arp and Johnson (2005; p. 103)

Character development is the change that a character
undergoes from the beginning of a story to the end and how
developed and complex a character is. Some characters start
out as highly developed.The importance of a character to
the story determines how fully the character is developed.
A well developed character is one that has been thoroughly
characterized, with many traits shown in the narrative. The
better the reader knows the character, the better the character
development. Thorough characterization makes characters
well rounded and complex.

5. ANALYSIS
The story, “The Dark Brown Dog”, is about a boy who
is stumbled upon a dark brown dog. The boy shares a few
pats on the back of the dog, and then the boy walked home.
Although the dog follows the little boy, the little boy does
not want him to follow him. The dog kept following the boy,

76
so the boy hits the dog, but the dog still follows. Soon the
boy takes the dog into his home, and the father sees the dog,
and does not like what he sees. However, the family, as a
whole, agreed to let the dog stay. Over time, the dog and the
boy build a strong connection. Then, as soon as the boy is
not in sight, the dog is abruptly abused. These abuses haunt
the dog, the dog gets nightmares at night, he screeches and
howls while he is asleep, and the only person who helps with
the dog’s fear is his friend, the boy. The dog is always happy
when he is around, and soon the dog remembers the time
the boy leaves and returns and the dog can literally hear the
footsteps of the boy. This story is about how a dog and a little
boy building up a strong relationship, but their environment
and the people around them affect the dog.

5.1. Types of character are used in the “A Dark Brown

Dog” short story. On the basic of importance character
can be divided into two types, mayor andminor character
(Koesnosoebroto, 1988:69).
a. Major character is the dog. The dog is the most character
which always rose in most of events. From the first he
meets the boy until he dies he never changes his attitude
or mind towards the boy. Even though the boy ever hits
him but he forgives him and will always be a good friend
to the boy. But we can see that so the dog which had
a very small body, soft and weak body is the dominant
in this story. We can imagine that the dog was a very
unlucky animal, a pity animal, a suffer animal.
b. Minor characters are the other characters such as the
father and the rest of the family. Because they only did

77
 not appear full of the story. They never molest the dog if
the boy is around they will do it every time the boy is not
at home. Their bad attitude toward the dog because from
the very first beginning, they already judge the dog as an
unreputable and unimportant dog.

5.2. Character development  is the change that a character

undergoes from the beginning of a story to the end and
how developed and complex a character is.Arp and Johnson
(2005; p. 103). The character development of major or main
character that used in the “A Dark Brown Dog” short story:
a) Action
In the short story, the character shown their action to
differenciate the type of characterization between one character to
the others. What the character does tell us a lot about him/her,
as well as how the character behaves and his or her attitude.
Analysis: The dog faces every problem patiently; he sees
that the problem is always his mistake. He tries to minimize
the problem by cooling down and praying, he never fights
back he also tries to prove to the child that he is a good and a
valuable dog so that the child willing to keep him.
1) First, when the dog meets the child, he tries to amuse
him when he got miss communication with the child (he
thinks that the child is angry but actually he thinks the
dog is funny) he only waits and prays. That can see in
the paragraph 6 of the story, which explain about dog’s
behavior.
2) Second, when the child is bored then decides to return
home, the dog follows him, even though the child has
thrown stick towards him he keeps pursuing the child

78
 because he is curious and wants to be near with the child. 
3) Third when the family rejects him and molests him, he
learns how to avoid the missiles and feet because he
knows that the boy is not always at home to protect him.
He has to protect himself because he wants to see the boy
for a long time, if he dies because of the missiles he won’t
see the boy anymore. 
b) Appearance
Through the story that described by the author, we will
know how  the character’s physical appearance is described.
so the appearance is one of the factor that affect the use of type of
characterization.
Analysis: The appearance of the dog we can see in this story.
1) First, “Little dark brown dog with short rope was dragging from his
neck”. (A Dark Brown Dog short story in sentence one paragraph
3). From this sentence, we can see the author describe the little dog
which has a dark brown color in dog’s body, with the rope in his
neck. It indicates that the condition of the dog is has been treated
previously. But the author did not give information that the dog was
thrown away or run away from their owners.
2) Second, “Occasionally he trod upon the end of it and stumbled” (A
Dark Brown Dog short story in sentence two paragraphs 3). From
this sentence, we can see that the dog has a weak physical even he
tripped while chasing the boy. Thus, the current situation is very
worrying dog.
c) Reader’s comments 
The wording the reader uses in the narrative adds to
character. How the reader’s comment after read the short
story.
Analysis: After read the story of A Dark Brown Dog,
we can see how the author want to show us about loyalty,
friendship and faithfulness between the dog and the child. We
79
can see from the story that the dog always got a bad treatment
from the family, but the dog still stayed at the house because
the dog felt that he has found his true friend there.

6. CONCLUSION
Based on the problems above the writer can conclude
that the first, the author used the major or main character
and minor character in types of characterization according
to Koesnosoebroto. Major character is the dog and minor
characters are the other characters such as the father and the
rest of the family. The second, the character development of
major or main character that used in the “A Dark Brown Dog”
short story are action, appearance, and author’s comment
according to Arp and Johnson theory (2005; p. 10)

REFERENCES
American Literature. Website accessed on 13th June 2016 (http://
americanliterature.com/author/stephen-crane/short-story/a-
dark-brown-dog)
Bernardo, Karen. Types of Character in Fiction.Website accessed on
December 5, 2015 (http://learn.lexiconic.net/characters.htm)
Dyah, Adek. K. 2011. The Mad Fantasies of Walter Mitty in “Secret Life
of Walter Mitty” Publisher: IKIP PGRI Madiun.
Hakim, Abdul. 2009. Lexical Analysis on Main Character of Short
Story “Amy Foster”. Publisher: SyarifHidayatulah Islamic
University.
Kusumawati, Eti. An analysis on Intrinsic Elements of Agatha
Christie’s “The Pale Horse”. Publisher: SyarifHidayatulah
Islamic University.
Yunanto, Fredy. 2011. Cause And Impact Analysis On The Main
Character’s Suffering In Elizabeth Gilbert’s Novel Eat, Pray,
Love.Publisher: Madura University.

80
 7
The Analysis of Characters and Plot in
Draanen’s Flipped

SARI, Luh Putu Udiani

1301305058
English Department, Faculty of Arts Udayana University
Email address: [email protected]

Abstract
The study entitled The Analysis of Character and Plot in
Draanen’s“Flipped” is aimed to find out how the characters in the
novel influence the development of the plot in Draanen’s Flipped.
There were some theories that are used in this study such as the
theory about character proposed by Abrams (1999: 76) and theory
about plot which is proposed by Lukens (2003:6), Gorden (1975:1)
and Diyanni (2001, p.42). Draanen’s Flipped explore all the ways
relationship changes between the main characters during the time
which is influenced by the character of the main characters, Bryce
Loski and Juli Baker. It tells the story about Juli and Bryce who
have different understanding about each other because different
perspective that the characters have about almost in every situation
that occurs within the storyline. That kind of perspective about each
other keep for years, until some problems come and their feeling,
thought and perspective about each other flipped.
Keywords: character, plot, Flipped, Draanen

L
1. INTRODUCTION
iterature is a form of art arising out of the human ability
to create languages. According to Culler (1997:27),
literature is a speech act or textual event that elicits
certain kinds of attention. Literary work can be analyzed

81
in its intrinsic elements and extrinsic elements. Intrinsic
elements are the basic elements of a story (Diyanni, 2001:44).
The elements consist of character, setting, plot, point of view,
style and tone, and theme. Those elements have correlation to
one another in forming characteristics of a fiction.
Character, for instance, has complex branches as it can
be divided into several types in accordance to the theorists
who classified such types. Apart from that, it also has
methods and aspects, with various theorists, which connects
the character’s existence in a story. The similar statement also
applies to the other elements, such as plot. The sections of
plot are useful in order not to distort the direction of setting
analysis in a story.
In this study, a novel entitled Flapped by Wendelin
Van Draanen has been taken as the data to be analyzed.
This study wants to find out how the characters in the novel
influence the development of the plot in this novel. Therefore,
this study is considered to be worthy to be analyzed. It is
expected that this study will bring significant contribution to
English teachers, learners, and everybody who is interested
in literature, especially novel.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
This study was inspired by some previous writings
such as a study by Ardiyanthu entitled The Intrinsic Elements
of The House by Dina Oktaviani (2010). This previous writing
focused on describing the intrinsic element in the novel using
some theories that purpose by some expert, such as: DiYanni,
Abrams and Arp and Johnson. And also a thesis entitled An
Analysis on Intrinsic Elements of Agatha Christie’s “The Pale

82
Horse” by Kusmawati (2007) which is focused on how Agatha
Christie develops the plot of the novel. In this writing, the
writer used descriptive analysis method where the writer
describes the data that have relation to the method and the
research question based on the relevant theory.
This previous study analyzed the characters in terms
of physiological, sociological, and psychological aspects but
focused more on the sociological aspect. Another previous
study that also inspired this study is Method of Characterization
and Three Dimensional Aspects of Main Character in Brontë’s
Jane Eyre by Sawitri (2012) which is focused on analyzed the
three dimensions of character including the characterization
method used by the author to present the characters.

3. RESEARCH METHOD
The data was taken from the novel Flipped by Wenderlin
Van Draanen that was published by Random House USA
Children’s Books in New York, United State which is taken
from internet in form of pdf file. Flipped is one of the best
works of Wenderlin Van Draanen. This data was chosen
because it contains many relevant data to the problem
which is discussed and analyzed in this paper. Apart from
its moral values, fames, and its inspiring story, however, the
main reason of why this novel is selected is because the main
character in this novel affected the most plot of the novel.
The data collected and selected by using documentation
research where the researcher took several steps. First, the
data was taken by reading and understanding the content of
the novel and doing the selection that based on and related
to the topic. In this case the elements of the fiction, especially,

83
those about the main character and plot were selected by
quoting, and note taking. Then, the data that are found were
collected and used in presenting and support the analysis of
the study.
This data which are collected from the data source
used qualitative method, where all the data that already
collected was necessary classified according to appropriate
categories. After classifying, the data was analysed in order
to determine its main character types and characterization
method by using theory that purposed by DiYanny, Abrams
and Nurgiyantoro; also determined its theme by using theory
that purposed by Arp and Johnson.

4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
There are some theories used in this study such as
the theory about character proposed by Abrams (1999: 76)
and theory about plot which is proposed bLukens (2003:6),
Gorden (1975:1) and Diyanni (2001, p.42).

4.1. Character
In fiction, a character may be defined as a verbal
representation of a human being. Through action, speech,
description, and commentary, authors portray character
that are worth caring about, rooting for, and even loving,
although there are also characters you may laugh at, dislike,
or even hate.
Abrams (1999: 76) says that “Character is people who
are appeared in a narrative prose or novel and it is interpreted
by the readers as a person who has moral quality and certain
tendency such as being expressed in what they say and what

84
they do”. Character is the people in a novel are referred as
characters. We asses them on the basic of what the author
tells us about them and on the basic of what they do and say.
Another point to remember is that the characters are part
of broader pattern. They are members of a society, and the
author distinctive view of who people relate to society will be
reflected in the presentation of every character.
The characters in the story can be divided into some
categories based on the point of view taken ; major and
minor character, protagonist and antagonist character, round
and flat character, dynamic and static character, typical and
neutral character (Nurgiyantoro, 2007:176).

4.2. Plot
Lukens (2003:6) stated plots as the sequence of events
showing character in action. In another book Gorden (1975:1)
defines plot as an author careful arrangement of incident in
a narrative to achieve a desire effect. In short, the writer can
conclude that the plot is the serial arrangement of incidents,
ideas or events. In literature, the plot encompasses all the
incidents and provides aesthetic pleasure. The story of the
novel progresses through various plots and conflicts. This is
not different with the theory of Diyanni (2001, p.42) which
is stated that plot is the order of events that are arranged to
make a whole story.
The plot has its five levels which are: Expository, Rising
Action, Climax, Falling Action and Resolution. Each of the
above levels must be examined in relation to the story being
read. Both the complications in the rising action and the
climax can be physical, mental, or emotional.

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4.2.1. Exposition
Exposition is the beginning of a story in which the
appearance of the characters and the setting for the first time
appeared in a story or movie. It may mean the introduction
of the characters, setting of place and time. The introductory
material often creates the tone and gives the setting,
introduces the characters, and supplies other facts necessary
for understanding.

4.2.2. Rising Action

In the book, A Student Guide to Play Analysis, Rush
(2005, p. 52) Stated that the rising action pointed the problem
which the protagonist has been through and achieve the goals.
Rising actions seems happened between the introduction,
and climax in the story. Rising action is the part of plot that
may happen when the two main characters faced the conflict
in the story. In this part of plot were got harder and complex
when the main character struggles towards the problem.

4.2.3. Climax
From the book, A student Guide to Play Analysis, Rush
(2005, p. 58) stated that, climax is the major conflict or the
biggest conflict when the protagonist faced the final problem
and he/she had solved the problem in the story. While
Stanford (2003, p. 28). Stated that climax is the moment of the
greatest tension in a story. The climax usually shown when
in the story there are conflicts that the major character faces.
It also sometimes it can be the solution of the problem or
struggles that the main character has been through.

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4.2.4. Falling Action
Falling Action is the stage when the tension of the story
calms down (Diyanni, 2001, p.45). It always appears in the
story that the story will soon end.

4.2.5. Resolution
According to Arp and Johnson (2006, p. 49) most,
fiction has a happy ending, where the protagonist can be able
to solve the problem, defeat enemies, and find the true love
and live happily ever after. While according to Diyanni (2001,
p. 45) resolution happened when the action falls off as the
plot’s complication are sorted out and resolved. This is the
ending of the story which main character has already solved
the problem.

5. ANALYSIS
Main character is the central character that plays an
important role in the story. In the nevel Flipped by William Van
Draanen, two characters, Julie Baker and Bryce Loski play a
major role in the development of the story. The difference
point of view between these two main characters, make the
story more interested.
The discussion below concerned with the analysis of
main character’s characteristic and plot of the story.

5.1. Analysis of Main Character

5.1.1. Bryce Loski
Bryce Loski is a seven-years-old boy when he moves in
across the street from Juli Baker’s house. He has blonde hair
and “dazzling” blue eyes that make Juli Baker falling in love.

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Bryce is shy boy, his kind of a quiet around other people.

Sitting next to Bryce was nice. He was nice. He’d say Hi, Juli to
me every morning, and once in a while I’d catch him looking my
way. He’d always blush and go back to his own work, and I couldn’t
help but smile. He was so shy. And so cute! (Juli Baker, page:
15 – Flipped)

When we talk about Bryce Loski after read the novel,

we will think that Bryce Loski is such a coward. He usually
confused with everything, including his own opinion, so
sometimes he had a difficult time to stand-up for his own.
Even in the novel, Juli Baker, Rick Loski (Bryce father) and
Chet Duncan (Bryce Granddad) thinks that he such a coward
boy.
“I don’t know, Patsy. I’m more concerned that our son is a coward.”
(Rick Loski, page: 41 – Brawk-Brawk-Brawk!)
I was happy to finally be planting the yard, but I couldn’t
help being distracted by Bryce’s window. Was he watching? During
the rest of the afternoon, I checked more often than I’d like to admit.
And I’m afraid Chet noticed, too, because when we were all done
and we’d congratulated each other on what was sure to be a fine-
looking yard, he said, “He may be acting like a coward now, but I
do hold out hope for the boy.” (Juli Baker, page: 77 – The Yard)

Bryce deals with a lot of fears. He’s afraid to climb the

sycamore tree. He’s too much of a scaredy-cat to stand up
to his dad when he’s being a jerk. He’s too frightened to eat
Juli’s eggs just because an unnecessary reasons or even afraid
to talk to Juli about them, and then choose to throw the eggs
into the trash for two years. This is show that Bryce not just
coward, but also dishonest.

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 She chased me and blocked me again. “What happened?”
she wants to know. “Did they break?”
Perfect. Why hadn’t I thought of that? “Yeah, Juli,” I told
her. “And I’m real sorry about that.” But what I’m thinking is,
Please, God, oh please, God, let me make it to the garbage can.
God must’ve been sleeping in. Juli tackled the trash and
pulled out her precious little carton of eggs, and she could tell right
off that they weren’t broken. They weren’t even cracked.
She stood frozen with the eggs in her hands while I dumped
the rest of the trash. “Why did you throw them out?” she asked,
but her voice didn’t sound like Juli Baker’s voice. It was quiet. And
shaky.
So I told her we were afraid of salmonella poisoning because
her yard was a mess and that we were just trying to spare her
feelings. I told it to her like we were right and she was wrong, but
I felt like a jerk. A complete cluck-faced jerk. (Bryce Loski, page:
43 – Brawk-Brawk-Brawk!)

From this story, we also found out that Bryce Loski is

such a judgmental person. He thinks that living across a street
from Juli Baker is nightmare. For him, Juli is such a dangerous,
annoying and weird person, that’s why she always avoiding
her. But, in the end of the story, we can see that something
changing, Bryce Loski opinion about Juli Baker was complete
change and everything flipped. The important thing’s is that
when Juli start get mad at him, he also knew that he was
wrong he being a awful jerk, so he keep apologize to Juli and
he try really hard to show Juli that he really feel sorry and
regret. Then, he longer being a coward Bryce but he become
more mature boy who can stand up for himself and become
a better person.

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 Bryce Loski who always avoiding Juli Baker also turn
itu Bryce Loski who start to seeking attention from Juli Baker
when he open his eyes and got to know the real Juli. He
start falling in love with Juli and try everything to make her
fogive him for everything that he already did. That’s why in
this story, Bryce Loski is a round character, because we go
along on Bryce’s journey from being a seven-year-old kid to
a teenager—and he goes through tons of change by the time
he reaches eighth grade.

5.1.2. Juli (Juliana) Baker

Juli or Juliana Baker is a young girl who has brown hair
and brown eyes. Juli is a very smart girl and very respectful,
she always got a good mark at school. That can be seen from
the narration that came from Bryce:

Juli Baker is the kind of annoying person who makes a point of

letting you know she’s smart. Her hand is the first one up; her
answers are usually complete dissertations; her projects are always
turned in early and used as weapons against the rest of the class.
Teachers always have to hold her project up and say, “This is what
I’m looking for, class. This is anexample of A-plus work.” Add all
the extra credit she does to an already perfect score, and I swear
she’s never gotten less than 120 percent in any subject. (Bryce
Loski, page: 10 – Diving Under)

In this story Juli Baker has shown a grace, kindness

and selflessness. She gives Bryce and his family chicken eggs
for free when she actually can sell it. She did it because she
thinks that Bryce is her friend, and she also want to unite their
family. Juli Baker is a kind-hearted girl also we can see from

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how she always wants to make her parents happy and how
good she raised her chickens and her dog. On the auction at
the Basket Boys event, her friend’s Jon Trulock is up for and
no one bids on him, Juli steps up to the plate and bid for him
because she can’t help herself to feel bed to Jon, she help him
and make it feel better.

“But why isn’t anyone biding on him? He’s… he’s so nice.”

Darla nodded. “Exactly.”
That’s when I realized what I had to do. My hand shot into
the air and I called, “Ten!” (Juli Baker, page: 134 – The Basket
Boys)

Juli Baker also has a strong spirit and an independent

nature. She likes outdoors and animals as she raised chicken
and has a dog, and she also spends her free time fixing the
yard and climbing the Sycamore tree. She also stong minded,
she never afraid to stand up for her conviction. Granddad
Chet (Bryce’s granddad) says that Juli Baker has an “iron
backbone”. She stand-up for her favorite sycamore tree;
when some peoples told her that they going to cut down the
tree. When folks come to chop the tree down, she refuses to
climb out of the branches and held on to the branch more
tightly. This can be seen from the dialogue when she said:

The bus was three blocks away. I’d never missed school for
any reason other than legitimate illness, but I knew in my heart
that I was going to miss my ride. “You’re going to have to cut me
down!” I yelled. Then I had an idea. They’d never cut it down if all
of us were in the tree. They’d have to listen! “Hey, guys!” I called
to my classmates. “Get up here with me! They can’t cut it down
if we’re all up here! Marcia! Tony! Bryce! C’mon, you guys, don’t

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 let them do this!” (Juli Baker, page: 29 – The Sycamore Tree)

Juli is really such a persistent girl. That’s can be seen

not just from how hard she try to stop the people from cutting
down the tree, but also from how long she keep her feeling
for Bryce Loski.
In the beginning of the story, we can found out that Juli
Baker has a massive crush on Bryce Loski. She falling in love
with Bryce ‘dazzling’ blue eyes and she see something on it.
She keeps like Bryce Loski even when he always avoiding
and acts so coldly toward her.

The first day I met Bryce Loski, I flipped. Honestly, one look
at him and I became a lunatic.It’s his eyes. Something in his eyes.
They’re blue, and framed in the blackness of his lashes, they’re
dazzling. Absolutely breathtaking.
It’s been over six years now, and I learned long ago to hide
my feelings, but oh, those first days. Those first years! I thought
I would die for wanting to be with him. (Juli Baker, page: 12 –
Flipped)

Bryce doesn’t really like Juli but she always thinks that
every time Bryce avoiding her, she thought that was because
Bryce just such a shy boy, not because he doesn’t like her.
From this we can also see that Juli Baker is actually such an
optimistic girl.
On this story, Juli Baker character is a flat character
because she stays like that the whole story. In the middle of
story she maybe get a little bit angry because Bryce Loski hurt
her feeling, but at the end of story Juli actually still as Juli
Baker like the beginning of story.

