Received June 27, 2020, accepted July 5, 2020, date of publication July 8, 2020, date of current version July

22, 2020.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3008042

Power Quality in Microgrids Including

Supraharmonics: Issues, Standards,
and Mitigations
AMMAR AHMED ALKAHTANI 1 , (Member, IEEE), SAAD T. Y. ALFALAHI1 ,
ABEDALGANY ABEDALLAH ATHAMNEH2 , ALI Q. AL-SHETWI 1,3 ,
MUHAMAD BIN MANSOR3 , (Member, IEEE),
M. A. HANNAN 3 , (Senior Member, IEEE), AND
VASSILIOS G. AGELIDIS4 , (Fellow, IEEE)
1 Institute
of Sustainable Energy, University Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
2 Electrical
Power Engineering Department, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
3 Department of Electrical Power Engineering, University Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
4 Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark

Corresponding author: Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani ([email protected])

This work was supported by Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Malaysia, under BOLD2025 fund.

ABSTRACT A microgrid (MG) is a small-scale power system with a cluster of loads and distributed gener-
ators operating together through energy management software and devices that act as a single controllable
entity with respect to the grid. MG has become a key research element in smart grid and distribution power
systems. MG mainly contains different renewable energy sources (RESs) that use various technological
advancements, such as power electronics-based technologies. However, it has an unstable output, thereby
causing different types of power quality (PQ) events. As a result, standards and mitigation methods have been
developed in recent years. To mitigate PQ issues due to MG integration, various methods and standards have
been proposed over the last years. Although these individual methods are well documented, a comparative
overview had not been introduced so far. Thus, this study aims to fill the gap by reviewing and comparing
the prior-art PQ issues, solutions, and standards in MGs. We compare the main issues related to voltage sag,
voltage swell, voltage and current harmonics, system unbalances, and fluctuations to ensure high-quality
MG output power. The new technologies associated with MGs generate harmonics emission in the range
of 2–150 kHz, thereby causing a new phenomenon, namely, supraharmonics (SH) emission, which is not
sufficiently covered in the literature. Therefore, the characteristics, causes, consequences, and measurements
of SH are highlighted and analyzed. The mitigation strategies, control, and devices of PQ issues are also
discussed. Moreover, a comparison is conducted between the most popular devices used to mitigate the PQ
issues in MG in terms of cost, rating, and different aspects of performance. This review study can strengthen
the efforts toward the mitigation and standards development of PQ issues in MG applications, especially SH.
Finally, some recommendations and suggestions to improve PQ of MG, including SH, are highlighted.

INDEX TERMS Microgrid, power quality, PQ disturbance, renewable energy sources, MG configuration,
distributed generation, smart grid, supraharmonics.

LIST OF ACRONYMS DES Distributed energy source

ANN Artificial neural network DG Distribution generator
BFA Bacteria foraging algorithm DVR Dynamic voltage restorers
CB Circuit breaker EV Electric vehicle
ESS Energy storage system
FC Fuel cell
The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and GC Grid code
approving it for publication was Ahmed F. Zobaa . GA Genetic algorithms