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5.4 Analysis of Plot
5.4.1. Exposition
Exposition is the first part which situation of character
is explained, it leads up to the further development of the
plot. In exposition, the background information is needed to
provide information of the whole story.
The writer make the novel switches between two
narrators which is used the main characters, Bryce and Juli
as the narrator. By the switching of the narrator, the readers
can easily see the event in the novel from two sides or two
different perspective of the story between Bryce Loski and
Juli Baker.
There are some events that can be seen in the beginning
of the story which is tell us and introduce us about the
character, setting and the potential situation of conflict that
might be happens.
a. The story is began when Bryce Loski and family
moves across the road of Juli Baker’s house and Juli
feel so excited when she found out that Bryce is her
age.
It all started the summer before second grade when
our moving van pulled into her neighborhood. (Bryce Loski,
page: 6 – Diving Under)
Two days before the second grade is when it started,
although the anticipation began weeks before—ever since my
mother had told me that there was a family with a boy my
age moving into the new house right across the street. (Juli
Baker, page: 12 – Flipped)
The beginning of the story, Bryce Loski and Juli Baker
become the narrator and tell us about how the start of their

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relationship in their own perspective or point of view. From
the sentence above we can see that Bryce Loski and his family
just moving across the street of Juli Baker’s house. Bryce just
seven-years-old boy who has the same age with Juli Baker.
When Juli finally found out that there will be a boy in her age
moving into the new house right across the street and she
finally has a playmate, she definitely happy. So, when she
found out that the moving van just arrived, she immediately
wants to run away over there to see her new playmate.
The day of Bryce Loski’s moving van arrive, that also
the day Bryce meet Juli for the first time. Their first meeting
that day is the start of every story about them.
b. Juli Baker has a huge crush on Bryce Loski, but Bryce
seems not into her, all he thinks about Juli is she’s
weird.
She didn’t just barge into my life. She barged and
shoved and wedged her way into my life. Did we invite her to
get into our moving van and start climbing all over boxes?
No! But that’s exactly what she did, taking over and showing
off like only Juli Baker can. (Bryce Loski, page: 6 – Diving
Under)
Because I didn’t want to be kicked around, that’s why.
And although I couldn’t say it like that at the time, I still had
enough sense at age seven and a half to know that Juli Baker
was dangerous. (Bryce Loski, page: 9 – Diving Under)
The first time Bryce Loski meets Juli Baker, he already
feels that he doesn’t like her. He feels so annoyed when Juli
keeps want to help him and his father when they didn’t
asked or want Juli to help them. As the time goes by, Bryce
still doesn’t change his judgments about Juli. And from the

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narration above, Bryce tell us that she thinks that Juli such a
dangerous, weird, annoying girl, and better for him to stay
away from her. And what he really wants from Juli Baker is
to stop disturbing him.

The first day I met Bryce Loski, I flipped. Honestly, one look at him
and I became a lunatic. It’s his eyes. Something in his eyes. They’re
blue, and framed in the blackness of his lashes, they’re dazzling.
Absolutely breathtaking. (Juli Baker, page: 12 – Flipped)

Since the first time Juli Baker meet Bryce Loski, she
already has a massive crush with the boy. She just seven-
years-old and she already love Bryce Loski. She falling in
love with Bryce’s ‘dazzling’ blue eyes that make her feel
something different. This is the start of the problem that
happens in the story. It’s like a dilemmatic situation; Bryce
doesn’t like Juli Baker and thinks that she kind of dangerous
and wired girl, while Juli thinks that Bryce just such a shy
boy and she really likes Bryce, she even thinks about their
first kiss that not happens yet.

5.4.2. Rising Action

Rising action has two important terms, such as
complication and development. Mean that complication in
the story developed the story itself. It is also the beginning
of changing.
After exposition is shown, we know the character and
situation between the characters in the story. Then in rising
action the conflict begin to happen. In this part the character
start causes the problems for each other. The main character
in the story start to faces not just the conflict that appears

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cause of the others characters but also because the character
him/herself. Some events that are found as a rising action,
such as:
a. Bryce wants for Julie to leave him alone, but what Juli
wants is for Bryce to pay a little attention to her.
All I’ve ever wanted is for Juli Baker to leave me alone.
For her to back off — you know, just give me some space.
(Bryce Loski, page: 6 – Diving Under)
Just from that sentence above, we can see that Bryce
Loski seriously want Juli Baker to stay away from him and
leave him alone. It’s seems like, everyday he try really hard to
avoiding Juli Baker and that make him suffocated. He keeps
telling himself to stay away from Juli but he actually never
told Juli by himself that he actually feels uncomfortable every
time Juli try to approaching him. That’s make Juli thinks that
Bryce just being shy and she doesn’t really get it about Bryce
true feeling.

It’s been over six years now, and I learned long ago to hide
my feelings, but oh, those first days. Those first years! I thought
I would die for wanting to be with him. (Juli Baker, page: 12 –
Flipped)
Looking back on the second grade, I like to think it was at least
partly scientific curiosity that made me chase after that kiss, but
to be honest, it was probably more those blue eyes. All through
the second and third grades I couldn’t seem to stop myself from
following him, from sitting by him, from just wanting to be near
him. (Juli Baker, page: 12 – Flipped)

Juli definitely such a persistent person, she keeps like

Bryce Loski, even he keep avoiding her. Juli feeling that
never change here make the story more interesting. And
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the problem start to rise when two different people have a
different view of each other.

b. Juli likes climbing a sycamore tree in the park, but

one day people told her that the tree will be cut down.
Juli doesn’t want that to happen so she climbs the tree
and people keep telling her to come down so they can
cut it.

Now, Juli Baker did not wind up on the front page of the
Mayfield Times for being an eighth-grade Einstein, like you might
suspect. No, my friend, she got front-page coverage because she
refused to climb out of a sycamore tree. (Bryce Loski, page: 17 –
Buddy, Beware!)
Don’t get me wrong here, okay? The tree was an ugly mutant
tangle of gnarly branches. The girl arguing with those men was Juli
— the world’s peskiest, bossiest, most know-it-all female. But all of
a sudden my stomach completely bailed on me. Juli loved that tree.
Stupid as it was, she loved that tree, and cutting it down would be
like cutting out her heart.

Bryce tell as the story about Juli who being ‘so in love’
with a tree, she really like to climb the tree everyday and
when people want to cut down that tree Juli the first and only
one person who stood up for the tree to not be cut down.
Even person like Bryce who not really care with the existence
of Juli Baker, know very well that the tree means so much
for Juli and she will be really sad and broken if someone cut
down the tree. But, he just can do anything to help her. She
try to asked him to help her by following her to climbing the
tree, but he just can’t - even he really feel bad for her.

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 My heart was crazy with panic. I didn’t know what to
do! I couldn’t leave and let them cut down the tree! I cried,
“You can’t cut it down! You just can’t!” (Juli Baker, page:
28-29 – The Sycamore Tree)

What Juli did when she try to stop people from cut
down the tree is really prove that Juli Baker really love nature
and she always stood up for everything that she feels right.
When she climbing the tree she can see every color in the sky
and how beautiful it is. The tree is something that make her
start to feel and think about everything in difference way, so
when she found out that the tree will be cut down, she just
can’t keep quiet and do nothing.
When people start to tell her to went down from the
tree, she just can’t and she keep asking help from her friend,
according to Bryce, but they just watching and choose to turn
their back and go away. That’s making Juli feel hurt more. She
loves the tree and she also thinks that everyone loves it, but
it’s just turn wrong. This is the first part of Juli getting hurt
in the story and makes us understand that if there something
precious in your life going to be taken away from yourself
and you feel like you can’t do anything, just stood up for it if
you feel it right. But, if that one still taken away from you, it’s
ok, as long as you already fight for it.

c. Juli start raising chickens and selling their eggs, but

since she thinks Bryce is her friend, she gives him
free eggs. When Bryce family know about it, they told
him to give the eggs back to Juli because they afraid
of Salmonella. Bryce afraid to tell Juli about it or give

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 it back, therefore he always throwing the eggs away
without Juli knowing for two years.
“You know … my chickens? The ones I hatched for the science
fair last year?”
“Oh, right. How could I forget.”
“They’re laying eggs!” She pushed the carton into my hands.
“Here, take these! They’re for you and your family.”
“Oh. Uh, thanks,” I said, and closed the door. (Bryce Loski,
page: 34 – Brwak-Brawk-Brawk!)
This went on for two years. Two years! And it got to a point
where it was just part of my morning routine. I’d be on the lookout
for Juli so I could whip the door open before she had the chance to
knock or ring the bell, and then I’d bury the eggs in the trash before
my dad showed up. (Bryce Loski, page: 42 – Brawk-Brawk-
Brawk!)

Conversation above tell us about the first time Juli

Baker give Bryce her chicken’s eggs. When Juli give the egg’s
to Bryce, he didn’t excited at all, he just want Juli to take
it back, but when he see smile from Juli Baker, he just feel
wrong if he do it. So, he take the eggs even he don’t really
want it. When, his family found it about the eggs come from
Juli Baker’s chicken, they told Bryce to give it back to Juli,
because looks at how Juli’s house looks, how dirty their yard,
Bryce’s family afraid that the eggs will effected and afraid
that they maybe can get Salmonella. Then, because afraid of
Juli he choose to bury the eggs in the trash before his family
found out the eggs.

5.4.3. Climax
Climax is the top part in the story; this is the crucial
part of the story, the part which determines the outcome of

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the conflict. Climax is synonymous with turning point, to
change the story from rising action to falling action.
The climax parts in this story tell us about how the
perspective or point of view, or thought of the characters about
each other start to flipped and make them see everything in
different ways.
a. One day Juli come to Bryce home to give him some
more eggs and she does, but Juli doesn’t leave the
house immediately, she stood there a couple of
minutes admiring the door. Then, she turned around
and saw Bryce throwing away the eggs. When Juli
asked him about it, Bryce tried to make up that the
eggs were broken, but when Juli opened the trash
box, she know that Bryce lying. She found out that all
this time, Bryce always throwing her eggs when she
actually can sell it.
She stood frozen with the eggs in her hands while I dumped
the rest of the trash. “Why did you throw them out?” she asked,
but her voice didn’t sound like Juli Baker’s voice. It was quiet. And
shaky. (Bryce Loski, page: 42 – Brawk-Brawk-Brawk!)

Bryce choices to throw the eggs to the trash, than give

it back to Juli make everything worst. The day Juli found out
about the eggs that always being throwing away by Bryce’s
family, Bryce told Juli that his family afraid of Salmonella,
because her yard was a mess and he just try to spare her
feelings. But, hearing that Juli getting angry, sad and
disappointed. Because Juli know that if she didn’t give the
eggs to Bryce’s family she can sell it over the neighborhood
and get a hundred dollars. When, Bryce starts to feel like a
real jerk, Juli just races across the street with a tears flooding
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over her eyes. Bryce may did that because he afraid of Juli or
just didn’t want to disappointed Juli’s smile, but what he did
just prove that he such a coward and make their relationship
in very bad situation.

b. Bryce talked bad things about Juli’s uncle and how

Juli family lives to his friend (Gerret), and Juli heard
about it.
Bryce was sounding like he felt really bad, but then suddenly
my blood ran cold. He was talking about David!
And then Garrett laughed and said, “A retard? Well, that
explains a lot, doesn’t it? You know… about Juli?”
For a second, there was silence. And at that moment I was
sure they must be able to hear my heart pounding in my chest,
but then Bryce laughed and said, “Oh, right.” (Juli Baker, page:
96 – The Visit)

When Bryce talked with his friend Gerret, Juli hear

what they talked about. Juli heard about how awful and
guilty Bryce feel about the eggs incident, but she also heard
that Gerret called her uncle retard and Bryce just agree with
him. Heard Bryce talked a bad things about her uncle, of
course Juli getting so mad, after all what happen before and
now he talks like that about her uncle, of course Juli has a
good reason to getting mad at him.
But what Juli doesn’t know that, that time when Gerret
laughing and called Juli’s uncle a retard, Bryce actually didn’t
want to agree with Gerret. He wants to stop Gerret thinks like
that and said that Juli’s family is a wonderful people, but he
just can’t do that. This is the other reason or problem that
makes Juli and Bryce relationship getting worse.

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c. Bryce feel bad with everything’s he did, he realize
how fool he was all these years.
I went down to my room to pack my stuff for school, feeling
like the biggest jerk to ever hit the planet. I’d been sneaking around
throwing out eggs for over two years, avoiding her, avoiding my
father — what did that make me? Why hadn’t I just stood up and
said, No thanks, don’t want ‘em, don’t need ‘em, don’t like ‘em….
Give them to the snake, why don’t you? Something!
Was I really afraid of hurting her feelings?
Or was I afraid of her? (Bryce Loski, page: 43 – Brawk-
Brawk-Brawk!)

After everything that he ever done, Bryce start to thinks

about everything that he did and feel guilty about it. He
realizes that all this time he really being a jerk and such a
coward person in front of Juli Baker. He really never stood
up for everything that he wants, what he thinks or what he
actually feels, he just too busy being a coward that make him
in this kind of position right now.

d. Bryce tries to kiss Juli at school in front of their friends

She broke away from me.
I sat there by myself and didn’t even care about covering up. I
just wanted to be with her. To talk to her. To hold her hand again.
To kiss her (Bryce Loski, 122 – Flipped)
I can’t remember what I said. He was looking into my eyes,
holding my hands tight, and then he began pulling me toward him.
My heart was racing and his eyes were closing and his face was
coming toward mine…. Right there, in front of all the other basket
boys and their dates and the adults, he was going to kiss me.
To kiss me. (Juli Baker, page: 136 – The Basket Boys)

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 Narration above is narrations from our main characters,
Juli and Bryce Loski that told us their own feeling when the
kiss just going to happens. This part is when they finish the
Basket Boys auction and Bryce starting to found out his true
feelings about Juli Baker.

5.4.4. Falling Action

Following the climax, the rest of the novel is devoted
to showing what and how the characters lives like after the
major change in their fortunes. In falling action one by one
of the problems or conflict that occurs in rising action can be
resolved.
Falling action also contains a moment of final suspense,
usually wrapped up the story and lead to the conclusion. In
this story these parts tell us the result of the climax. After the
conflict that happens and after their perspective flipped, the
characters in the story start to find their way to express their
feeling, try to fix everything that happens.
a. Juli start working on her family garden, and one day
Bryce’s grandfather saw her and he end up helping
her.
Then one day I’m coming home from hanging out with Garrett
after school, and there’s Juli in her front yard, hacking at a shrub.
She is thrashing on the thing. Branches are flying over her shoulder,
and clear across the street I can hear her grunting and growling
and saying stuff like, “No…you… don’t! You are coming… off…
whether you like it or …not!” (Bryce Loski, page: 57 – Get a
Grip Man)

After Juli found out that Bryce always throwing

away the eggs that she gave to him, because they afraid of

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salmonella (they thinks about it because Juli house and yard
situation is such a mess) Juli start to convey her parents to
clean up and fix up their yard.
After get permission and support from her parents to
do it, Juli start fixing her front yard by herself. However, Ched
(Bryce’s grandfather) who is always looking at Juli doing the
work by herself start to help her. They work together every
day to make the yard more tidy and beautiful. Juli just didn’t
want other people will judge their family because they have
an ugly and dirty yard.

b. Juli avoiding and stop talking to Bryce Loski because

what he did (throwing all the eggs that she gave to
him). She even stop going to school with bus, and
choose to use bicycle.

I felt fire burn in my cheeks and a cold, hard knot tighten in

my heart. And in a flash I knew—I was through with Bryce Loski.
He could keep his brilliant blue eyes. He could keep his two-faced
smile and… and my kiss. That’s right! He could keep that, too. I
was never, ever going to talk to him again! (Juli Baker, page: 97
– The Visit)

After everything’s that Bryce Loski did, Juli Baker can’t

help herself to not hate Bryce Loski. She start to avoiding
him and forget her feeling for him. She thinks that Bryce
doesn’t deserve her real feelings for him because he make
her mad, sad and cry over and over. What make her more
disappointed with Bryce Loski is when he talked a bad thinks
about Juli’s house, uncle and her family. That enough for her
to stop thinking about Bryce Loski.

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c. Bryce’s mother invited Juli’s family for dinner at
Loski family’s house.
“The solution is …,” my mom said as she served herself some
pancakes, “… we’re going to invite the Bakers over for dinner.”
My father blurts out, “What?”; Lynetta asks, “All of them?”;
I put in, “Are you serious?”; but my grandfather heaps on another
fried egg and says, “That, Patsy, is a marvelous idea.”
“Thanks, Dad,” she says with a smile, then tells Lynetta and
me, “Of course I’m serious, and yes, if Juli and the boys want to
come, they’ll be invited.” (Bryce Loski, page: 80 – Looming
Large and Smelly)

After feel so guilty about the eggs’ incident Bryce’s

mother get idea to invited Juli’s family to dinner at their
house. This is not just because of the eggs incident but Bryce’s
mother also hope that they can make the both family come
closer with each other.

d. Bryce try to apologize to Juli but she seems like

doesn’t listen him at all.
And still he wouldn’t leave. He didn’t say anything, he just
stood there, listening. Then when Mrs. Loski announced that
dinner was ready, Bryce held my arm and whispered, “Juli, I’m
sorry. I’ve never been so sorry about anything in my whole life.
You’re right, I was a jerk, and I’m sorry.” (Juli Baker, page: 109
– The Dinner)

That night is dinner at Bryce’s house, all the member

of Juli’s family according Juli comes to dinner. Juli is still
avoiding Bryce, but because she doesn’t want to make her
mother dissaponted because she doesn’t want to come, so she
force herself to come. Over there, she absolutely meets Bryce

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Loski and he apologize for everything that he ever done to
her, but because Juli stil get mad at him, Juli just ignore him.

e. After try to kiss Juli, Bryce friend (Gerret) ditches

him.
“You’re right, dude. I completely don’t understand. Did
you seriously try to kiss her? I couldn’t believe that part. We’re
talking Julianna Baker? Your nightmare neighbor? The know-it-all
nuisance? The coop poop babe?”
I stopped cold and shoved him. Just laid into him with both
hands and shoved. “That was a long time ago, man. Knock it off!”
(Bryce Loski, page: 123 – Flipped)

After try to kiss Juli Baker in front of people at school,

Bryce Loski cannot stay away from his friend ditch. But this
time he doesn’t care with what Gerret say about him. For the
first time in his life, he want to stood up for what he want and
Gerret can’t stop him from doing it. He doesn’t need a friend
who criticizing him when he do something right and he will
stop to agree with every word that come out from Gerret.

5.4.5. Resolution
Resolution is also referred as the conclusion which is
referred to the moment where the protagonist can be able to
solve the problem, defeat enemies, and find the true love and
live happily ever after. In this story we can see how the main
characters solve their problem with each other. They begin
the story far apart in many ways, separated by dishonesty
and misunderstanding. But in the end, the gap between them
shrinks and establishes the foundation for an honest and
growing relationship.

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a. In the end of the book Bryce Loski is falling in love
with Juli Baker.
I’d spent so many years avoiding Juli Baker that I’d never
really looked at her, and now all of a sudden I couldn’t stop. This
weird feeling started taking over the pit of my stomach, and I didn’t
like it. Not one bit. To tell you the truth, it scared the Sheetrock out
of me. (Bryce Loski, page: 67 – Get a Grip, Man!)
But in my heart I knew the old Bryce was toast. There was no
going back. Not to Garrett or Shelly or Miranda or any of the other
people who wouldn’t understand. Juli was different, but after all
these years that didn’t bother me anymore.
I liked it.
I liked her. (Bryce Loski, page: 123 – Flipped)

After every problem that come up between Bryce and

Juli, Bryce finally flipped. He spent so many years avoiding
Juli Baker, and then now he start feel something that he never
felt before. And for the first time he admitting his feeling,
yeah, he likes Juli Baker and that’s make him feel happy. And
in the end of story, we can see that what Bryce Loski thought
about Juli Baker is completely flipped.

b. Bryce keep tries to make Juli forgive him, he trying to

figure it out how to show Juli that he already change.
Bryce planting a sycamore tree in Juli’s front yard
(to prove that he’s a new person and he want to start
again with her).
Something. I’ve got to come up with some thing to show her
that I’ve changed. To prove to her that I understand.
But what? How do I show her that I’m not the guy she thinks
I am? How do I erase everything I’ve done and start over?
Maybe I can’t. Maybe it just can not be done. But if I’ve

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 learned one thing from Juli Baker, it’s that I’ve got to put my whole
heart and soul into it and try. (Bryce Loski, page: 125 – Flipped)

After the kiss incident, it’s getting hard for Bryce to talk
to Juli. She avoiding him every time and in every chance he
got to talk to her. But, to make Juli believe that he already
change, Bryce doesn’t give up. He keep try to find a way to
make Juli forgive him. He can do everything to make that
happens. Not just because he know that he was wrong, but
he also want the new start between both of them. He want to
know Juli better and he want Juli to see him in a new way. So,
he keep try make Juli forgive him.
Then, one day he choose to planting a sycamore tree in
the front yard of Juli’s house. He know that Juli really likes
that tree and she relaly hurt when the tree cut down before,
so he choose to plant that tree to prove that he already change
and he want to start over with her.

I didn’t really need to ask, though, and he knew he didn’t need

to answer. I could tell from the shape of the leaves, from the texture
of the trunk. This was a sycamore tree.
I flipped around on the couch and just sat.
A sycamore tree. (Juli Baker, page: 141 – The Basket Boys)

When Juli found out that Bryce planting a sycamore

tree in front yard of her yards, she can imagine how the tree
will will look like when they grow years later. Eventually
Bryce also gets her attention by planting that sycamore tree.
Saw Bryce planted a sycamore tree for her, she can feel Bryce
effort’s and that’s make her start changing her mind. Juli is

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thinking that maybe it’s time to get to know the real Bryce.
Maybe he’s not so bad after all.
The end of the story, the author gives us a freedom to
guessing what will happen between the two of them. But,
after we read how Juli reaction after Bryce plant the sycamore
tree in her front yard we can guess that the story ended with
the two of them start something new for their relationship,
something better than before.
From the discussion about plot above we can tell that
the main theme of novel Flipped by Wendelin Van Draanen is
about understanding the perfective of others. The story based
on the different perspective that the characters have about
almost in every situation that occurs within the storyline.
This book makes the readers understand that not
everyone sees every situation in the same way. There is
time when we have different understanding or thought
about someone or something with other people for different
reasons. Sometimes those differences also may bring conflict
for our life. But, when we really try to open our eyes or try to
give our-self a chance to see the differences in different way,
maybe it can bring other understanding that can make us stop
being judgmental people and more being a understanding
people. In the end we understand the wisdom that say you
shouldn’t judge a book by its cover, at least not until you have
both flipped through it together.

6. CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis that has been done in the
discussion, the following conclusion can be made. In the

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novel Flipped by Wendelin Van Draanen tell us the story
between two youngsters, Bryce Loski and Juli Baker from
second grade to junior high school, and explore all the ways
their relationship changes during that time. It tells the story
about Juli and Bryce who have different understanding about
each other. Flipped is written in a two-part narrative form, it
means that in one chapter Bryce tells his story then in the next
Juli tells and relates the same events from her point of view.
That’s why the main theme of novel Flipped by Wendelin Van
Draanen is about understanding the perfective of others. The
story based on the different perspective that the characters
have about almost in every situation that occurs within the
storyline.
The story start when Bryce Loski move across the street
of Juli’s house and how different feeling they have when
they meet each other for the first time. Bryce who such a shy
boy, thinks that Juli Baker is such a dangerous, annoying and
weird person, while Juli thinks that Bryce Loski is such a shy
boy who has a ‘dazzling’ blue eyes that make her thinks about
her first kiss with him -someday. That kind of perspective
about each other keep for years, until some problems come
and their feeling, thought and perspective about each other
flipped.
They begin the story far apart in many ways, separated
by dishonesty and misunderstanding. But in the end, the
gap between them shrinks and establishes the foundation
for an honest and growing relationship. This book makes the
readers understand that not everyone sees every situation
in the same way. But, when we really try to open our eyes

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or try to give our-self a chance to see the differences in
different way, maybe it can bring other understanding that
can make us stop being judgmental people and more being a
understanding people.

REFERENCES
Ardiyanthu S.Ar., Dewi Pisca. 2010. The Intrinsic Elements of The
House by Dina Oktaviani.
Draanen, Wendelin Van. 20o1. Flipped. New York: Random House
USA Children’s Books.
DiYanni, Robert. 2001. Literature Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama.
New York: Mc.Graw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
Kusmati, Eti. .20017. An Analysis on Intrinsic Elements of Agatha
Christie’s “The Pale Horse”. Jakarta: Syarif Hidayatullah State
Islamic University.
Wahyudi. 2009. Plot and Characters Analysis on Drama The Ile by
Eugene O’Neill. Jakarta: Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic
University
Kenney, William. 1966. How to Analyze Fiction. New York: Monarch
Press
Sawitri, Komang Alit. 2012. Method of Characterization and Three
Dimensional Aspects of Main Character in Brontë’s Jane Eyre.
Denpasar: Udayana University
Wellek, Rene, and Austin Warren. 1955. The Theory of Literature.
London: Lowe & Brydone Ltd.
http://www.ibookpile.com/2013/11/flipped-by-wendelin-van-
draanen.html (pdf version of Flipped by Wendelin Van
Draanen accessed on September, 15th 2015)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flipped (accessed on December, 10th
2015)

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 8
Plot Analysis in Short Story “The Adventures
of Tom Sawyer” by Mark Twain

MAHENDRA, I Kadek Dody

1301305071
English Department, Faculty of Arts Udayana University
Email address: [email protected]

Abstract
This study is plot analysis in short story “The Adventures of Tom
Sawyer” by Mark Twain. The aims of this study are to analyze the
type of plot and analyze the structure of plot in the short story
“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” by Mark Twain. The data of
this study was taken from short story entitled “The Adventures
of Tom Sawyer” by Mark Twain. The method which was used in
collecting data is documentation method. This study uses theory
that proposed by Kenny and the theory proposed by Brooks and
Warren too. In the analysis, the story of “The Adventures of Tom
Sawyer” by Mark Twain is used Successive plot. Because of all the
events are happened chronologically. The first event is followed
by the second event and the second event is also followed by the
third event and continually. The structure of plot structure of plot
is divided into beginning, middle, and end. The beginning of the
story is begun with the introduction of the character, setting, and
what is the story about. The middle is divided into 3 parts such as:
conflict, complication, and climax.
Keywords: Plot, types of plot, structure of plot

L
1. INTRODUCTION
iterary works can be divided into 3; Prose, Poetry,
and Drama. Poetry today is usually written down,
but is still sometimes performed. Poetry creates word
pictures, describes moments, or expresses feelings. Prose is a

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form of language that exhibits a grammatical structure and
a natural flow of speech rather than a rhythmic structure (as
in traditional poetry). Drama is a literary genre that shares
many features of other forms of literature, but possesses a
characteristic that makes it distinct.
Literary work also can be divided in two types; they are
fiction and non –fiction. Non-fiction is actually based on the
reality or experience of the author while fiction is based on
the imagination or not reality.
Short story is one of fiction, which it’s created by
author’s imagination. Short story is a story that has fewer
paragraphs than novel. We know that novel is a book length
story in prose while short story is also prose but in simple
form. Short story is formed by structure; consist of two
elements, which are intrinsic and extrinsic elements. Intrinsic
element is more there in the literary work or inside of the
literary work such as: theme, character, plot, point of view,
setting, language style, and symbols. Extrinsic element covers
the part of the things outside of the literary works such as:
political, sociology, physiology, culture, and religion.
Among those elements “Plot” is one of important element
in fiction that built the theme in expressing the meaning of
work fiction. Plot is a literary term used to describe the events
that make up a story or the main part of a story. These events
relate to each other in a pattern or a sequence. The structure
of a novel depends on the organization of events in the plot of
the story. Plot is known as the foundation of a novel or story
which the characters and settings are built around. It is meant
to organize information and events in a logical manner. When
writing the plot of a piece of literature, the author has to be

114
careful that it does not dominate the other parts of the story.
So, that why plot is an interesting subject to be discussed and
analyzed.
Every study always has an aim that has to be achieved.
The aims of this study are to analyze the type of plot that
used in the short story “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” by
Mark Twain, and to analyze the structure of plot in the short
story “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” by Mark Twain.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
In literature review, there are some matters consist
of paper and article that used for helping this study. First,
based on the paper which written by Krisna (2007) entitled
“The Role of Characters, Plot, and Setting in Constructing
the Theme of Angle and Demons”. Krisna’s study analyzed
the characters, plot, and setting of angle and demons, which
support in constructing the theme of the novel. The theory
that is used in his study is proposed by Kenny and proposed
by Di Yanni.
The second writing came from Ayu (2004) entitled
“Plot Constructions of Message in a Bottle” by Nicolas
Sparks”. Ayu’s study aimed at describing about one of
intrinsic elements that is Plot in the novel through analyzing
the sequence of the plot, understanding the novel, the theory
applied in ayu’s paper is proposed by Barnet Sylan.
One article entitled “Plot Units and Narrative
Summarization” by Weady G. Lehnert (1981). In this
article Lehnert explained in order to summarize a story, it
is necessary to access a high level analysis of the story that
highlights its central concepts.

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3. RESEARCH METHOD
Data source is the source from which the data that were
analyzed are obtained in order to support the validity of this
study. The data of this study was taken from short story
entitled “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” by Mark Twain.
This short story was chose because it has good story and plot
to be analyzed.
The method used in collecting data is in accordance
with the need of the study. The method which was used in
collecting data is documentation method, because the data
were collected through note taking. There were some steps in
collecting data. First, the short story was read to understand
the story. Then, the important events relate with the plot
structure were noted down.
Data analyzing is very important in a study because
by analyzing, the data will have a meaning, which is very
helpful and useful in solving the problem. This study uses
theory that proposed by Kenny and the theory proposed by
Brooks and Warren too. There some ways in analyzing data.
First, analyzed and identified the type of plot that is used in
the short story. Then, the plot structure was analyzed.

4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The theories that used for this study is from theory that
proposed by Kenny and the theory proposed by Brooks and
Warren. The theory proposed by Brooks and Warren is used
to analyze the types of plot. Meanwhile, the theory from
Kenny is used to analyze the plot structure. William Kenney
(1966:13) suggested, the structure of plots divided into three
parts.

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4.1. Structure of Plot
4.1.1. The Beginning
The beginning of a plot action is called Exposition;
it is the setting forth of the assumption from which the
story will develop.

4.1.2. Middle, consisting of

a. Conflict: Conflict is a clash action, desire, ideas, or
goals in the plot of a story or drama.
b. Complication: the movement from initial statement
of conflict up to climax.
c. Climax: the highest point of conflict.

4.1.3. The End

The plot end is called outcome / resolution of the
story. This element usually appears at the end of the
narrative work.

4.2. Type of Plot

Plot type is how the event of the story being arranged.
Form of plot type is sequence. There are three parts of plot
type:
a. Flashback Plot: the story starts in the end
then the author of the story retelling the event
chronologically.
b. Successive plot: the events happened
chronologically.
c. Mixed Plot: the story starts by the beginning in the
events, but at the middle story, the author gives
flashback on the story.

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5. ANALYSIS
5.1. The Synopsis of The Story
Tom Sawyer is a kid who is up to no good. One day, he
eats jam when he’s not supposed to, skips school, and gets
in a fight. Sid spills the beans about Tom’s behavior and his
Aunt gets pissed. As punishment, she makes him paint her
fence white. But because Tom is such a scammer, he tricks his
friends into painting the fence by pretending that it is a fun
thing to do. Then he goes and plays with his friends.
He sees this hot babe named Becky Thatcher. Tom
really likes her. Then he goes home and Aunt Polly yells at
him because she thinks he broke the sugar bowl. It was Sid
who broke the bowl. Tom sees his pal Huckleberry Finn. They
plan to get together at midnight for something. Tom goes to
school and sees Becky again. He asks her to marry him (not
really, but like kids do, ya know?). She says no because she
finds out that he was once married to some other girl in the
class. Tom is mad that he got shafted, so he skips school and
plays with a friend.
When Tom and Huck meet at midnight, they go to the
graveyard. At the graveyard, they see some dudes robbing a
grave. The guys are Muff Potter, Injun Joe, and Dr Robinson.
Potter and Injun Joe were hired by Robinson to rob some
grave, but they refuse to do it unless he pays them more
money. Robinson takes a swing at Potter, and then Injun
Joe kills Robinson. Injun Joe convinces Potter that he killed
Robinson. Tom and Huck see this whole thing, but don’t tell
anyone because they’re scared to death of Injun Joe. Potter is
arrested for the murder, and the boys take food and cigarettes
to him in jail.

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 The next day at school Becky dumps on Tom even
more. Tom is pissed, so he wants to run away. Tom, Huck,
and their friend Joe decide to become pirates and sail down
the river. So they steal a raft and leave. They go to Jackson’s
Island (near their town). All the people in Tom’s town think
the boys are dead, so they have a funeral. The boys walk in
during the middle of it and shock the hell out of everyone.
Back at school, Tom takes the heat for something bad
that Becky did, and she starts to like him. Then summer
comes. Becky leaves town. Tom gets sick with the measles.
Then Tom still feels bad about the graveyard incident and he
tells the truth at Muff Potter’s trial. Injun Joe escapes. Tom is
scared to death because he thinks Injun Joe is gonna kill him.
Tom and Huck go out because they want to find some
treasure. They go to some abandoned house and see Injun
Joe and some dude with a box of gold coins. Injun Joe hides
the gold, and Tom and Huck look for it. Then Tom goes on a
picnic with Becky. While Tom is at the picnic, Huck watches
Injun Joe to see where he goes. Huck finds out that Injun Joe
plans on beating the crap out of some old lady. Huck gets
help but Injun Joe runs away.
Meanwhile, back at the picnic, Tom and Becky get lost
in some cave. While they are in the cave, they see Injun Joe.
Tom finds a way out. Then Becky’s dad seals the cave shut
with a huge door. Joe was trapped inside, so he dies.
Tom and Huck go back to the cave and get that box of
gold. They plan on hiding the gold but they are caught and
have to admit to everyone that they have it. But the boys get
to keep it and they become rich.

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5.2. Type of Plot Used in the Story
Based on the tense that is used in the story, and the
point of view of the story, it can be seen that the type of plot
in the story is Successive Plot. Successive plot is type of plot
where the events in the story are represented in sequence. It
can be seen from data below:
a. Aunt Polly searches and screams for Tom Sawyer:
she wants to confront her nephew about some
missing jam. Tom, however, is able to outwit his
aunt and slips away. But Aunt Polly loves him so
much she cannot be too harsh with him. She is
concerned that he will play hooky that afternoon,
and sure enough he does.
b. During the afternoon, Tom meets a boy from St.
Louis with whom he fights. That night at home,
Tom’s clothes are so soiled from the fight that Aunt
Polly punishes him by taking away his Saturday’s
freedom and assigns him the unpleasant task of
whitewashing the fence.
c. On Saturday morning, the forlorn Tom begins his
tedious task of whitewashing the fence, fully aware
that all of his friends are playing in the town’s
square. As he begins his task, Aunt Polly’s slave,
Jim, comes by and Tom tries to bribe him into
helping, but Aunt Polly sends Jim on his business.
Suddenly, Tom is horrified because one of his
friends is about to come by and see him actually
working on a Saturday morning. 
From the data above, all the events are happened
chronologically. The first event is followed by the second

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event and the second event is also followed by the third
event. There is no flashback movement in the plot; all events
are represented in sequence. Therefore, the type of plot used
in the story is Successive Plot.

5.3. Structure of Plot in the Story

Based on the theory proposed by Kenny (1966),
structure of plot is divided into beginning, middle, and end.
The analysis of plot structure is presented below:

5.3.1. Beginning
In the story, the beginning shows the introduction of
the main character, the setting, and what is the story about.
The main character in the story is Tom Swayer. The beginning
can be seen from data below:
Tom Sawyer is a kid who is up to no good. Tom
Sawyer lives with his Aunt Polly and his half-brother, Sid, in
the Mississippi River town of St. Petersburg, Missouri. Tom
narrowly escapes being hit by Polly, then plays hooky for the
rest of the day. When Aunt Polly finds out about this – thanks
to Tom’s snitch of a brother Sid – he’s sentenced to whitewash
a fence the next day. But Tom gets out of the punishment by
tricking the local boys into paying him for the privilege of
whitewashing the fence. Tom heads off to enjoy himself.
The main character in the story is Tom Swayer. He is still
twelve-year-old who living the small-town life and getting
into a lot of trouble with his friends. He lives in his aunt
because his parent was dead and he also lives with his half-
brother, Sid, in the Mississippi River town of St. Petersburg,
Missouri. The story begin with tom who always make many

121
problems, and Tom falls in love with Becky Thatcher, a new
girl in town, and persuades her to get “engaged” to him.
Their romance collapses when she learns that Tom has been
“engaged” before—to a girl named Amy Lawrence. Before
school the next day, Tom runs into Huckleberry Finn. Huck
is the son of the town drunk and he has no mother, so he
basically gets to do whatever he wants. Everyone, including
Tom, envies Huck. Tom and Huck start discussing various
ways to cure warts, and then agree to meet up at the graveyard
at midnight to try out a new cure involving a dead cat. At the
graveyard, they witness the murder of young Dr. Robinson
by the Native-American “half-breed” Injun Joe. Scared, Tom
and Huck run away and swear a blood oath not to tell anyone
what they have seen.

5.3.2. Middle
Based on Kenny (1966) in middle phase there are
conflict, complication, and climax. The analysis of conflict,
complication, and climax are presented below:
a. Conflict
In this phase the conflict starts moving and tells us
many events that are important in the story, and connected
us to the next phase. The conflict is begun when Tom and
Becky manage to get separated from the group. They get lost
in an unexplored area of the sprawling caves. Soon they’re
tired and are close to running out of the candles, which they
need to see. It is showed in the paragraph:
At the picnic celebrating Becky Thatcher’s birthday,
several of the boys and girls enter McDougal’s Cave. Tom
and Becky wander away from the others in search of privacy

122
and become hopelessly lost.
The paragraph shows that tom and Becky separated
from the groups and that why it is the conflict in the story.

b. Complication
According to Kenny (1966) complication is just as
a development to studies the conflict latent in the initial
situation. So, it is a development to ward climax latent in the
initial. The complication is begun when before the picnic,
Becky and Tom told her parent that will spending the night
at a friend’s house. See the data below:
Meanwhile, Tom and Becky are lost in the cave. They
attempt to find their way out to no avail and, because Tom
and Becky lied and said they were going to spend the night
at the Harpers’ house, no one notices until Sunday morning.
Rescuers, including Judge Thatcher, are dispatched. 
The data above show that the complication appeared in
the time when before the picnic, Becky told her mother that
she was spending the night at a friend’s house; Tom has told
his aunt the same thing. As such, no one realizes that the two
are missing until around noon the next day. Tom and Becky
get lost in the cave, and their absence is not discovered until
the following morning. The men of the town begin to search
for them, but to no avail. Tom and Becky run out of food and
candles and begin to weaken.

c. Climax
According to Kenny (1966) climax is reached when
complication attains its highest point of intensity from which
point the outcome of the story is inevitable. The climax in this

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story is when tom was looking for a way out of the cave. See
the data below:
Tom continues to look for a way out of the cave, and
thinks he’s found one when he sees a rescuer coming around
the corner in the cave, but it’s Injun Joe. Luckily, Tom escapes
unnoticed.
The data above show that the climax appeared in the
time when tom searched a way to out of the cave; he sees
someone holding a candle coming around the corner. He
shouts for joy, only to realize that his would-be rescuer is in
fact Injun Joe, a vicious murderer who already has a bone to
pick with Tom. Luckily, Tom manages to avoid being seen
and return to Becky. Even after he escapes from Injun Joe,
Tom still needs to get out of the cave; it’s sort of an “out of the
frying pan and into the fire…then right back into the frying
pan” situation.

5.3.3. The End

The end or denouement appears in the end of the story
of a dramatic or other narrative work. The end of the story is
when Tom finds a small hole at the end of a dark passage. See
the data below:
Tom escapes unnoticed. Eventually, he is able to find
his way out of a small hole and heads back in to town with
Becky. Once Tom is fully recuperated, he goes to visit Becky.
He runs into Judge Thatcher, who tells him that the entrance
to the cave has been sealed with a metal door. Tom tells the
judge that Injun Joe was in there. The townspeople rush out
to the cave and find Joe dead by the door.
Soon after, Tom goes and tells Huck that he knows

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where the treasure is. He takes him to the cave, where they
find Joe’s hideout, and, hidden in a secret chamber, under a
cross, the treasure. 
The data above show that the ending appeared in
the time when Tom finds a small hole at the end of a dark
passage. He and Becky escape from the caves and make their
way back to town. After recovering a little, Tom heads over to
see Becky; when Becky’s dad, Judge Thatcher, tells him that
the cave’s entrance has been sealed, Tom reveals that Injun
Joe is in the cave. The townspeople rush to the cave, where
they find Injun Joe dead, his body sprawled on the ground
behind the door; his attempts to dig his way out having failed.
At this point, the “Tom and Becky in the Cave” story can be
said to have ended, but this paves the way for the ending of
the “Tom and Huck Search for Treasure” storyline. Tom goes
into the caves to have some fun, but he comes out of them
with the information he needs to find the treasure.

6. CONCLUSION
Plot is the serial arrangement of incidents, ideas or
events. In literature, the plot encompasses all the incidents
and provides aesthetic pleasure. Type of plot can be divided
into three, such as: Flashback plot, successive plot, and mixed
plot.
The story of “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” by Mark
Twain is used Successive plot. Because of all the events are
happened chronologically. The first event is followed by the
second event and the second event is also followed by the
third event and continually. There is no flashback movement
in the plot; all events are represented in sequence.