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HVRT High-voltage ride-through As a result of the rapid expansion of the power grid
LVRT Low-voltage ride-through and their complex structure due to the wide area of DESs,
MG Microgrid MG can be considered the most intelligent solution for opti-
MPC Model predictive control mal operation [3]. It has been developed to overcome the
PV Photovoltaic RESs’ limitation and improve the operation of power systems
PCC Point of common coupling by enhancing the voltage profile and reducing the distri-
PQ Power quality bution feeders’ energy losses, enhancing system reliability,
RES Renewable energy source minimizing environmental pollution, and reducing electricity
STATCOM Static synchronous compensator bills [4]. The technologies that are currently designed for DG
SVC Static VAR compensator systems are focused on RESs (photovoltaic [PV] and wind
SH Supraharmonics turbine [WT]) and low-emission DGs (microturbines and
THD Total harmonics distortion fuel cells). Thus, large-scale deployment of MG contributes
UPQC Unified PQ conditioner significantly to the reduction of CO2 emissions and helps
VUF Voltage unbalance factor mitigate climate change. However, one of the most related
WT Wind turbine technical challenges with the control and operation of either
standalone or grid-connected MG systems is power qual-
ity (PQ) issues. These challenges are a major concern in the
MG system due to the structure, operating mode (standalone
or grid-connected), and performances of DESs in MG [5].
Some of the PQ problems caused by the high penetration
of DGs are current harmonics, voltage harmonics, voltage
swell or sag, fluctuation, unbalance, malfunction of protective
devices, overloading, and failure of electrical equipment [6].
MG sources highly depend on power electronics devices such
as converters; thus, a high-frequency emission will lead to
new phenomenon, namely, supraharmonics (SH) emissions.
FIGURE 1. Annual power generated from RESs worldwide in recent SH emissions can be characterized as the injection of har-
years [1]. monic by grid devices into an installation by grid devices
with a 2–150 kHz frequency range. Emissions in such a
I. INTRODUCTION frequency range have raised concerns because of the increas-
The rapid growth of the global energy consumption is the key ing existence of power electronic interfaces, which include
reason for high fossil fuel usage and rising greenhouse gas devices such as DC/AC converters, electric vehicles, and heat
emissions. Relevant concerns have encouraged the renewable pumps, in addition to the charge controllers of PV and wind
power generation sector to conduct extensive research to systems [7].
determine how to replace traditional fossil fuels and decrease With the increase in MG installation and to ensure high
environmental problems. For this reason, the installation and quality of its output power, some standards and require-
integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into the cur- ments have been developed recently [8], [9]. These stan-
rent power system have grown dramatically in recent years, dards cover different issues related to the integration of tech-
as illustrated in Fig. 1. For grid-connected RESs, hydropower nical problems and PQ issues, which are investigated and
no longer accounts for half of the cumulative renewable reviewed extensively in ýthe literature [10]–[13]. Standard
power capacity in operation, falling below 48% by the end and grid code (GC) requirement compliance verification has
of 2018. Wind power rose to compose roughly 25% of the to be performed during the advancement of RES integra-
installed renewable power generation capacity, while solar tion. In this regard, some studies have made an effort to
PV exceeded 20% for the first time. Overall, renewable give proof of compliance and verification with the technical
energy has grown to account for more than 33% of the world’s regulation that is already listed in modern GCs and other
total installed power generating capacity [1]. However, due standards. For instance, a mitigation technique for voltage
to their dependence on weather conditions, types of fuel sag in MG according to IEEE standards is proposed in [14]
(i.e., fuel cell), and the small amount of power they gener- and according to German GC in [15]. Compliance with the
ate, RESs are combined with existing distribution genera- frequency and voltage regulations based on the German GC
tors (DGs) and energy storage systems (ESSs). Furthermore, was evaluated for an MG linked main grid in [16]. Moreover,
many countries encourage connections of RES-based DGs to on the basis of recent standards, the swell, unbalance, fluc-
a distribution network known as distributed energy sources tuation, and harmonics issues are mitigated in MG systems
(DESs). Therefore, the concept of microgrid (MG) is devel- by using external devices such as static synchronous com-
oped, which is defined as a set of DESs and interconnected pensator (STATCOM) [17], [18], dynamic voltage restorers
loads within clearly delineated electric boundaries that per- (DVR) [19], static VAR compensator (SVC) [20], [21], and
form as a single grid [2]. unified PQ conditioner (UPQC) [22].