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 The structure of plot structure of plot is divided into
beginning, middle, and end. The beginning of the story is
begun with the introduction of the character, setting, and
what is the story about. The middle is divided into 3 parts
such as: conflict, complication, and climax. Conflict is when
Tom and Becky manage to get separated from the group.
They get lost in an unexplored area of the sprawling caves.
Complication is when before the picnic, Becky told her mother
that she was spending the night at a friend’s house; Tom has
told his aunt the same thing. And climax is when tom was
looking for a way out of the cave, he sees someone holding a
candle coming around the corner. He shouts for joy, only to
realize that his would-be rescuer is in fact Injun Joe, a vicious
murderer who already has a bone to pick with Tom. The last
is the end; the end of the story is when Tom finds a small hole
at the end of a dark passage. He and Becky escape from the
caves and make their way back to town.

REFERENCES
http://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/a/the-adventures-of-tom-
sawyer/book-summary
http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/tomsawyer/summary.html
http://literarydevices.net/plot/
http://www2.nkfust.edu.tw/~emchen/CLit/study_elements.htm
Krisna. 2007. The Role of Character, Plot, and Setting in Constructing the
Theme of Angle and Demons. Denpasar. Udayana University
Ayu. 2004. Plot Constructions of Message in a Bottle by Nicolas Sparks.
Denpasar. Udayana University

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 9
A Psychological Analysis of the Main Charac-
ters in the Novel “Cirque Du Freak: A Living
Nightmare” by Darren Shan

SUWAWI, Ni Putu Diah Antari

1301305080
English Department, Faculty of Arts Udayana University
Email address: [email protected]

Abstract
Psychology deals with the study of observable patterns of human’s
behavior. Meanwhile, literature exhibits how human beings behave
in dealing with their problems and environment. So there is a close
relation between the two of them and that is the main topic of this
article. It is a psychological analysis of the main character which is
focused on his motivation. The writer found that the main character’s
of the novel Cirque Du Freak: A Living Nightmare by Darren Shan
possesses all motivations based on Abraham Maslow’s theory of
hierarchy; i.e. Physiological needs, safety needs, belonging or love
need, self-esteem needs and self-actualization needs.
Keywords: Psychological, motivation

P
1. INTRODUCTION
sychology is the science and art of explaining and
changing human mental processes and behaviors. Its
immediate goal is to understand humanity by both
discovering general principles and exploring specific cases,
and its ultimate aim is to benefit society. One of the branches
of psychology is cognitive psychology. In this article, the
writer focused on the motivation of the main character of
Cirque Du Freak: A Living Nightmare novel by Darren Shan.
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 Cirque du Freak (also known as Cirque du Freak: A
Living Nightmare) is the first novel in The Saga of Darren Shan
by Darren Shan, published in January 2000. There is a film
adaptation for this novel which is released on October 23rd,
2009.
The protagonist’s motivation is one of the “magnets”
which is Darren as the writer uses to attract the reader to
read his complete saga, The Saga of Darren Shan, which has 12
novels in it.
This study aims to answer a detailed description about:
a. What kind of motivation does Darren Shan have?
b. What is the motivation of Darren Shan for turning
into a vampire assistant?

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
This article related on a few studies which also become
reference for the writer in writing about Darren Shan’s
Motivation such as
a. A thesis by Dyah Puji Utari A Psychological
Analysis On The Main Character Of Robinson Crusoe
By Daniel Defoe(Viewed From Karen Horney’s
Theory). In this thesis the writer describe Robinson
Crusoe’s personality as reflected in the novel and to
view his personality from Karen Horney’s theory.
b. An international Journal by Lars Bernaerts, Dirk De
Geest, Luc Herman, and Bart Vervaeck in the article
entitled Introduction: Cognitive Narrative Studies:
Themes and Variations. They describe Motivation
as the universal underlying systems which can
discriminates are situated in the human mind. And

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 in reading literature, readers tend to recuperate
textual material by placing it in a “discursive order”
that is already familiar to them.

3. RESEARCH METHOD
The kind of data in this article is qualitative. The data
was taken from the original novel by Darren Shan. The
method that used in this article is literary approach and
library research in the purpose of answering the problem that
stated in the background, namely the collection of data that
are derived from a variety of secondary data, such as thesis,
pdf journals, e-book, textbooks, and the official website. The
data will qualitatively analyzed by descriptive explanation
based on the theory of motivation by Abraham Maslow.

4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
1.1. Psychology and Literature
The relationships between psychology and literature
have long existed, since the age of science itself. However, the
use of psychology as an approach to the study of literature has
recently done. The theory of psychoanalysis was born from
Sigmund Freud, who is regarded as the initiator of literature
psychological. Psychoanalyzing a work of literature can give
us great insight into the unconsciousness of author.
1.2. Motivation
Motivation is something that causes us to take action
which is usually followed by goal or purpose. It is motivation
when you want go to campus to study or to eat chocolate to
reduce your sadness. Biological, social, emotional or cognitive
in nature can be the forces that lie beneath motivation.

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Motivation has a deep relationship with psychological,
behavioral, cognitive and social areas. It may be rooted in
a basic impulse to optimize well-being, minimize physical
pain and maximize pleasure. Specific physical needs such
as eating, sleeping or resting, and sex can also originate
Motivation.
1.3. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow’s theory states that people have a pyramid
hierarchy of needs that they will satisfy from bottom to
top. There are deficiency needs, that will stifle any other
movement if they’re not satisfied, and growth needs, that can
be progressively satisfied once the basics have been covered.

Abraham Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs consisting of

five hierarchic classes.

The needs in Maslow’s theory are divided into two

categories: deficiency needs (physiological and safety) and
growth needs (belonging, self-esteem and self-actualization).
If the deficiency needs are not satisfied, the person will feel
the deficit and this will stifle his or her development.

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1.4. Physiological Needs
The needs that are usually taken as the starting point
for motivation theory are the so-called physiological drives
(Maslow, 1954:35). The basic requirements build upon the
first step in the pyramid is Physiology requirement. This is
the basic, strong and clear between other requirements. On
the other hand, this requirement is to defend human’s life
physically.

1.5. Safety Needs

If the physiological needs are relatively well gratified,
there then emerges a new set of needs, which we may
categorize roughly as the safety needs (security; stability;
dependency; protection; freedom from fear, from anxiety
and chaos; need for structure, order, law, limits; strength
in the protector; and so on). All that has been said to the
physiological needs is equally true, although in less degree,
of these desires (Maslow, 1954:39)

1.6. Belongingness or Love Needs

If both the physiological and the safety needs are fairly
well gratified, there will emerge the love and affection and
belongingness needs, and the whole cycle already described
will repeat itself with this new center. Now the person
will feel keenly, as never before, the absence of friends,
or a sweetheart, or a wife, or children. He will hunger for
affectionate relations with people in general, namely, for a
place in his group or family, and he will strive with great
intensity to achieve this goal (Maslow, 1954:43).

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1.7. Self-Esteem Needs
Maslow found two category of esteem in every people.
There are self esteem and appreciation from other people.
Self esteem involve of self confidence, competency, mastery,
achievement, freedom. Appreciation from other people involve
of recognition, attention, status, awards, fame, and prestige.

1.8. Self Actualization Needs

Even if all these needs are satisfied, we may still often
(if not always) expect that a new discontent and restlessness
will soon develop, unless the individual is doing what lie,
individually, is fitted for. A musician must make music, an
artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be ultinìately
at peace with himself. What a man can he, he iust be. He
must be true to his own nature. This need we may call self-
actualization (Maslow, 1954:46).

4. ANALYSIS
4.1. Kind of Darren Shan’s Motivation
In this part, the analysis of Darren Shan’s motivation
as the main character of the novel Cirque Du Freak: A Living
Nightmare is provided based on the theory hierarchy of needs
by Abraham Maslow. Darren Shan is described as a young
boy of about fourteen years old. He lives in a very good family
with his dad, mum and his sister. As a fourteen young boy,
Darren Shan has some motivations in his life which will be
described based on Abraham Maslow’s theory as following:

4.1.1. Physiological Needs

Darren Shan is a typical young boy who has a typical

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physiological need as a teenager. Yet, after the incident with
Mr. Crepsley which changes Darren to a half-blood vampire,
Darren’s physiological needs is also changed.
“I dropped to my knees and, before I knew what I was doing, I
had covered the cut on his leg with my mouth and was sucking out
his blood and gulping it down!” (Shan, 2009:212).
As we can see in the sentence, he gulped Alan’s blood
because of his instinct of hunger.
‘…, before I knew what I was doing, I had covered
the cut on his leg with my mouth and was sucking out his
blood and gulping it down!’ For people who are in a state of
severe hunger and harm, there is no other interest except the
food, he thought of the food, thinking about food, emotions
moved on food, and he just wants to prepare food and meals.
In Daren’s case, he ‘attacked’ Alan, is also because of his
hunger.

4.1.2. Safety Needs

Darren Shan as a teenager has developed a great need
of safety in the end of the novel. As he faced the trouble after
stole Madam Octa, the spider which is own by Mr. Crepsley
the vampire, Darren Shan then made his decision to get his
freedom from fear, getting a protection by also learn how to
control and limit his desire and his new ability. As stated in
the novel:
“… I knew my life as a human had come to an end. I could
no longer live as plain old Darren Shan. The vampire in me could
not be controlled. Sooner or later it would make me do something
terrible and I would end up killing Mom or Dad or Annie. I couldn’t
let that happen. I wouldn’t . My life was no longer important, but

133
those of my friends and family were. For their sakes, I would have
to travel far away, to a place where I could do no harm.” (Shan,
2009:219).
This part of Darren Shan is his Safety needs because
he needs to be free from his own fear of hurting the one who
close to him. As mentioned in the sentence: ‘I would end up
killing Mom or Dad or Annie. I couldn’t let that happen. I
wouldn’t .’
As for the safety needs of getting a protection and
control his ability, it can be seen in the novel (Shan, 2009: 220):
“Very well,” I sighed. “I don’t like it, but I guess I’ve got
no other choice. I’m yours. I won’t run away again. Do with me
as you wish.”
… “But that is neither here nor there. We have work to do
and cannot afford to waste time. Come, Darren Shan,” he said,
taking my hand. “We have much to do before you can assume your
rightful place as my assistant.” (Shan, 2009:220).
Mr. Crepsley offer Darren a protection that no one else
can, and because of that reason, to avoid problem such as
makes his parents stress out when Darren left his parents’
house, Mr. Crepsley suggest a method to Darren that he must
die first. Darren then agrees to ‘die’ so they can go safely
after his family and friends think that he is passed away.
So, the motivation behind Darren’s action of leaving his
house, travelling with Mr. Crepsley by turning into vampire
assistant, and faking his death are because his needs of safety.

4.1.3. Belongingness or Love Needs

Darren Shan’s close friend, Steve Leopard once was
bitten by Madam Octa the spider which is stolen from Mr.

134
Crepsley by Darren Shan. He was nearly death when Darren
finally met Mr. Crepsley to ask for the antidote. Yet, the
vampire couldn’t agree without a yes from Darren to his
agreement.
“There was only one way to save Steve. Only one person who
might know about the poison and how to beat it.
Mr. Crepsley.
… And if I couldn’t force it out of him and come back with
a cure…
… I wouldn’t come back at all.” (Shan, 2009:182).
In this part of the novel we can see an action done
by Darren Shan’s which is caused by his the motivation of
Belongingness or love needs. To save his dear friend, Darren
Shan came to meet Mr. Crepsley the vampire even though he
is aware of the probability that the vampire himself is pretty
mad of the fact that Darren stole Madam Octa from him.
Darren is risking his life to meet with Mr. Crepsley after he
has no other choice to save his dear friend. It can be seen in
the sentences “And if I couldn’t force it out of him and come
back with a cure … I wouldn’t come back at all.”
So, the motivation behind Darren’s action in this case is
because of belongingness or love needs.

4.1.4. Self-Esteem Needs

Darren who is the star for his lunchtime soccer time
did not want his team to lose, and he also wants to keep his
reputation as the best striker. He steps out to the field, even
after he stayed a while in the toilet because he feels sick.
Darren Shan’s self esteem involve of self confidence,
competency, mastery, achievement, freedom as seen in the

135
novel:
“I’m our best striker. There are better defenders and
midfielders, and Tommy Jones is the best goalkeeper in the whole
school. But I’m the only one who can stand up front and score
four or five times a day without fail.
“Okay,” I said, standing. “I’ll save you. I’ve scored a hat
trick every day this week. It would be a pity to stop now.””
(Shan, 2009:14).
As for the appreciation from other people, in Darren
Shan’s case it is involve of recognition, attention, status,
awards, fame, and prestige. As we can see in the novel, his
friends need Darren:
“I thought I’d stay in here and admire the view,” I said,
leaning back on the toilet seat.
“Quit joking,” he said. “We were down five-one when I came
in. We’re probably six or seven down now. We need you.” He was
talking about soccer.” (Shan, 2009:14).
The motivation behind Darren’s action of stepping out
from the toilet even when he feel a bit unwell is because of his
self-esteem needs.

4.1.5. Self Actualization Needs

Even after Daren’s willing to go to the Freak Show is
fulfilled, he still expect for something more after going to the
show, he wants to steal Madam Octa. And the motivation
behind Darren’s action of stealing Madam Octa is his self
actualization needs.
“But the thought of going face to face with Mr. Crepsley
terrified me. I knew I couldn’t do it. That left just one other option:
I’d have to steal her!”( Shan, 2009:119).

136
4.2. The Motivation of Darren Shan for Turning Into a
Vampire Assistant
In the novel Cirque Du Freak: A Living Nightmare,
Darren Shan facing a life time moment when he finally
went to meet Mr. Crepsley the vampire due to his friend’s
circumstance. Steve Leopard was bitten by Madame Octa, he
is now hospitalized and still unconscious. The doctors said
they cannot save him since they don’t know what kind of
thing that bit Steve. And Darren is falling into a great hole of
responsibility. He had to save Steve no matter what.
Mr. Crepsley offers his deal. He wants Darren Shan to
become his assistant in exchange to the antidote for Steve
Leopard. Mr. Crepsley said:
“The issue is not open to debate,” he said. “If you wish to
save your friend, you must join me. If you refuse, we
have nothing further to discuss.” (Shan, 2009:191).
Darren has no other choice. He then accept Mr. Crepsley’s
offer to exchange blood. Darren himself cannot deny the fact
that he has change and may harm his surrounding. The only
way to escape from his own fear of hurting others is accept
the offer to become Mr. Crepsley’s assistant. In other words,
he has to become a vampire assistant.
“I don’t like it, but I guess I’ve got no other choice.
I’m yours. I won’t run away again. Do with me as you
wish.”
“But that is neither here nor there. We have work to do and
cannot afford to waste time. Come, Darren Shan,” he said,
taking my hand. “We have much to do before you can
assume your rightful place as my assistant.” (Shan, 2009:
220).

137
 In this part of the novel, Darren is looking for a shelter
or in specific, someone who can tell him how to handle his
desire so no one will be killed in the future. Not him, nor his
family.
‘I would end up killing Mom or Dad or Annie. I couldn’t
let that happen. I wouldn’t .’
Based on Maslow’s theory, the action which is done by
Darren Shan in this part is the emerges a new set of needs,
Darren himself needs to get back his freedom from fear, yet as
a new born half-blood vampire he has no idea what and how
to do it. For his future sake, he then accepts the offer which is
given by Mr. Crepsley to become a vampire assistant.

5. CONCLUSION
This following provides the answer of the problems of
the study based on the result analysis.
1. The first objective of the study is to describe kind
of Darren Shan’s motivation in Cirque Du Freak:
A Living Nightmare. He possesses all motivations
based on Abraham Maslow’s theory of hierarchy; i.e.
Physiological needs, safety needs, belonging or love
need, self-esteem needs and self-actualization needs.
The result of the analysis shows that Darren Shan
cover all the basic needs in Abraham Maslow’s theory
of hierarchy. As a fourteen years old boy, Darren Shan
have such a complex and high motivation to keep go on
and facing his life with chin up even if the trouble never
ends.
2. Darren Shan’s motivation for turning into a vampire
assistant viewed from the theory of motivation by

138
 Abraham Maslow is the safety needs. Darren himself
needs to get back his freedom from fear, yet as a new
born half-blood vampire he has no idea what and how
to do it. For his future sake, he then accepts the offer
which is given by Mr. Crepsley to become a vampire
assistant.

REFERENCES
Bernaerts, Lars, De Geest, Herman, and Bart Vervaeck. 2012.
Introduction: Cognitive Narrative Studies: Themes and Variations.
Maslow, Abraham. 1954. Motivation and Personality.
Shan, Darren. 2000. Cirque Du Freak: A Living Nightmare.
Utari, Dyah Puji. 2007. A Psychological Analysis on The Main
Character of Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe.
Wellek, Rene. & Austin Warren. 1948. The Theory of Literature.
London: Cox and Wyman Ltd.
https://independent.academia.edu/trefibislissin (Accessed on:
November 22nd, 2015)

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140
 10
A Psychological Analysis of the Main
Character in Cabot’s “The Mediator”

SARI, Putu Intan Teresna

1301305055
English Department, Faculty of Arts Udayana University
Email address: [email protected]

Abstract
This paper is entitled A Psychological Analysis Of The Main
Character In The Novel The Mediator By Meg Cabot. The aims of
this study are to find out the character and characterization of the
main character shown in the novel and to describe the psychological
characteristic of the main character shown in novel. The data of
this study were collected from the novel entitled “The Mediator”
written by Meg Cabot (2000). Documentary method was used to
collect the data and then qualitatively described based on the theory
of Kenney (1996: 34), there are three methods in presenting the
character: discursive method, dramatic method, and characters on
the other characters. The psychological analysis based on the theory
of Wellek and Warren (1956) who described psychological consider
as a psychological study of the writer, as type and as individual,
the study of a creative process, the study of the psychological types
and laws present within work of literature or the effect of literature
upon its reader (audience psychology). From the analysis it can be
concluded that the author used a mixing method to present the
main character. They are dramatic method and character on other
character. Psychologically, Suze described as a normal 16-years-old
girl who can talk with ghosts.
Keywords: characterization, psychological

141
N
1. INTRODUCTION
ovel has two elements; they are intrinsic and
extrinsic element. The intrinsic elements of novel
are theme, setting, plot, character, point of view,
style and tone, structure and technique. The extrinsic
elements include history, biography, society, psychology,
ideas and arts. The extrinsic elements is needed in order to
learn the external aspects of prose which bear relationship to
its creation process, such as biography of his writer, his idea,
the feelings and etc. One of the extrinsic elements in novel
is psychological aspect. The psychological approach leads
most directly to a substantial amplification of the meaning
of a literary work. When we discuss psychology and its place
in a literary work, we are primarily studying the author’s
imagination. As all literary works are based on some kind of
experience, and as all authors are human, we are necessarily
caught up in the wide spectrum of emotional problems.
Character, as a part of intrinsic elements, is one of important
aspects because it carries the author’s message that can bring
various values in human life such as morality, education, and
many others. In order to understand the character’s attitude
and behavior, it is important to understand psychology
aspect of the character itself. In this writing, “The Mediator”
was chosen to be analyzed because it was one of famous
novel by Meg Cabot. The novel was published in 2000. It
tells the story of sixteen years old girl who can speak to the
dead because she is a mediator. The reason in analyzing the
main character was it takes an important part in the story
and appears continually from the beginning until the end of
the story which makes it occupy the central position in the

142
story. From the background mentioned above, there are some
problems that could be analyzed in this study, those are:
1. What is the character and characterization of the main
character shown in the novel?
2. What are the psychological characteristic of the main
character shown in the short novel?

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
According to Sawitri, (2000) in her paper entitled
“Method Of Characterization And Three Dimensional
Aspects Of Main Character In Brontë’s Jane Eyre”. Based on
the problems, the author used a mixing method to present
the main character. They are dramatic method and character
on other character. The author describes the character of
Jane by her mind. Based on the second problem, the three
dimensional aspects could shape the main character in the
novel. But the analysis gives more emphasize on sociological
and psychological dimension. The review from Karim
(2013) in her research entitled ““Psychological Analysis
of Evan Taylor’s struggle as the main character in “August
Rush” movie by Kirsten Sheridan.” This research is aimed to
explore psychological of the main character in “August Rush”
movie by Kirten Sheridan. The research used descriptive
qualitative method. And also used a psychological approach.
The problem statement of this research is concentrated on
Struggle of Evan Taylor that seen through Id, Ego, Super Ego
Aspects, from Sigmund Freud Theory. This research found
all of these aspects included Id, Ego, Super Ego.

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3. RESEARCH METHOD
The data was taken from a novel by Meg Cabot
entitled “The Mediator”. The novel was published in 2000. It
tells the story of sixteen years old girl who can speak to the
dead because she is a mediator. This study was focused on
Susannah “Suze” Simon as the main character.
The data was collected from a novel by Meg Cabot
entitled “The Mediator”. The process of collecting data was
divided into several steps. The first step was reading the
novel repeatedly and intensively to understand the content
of the novel. Then, the second step was reading the theory
book and browsing to the internet, in order to get more
information that is relevant to the topic.
The data was analyzed qualitatively. Qualitatively
research is a field or inquiry. Qualitative method aims to gather
an in-depth understanding of human behavior. It describes
the types of slang and the meaning of slang conversation. All
the collected data was analyzed and presented based on the
theories used in this study.

4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Novel has two elements; they are intrinsic and extrinsic
element. The intrinsic elements of novel are theme, setting,
plot, character, point of view, style and tone, structure and
technique. The extrinsic elements include history, biography,
society, psychology, ideas and arts. The extrinsic elements is
needed in order to learn the external aspects of prose which
bear relationship to its creation process, such as biography of
his writer, his idea, the feelings and etc.
This study was presented based on some theories

144
that are proposed in some literary books. The main theory in
this study was theory of literature by Kenney William (1966)
and another theory of literature was taken from the theory
proposed by Wellek and Warren as a supporting theory.
According to Kenney (1996: 34), there are three methods
in presenting the character: discursive method, dramatic
method, and characters on the other characters.
According to Wellek and Warren (1956: 75) is
considered as psychological study of writer, as type and
as individual, the study of a creative process, the study
of psychological types and laws present within work of
literature of the effect upon its reader (audience psychology).

5. ANALYSIS
According to Kenney (1996: 34), there are three
methods in presenting the character. In this novel, there are
two methods in presenting the character:

5.1. The Analysis of Characterization

5.1.1. Dramatic Method
In dramatic method, the author allows his characters
to reveal themselves to us through their own words and
action. In the dramatic method, the characterization of the
main character, Suze, is presented through her own words,
thoughts and actions. These quotes about Suze’s life and
experience shown through dramatic method:
She doesn’t like when people call her Susie,
except her mom.
“Oh, Susie!” she kept saying. I hate when anybody
but my mom calls me Susie” (Shadowland, page 5)

145
 Hate here explains to us about a feeling she gets
when she see or hear something she dislike so much.
She tells us that she doesn’t like when someone calls
her Susie and she continue say:
“Susie is not a good name for me. I love when they call
me Suze.” (The Mediator, page 5)
When she remembers the first time she saw a ghost
and she was afraid to tell people because none of them
believe in ghost.
“I remember my first. I remember it as clearly as
any of my other memories of that time, which is to say,
not very well, since I was about two years old. I guess
I remember it about as well as I remember I talking a
mouse away from our cat and cradling it in my arms
until horrified mother took it away.
Hey, I was two, okay? I didn’t know then that mice
were something to be afraid of. Ghost, either, for that
matter.” (The Mediator, page 25)
The sentence I remember my first indicated about
the first time she saw a ghost.
“I never told anyone about my first ghost, nor
did I ever discuss with anyone the hundreds of other
ghosts I encountered over the course of the next few
years. I was afraid they would think that I’m crazy. I
saw them. They spoke to me. For the most part, I didn’t
understand what they were saying, what they wanted,
and they usually went away.” (The Mediator, page 28)
The sentence I never told anyone about my first
ghost indicated that she never told anyone about her
firs ghost. She also says:

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 “…..And even though I was only two years old,
I understood that the little gray thing on the top of
the stairs was not something to be discussed. Not
with anybody. Not ever. And I never did. I never told
anyone about my first ghost…..” (The Mediator, page
28)

5.1.2 Characters On Other Characters

Included under the general heading of the dramatic
method is the device of having one character in a short talk
about another. The reader must remember that information
received in this way is not necessarily reliable. The
characterization of the main character, Suze, is presented
through what other characters say or think about her. These
quotes about Suze’s life and experience shown through
dramatic method:
When her mom says that she doesn’t like old building
“Wait a minute. When was this school built?”
I asked. “The eighteenth century,” Doc replied.
“Eighteenth century?” I said. What’s so bad about the
eighteenth century?” my step father wanted to know.
“Suze has never been very wild about old buildings.”
Finally my mom explained to him.” (The Mediator,
page 18)
The bold sentence indicated that she never like old
building. And she understands why her mom never
warns her about Andy’s old house.
“……I knew she was nervous about what I was
going to think. I was kind of irked at her, really, for
not warning me. I guess I could understand why she

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 hadn’t, though. If she’d told me that my step-father
bought a house that was more than a hundred years
old, I wouldn’t have move out here. I would have
stayed with grandma until it came time for me to leave
for collage.” (The Mediator, page 20)
“Well,” she said. “I’m glad you like it. I was sort of
worried. I mean, I know how you get about….well, the
old places,”
Old places are the worst for me because the older
a building is, the more chance there is that someone
has died in it, and that he or she is still hanging
around there looking for justice or waiting to deliver
some final message to someone. (The Mediator, page
33)
The bold sentences tell us the reason why she never
liked old places. It because the older a building is, the
more chance there is that someone has died in it.
When Father Dominic know that Suze is a mediator.
“I looked from Father Dominic to the ghost girl
and back again. Finally, I managed to blur out, “You
can see her?” He nodded. “Yes. I suspected when I first
heard your mother speak about you—and your…..
problem at your old school—that you might be one
of us, Susannah. But I couldn’t be sure, of course, so I
didn’t say anything” (The Mediator, page 68)
The bold sentences tell us about when he knows
that Suze is a mediator. Suze saw a ghost in front of her
locker. She freaked out and found herself gaping up to
Father Dominic. And he says:
“Ah,” he said when he saw my face. “I thought so.”

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 I looked from Father Dominic…..” (The Mediator, page
67)

5.2. The Analysis Of Psychological Characteristic

Psychological of literature, according to Wellek and
Warren (1956:75) is consider as a psychological study of
the writer, as type and as individual, the study of a creative
process, the study of the psychological types and laws present
within work of literature or the effect of literature upon its
reader (audience psychology).
Suze described as a normal 16-years-old girl who can
talk with ghosts.
“I guess I should explain. I’m not exactly your typical
sixteen-years-old girl. Oh, I seem normal enough, I guess. I
don’t do drugs, or drink, or smoke. I don’t have anything
pierced, except my ears and only one on each earlobe. I don’t
have any tattoos. I’ve never dyed my hair. Except for my
boots and leather jacket, I don’t wear an excessive amount
of black. I don’t even wear dark fingernail polish. All in all, I
am a pretty normal every day, American teenage girl. Except,
of course, for the fact that I can talk to the dead.” (The
Mediator, page 24)
The bold sentences tell us about her age and the fact
that she can talk to the dead. She also explains:
“I probably shouldn’t put it that way. I should
probably say that the dead talk to me. I try to avoid
the whole thing as much as possible. It’s just sometimes
they won’t let me. The ghost, I mean.” (The Mediator,
page 25)
She also has to move from New York to northern

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 California because her mother gets remarried to Andy
Ackerman and moves to California to live with him,
and as a result, Suze has to move too.
“I was moving from New York to northern
California. I’m not resentful of the fact that my mom
decided to marry a guy who lives three thousand
miles away, forcing me to leave school in the middle
of my sophomore year; abandon the best—and pretty
much only—friend I’ve has since kindergarten; leave
the city I’ve been living in for all of my sixteen years.
(The Mediator, page 3-4)
She loves wear leather jacket and jeans with the
holes in the knees.
“Thought, I’ve talked to you before about that
jacket, Suze. And I thought you were throwing those
jeans away” my mom said
I was wearing my oldest jeans, the ones with the
holes in the knees. They went really well with my black
silk T and my zip-up ankle boots. The jeans and the
boot, coupled with my black leather motorcycle jacket
and my Army-Navy surplus shoulder bag, made me
look like a teen runaway in a made-for-TV movie.
But hey, when you’re flying for eight hours across
the country, you want be comfortable. (The Mediator,
page 8)
The bold sentences tell us about her love to her
leather jacket. She also says:
“So there I was, sitting on the plane in my lovely
black leather motorcycle jacket, seen these palm trees
through the window as we landed. And I thought,

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 great. Black leather and palm trees. Already I’m fitting
in.” (The Mediator, page 4)

6. CONCLUSION
Based on the problems, the author used a mixing method
to present the main character. They are dramatic method
and character on other character. The author describes the
character of Suze by her mind. Besides that comments from
other characters also affect the character of Suze in the story.
Based on the second problem, psychologically, Suze
described as a normal 16-years-old girl who can talk with
ghosts. She was afraid to tell people because none of them
believe in ghost, except her mom, even though she doesn’t
believe in ghosts too. She doesn’t do drugs, or drink, or
smoke. She doesn’t have anything pierced, and tattoos. She
has never dyed her hair. She loves wear leather jacket and
jeans with the holes in the knees. She also has to move from
New York to northern California because her mother gets
remarried to Andy Ackerman and moves to California to live
with him, and as a result, she has to move too.

REFERENCES
Cabot, Meg. 2000. The Mediator. New York: Harper Teen.
Karim, Nurlan Abd. 2013. Psychological Analysis of Evan Taylor’s
Struggle As the main Character in “Agust Rust” Movie by Kirten
Sheridan. Skripsi Sarjana, Gorontalo: English Department,
Letters And Culture Faculty, Gorontalo State University.
Kenney, William. 1966. How to Analyze Fiction. New York: Monarch
Press
Rosita, Valeria Ratna. 2013. A Psychological Analysis Of The Main
Character In The “Just The Sexiest Man Alive” By Julie James.
Skripsi Sarjana, Denpasar: English Department, The Faculty
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 Of Teacher Training And Education, Mahasaraswati
University.
Sawitri, Komang Alit. 2000. Method Of Characterization And Three
Dimensional Aspects Of Main Character In Brontë’s Jane Eyre.
Skripsi Sarjana, Denpasar: Faculty of Letter, Udayana
University.
Wellek, Rene, and Austin Warren. 1966. The Theory of Literature.
London: Cox and Wyman, Ltd.

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 11
The Analysis of Psychological Aspect in Cho-
pin’s “The story of An Hour”

DEWI, Ni Nyoman Claudia Agustina

1301305073
English Department, Faculty of Arts Udayana University
Email address: [email protected]

Abstract
This paper entitled The analysis of Psychological Aspect in Chopin’s
“The story of An Hour”. The aims of this study are to find out the
psychological aspect of the main character in ‘the story an hour’
by Kate Chopin and to analyze the description of pychological
aspect of main character that reflect to the story. The data of this
study were collected from the short story entitled “the story an
hour” written by Chopin(1894). Documentation method was used
to collected the data and then qualitatively described the main
character based on theory by Keeny (1996) . The psychological
aspect of the character was analyzed based on theory by Bernhardt
(1953) state that all behaviors, the social, the psychological,and
the physical are product of the interaction of environment in the
elaboration of character and that influence in anyway our behavior,
growth, and life process except the genres. The result of this study
is the writer can be described the main character as the people
who was suffered. Looking into Mrs. Mallard’s psychological
state, it could find that the emotional change must be described as
the development of an increasingly resistant barrier between the
real external world and that world which is most authentic in her
experience the inner world of her fantasies.
Keywords: psychological analysis, main character, Kate Chopin

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L
1. INTRODUCTION
iterature means writing valued as work of art.
Taylor (1981:81) states: “Literature, like other arts,
is essentially an imaginative act of the writer’s
imagination in selecting, ordering, and interpreting life
experience”. Literature is also based on the life experience. It
also gives us explanation that literature cannot be separated
from life. It can be concluded that literature is one of the
bridges to make someone communicable with the society
about life’s condition by his works. Diyanni states (2001:7)
that there are three major types of literary work such as:
poetry, drama, and fiction. Meanwhile fiction can also be
divided into the novel, novelette, and short story.
Literary work is fundamentally developed by two
elements, such as intrinsic and extrinsic elements. The
function of intrinsic element is to build up the literary
creation itself such as theme, plot, setting, character, conflict,
point of view, etc. Kenney (1966:19) states: “the conflicts with
which fiction concern itself are of many kinds. A story may
deal with a conflict within a single man, a conflict between
man and society, between man and nature, and so on”.
Human mind and human character as the main subject of
psychology that are well known as two things that can not
be seen visually and can not be touched directly become the
part of the physical aspect. Psychology discusses the way
how human runs their mind in particular events or moments
such as prediction,analysis, prevention, etc and how human
gets their feeling in life such as happinesss, sadness, worry,
guilt, satisfaction, etc. The aspect of human psychology is a
mental part of human that is derived from consciousness and

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unconsciousness that become the derivation of the basic part
of mind (Freud,1920:7)
The analysis focuses on the characters because
character is an important aspect of fiction. Through character
the author’s thought is expressed, an indication that the
story will not be complete without characters. Also from
the analysis of the characters, the various kinds of human
characters which sometimes can be seen in the real life can be
seen and studied. The psychoanalysis of Louise Mallard that
is conducted in this research aims to reveal the mechanism
of Mallard’s psychological aspect in her life. It is important
since understanding the mechanism of human pschology
can help people to control their life. It may remind people
to manage their mind and their act. Related to the relation
of the character of Mrs.Mallard’s and her internal conflict as
the main point, this analysis is aimed to answer the research
question:
1. How is the psychological aspect of the main character
reflect in the story of an hour by Chopin?
2. What is the psychological aspect of the main character?

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
A study of literature by Nuriastha (2005) analyzed
three aspects of a novel entitled The Strange Case of Dr.
Jekyll and Mr. Hyde namely psychological, physiological
and sociological aspects of the character. This novel, as the
subject of study, was written by Julie James entitled Just the
Sexiest Man Alive. It is a narrative story about the personal
relationship of a lawyer named Taylor Donovan with a popular
actor, Jason Andrews. The analysis focuses on the characters

155
because character is an important aspect of fiction. Through
character the author‟s thought is expressed, an indication
that the story will not be complete without characters. The
theory that was used in analyzing the characters is stated
by Lajos Egri (1987:62) who mentions that character has
three dimensions as its basic structure, namely physiology,
sociology, and psychology.

3. REASEARCH METHOD
A method used in conducting a research plays a
very important role in a scientific writing because it will
be influential to the validity of the result of a research. The
research method covers; the data source, a method and
technique of collecting data also method and technique
of analyzing data. The data source of this study is a novel
entitled The story of an hour by Kate Chopin (1894). The data
source was chosen because it could provide much information
related to the psycologycal aspect on main character which is
very interesting to be analyzed.
The data were using documentation method to collected
the data. Firstly, the data were collected by reading the short
story The story of an hour (1894) intensively, repeatedly and
was underlined the important information from the sources
which explained the statement that are related to the problem
of psychological aspect in the story. Secondly, the writer
used some other resources about psychological as references
related to the subject matter being analyzed. The method and
technique of analyzing data means how all the data were
analyzed to find out the solution to the problem. All the data
collected were classified into certain categories. To determine

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the data belonging to certain point of analysis, the data were
copied from the novel first and then, categorized based on
the characterization theory available.

4. THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
The analysis of the discussion was focused on one of
the intrinsic elements of the story, in this case, the characters.
The theory related to the topic was applied to analyze the
character in the story. The physiological dimension was done
through physical identity such as sex, age, appearance, etc.
The sociological dimension was based on social background
such as social activity, religion, nationality, etc. and the
psychological dimension includes the analysis based on the
psychological background such as mentality, temperament,
ambition, attitude, etc. It is necessary for every researcher to
use some theories to conduct their research in order to find
out the best result for their research. Therefore, the present
study is based on the following theoretical framework: The
intrinsic aspect and The Psychological aspect.

4.1. The Intrinsic Aspect by Keeny (1966):

The intrinsic aspect provides the elements which build
up the structure of a literary work. The entire element
functionally had a relation one another. The various elements
of the intrinsic aspect such as:
1) Theme
Theme is the meaning the story released; it may be
the meaning of the story discover by theme, meaning
it is the necessary implications or the whole story not
parable story.

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 2) Setting
The term “setting” refers to the point in time and
space at which the events of the plot occur. Everything
that happens, happens somewhere at sometimes.
3) Characters
The term characters in various English literatures
suggested two different definitions namely the
forming characters of the story and an attitude, a
relationship desire emotion and moral principle of the
characters.
4) Plot
Plot reveals event to us not only in their temporal
but also in their casual relationship. Plot makes us
aware of events not merely as elements in a temporal
series but also as an intricate pattern of cause and
effect.
5) Point of View
The point of view can be divided into omniscient
narrator (the third person who knows every detail of
the story).
6) Style and Tone
By style we mean the verbal texture of literature,
the author’s way of using language. By tone, then we
mean the expression of attitudes.
7) Character and Characterization
Character is the essential nature and values of an
individual figure, or the inside of human personality.
The character is a figure or figures who participate
in the action in the story. According to Kenney as
quoted by Kirana (2011), the characters are expected

158
to be natural or life like. Human being is free but the
fictional character is never entirely free because it
is a part of an artistic whole and must always serve
the needs of that whole. The fictional character is
governed by the plot. A really free character would
be free of his duty to the story of which he is a part
and a story which admitted such freedom could never
achieve unity. Character in literature is a personage
in a novel, short story, drama, or poem. The term
“character” also denotes the essential qualities and
personality traits of a fictional or real individual. The
ability to create compelling and believable characters
is on of the hall marks of the literary artist. The
characterization in literature is the presentation of
the attitudes and behavior of imaginary person in
order to make them credible to the author‟s audience.
Characterization is a unique feature of such fictional
forms as the short story, novel, drama, and narrative
poetry. Criticism regards good characterization as an
important criterion of excellence in fiction. There are
some ways that the author can choose in presenting
the characters of the stories:
(1) He may directly describe the character‟s
personality
(2) He may have the reader deduce the personality of
the character from his actions.
(3) He may present the inner working of the
character‟s mind, showing the character’s
psychological reaction to the situations in which
he becomes involved.

159
 According to Kenney as in Kirana (2012), there are
two kinds of the characters:
(1) Simple (Flat) characters
We see only one side of him and this kind of
characters can be:
a. Stereotyped character: can be summed
up adequately in a formula
b. Non stereotyped character: there is no
other character in fiction to whom it
exactly fits.
(2) Complex (Round) characters
The marked of complex characters that he is
capable of surprising us. But just like in a plot, in
character, surprise must not arise from a violation
of plausibility.The other theory of character also
comes from Wellek and Warren as in Nuriastha
(2004) who divided characters into two such as:
a. Static character
It is overlap to the flat character that
presents a single trait, seen as the dominant or
socially most obvious traits.
b. Dynamic character
It requires space and emphasis. It is
obviously usable for characters focal for point
of view or interest.

4.2. The Psychological aspect

Doing analysis on the character, understanding on
both aspects of characterization and aspect of psychology
is important. Intrinsically, psychology is related to the

160
psychological background of the character in the story. And
extrinsically, it is related to the authorship factors and the
creative process. Psychology of literature is the psychological
study of the writer, as type as individual, or the study of the
creative process, or the study of psychological types and
laws present within works of literature, or the effects of the
literature upon its readers that we call audience psychology.
According to Bernhard states that psychology is the scientific
study of the activities of individual. It is to discover what
particular condition produces a given types of activities, so
that eventually psychologist will be able to control and direct
human activitiesby controlling this condition.

4.2.1. Psychological Aspect of the Character

According to Bernhardt as in Kirana (2011), all
development on both heredity and environment, some
features of this development depend directly on the heredity
factors then environment. The color of the eyes and the degree
of general intelligence of the individual are determined
largely by heredity. Briefly, we say that heredity influence the
psychological aspects of person. Purposes that all behaviors,
the social, the psychological,and the physical are product of
the interaction of environment in the elaboration of character
and that influence in anyway our behavior, growth, and life
process except the genes. The composition of our environment
can be divided into three parts, such as:

a. External, physical environment

Some elements that make up our external
environment such as: house, trees, air and nature in

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 our surrounding. It influences us and determines
our behavior through our sensory organ.
b. Internal environment
All the food that we eat as a part of our external
environment merely influences our psychological
factors in our character.
c. Social environment
The psychologists generally recognize our
social environment to be extremely important in
shaping our individual behavior and personality.
In using the word “social” we mean to include all
the other human beings who in any way influence
us. Some people influence us by direct, daily
contact our families, our friends, our school and
business acquaintances, etc. Other people have as
much or more influence through indirect contact
over radio and television, in books and other
publications,and in many other ways.

4.3. The Human Motivation

There is a reason for everything that we do. All human
activity has some causes. It is often difficult to find this cause
or to decide just which of the thousand possible influences
determine any particular action. Our knowledge of human
activity will have to advance considerably before the ultimate
aim of psychology is attained, namely, to be able to predict
what particular response will follow a particular motivation.
To be able to predict what success an individual will
achieve in life or in occupation, we need to understand his
abilities, his past experiences, and his motivation. In general,

162
everybody does what is done at any particular moment. The
problem in motivation is two folds; (1) to outline the kind
of influences that direct activities; (2) try to determine which
of these influences our action in given situation. This is not
easy. All casual relation human activity are rather obscure
and it is hardly ever possible to carry our research to the final
conclusion in particular cases, but it is possible to outline
some of the basic reasons for human conduct.Human beings
have few ready-made forms of behavior, and instincts. Rather
we find that almost all human activities are flexible to any
modification or change during the life time of individual. All
human activities are subject of learning. This learning itself
has a cause or motivated by something. Such factors are
appetites, wants, emotions, etc seems to be driving motives.
Those factors will be described as below:

4.3.1. Appetites
Man is so complex that he required certain things in
order to keep living. These needs make themselves felt in such
a way as to initiate activity that will eventually satisfy them.
He need air to breath, food to eat, liquid to drink, rest from
activity, sleep, a changing environment, the eliminations of
waste products, and sexual expression. These are all basic
natural needs periodic or continual satisfaction. They are
motives or directing that activity finally ends in satisfaction
of the self-need. It is called appetites.