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The DVR is used to mitigate voltage sag and swell to rules, standards, and regulations with respect to PQ issues.
improve the PQ in MG that contains PV and batteries, show- Furthermore, an in-depth analysis is conducted in terms of
ing good performance [23]. Another study introduced the the issues and mitigation methods of PQ that are already
DVR to address voltage fluctuation and disturbances [24]. applied to achieve high-quality of MG output power. More-
The outcomes of this study showed that the DVR improved over, the SH is investigated in terms of characteristics, causes,
the performance of critical or sensitive loads connected to a consequences, and measurements as a new phenomenon that
MG that is sensitive to voltage fluctuation. Moreover, DVR is needs much attention because of the existence of power
used to reduce the harmonics produced by converters of MG electronic interfaces in MG systems. Finally, the possible
units, as introduced in [25]. As a conventional power device, recommendations for future research related to PQ on MG,
STATCOM is used to overcome the voltage sag and swell including SH, are presented. This work considerably adds to
and thus enhance voltage stability in [26], reduce harmonics the existing literature with regard to research trends in the
in [27], mitigate unbalance in [28], reduce power fluctuation field.
in MG, and increase the voltage regulation and system power
factor [29]. The SVC is developed to solve various critical II. OVERVIEW OF MICROGRID
PQ problems in MG systems [20], [21], [30]. For the same In 1882, Thomas Edison installed the first electric power
purpose, other custom power devices such as UPQC are system in Manhattan; this system was an as-yet undiscovered
used. The authors in [31] proposed a design of MG with a MG [44]. The global energy demand has increased dramati-
suitable UPQC to handle harmonic distortion according to cally in recent years. Therefore, a trend of evolving MG in
IEEE 519-1992 standards. the electrical sector is taking place around the world [45].
The UPQC is also used in [22] to mitigate sag and swell MG, in general, is a small-scale electrical system with a load
in an MG that consists of a hybrid PV/wind system via cluster and DESs that work together via software and devices
injection or absorbing reactive current. These custom power for energy management. The MG is designed to provide
devices can mitigate the PQ incidence in MG to some the efficiency of a local community’s power supply. It is
degree. However, they can increase the cost and complex- always connected at low-voltage levels but sometimes at the
ity of the MG system. Optimization methods and new con- medium voltage level associated with some DESs such as
trol strategies are developed to overcome the limitations of microturbines, fuel cells, and PVs together with storage tools
the above-mentioned devices. For instance, particle swarm (e.g., flywheels, batteries, and energy capacitors) and flexible
optimization efficiently achieves optimal voltage unbalance loads [46]. Fig. 2 illustrates the structure components of MG,
compensation in a MG [32] and mitigates MG voltage fluc- which consists of RES, ESS, DG, and loads.
tuation [33]. Other optimization strategies such as model pre-
dictive control (MPC) were utilized in MGs for bus voltage
unbalance and harmonics compensation by [34], while [35]
used fuzzy logic controller to mitigate the voltage sag in an
MG that consists of PV and wind systems. Other controllers
are also used, such as coordinated control of dual-interfacing
converters in [36] to compensate for MG voltage unbalance
and current harmonics.
Although the PQ issues are mitigated using various meth-
ods as discussed above, a comparative overview of PQ issues
and mitigation strategies in MG has not been described so far.
Furthermore, many studies reviewed the PQ for conventional
power systems, such as [37], [38]. Others reviewed various
MG applications, including MG stability [39], MG energy
management [40], planning and operation of MG [41],
MG protection [42], and control strategies of MG sys-
tems [43]. However, no comprehensive review has been con-
ducted for PQ issues, standards, and mitigation strategies for
MG. In addition, some review studies have been conducted
on different GC and standards concerning technical integra- FIGURE 2. Structure of MG.
tion issues such as voltage and frequency profiles; however,
standards and regulations concerning PQ in MG are not suf- Recent years have seen a dramatic increase in world energy
ficiently covered. Furthermore, on the basis of [4], the PQ demand. Therefore, MG development in the power system,
problem in MG may increase its power cost by 10%. SH, mainly in Asia and North America, has increased [45]. In this
as a new PQ phenomenon due to MG advancement, is not context, according to the latest report of MG growth tracker
covered and no standard exists yet in this regard. Hence, this (the 16th edition of Navigant Research’s global MG database)
research introduces an updated review of international GCs, and in terms of MG capacity, Asia has recently emerged as

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the global leader with 40%, followed by North America with RES and supply stored energy to the grid once the power
34%. The total power capacity of MGs by region is shown supply is unable to meet the load demand requirement [49].
in Fig. 3 [47]. The MG can work in either standalone or grid-connected
mode. Table 1 shows a comparison between these different
structures in terms of operation type.

B. AC MICROGRIDS
MG can be classified as AC, DC, and hybrid AC/DC.
Fig.6 shows the typical AC MG. In this system, all DGs that
include storage devices and loads are constantly linked to the
AC busbar network either with a converter or not. Generally,
AC generators such as microturbines, diesel, and WTs could
be linked to the AC busbar directly without converters. Alter-
natively, for DC power supplies such as battery, ESS, and PV
systems, a DC/AC inverter is essential. Therefore, the loads
are connected in a straight line to the AC busbar. AC MG
has many drawbacks, and such a network involves complex
control and synchronization issues. However, this network is
still widely used nowadays [50].
In AC MG, as the power interface among the main power
grid and MG, the point of common coupling (PCC) is imple-
FIGURE 3. Total power capacity of MG by region. mented as shown in Fig. 7. Commonly, the three-phase AC
bus is utilized as PCC and in between the main power grid
MG adoption has several advantages from the technologi- and MG, a fast switch is implemented as a cut-off point [51].
cal and economic points of view, such as cost savings during Under normal conditions, the DG will have the power for
the construction of new transmission lines, flexibility at the the load, and the excess power produced will be sent to the
site of the plant, diversification of energy sources, minimiza- power grid. Once the output power generated by the DGs is
tion of power network losses, and enhancement of system lower than the demand for load, the main grid will regulate
reliability and stability. From a constructional and technical and send the power required to the AC MG. An important
point of view, various forms of DGs combined in MG can be detail to mention is that the regulation of PQ in AC MG is
classified as conventional and non-conventional generators, regulated based on the conventional distribution system and
as shown in Fig. 4. the operation mode [52].