4.3.2. Wants
The seeds are common to all human beings. But
each acquires his own unique set of personal wants in this

163
foundation of universal need. For instance, although all
people are alike in need of food as example, yet all differ in the
detail food wants. Someone may acquires likes and dislikes
for specific food that is different from the food preferences of
all other people. One want has been acquires, it functions like
need , and the individual cannot be happy unleash he finds
some way to satisfy it. However, wants are modified though
experience and present a changing shape in the development
of the person from infancy to adulthood and to old age.

4.3.3. Emotions and Motives

It is necessary in this time to indicate how emotional
experiences direct activity. When there is influence of the
fear, a person may do many things that he would not do
normally.That fear motivates human behavior has long been
recognized since parents have often used fear to direct the
conduct of their children. The state, the church and other
organization from time to time used fear to product a desired
from behavior. Ager motivates individual to fight, to attact,
and to say thins that would beneath their dignity if they were
not dominated by emotion. Besides, the intense emotion
of fear and anger, the milder forms are sentiments and
moods that dictate the course of action to be followed by the
individual (Bernhardt, 1953: 50).

4.3.4. Feelings and Attitudes

He evaluates every experience that the individual has
and every activity in which human categorized as being
pleasant or unpleasant. There is a feeling tone scale ranging
from extreme pleasantness and every experience can be

164
located somewhere on this scale. When an experience is
evaluated as pleasant one, he tends to discontinue that
experience and to avoid it in the future. Therefore, the ever
present feeling tones of pleasantness or unpleasantness, with
his complementary attitudes of approach is important to
human motives.

4.3.5. Social Motives

Man is predominantly a social being. This social
existence has produce in man certain characterization
attitudes or tendencies. Whether it is due to inborn nature,
trained into us by social custom and education, there is a
universal tendency to struggle to be better and to succeed, to
win out ahead of others, or to overcome obstacle or difficulty.
This tendency is called self-assertion, and can be traced
through great activity of the individual. Obstruction is met
with increased activity, difficulties call for more energy, and
project must be carried through a successful completion, or
success must be achieved for its own sake. Tendency present
in human beings to submit, to give in, and to be dependent
to other authorities. This tendency is called self-submission.
A force submission to other is common enough but hardly
pleasant and it is not what we meant by self-submission.There
is a submission that is satisfying.There are situations that are
obviously beyond our own power to scope with, and in this
situation submission is not one person, or to some ideas, or
to some system or religion or to the laws of society seem to
be the natural and satisfying course. The child is submissive
to the adult. The adult is submissive to the wiser or more
individual or to the representative of constituted authority.

165
A standard of mental health is a proper balance between
these self tendencies. There are occasions when self-assertion
called for, and there are also situations is possible only on the
basic of given and is the one who at time is assertive and at
another time is submissive.

4.3.6. Feelings and Emotion

Every activity and experience of the individual
has a coloring of feelings. Life would be very drab and
uninteresting if it were not for the constantly point of view,
it makes no different how individual feels, as long as he goes
through the necessary motion; but for the individual himself,
it matters a great deal how feels about what he is doing.
He evaluates experiences in term of his feelings, and these
feelings determine to a considerable extent the occurrence
and repetition of activity. Before we can have a complete
picture of the individual‟s activity, we need to consider this
aspect of all activity the background of feeling. There are
occasions when the individual undergoes a radical upheaval
of the feelings, when he is emotionally disturbed, and this
feature also claims some of our attention.

4.4. Characteristic of Feeling

The coloring feeling of any activity is not fixed or
regular feature of that activity. A certain activity may be
very pleasant at one time, while it may just be the opposite
coloring on another occasion. Feelings accompany all
activity and are not separate experiences. The duration of
an experience modifies its feeling tone so that, if a pleasant
experience is continued for any length of time, it may change

166
into an unpleasant experience. Feelings influence action, the
feelings of pleasantness are accompanied by an attitude of
withdrawal.We characteristically approach, try to sustain or
repeat a pleasant experience or activity, and try to avoid an
unpleasant experience.

4.5. Characteristic of Emotion

If someone is in the emergency situation, they fight or
do nothing at all, it depends on circumstances. The same kind
of emergency may cause the individual angry and fight at
one time, at another time he will be afraid and ran away or do
nothing. Anger and fear are two common forms of emotional
adjustment that normally occur only in real emergencies but
that may become habitual form of adjustment and occur in
all kind of situations. Fear is the most powerful motive. It has
driven man to escape its consequences. Anger as response
to obstacle is also a means of overcoming them, but the
difficulty is that tile anger response is sometime so violent
and unorganized that the result may be disastrous. Anger
has more then one form of expression. It may be expressed
in more subtle ways, indirect and subtle ways of expressing
anger are limited only by ingenuity of individual. Anger may
be aroused and expressed in a great variety of ways. Like
anger, fear may have various expressions. It does not always
produce fight. It may lead the individual to avoid dangerous
situation or to take a more cautious and alert attitude or
such occasions. Fear may produce a complete paralysis of
all actions so that the individual will be incapable of doing
anything but scream with terror or faint.

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5. ANALYSIS
The theme of this story is about Suffering in marriage.
The main character in this short story is Mrs. Mallard ( Louise
Mallard). She is a woman whose husband is reportedly killed
in a train accident. The psychological analysis of the story
‘the story an hour’ by Kate Chopin was done by analyzing
story which explained the statement that are related to the
problem of psychological aspect in the story.

5.1. Mrs. Mallard is a woman that is suffering in marriage

She was not very optimistic about her married life.
The night prior to the “death” of her husband, she had
quietly prayed for her life to be short. She had reached
a point of disillusionment and would gladly welcome
death as an option out of the marriage. She has come
to the realization that the death of her husband is not
only a tragic occurrence, but also a beneficial cutting
of her previously binding marital ties. The crisis of her
grief has given her new insight on her life, and Mrs.
Mallard understands that her marriage has (at least by
nature of its being a human relationship) limited her
independence and freedom. She makes a prayer that is
opposite to what she had made only a few hours prior
to this. She now prays for long life long.
(“Free! Body and soul free!” she kept whispering”)

5.2. Mrs. Mallard is portrayed a frail woman

It seen in right form the onset of the story when her
medical condition is introduced. However, her frailty is
not just of body but also of soul and this is what prompts

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 Richard to try to the best of his ability to protect her. It
shown says Mrs. Mallard sobs as a (“child who has cried
itself to sleep”). The phrase reveals that Mrs. Mallard
was a woman of a weak will. She is also described as
having very frail hands. It is her frailty that probably
led to her eventual death.

5.3. Mrs. Mallard is lonely woman.

It show in the marriage between Louise and Brently
was unfruitful and it also confirms of just how free she
would be after the death of her husband. Children are
conspicuously absent in the narration which confirms .
Mrs. Mallard reveals the state of the wives of the 19th
century America who had no freedom unless they
husbands died first. The absence of children in the
marriage is the legacy that she leaves when she dies.
In a society that wives were there to attend to their
husbands, it is now clear that Brently will have no one
to care for him after her death.
(“There would be no powerful will bending hers in that
blind persistence with which men and women believe
they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow-
creature”).

5.4. Mrs. Mallard is a quitter to the fact

She has died not from grief but from the sudden
shock of having her joy of emancipation abruptly
disappear upon the entrance of her husband Brently,
who has not died in a train accident after all. The
doctors’ assessment of the reason for her death is

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 thus unintentionally correct, although their diagnosis
is intended to indicate that Louise dies from her
happiness at Brently’s safe return. In addition,
although Mrs. Mallard’s heart condition is mentioned
initially at the beginning of the story, the intervening
paragraphs suggest that when under the influence of
her apparent independence, mrs Mallard is capable of
feeling healthy. In the end, she dies from the shocking
gap between her perceived situation and reality, which
perhaps mirrors the discrepancy between her mental
and physical health.
(“When the doctors came they said she had died of heart
disease--of the joy that kills”)
The psychology aspect in this story it shown in
the main character that will present how the story about .
According to Bernhardt, state that all behaviors, the social,
the psychological,and the physical are product of the
interaction of environment in the elaboration of character
and that influence in anyway our behavior, growth, and life
process except the genres. From the first paragraph of ‘The
Story of an Hour’, the term “heart trouble” primarily in a
medical sense, but over the course of the story, Mrs. Mallard’s
presumed frailty seems to be largely a result of psychological
repression rather than truly physiological factors. Because
of social motives Mrs. Mallard got the felling which is she
not happy with her life. Louise must have felt both joy and
extreme disappointment at Brently’s return, regaining her
husband and all of the loss of freedom her marriage entails.
The line establishes that Louise’s heart condition is more of
a metaphor for her emotional state than a medical reality.

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So that why the ends of the story concludes by attributing
Mrs. Mallard’s death to heart disease, where heart disease
is the joy that kills. Maybe it is such reasons that cause her
heart trouble. A kind intention or a cruel intention made
the act seem no less a crime as she looked upon it in that
brief moment of illumination. And yet she had loved him
sometimes. Often she had not. What did it matter! What
could love, the unsolved mystery, count for in face of this
possession of self-assertion which she suddenly recognized
as the strongest impulse of her being! “Free! Body and soul
free!” she kept whispering.

6. CONCLUSION
After analyzing the short story ‘The Story of an Hour’ by
Kate Chopin, I can conclude that the entire story is founded
on how Mrs. Mallard suffered. She suffered due to a troubled
marriage which gave her no joy and she suffered due to the
sickness that she had. The kind of suffering that she goes
through is used by the author to depict what the woman of
that society had to endure in marriages. The narrator reveals
her passion on the plight of women in the society when
Mrs. Mallard realizes that she is nothing but happy in the
marriage. The character of Mrs. Mallard is used to illustrate
that men oppressed women in marriage. By analysing
Louise’s character using showing and telling method it can
be identified that Louise is describes as lonely woman, a frail
woman, and a woman that is suffering in marriage. After she
hear her husband was dead in train accident she tries to be a
modest widow. Those characteristic of Louise are identified
from her sister, her avoidance of other’s idea, interaction with

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other, and her sadness in statement at the story.
Looking into Mrs. Mallard’s psychological state, I could
find that the emotional change must be described as the
development of an increasingly resistant barrier between the
real external world and that world which is most authentic
in her experience the inner world of her fantasies. Though in
her deep heart there is an ardent longing for freedom and for
female self-assertion, and beneath her reserve lies a strain of
romanticism and rebelliousness, she has no chance to release
from what she evidently felt as repression or frustration,
thereby freeing forces that had lain dormant in her.

REFERENCES
Diyanni, Robert. 2001. Literature Reading, Fiction, Poetry, and
Drama. McGraw-Hill International Edition.
Kirana, Pane Putu Indu. 2011. The Psychological Analysis of the
Main Character in Cartwright’s “Red Riding Hood”.
Nopitasari. 2012. An Analysis of Children Personality as Reflected
in “Oliver Twist” by Charles Dickens
Nuriastha, I Gede. 2005. An Analysis of the Main Character in the
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.
Taylor, Richard. 1981. Understanding The Elements of Literature.
New York: The Macmillan Press. http://my.hrw.com/
support/hos/hostpdf/host_text_219.pdf
Kenney, William. 1966. How to Analyze Fiction. New York: Monarch
Press
Wellek, Rene, and Austin Warren. 1966. The Theory of Literature.
London: Cox and Wyman, Ltd

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APPENDIX
The Story of an Hour is the story of an hour in the
life of Mrs. Louise Mallard, a young woman whose wrinkles
portray repression. Mrs. Mallard’s “heart trouble” in the
beginning of the story is that she feels emotionally thwarted
in her marriage. Because Louise Mallard suffers from a heart
condition, her sister Josephine gently and carefully gives her
the news of her husband’s death. Mr. Richards, a close friend
of her husband, Brentley Mallard, and the first to learn of
the tragic railroad accident that claimed Mallard’s life, has
accompanied Josephine to help soften what they know will
be a cruel blow. Louise falls, sobbing, into her sister’s arms,
then retreats upstairs to her room. Josephine, who begs Louise
to let her in, would be shocked if she knew what thoughts
were racing through her sister’s mind. Louise has loved her
husband, who has in turn loved her and treated her kindly,
but she is not crushed by his death, nor do her reflections
make her sick. Indeed, although she initially hesitates to
admit to herself that she is not distressed, she begins to repeat
one word: “free.” Her life is her own again; no longer will she
have to yield to her husband’s wishes. Only yesterday she
had regarded life as tedious and feared longevity. Now she
yearns for long life. Finally, she yields to her sister’s repeated
pleas to unlock her bedroom door. Louise embraces her sister,
and together they go downstairs to rejoin Richards. As they
reach the bottom of the stairs, Brentley comes through the
door, unaware of the accident that supposedly has claimed
his life. Richards tries to move between him and his wife to
shield her from the shock, but he is too late; she has already
seen Brentley. She screams and falls down dead. The doctors

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who examine her afterward say that her weak heart could not
bear the sudden joy.

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 12
The Analysis of Intrinsic Elements in
Hans Christian Andersen’s “Ib And Little
Christine”
BELEVSKA, Ivet Rosenova Belevska
1301305069
English Department, Faculty of Arts Udayana University
Email address: [email protected]

Abstract
This study is an analysis of the intrinsic elements in the short story
“Ib and Little Christine” by Hans Christian Andersen. The aims of
this study were to identify and describe the intrinsic elements in
the short story “Ib and Little Christine” and understand how the
author used them to set up his plot and characters. The data was
collected through reading the short story repeatedly and taking
notes of all information related to the focus of this study.
Keywords: intrinsic elements, understanding

L
1. INTRODUCTION
iterature is a term used to describe written and
sometimes spoken material and represents the
culture and tradition of a language or people. Roberts
(1993:68) stated that literature can help us to grow both
personally and intellectually. According to Jacobs (1993:1-
3) literature provides the comparative basic from which we
can see worthiness in the aims of all people, and it helps us
to see the beauty of the world around us. Literature may be
classified into four categories or genres 1) prose fiction 2)
poetry, 3) drama, 4) non-fiction.
Intrinsic elements are the elements that build up in the

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literary works of literature itself.The purpose of the entry of
such elements or parts of the literary work itself. In general,
theintrinsic elements of literary works include the theme, plot,
character, characterizations, style, tone, and setting.According
to Wellek (1962;332) The natural on sensible starting point for
work in literary scholarship is the interpretation and analysis
of the works of literary themselves.
The study was chosen for the reason to distinguish
the intrinsic elements the author has used to more deeply
understand the characters and the story he has written.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
For this study Kusumawati’s paper “An Analysis
of Agatha Christie’s The Pale Horse” has been used as a
literature review. The study focuses on the intrinsic elements
and how the author develops the plot of the novel.

3. RESEARCH METHOD
The data in this paper is taken from Hans Christian
Andersen’s original short story “Ib and Little Christine”. The
student analyzes the intrinsic elements the story has to offer
based on book research of the story itself as well as using
articles that focus on Hans Christian Andersen’s writing.
The method that is used in this paper is literary
approach and library research in the purpose of answering
the problems that were stated in this paper, namely the
collection of data that are derived from a variety of secondary
data, such as thesis, pdf journals, e-book, textbooks, and the
official website.

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 Qualitative research method will be used which aims
to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior of
the characters in the story such as human behavior and how
the main characters deal with their own type of greed.
The data is presented in the format of a research pa-
per and will focus on the progression of the characters and
how Hans Christian Andersen made the decision to write
them this way.

4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The intrinsic approach was originally written by Rene
Wellek and Austin Warren in their book “Theory of Litera-
ture”. Rene Wellek introduced his intrinsic approach, which
essentially is a study of literary work based on analyzing the
internal elements that build that work.

4.1. Theme
Theme is a central idea or ideas underlying the creation
of a drama. This is the main idea of the story and constitutes
in the story as an objective that the author/playwright wants
to express through his work.

4.2. Plot
1.2.1. Exposition
In this section, there is introduction of character and
setting. The exposition introduces all of the main characters
in the story. It shows how they relate to one another, what
their goals and motivations are, and the kind of person they
are.

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4.2.2. Rising Action
The conflict is started. The character now begin to
struggle against one another.

4.2.3. Climax
The point of climax is the turning point of the
story, where the protagonist plays his main role. Both the
protagonist and the antagonist have a plan to win against the
other. The climax often contains much of the action in a story,
for example, a defining battle.

4.2.4. Falling Action

In the sense that the loose ends are being tied up.
However, it is often the time of greatest overall tension in the
play, because it is the phase in which everything goes most
wrong. In this phase, the villain has the upper hand. It seems
that evil will triumph. The protagonist has never been further
from accomplishing the goal.

4.2.5. Resolution
This is the final confrontation between protagonist and
antagonist, which one of them win the conflict. Resolution
has three type, they are:
4.2.5.1. Happy Ending
4.2.5.2. Tragic
4.2.5.3. Open Ended

4.3. Character
These are the individuals or someone who are a
perpetrator in the story. Characters are an image of a person

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who fills up a story (Keeney).

4.3.1. By their nature

a. The protagonist, the main character’s story
b. The antagonist, which opponents of the story
characters
4.3.2. Based on their role
a. The central figure, the figures are the most crucial in
the drama. The central figure is a cause of conflict.
The central characters include the protagonist and
antagonist
b. The main character, the supporters or opponents of
the figures central figure. Can be also as intermediary
central figure.

4.4. Characterization
Characterization is a literary device that is used step by
step in literature to highlight and explain the details about a
character in a story.
a. Direct or explicit characterization
This kind of characterization takes a direct
approach towards building the character. It uses
another character, narrator or the protagonist himself
to tell the readers or audience about the subject.
b. Indirect or implicit characterization
This is a more subtle way of introducing the
character to the audience. The audience has to deduce
for themselves the characteristics of the character
by observing his/her thought process, behavior,
speech, way of talking, appearance, and way of

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 communication with other characters and also by
discerning the response of other characters.
4.5. Style
Style is the way in which something is spoken, written,
or performed.In rhetoric and composition, style is broadly
interpreted as representing a manifestation of the person
speaking or writing.

4.6. Tone
The definition of “tone” is the way the author expresses
his attitude through his writing. The tone can change very
quickly, or may remain the same throughout the story.

4.7. Setting
Setting is an environment or surrounding in which an
event or story takes place. Setting as place and time influences
the theme, character and action of a story. In this type, setting
controls the characters and by controlling setting, writers
could control their characters. If they confine a certain
character to a particular setting, it will define the character.

5. ANALYSIS
5.1. Theme
The major themes in the story “Ib and Little Christine”
are love and greed. Love is in the form of the acceptance Ib
has for when he hears the news Christine is getting married
to another man and supporting her and wanting her to lead
a happy life. As well as in the form of adopting Christine’s
daughter when she is left an orphan out of love for Christine
herself.

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5.1.1. Love
At first Ib said not a word; but he became as white as the
wall, and slightly shook his head. Then he said slowly:
“Christine must not refuse this advantageous offer.”
(Ib and Little Christine)
Love for a person doesn’t have to end with that
person. If you love that person, you’re also going to
love their family. You’ll have a certain respect for
things surrounding that person. Ib might have cared
for any other child on the street, but he cared for little
Christine the most because she was of Christine whom
Ib had loved deeply.
In this story Ib and Christine both got what the
gypsy woman said was in the walnuts, but in ways
neither of them expected and with endings neither of
them saw coming.

4.1.2. Greed
And Ib and Christine looked at the wishing-nuts with great eyes.
“Is there a carriage with a pair of horses in this nut?” he asked.
“Yes, there’s a golden carriage with two horses,” answered the
woman.
“Then give me the nut,” said little Christine.
And Ib gave it to her, and the strange woman tied it in her pocket-
handkerchief for her.
(Ib and Little Christine)
Greed is in the form of Christine’s desires, every
person has his own desires and it is very human to
be greedy, Christine is not a greedy person who gets
what she wants without doing anything. She works
for it, but the thing that sets her back is that she

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 needs material things and believes they will bring her
happiness. In the end of the story it shows that her
rich life gave her all the gowns she wanted but not the
love and happiness that she needed.

4.2. Plot
The plot of this short story revolves around two
individuals, Ib and Little Christine. They grow up as being
friends to being potential lovers when they confess their
feelings later in the story. When given a choice by a gypsy
woman to pick three magical walnuts, Christine takes two
that promise carriages and dresses and Ib is left with one
which promises it’s everything he needs. These walnuts truly
are magical as they come true but in way the two characters
don’t expect. Ib loses what he wants, which is Christine
herself, but after years he finds what he needs, riches and
a new Little Christine of his own. Christine on the other
hand gets what she wants, a wealthy husband and all the
garments and jewelry she wants, but she is denied the love
and happiness she really needed.

Ib had money, and was said to have provided for the future.
He had won gold out of the black earth, and he had a Christine for
his own, after all.
(Ib and Little Christine)

It can be said that based on the elements the plot is a plot

of thought where the way of a character’s thinking changes,
like in the instance of Ib and his viewpoint. Based on the
ending of this story, Andersen has written a closed plot one,
an ending that has a conclusion.
182
4.3. Character
In the short story “Ib and Little Christine” there are
four characters who are important to the plot. They are Ib,
Christine, the gypsy woman, and Christine’s daughter.
Ib and Christine are both main characters and
protagonists, but Ib has the spotlight more often in the story.
Ib is a boy who grew up on a farm and is skilful with his
hands that he can make wooden shoes. Ib grows up working
hard and not being very enthusiastic for his own happiness,
his only desire is for Christine to be happy and taken care of.
He did not believe in destiny, but his viewpoint started to
change as his walnut’s prediction came true.
Both Ib and Christine are not very complex characters,
but they are both dynamic in their development as both of
them learn that tempting fate comes with consequences and
Christine got the short end of the stick.
Christine is a girl who is a boatman’s daughter and she
has always been as delicate and graceful as a gentleman’s
daughter.

Christine was the boatman’s daughter, and was graceful and

delicate as a gentleman’s child; had she been differently dressed,
no one would have imagined that she came out of the hut on the
neighbouring heath.
(Ib and Little Christine)

Christine and Ib shared everything, from food to

playthings and were always together since Christine’s father
was a widower and she was always with him into town and
always played with Ib there. Just like Ib, Christine is brave
and curious and she tries to be as acceptable as possible.

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Christine is hardworking and her dedication to earn gave
her the opportunity of a good life. As soon as Christine is
accepted in a prestigious life, she is spoiled by her husband
and his family. She soon stops writing letters to Ib and gets
all the riches she could ever want. In the end Christine is met
with a tragic ending, she dies in a rotten place, with a child
who needs caring, it is mentioned her husband never treated
her well and that she never found the happiness she could
have had with Ib. Her walnuts’ predictions came true, but
with a heavy price. In the end Christine did become well off,
but not the original Christine but her young daughter who
was adopted by the now wealthy Ib.
The gypsy woman appears only once in the story and
is a very peculiar character. She is a supporting character
that sets the story into motion. Without her interference
Ib and Christine would not have had any development or
progression whatsoever. The gypsy woman is the keeper
of the magic walnuts and she offers them to the then young
children, she also offers to help them go home so it is debatable
if she is an antagonist or not. It is never showcased who she
really is, where she came from or what her motives are, she
only appears to set the gears into motion and disappears,
never to be heard from again. This very portrayal indicates
she is very mythic-like or even god-like, as in she is there to
implant the morals of the story.
Christine’s daughter, who shares her mother’s name is
said to be an exact replica of Christine in her youth. She is
a young child who roams the streets to find food since her
mother is on a death bed in some rotten house. She is the
personification on all of Ib’s desires, she is the Christine he

184
will have in the end, not as a wife but as a daughter. In this
story she is seen and portrayed as some kind of reward or
trophy.

4.4. Characterization
In the short story “Ib and Little Christine”
Andersen used direct method since he introduced and
showcased the characters directly.
Little Ib, a boy seven years old, the only child of the
family, would sit by, looking at the workmen, cutting at a
stick, and occasionally cutting his finger.
(Ib and Little Christine)

4.5. Style
Andersen uses a lot of narrative description in his story to
showcase the characters, events and surroundings. Anderson
also used a lot of emotion with Ib’s letter and the way he says
Christine is her own person and belongs to who she wishes:
“I have read the letter you have sent to your father, and
gather from it that you are prospering in all things, and that there
is a prospect of higher fortune for you. Ask your heart, Christine,
and ponder well the fate that awaits you, if you take me for your
husband; what I possess is but little. Do not think of me, or my
position, but think of your own welfare. You are bound to me by no
promise, and if in your heart you have given me one, I release you
from it. May all treasures of happiness be poured out upon you,
Christine. Heaven will console me in its own good time.”(Ib and
Little Christine)

4.6. Tone
Andersen uses general tone with some suspense and

185
tragic moments such as Ib finding the dying Christine and
her last uttered words without knowing if she recognized
him:
“The icy hand of death was already on Christine. Her
youngest child, only a few weeks old, expected in prosperity and
born in misery, was already in its grave, and it had come to this
with Christine herself, that she lay, sick to death and forsaken, in a
miserable room, amid a poverty that she might well have borne in
her childish days, but which now oppressed her painfully, since she
had been accustomed to better things. It was her eldest child, also a
little Christine, that here suffered hunger and poverty with her, and
whom Ib had now brought home.
“I am unhappy at the thought of dying and leaving the poor
child here alone,” she said. “Ah, what is to become of the poor
thing?” And not a word more could she utter.
And Ib brought out another match, and lighted up a piece of
candle he found in the room, and the flame illumined the wretched
dwelling. And Ib looked at the little girl, and thought how Christine
had looked when she was young; and he felt that for her sake he
would be fond of this child, which was as yet a stranger to him. The
dying woman gazed at him, and her eyes opened wider and wider--
did she recognize him? He never knew, for no further word passed
over her lips.”(Ib and Little Christine)

4.7. Setting
Like many of Andersen’s works, this story takes place
in Denmark. The village where Ib and Christine grew up is
located in North Jutland in the forest where many farmhouses
are standing. In the beginning of the story it is shown to be
summer with many animals and plants in their bloom, while
in the end of the story many years in the future it is autumn.
The air is said to be thick and dark, with no blossoming plants,
the wind was strong and lifted the golden leafs from the trees
186
and dropped them onto the ground. This darker setting fits
well with the ending and it contrasts with the new Christine’s
youth, beauty and desire to live.

Not far from the clear stream Gudenau, in North Jutland, in

the forest which extends by its banks and far into the country, a
great ridge of land rises and stretches along like a wall through the
wood. By this ridge, westward, stands a farmhouse, surrounded by
poor land; the sandy soil is seen through the spare rye and wheat-
ears that grow upon it. Some years have elapsed since the time of
which we speak. The people who lived here cultivated the fields,
and moreover kept three sheep, a pig, and two oxen; in fact, they
supported themselves quite comfortably, for they had enough to live
on if they took things as they came. (Ib and Little Christine)

5. CONCLUSION
The story is about the progression of the characters Ib
and Christine, who take different paths in life and one finds
a happy end while the other dies in poverty. Ib is selfless and
lucky, he gets wealth after his hard work for many years and
strikes gold in the ground, making his walnut’s prediction
true which contained soil and indicated the earth will be
what Ib really needed. Christine is not as selfless as Ib and
she takes the opportunity given to her for a good life, she
becomes rich through her new family, but she is not treated
well. She dies in poverty, with a dead child after her husband
loses everything and takes his life. The wealth she dreamed
of was not what she truly needed as she could have had a
happier life with Ib in the village.
In this story Ib adopts the poor orphan Christine left
behind out of love her and ultimately he gets what the walnut
predicted, wealth and a new little Christine of his own. In
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contrast Christine had a sad death where it was not certain
is she recognized Ib in her final moments and she would
not know what happened with her child. The promises the
walnut gave her will go directly to her child, who will live
a wealthy life and will get all the gowns and carriages she
wants.
Many of Andersen’s early fairy tales are retellings of
traditional folktales such as “Little Claus and Big Claus,”
“The Princess on the Pea,” “The Traveling Companion,” “The
Swineherd,” and “The Wild Swans”; in Andersen’s rendering,
however, they reveal a certain uniqueness and brilliant irony.
Kings go around in battered slippers and personally open
the gates of their kingdoms, princesses read newspapers and
roast chicken, and many supernatural creatures in later tales
behave and talk like ordinary people.
Most of Andersen’s fairy tales are radically unlike
traditional folk tales as they lack happy endings, the token
of true folk tales. The little match girl freezes to death, the
little tin soldier is thrown into the oven and melts, the daisy
withers, the fir tree is chopped into firewood, and Christine
dies in poverty.

REFERENCES
Frandsen, 2014, New Perspectives on H.C. Andersen, H.C. Andersen Re-
search Centre (SDU)

Kusumawati’s, 2009, An Analysis of Agatha Christie’s “The Pale Horse”

Terri Windling, 2003, Hans Christian Andersen: Father of the Modern

Fairy Tale

Warren & Wellek, 1949, Theory of Literature, Harcourt, Brace, and Com-
pany

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APPENDIX
Summary of “Ib and Little Christine”
There were once two children who were friends, a little
boy and a little girl. They lived out in the country. The boy
lived on a farm and his name was Ib. The girl lived only with
her father and was named Christine. They were the best of
friends.
One day the two children went with the girl’s father
to deliver some items up river. They were sat upon a pile of
firewood and given something to eat. They also happened to
be delivering a suckling pig. The two children decided to play
with thepig while the father was away. As it so happened, the
pig fell into the water and floated away. The children decided
to go after it.
On the way they heard the pig, but got distracted by
blackberries and hazelnuts. They were soon lost and did not
know the way home. They met a woman who was a gypsy.
The woman helped the children out and gave them three
magical walnuts in return. Christine got two of the walnuts
and hers were said to contain a fancy carriage and nice things
and clothes. Ib’s was supposed to contain the best of all things.
The gypsy woman showed the children the way home.
Ib opened up his walnut, but the only thing in there was
black dirt and he soon forgot all about it. Time moved on and
the children were still friends, but Ib became a shoemaker
and Christine went to serve a household. Ib and Christine
became of an age where they decided to get married, but they
also decided to wait. A couple of years passed and Ib heard
that Christine would be marrying the son of the household
she worked for. Ib was crushed, but it was explained to him

189
that she would be better off.
Christine was married and Ib continued to worked. He
stayed on the farm where he had grown up and he learned to
till the Earth. Years passed and passed, Christine’s husband
wasn’t as good as he should have been and even though
Christine had a nice carriage and beautiful clothes, just as her
walnuts predicted, she did not have a nice life. The wealth
soon dwindled and the husband soon ended up dead in the
river by whatever nefarious hands put him there.
Ib learned about this but stayed in the farm, until one
day he was plowing and found a gold piece of something.
As it turns out he had found a Hun’s grave. There was great
wealth there and Ib was soon a wealthy man.
He went to visit a city one day and saw a little girl. This
little girl looked so much like Christine that he followed the
little girl who led Ib to a dirty room where a dying woman lie
on the bed. The dying woman was Christine and misfortune
had befallen her. Christine died without recognizing Ib, but
Ib excided to take the little Christine with him.
Ib once again had a little Christine and realized that
his walnut had been right. All the best things were inside
the walnut and they came from the black earth. Without the
black earth, he would not be wealthy and wouldn’t have little
Christine.

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 13
Stylistic Analysis of the Nightingale and the
Rose Short Story by Oscar Wilde

DHARMAYANTI, I Gusti Ayu Dwi

1301305070
English Department, Faculty of Arts Udayana University
Email address: [email protected]

Abstract
Stylistic is the study to interpret the literary meaning and aesthetic
effect of literature texts linguistically. This study aimed to describe
kinds of stylistics that used in the short story The Nightingale and
the Rose by Oscar Wilde.Oscar Wilde’s The Nightingale and the Rose
written in an aesthetic voice.He employs various stylistic devices
for the expression of aesthetic concept.Descriptive qualitative
method used to analyze kinds of stylistics that used in this short
story. The main theories use is stylistic approach by XuYouzhi (2005)
with the supporting theory by Semino and Culpeper (2011) about
different stylistics methods to explain the reason of language use by
the author and theory of figurative language by Rozakis (1995). As
the result, this thesis contains a lot of stylistic features which help
Oscar Wilde create a story that successfully absorbs and shocks
whoever reads it.
Key words: Stylistic analysis, The Nightingale and The Rose, Oscar
Wilde

S
1. INTRODUCTION
tylistics refers to stylistic study specially. The aim of
the stylistic study is to interpret the literary meaning
and aesthetic effect of literature texts linguistically.
Stylistic analysis may be confusing for some people, because

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they consider it as interpretation. Stylistics mainly explains
the relationship between the text and its context. This paper
made to analyse the stylistic of Wilde’s short story The
Nightingale and the Rose. The Nightingale and the Rose is
written by Oscar Wilde in 1988. Oscar Wilde was known as
master of fairy tale.
The Nightingale and the Rose is a fiction story. The
fiction is written about imaginary characters, events and
setting, to disclose an idea (theme) of a story. Themes of
Oscar’s work are mostly about love or art and the spirit of
self-sacrifice as in The Nightingale and the Rose. The passion
of nightingale reflects the deep theme Art is for Art’s Sake.
The Nightingale is a small brown bird found in Europe that
has a beautiful song which is heard during the night. The
nightingale can be symbolize as a truthful, devoted pursuer
of love, who dares to sacrifice his own precious life and
because of the theme of this short story is about true love,
thus Oscar choose red rose as the symbol of true love. In this
study, the writer will try to explain stylistic features that used
by Oscar Wilde in this short story to attract the readers. The
aim of this study is to describe kinds of stylistics that used in
the short story The Nightingale and the Rose by Oscar Wilde.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
There are two journals conducted by earlier researchers
and have similarity to this study. Some information and
analysis concerning the study of stylistic are describes as
follows:
The journal was taken from the internet. The article
found inJournal of ELT and Applied Linguistics (JELTAL),

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Volume 2 entitled “Stylistic Analysis of Robert Frost’s Poem:
“The Road Not Taken” by SumeraBatool and friends (2014)
aimed to analyze Robert Frost’s poem “The Road Not Taken”
from the viewpoint. The analysis covers the different aspects
such as the lexico-syntactic patterns and choices, semantically,
grammatically, graphological and phonological.
Another journal found in Journal of Language Teaching
and Research, Vol. 1, No. 5 entitled “Stylistic Analysis of
The Great Gatsby from Lexical and Grammatical Category”
byXiangqi Liu(2010) aimed to adopt the method used by Leech
and Short in their book Style in Fiction to make a relatively
overall and objective analysis of the novel’s language from
lexical and grammatical Category.
Both journals discuss about stylistic but with different
objects to be analyzed. SumeraBatool and friends uses poem
as their object and Xiangqi Liu uses novel as her object.
Meanwhile, this study tries another object like short story as
the object that will be analyzed.

3. RESEARCH METHOD
Research method is the main requirement in a research;
it is about what data will be collected and how they are
analyzed. It usually consists of three elements; they are Data
Source, Data Collection, and Data Analysis.
The data was taken from the short story The Nightingale
and the Rose which is written by Oscar Wilde in 1988. This
short story was chosen because this short story contains a lot
of stylistic features.
The writer collects the data through library research.
The first method wasreading the whole ofthis short story.

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Then,take a notethe data which is contain stylistics features.
Descriptive qualitative method was used in this analysis.
First, the writer analyzing the whole text in the short story
which is containingstylistics features. Then, analyzing how
the stylistics features work in the process of attracting the
readers to read this story using the literary stylistic method by
Semino and Culpeper (2011). At the end, the writer drawing
conclusion based on the result of data analysis.

4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The main theories use is stylistic approach by XuYouzhi
(2005) with the supporting theory by Semino and Culpeper
(2011)about different stylistics methods to explain the reason of
language use by the author and theory of figurative language
by Rozakis (1995). Some related theories to the stylistic could
be described as follows:

4.1. Stylistic
According to XuYouzhi (2005) there are three aspects
of stylistic study; stylistic study can help cultivate a
sense of appropriateness (we should develop a sense of
appropriateness in order to choose the suitable speeches in
such situations), stylistic study sharpens the understanding
and appreciation of literary works, and stylistic study also
helps achieve adaptation in translation.
Linguistic and literary texts can be interpreted by
using different stylistics methods based on Semino and
Culpeper (2011: 14). They divided stylistics into two; General
stylistics which is used to analyze the linguistic texts such as
advertising, newspaper reporting, or everyday conversation.

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Meanwhile, literary stylistics focuses on analyzing the
literary works such as short story, novel, and poem. Literary
stylistics connects linguistics and literature because instead
of describes the process of language in literary work and
explores the creativity of language, it is also explain the
reason of language use by the author.

4.2. The Levels of Language

XuYouzhisaid, there are three levels of language;

4.2.1. The Level of Phonology

Phonology deals with the sound system of a language by
treating phoneme as the point of departure. (Hu Zhuanglin,
2001:18) Phonological level is the expression or realization of
language in its spoken form.

4.2.2. The level of Lexis and Grammar

Grammar is the science of the structure of a language
and both the syntactic and semantic rules of the generally
accepted used. (Chen Linhua, 2004: 4) Lexicology is the
study on the choice of specific lexical items in a text, their
distribution in relation to one another, and their meanings.
(XuYouzhi, 2005: 25) 

4.2.3. The Level of Semantics

Semantics deals with the meaning of language.

4.3. Figurative Language

Rozakis (1995: 28) said that “Figurative language – saying one
thing in terms of another”. It means that figurative language

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is an expression used by person or the author indirectly by
using the comparison. Rozakis (1995: 33) divides the kinds of
figurative language into:

4.3.1. Simile
Simile is the comparison of two distinctly different
things but it is considered the same as helped by the
connective words “like” and “as”. For example: Brave as a
lion, they fought like cats and dogs.

4.3.2. Metaphor
A metaphor is the comparison of two unlike things as if
they are one. Metaphor does not have connective words such
as like, as, than, similar to and seems determining them as
figurative. Metaphor and simile have close relation because
comparing the different things. If the concept of simile is A
is like B, then the concept of metaphor is A is B. For example:
Time is money.

4.3.3. Personification
Personification is the style of language that gives the
characteristics of human to inanimate objects. So, this kind
of figurative language makes inanimate object can act, speak,
and has emotional feeling like human. For example: The sun
greeted me this morning, the sky was full of dancing stars.

4.3.4. Irony
Irony is the style of language to express something
captured by the reader that should be opposite from the
literal meaning. For example: “Oh! What fine luck I have!” the

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sentence on the surface conveys that the speaker is happy
with their luck but actually what they mean is that they are
extremely unhappy and dissatisfied.

4.3.5. Hyperbole
Hyperbole is the style of language in expressing
something exaggeratedly. It is used to cause the effect
and reaction from the reader such as serious, ironic, and
humorous. For example: You snore louder than a freight train.

5. ANALYSIS
In data analysis will answer the problem statements
stated in the research problems based on the theoretical
framework. Here are the analyses of the data that divided
into;

5.1. Phonological features

In the description of The Nightingale and the Rose,
Wilde applies onomatopoeia to make the vivid and lively
description. It is very helpful to describe the different
character inner mental activities thoroughly and show the
exact feelings, respectively. (Zou Tao, 2003) For example:
“The prince gives a ball to-morrow night,” murmured the
young Student. (page 8)
In this sentence, it is just by using the word “murmur”
to show the student’s feelings of grievance and helplessness.
Responding to the word murmur, the word “tomorrow” may
be twisted as to-morrow and the normal pronunciation of it is
changed into /tu:morou/.Because the vowel sound / u:/ and
the diphthong are usually connected with the words blue

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and low respectively, naturally we can imagine the student’s
feelings of anxiousness, fret as well as his low spirits.
5.2. Semantic features (figures of speech)
In the tale, Oscar Wilde uses many figures of speech to
accomplish the semantic expressions. Here below the figure
of speech that found in this story;

5.2.1. Simile
e.g. She passed through the grove like a shadow (page 9)
Shadow can be interpreted as something moves fast.
Passed is compared with a shadow which is describes the
speed of movement performed by the nightingale because
she wants to help the young student in finding the red rose
that will be given to the young student’s lover.
e.g His hair is dark as the hyacinth-blossom, and his lips are
red as the rose of his desire; (page 8)
The hyacinth blossom is beautiful flowers that have
beautiful colors such as pink, purple, blue and red which is
illustrates the young student who has wavy hair. Another
simile expression is describes how the young student has red
color lips.
e.g His lips are sweet as honey, and his breath is like
frankincense. (page 10)
Honey in this expression refers to sweet fluid produced
by bees. The use of honey as an illustration of the nightingale’s
lips can be described as a good utterance from the lips of the
nightingale. Frankincense or olibanum comes from Boswelia
tree which has good aroma. It explains that the nightingale
has fragrant breath.

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5.2.2. Metaphor
e.g. Flame-colored are his wings (page 10)
Flame is used by the author to describe the color of the
nightingale’s wings.

5.2.3. Personification
e.g. Here is the reddest rose… it will tell you how I love you
(page 11)
This expression of personification aims to show the
feeling of the young student for the girl.
e.g. Pearls and pomegranates cannot buy it.. (page 8)
Pearls describes as jewelries and pomegranates as
sweet fruits. Pearls and pomegranates do not influence
the nightingale’s perception about love because Pearls and
pomegranates cannot exceed love.

5.2.4. Irony
e.g. Well, upon my word, you are very ungrateful,’ said the
Student angrily; and he threw the rose into the street, where
it fell into the gutter, and a cart-wheel went over it. (page 11)
The irony expression in italic type explains the young
student is not true lover or warrior of love. He is a quitter
and irritable. When he is rejected by the girl, he is no longer
believes in love.

5.2.5. Hyperbole
e.g. She will dance so lightly that her feet will not touch the
floor (page 8)
The use of this expression is to dramatize the happiness

199
which is felt by the young student when he imagines his lover
dance beautifully while using the red rose in her dress.

5.3. Lexical features

The words used in the fairy story are accurate, vivid,
expressive and plentiful. There is a sentence listed below to
illustrate the lexical features.
“Her hand will be clasped in mine” (page 8)
Here, “clasp” means to hold tightly. But why does
not the author use the word “grip” or “grasp”? This word is
powerful enough to express the student’s strongest passion
and love to the Professor’s daughter.

5.4. Syntactic features

The syntactic features, elliptical sentences are applied
frequently. According to Wang Shouyuan (1990:52), ellipsis is
the omission from a sentence of words needed to complete a
construction. In literature, ellipsis is not merely a grammatical
means to make the work compact, but a stylistic device to
express the meaning or message of the work. For example:
“No red rose in all my garden!” He cried. (page 8)
“Why, indeed?” said a Butterfly. (page 8)
The complete sentence of “No red rose in all my garden!”
He cried should be “There is no red rose in all my garden”. While
“Why, indeed?” should be “Why is he weeping, indeed?”. In this
tale, Oscar Wilde also used inversion devices to make the
languages rich and colorful. Here are some syntactic parallel
constructions to show the inversion. For example:
…louder and louder grew her song, (page 10)
…bitter and bitter was the pain, wilder and wilder grew

200
her song (page 11)
…fainter and fainter grew her song. (page 11)
The above sentences are inverted, but they are more
important in view of parallelism. When we read, the tone is
up and down with strong rhythm. It gives us a musical effect
to the readers.

6. CONCLUSION
From the analysis above, can conclude that the author is
committed to aestheticism that’s why the story is in aesthetic
voice. Oscar also used his knowledge in this field to give
color and more understanding in the selections. Through the
words choice that used by Oscar in this story, can attract the
reader and makes the readers interested to read it.

REFERENCES
Wilde, Oscar. (1888). The Happy Prince and Other Stories. New York:
Copyrighted, 1918 by Frederick A. Stokes Company.
Liu, Xiangqi. 2010. Stylistic Analysis of The Great Gatsby from
Lexical and Grammatical Category.accessed on ‎November
29, ‎2015. Available in: http://www.academypublication.
com/issues/past/jltr/vol01/05/18.pdf
Batool, Sumera. Abdul Bari Khan.AnserIqbal. Khurram Ali. Rana
Muhammad HarisRafiq. 2010. Stylistic Analysis of Robert
Frost’s Poem: “The Road Not Taken”. accessed on May 13,
‎2016. Available in: http://www.jeltal.com/yahoo_site_
admin/assets/docs/6.338102825.pdf
Xu, Youzhi. (2005). English Stylistics. Beijing: Higher Education
Press.
Leech, G., &Short, M. 1981. Style in Fiction. London and New York:
Longman.
Rozakis, Laurie. E. 1995. How to Interpret Poetry. New York: A Simon
& Schuster Macmillan Company.
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Semino, Elena and Jonathan Culpeper (2011).Stylistics. In: Jan-Ola
Östman and JefVerschueren (eds.) Pragmatics in Practice.
Handbooks of Pragmatics.Amsterdam/Philadephia: John
Benjamins.

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 14
Three Dimensional Aspect of Main Character
in A Rose For Emily by William Faulkner

WAHYUNI. Ni Putu Eka

1301305079
English Department, Faculty of Arts Udayana University
Email address: [email protected]

Abstract
This study is an analysis of Three Dimensional Aspect of Main
Character in A Rose For Emily by William Faulkner. The aims of
this study were to describe the main character in term of three
dimensional aspects (psychology, sociology, and physiology) in the
short story A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner. The data were
collected through reading the story repeatedly and take a note of all
information related to the character which became the focus of this
study. To analyze the data, the writer applied theory by Lajosegri
in Sukada “ Beberapa Aspek Tentang Sastra”. Based on the data
analysis, three dimensional aspects of character have influenced in
forming the main character of the story.
Keywords: Character, characterization, dimensional aspects of character

P
1. INTRODUCTION
rose can be divided into two kinds, fiction and
nonfiction. Short story is one of literary works which
belongs to fiction. Short story has two elements, they
are intrinsic and extrinsic element. The intrinsic element of
short story are theme, setting, plot, character, point of view,
style and tone, structure and technique (Kenney). Character,
as a part of intrinsic element, is one of important aspects
because it carries the author’s message that can bring various
203
values in human life such as morality, education, and many
orders. Character is potential to arouse good feeling, emotion,
and fresh opinion in our part. On the other hand, it may also
teach us to be a wiser person in particular.
In this writing, “A Rose for Emily” was chosen to
be analyzed because it was one of famous short story by
American author William Faulkner, which is first published
in the April 30, 1930 issue of The Forum. It was Faulkner’s first
short story published in a national magazine. The story tells
about a young women who is overwhelmingly influenced
by her father. This study was emphasized in the sociology
and psychology of the main character in the short story. By
analyzing them, the sociology and psychology condition
could be seen the writer present the main character. The aim
of the study is to describe the main character in term of three
dimensional aspects in the short story A Rose for Emily by
William Faulkner.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The discussion in this study focused on Emily as the
main character. In the previous years, there were some
students analyzing about the character.
“The Analysis of the Main Character in Terence RattiGan’s
“The Winslow Boy” Based on Psychology and Sociology”
written by Adhiguna (2003). This undergraduate thesis was
concerning about the analysis of a character in drama based
on sociology and psychology approach. The undergraduate
thesis is related to this study because it is also focused on
sociology and psychology aspects of the main character. In
analyze the undergraduate thesis used same theory that is

204
theory psychology by Karl Bernhardt (1953). The difference
between this undergraduate thesis and this study is in the
source of data, the undergraduate thesis analyze the main
character in a drama, while this study used a novel The writer
analyze two main character that analyzed those are Arthur
Winslow and Chaterine Winslow. It made the thesis is not
focus. This study only analyzes main character, Jane. It made
this study more focus to analyze sociology and psychology.
The undergraduate thesis entitled “ A Psychological
Analysis of the Main Character in “The Shawshank Redemption”
written by Suardana(2008). The method of characterization
that is being used in this screenplay is the character on
the other character method. The thesis took same topic
about psychology and analyze method of characterization.
The theory that used in the thesis and this study were
theory literature and theory psychology. Meanwhile, the
undergraduate thesis and this study, used different data
source the writer focused on analyzed novel. Beside used
theory literature from William Kenney the thesis confused. The
problems of the thesis analyze of main character. However,
the other character explained in analyzed. It made analyzed
not focus and confused. The psychology that analyzed in the
thesis those are appetites, wants, emotions as motives, feeling
and attitude, and social motives. Meanwhile, this study more
focus to analyze in attitude, feeling and emotion.

3. RESEARCH METHOD
Research method is the methodology that is used
in analyzing a data, it is contains data source, method and
technique of collecting data, and the method and technique

205
of analyzing data.
The data source in this study were taken from a short
story by William Faulkner entitled A Rose for Emily. In this
study, the short story A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner
was chosen to be analyzed. It was one of the famous short
story published in 1930, which is the genre of this story is a
horror literary fiction romance flash back tragedy by Emily as
the main character. This study focused on Emily as the main
character because this short story can build such atmosphere
that affected the emotion and feeling the readers.
The methods used in collected the data in this study
used library research by note taking. The working procedure
was divided into several steps. The first step was reading
the short story repeatedly and intensively to understand the
content of the short story. Then, the second step was reading
the theory book and browsing to the internet, in order to get
more information that are relevant to the topic.
The methods used in analyze the data of study is
qualitative and descriptively presented. It was analyzed
using the theory Lajos Egri in Sukada “Three dimensional
aspect”. The technique of analyzing data is the process to
find and arrange the data systematically, by organizing the
data into categories, describing the data into units, arranging
the data into pattern, and making conclusion.

4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
There is theory that become the theoretical framework
for this writing; The theory is three dimensional aspects
proposed by Lajosegri in Sukada “Beberapa Aspek Tentang
Sastra”. Three dimensional aspects are physiological,

206
sociological, and psychological dimension.

4.1. Three dimensional Aspects

To Analyze the second problem used the theory
proposed by LajosEgri in Sukada (1987;135) who proposes
the three dimensions as the basic structure of the character,
namely the following;

4.1.1. The Physiological Aspect

This is the physical aspect of a character, which affects
his/her sociological experience and behavior. The physicality
of a person makes the first impression, which dictates how a
person will be treated, and this, in turn, affects a person’s life
experience and behavior.

4.1.2. The Sociological Aspect

This is the sociological aspect of a character, which
affects his/her behaviorThere are several factors at play for
this aspect of character, and along with the physiological,
these aspects shape behavior.

4.1.3. Socialization and Personality

Because the main character lives in society, so he
must do socialization. According to Roucek and Warren,
socialization is the process, begun in infancy, by which the
human organism, learning socially approved attitudes, ect.

4.1.4. Cooperation
Cooperation means working together for common
goals. Its one of the most basic of the social processes.

207
Cooperation may or may not involve a dividing of different
types of tasks.

4.1.5. Competition
Competition is an individual struggle for scale goals.
These goals may be material or non material.

4.1.6. Conflict
Conflict is the attempt to eliminate a rival from the
competitive process. From individual efforts to get as large a
share as possible of the scare thing.

4.2. The Psychological Aspect

This is the way a character behaves, which is the
culmination of that character’s physiological and sociological
aspects.  This is the part of character analysis that involves
labeling the character as a “type” or using adjectives to
describe that character.  

4.1.2. The Human Motivation

There is a reason for everything that we do. All human
activity has some causes.

4.2.1. Appetites
Man is so complex that he required certain things in or-
der to keep living. The motives or directing that activity finally
ends in satisfaction of the self-need. It is called appetites.

4.2.2. Wants
Wants are modified though experience and present

208
a changing shape in the development of the person from
infancy to adulthood and to old age.

4.2.3. Emotions and Motives

It is necessary in this time to indicate how emotional
experiences direct activity. Besides, the intense emotion of fear
and anger, the milder forms are sentiments and moods that
dictate the course of action to be followed by the individual
(Bernhardt, 1953: 50).

5. ANALYSIS
In this writing, the main character would be analyzed
based on the physiology, psychological, and sociological
aspect.

5.1. Physiological Aspect

The analysis on the physiological dimension character
of the main character, Emily Grierson is about the physical
appearance which includes some physical aspects, such as,
skin color, eye color, sex, age, heredity, strength, size of body,
and so on. Physiologically Emily is described as follow;

5.1.1. Miss Emily is Negro, fat in black, with a thin gold

chain descending to her waist and vanishing into her
belt, learning on an ebony cane with a tarnish god
head. It can be seen from the quotation bellow;

“They rose when she entered a small, fat woman in black, with
a thin gold chain descending to her waist a vanishing into her
belt, learning on an ebony cane with a tarnished gold head. Her
skeleton was a small and spare; perhaps that was why what would

209
 have been merely plumpness in another was obesity in her. She
looked blonted, like a body long submerged in motionless water,
and of that pallid hue. Her eyes, lost in the fatty ridges of her face,
looked like two small pieces of coal pressed into a lump of dough as
they moved from one face to another while the visitor stated their
errand”. (Faulkner,1930:344)

5.1.2. After her father died, Emily became ill for along tome
because the death of two people whom very close to
her. When she visible after illness, she had hair cut,
and looked short tragic and serene. The quotation
bellow will explain it;

“She was sick for a long time. When we saw her again, her hair
was cut short, making her look a girl, with a vague resemblance
to those angels in colored church windows-sort of tragic and
serene”. (Faulkner,1930:346)

From the explanation above, Miss Emily

Physiologically described through her physical
appearance as a slim figure at first, than as the time
past, she became a small old woman who lived in
obesity of her own body.

5.2. Psychological Aspect

The term psychology is related to that branch of
knowledge investigating and studying human behavior
and activities in which the behavior and activities as the
manifestation of the psychological state. Psychologically
Emily described as follow;

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5.2.1. Personality
Personality deals with qualities of a person. It is that
which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a
given situation.
a. When Miss Emily felt depressed after two people, her
father and her sweetheart who were much closed to
her and she loved very much died. She became more
introvert and close-minded. It can be seen from the
quotation bellow;

“…..After her father death she went out very little, after her sweet
heart went away, people hardly saw her at all….”( Faulkner,
1930:346)

5.2.2. Behavior
In “A Rose for Emily”, Emily’s bizarre behavior can
be attributed to her inability to let go of the past (including
letting go of the dead).
a. At the beginning of the story, when the mayor writes a
letter asking her to meet with him, she replies with “ a
note on an archaic shape, in a thin flowing calligraphy”
saying that she did go out anymore. Hence, the note
and the way it was written show that Ms. Emily is stuck
is the past as she writes in an “old fashioned” style
(calligraphy) on old fashioned paper. The quotation
bellow will explain it;

“When the next generation, with its more modern ideas, became
mayors and aldermen, this arrangement created some little
dissatisfaction. On the first of the year they mailed her a tax notice.
February came, and there was no reply. They wrote her a formal
letter, asking her to call at the sheriff’s office at her convenience. A

211
 week later the mayor wrote her himself, offering to call or to send
his car for her, and received in reply a note on paper of an archaic
shape, in a thin, flowing calligraphy in faded ink, to the effect that
she no longer went out at all. The tax notice was also enclosed,
without comment.”( Faulkner, 1930:344)

b. The iron gray hair lying on the pillow next to the corpse
of Homer Barron is one the greatest symbols of Ms.
Emily’s bizarre behavior. The iron grey hair shows that
Ms. Emily has killed Homer Barron and has slept with
the corpse for many years. It describe in this quotation;

“The man himself lay in the bed. For a long while we just stood
there, looking down at the profound and fleshless grin. The body
had apparently once lain in the attitude of an embrace, but now the
long sleep that outlasts love, that conquers even the grimace of love,
had cuckolded him. What was left of him, rotted beneath what was
left of the nightshirt, had become inextricable from the bed in which
he lay; and upon him and upon the pillow beside him lay that even
coating of the patient and biding dust.”(Faulkner, 1930:350)

5.2.3. Emotion
Emotions deals with strong feeling of any kind :
love, joy, hate, fear, and jealously. (Hornby,1989;394). Anger
motivates individuals to fight, to attack and to say things that
would be beneath their dignity if they were not dominated
by emotion.
a. When the town had just let the contracts for paving the
sidewalks and in the summer after her father’s death
they have begun the work. The construction company
cane with niggers and mules and machinery and a
foreman named Homer Barron. Then, Miss Emily ha an
interest to Homer Barron, a Yankee, dark, ready man,

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 with a big voice and eyes lighter than his face. It shows
the emotion in psychological of love feeling on Emily’s
character. The quotation bellow will;

“At first we were glad that Miss Emily would have an interest,
because the ladies all said, “Of course a Grierson would not think
seriously of a Northerner, a day laborer.” But there were still others,
older people, who said that even grief could not cause a real lady to
forget noblesse oblige- -without calling it noblesse oblige. They just
said, “Poor Emily. Her kinsfolk should come to her.” She had some
kin in Alabama; but years ago her father had fallen out with them
over the estate of old lady Wyatt, the crazy woman, and At first
there was no communication between the two families”(Faulkner,
1930:347)

b. Miss Emily jealously with Homer Barron, when she

knows that he liked man. It was known that he drank
with the younger man in the Elk’s club. So she decided
to kill him by used some poison like “Arsenic”. The
quotation billow will explain it;

“So the next day we all said, “She will kill herself”; and we said
it would be the best thing. When she had first begun to be seen
with Homer Barron, we had said, “She will marry him.” Then
we said, “She will persuade him yet,” because Homer himself had
remarked—he liked men, and it was known that he drank with the
younger men in the Elks’ Club—that he was not a marrying man.
Later we said, “Poor Emily” behind the jalousies as they passed
on Sunday afternoon in the glittering buggy, Miss Emily with her
head high and Homer Barron with his hat cocked and a cigar in his
teeth, reins and whip in a yellow glove.”( Faulkner, 1930:348

5.2.4. Motivation
Motive is something which causes somebody to act in
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a particular way, reason.
For Emily, everything that she did had a motive.
Emily killed Homer Barron by “arsenic” that her bought
because she jealously and afraid of alone. It is the impact of
her father which always controlled her like a shadow behind
her. When her father died, she became ill for along time. So,
she decided to kill him and kept the corpse of Homer Barron
in her house for more than thirty years until her dead. It
shows the psychopath character of Emily. It can be seen from
the quotation bellow;

“I want some poison,” she said to the druggist. She was over thirty
then, still a slight woman, though thinner than usual, with cold,
haughty black eyes in a face the flesh of which was strained across
the temples and about the eyesockets as you imagine a lighthouse-
keeper’s face ought to look. “I want some poison,” she said.
The druggist looked down at her. She looked back at him,
erect, her face like a strained flag. “Why, of course,” the druggist
said. “If that’s what you want. But the law requires you to tell what
you are going to use it for. “Miss Emily just stared at him, her head
tilted back in order to look him eye for eye, until he looked away and
went and got the arsenic and wrapped it up. The Negro delivery
boy brought her the package; the druggist didn’t come back. When
she opened the package at home there was written on the box, under
the skull and bones: “For rats.”” (Faulkner, 1930:347-348)

5.3. Sociological Aspect

The analysis on sociological aspect of the main character
is useful in order to know Emily’s social background relation
between Miss Emily and the people around her used the
character on character method.

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5.3.1. Occupation
During she gave lessons in china-painting, she had
closed her front door, save for a period of six or seven years,
when she was about forty. The quotation bellow will explain it;

“From that time on her front door remained closed, save for a period
of six or seven years, when she was about forty, during which she
gave lessons in china-painting. She fitted up a studio in one of the
downstairs rooms, where the daughters and granddaughters of
Colonel Sartoris’ contemporaries were sent to her with the same
regularity and in the same spirit that they were sent to church
on Sundays with a twenty-five-cent piece for the collection plate.
Meanwhile her taxes had been remitted.”( Faulkner, 1930:349)

5.3.2. Social Stratification

Miss Emily lived in big house, squarish frame house
that had once been white; it decorated with copulas and
spired and scrolled balconies. From it, the author wants to
describe that an aristocratic family could have this kind of
house. It can be seen from the quotation bellow;

“It was a big, squarish frame house that had once been white,
decorated with cupolas and spires and scrolled balconies in the
heavily lightsome style of the seventies, set on what had once been
our most select street. But garages and cotton gins had encroached
and obliterated even the august names of that neighborhood; only
Miss Emily’s house was left, lifting its stubborn and coquettish
decay above the cotton wagons and the gasoline pumps-an eyesore
among eyesores. And now Miss Emily had gone to join the
representatives of those august names where they lay in the cedar-
bemused cemetery among the ranked and anonymous graves of
Union and Confederate soldiers who fell at the battle of Jefferson.”(
Faulkner, 1930:343-344).

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5.3.3. Human Relationship
Ms. Emily might have stayed out of the public eyes
after the two deaths because she was finally alone, something
she in her petty life was not use to. After her father’s death
she went out very little, after her sweetheart were gone away,
people hardly saw her at all, and she isolated herself from
civilization. It can be seen from the quotation bellow;

“That was two years after her father’s death and a short time
after her sweetheart--the one we believed would marry her --had
deserted her. After her father’s death she went out very little; after
her sweetheart went away, people hardly saw her at all. A few of
the ladies had the temerity to call, but were not received, and the
only sign of life about the place was the Negro man--a young man
then--going in and out with a market basket.”(Faulkner, 1930:346)

6. CONCLUSION
Based on the problem that has been described in the
first chapter and the analysis in the third chapter, some
conclusion can be made in this point, as follows;
In the physiological aspect of character the author uses
discursive method. And it covers age, sex, color of eyes, and
hair and etc. He also use the characters on other characters
method in which one character in the story talked about
other character. Psychologically, Emily was described as a
brae old woman who could face her problems by herself and
though in her own will, she had firmness of will and these
iron prides have not kept her from being frustrated and hurt.
The sociological aspects of the Emily’s character covers the
social activity, social stratification, human relationship.

216
REFERENCES
Adhiguna. 2003.The Analysis of the Main Character in Terence RattiGan’s
“The Winslow Boy” Based on Psychology and Sociology. Medan:
Department of English Faculty Of Cultural Studies, University
Of Sumatera Utara.
DiYanni, Robert. 2001. Literature Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama.
New York: Mc.Graw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
Egri, Lajos.(1987;135). Three dimensional aspects in Sukada. Great
Britain :hrtnolls ltd, Bodmin.athttps://quizlet.com/31488078/
psych-test-3-gazzaniga-11-15-flash-cards/.
Faulkner, William. 1930. A Rose for Emily. Available at: www.lingref.
com/isb/4/511SB4.PDF.
Gill, Richard. 1995. Mastering English Literature. United Kingdom:
Palgrave MacMillan
Kenney, William. 1966. How to Analyze Fiction. New York: Monarch
Press
Suardana. 2008. A Psychological Analysis of the Main Character
in “The Shawshank Redemption”.Denpasar: Department of
English. Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Udayana.
Wellek, Rene, and Austin Warren. 1955. The Theory of Literature.
London: Lowe &Brydone Ltd.

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218
It has been known that there are various kinds of people
with various kinds of characters living in this world. There
are also various kinds of experiences happening that they
have to undergo. These kinds of people and experiences
inspire the authors of literature to write about those
things. This is very important and useful considering that
the life of human beings is very limited and it is expected
that they will know about the world as much as possible.
The only possible and cheapest way of doing it is through
reading literary work. People can have more information,
ideas and the feeling about something without
necessarily experiencing it by themselves. The types of
literary works produced by those authors can be fiction
and non-fiction. The works produced can be based on the
real events, completely imaginative or the combination
of factual and imaginative events. By reading all the
researchers conducted by the students of the Faculty of
Arts and Cultures, it is expected that the readers can
improve their life quality considering that there are a lot
of moral teaching and human behaviors that will be able
to learn.

English Department
UNUD