C. DC MICROGRIDS
The majority of MG generators produce DC power, which
should be converted to AC power to fit the current AC net-
work. DC conversion is required at the end of the system
because some equipment requires SC power to operate. How-
ever, the DC-AC-DC energy conversion in AC MG reduces
efficiency and causes energy losses. With the high DC voltage
FIGURE 4. DG types and technologies. operation taken as a reference point, DC MG is designed to
address the issue in AC MG. A DC MG structure is shown
in Fig. 8. Compared with AC MG, DC MG can offer consid-
A. LOW-VOLTAGE RIDE-THROUGH CAPABILITY erable energy savings by decreasing the number of converters
REQUIREMENT TOWARD VOLTAGE SAG MITIGATION in a single MG system process [53]. This category requires
Overall, electricity generation in MG comes mainly from converters to interface the DESs, storage devices, and loads.
hybrid distribution sources of energy incorporating various The authors in [54] claimed that DC MGs are more suit-
sources such as traditional sources, RESs, energy battery able for distribution systems in residential areas than AC
storage, and load aggradation in one system, as illustrated distributed grids and that they cause few PQ issues. One of
in Fig. 5. The power generated from some of these sources the best advantages of DC MG is that it overcomes some
(i.e., PV and WT) cannot be utilized directly due to the char- control problems in the MG, making DG synchronization no
acteristic of the energy formed. In such a case, an electronic longer necessary and ensuring that the controls are largely
power interface is required for energy conversion to regulate dependent on DC bus voltage. Moreover, the primary control
the local power and voltage [48]. Nonetheless, the intermit- is considerably simpler due to the absence of reactive power
tency of RES will impact the MG operation. Therefore, ESS flow management. Furthermore, many modern devices run
is implemented in MG to store extra power produced from on DC power and have no power electronics devices that

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FIGURE 5. Type of hybrid distributed energy sources used in MG.

TABLE 1. Comparison between different structures of MG.

FIGURE 7. Simple configuration of the interface between AC MG and

utility grid.

FIGURE 6. Typical structure of AC MG: single line diagram.

process [53]. The operating DC MG is smoother than AB
cause harmonics. Moreover, the conversion level in DC MG MG because phase monitoring and frequency are not taken
is low because it skips the AC stage in the middle of the into account [55].

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load supply is not compromised. The transient that occurs

during the switching phase must be well controlled to prevent
device destruction in the MG. Thus, PQ issues need more
investigation in this case [57].

III. OVERVIEW OF MG POWER QUALITY

AND STANDARDS
The MG has its own individual conduct and PQ problems
that are unlike those of conventional systems. The challenges
of MG PQ are due to its unique structure, operating mode
(connected grid or standalone), type, and configuration of
MG distribution resources [58]. The issues of MG PQ can
generally be divided into four major types [5]. The first type
is the operating conditions of the MG DESs (fluctuation of
output power generated from RESs such as PV and WT).
The second type is the current and voltage harmonics caused
by the power electronics devices of the DESs. Moreover,
FIGURE 8. Typical structure of hybrid DC/AC MG: single line diagram.
the voltage and current harmonics can be generated by non-
linear loads in the MG system are third type. The fourth type
is MG voltage unbalance. The unbalance problem is normally
D. HYBRID AC-DC MICROGRIDS
generated by unbalanced three-phase loads and the presence
Hybrid MGs consist of AC and DC networks linked
of single-phase loads in the MG. Furthermore, as the integra-
together by large-scale multi-bidirectional converters. This
tion of MG increases dramatically year after year, some GCs
system could decrease conversion stages (DC-AC-DC and
have started to apply strict requirements for PQ issues such
AC-DC-AC) in individual DC or AC MG and thus reduce the
as voltage sag and voltage swell concerning the integration of
occurrence of PQ events. In this type, AC sources and loads
MGs into the main power grid. The universal RESs, MGs, and
are linked to the AC MG busbar, while the DC sources and
smart grids standard-setting group are increasingly becoming
loads are linked to the DC busbar. The storage system can be
aware of SH, which is the distortion of harmonics in the
linked to either of the MGs. Fig. 9 illustrates the single line
frequency range between 2 to 150 kHz [7]. Therefore, this
diagram of a hybrid AC/DC MG [54], [56].
paper will focus on SH issues in MG systems as a new
phenomenon that needs more investigation.

A. MG PQ ISSUES
The term PQ is typically used for a wide range of elec-
tromagnetic events in an electrical power system. With the
high integration of the MG system into the power network,
many studies and regulations concerning PQ issues have been
published in recent years [8]. By means of DG and integration
of DES in the form of MG, the PQ can be improved. PQ issues
have recently become important given the need for reliable
power to meet the needs of customers and the presence and
extensive usage of different kinds of electronic and electrical
gadgets in the commercial and industrial sectors. Table 2
lists and summarizes the PQ problems concerning MG oper-
ation, including its indicators, brief description, and potential
causes and effects.
PQ is a major concern in small-scale islanded systems
because of the presence of nonlinear and unbalanced loads,
FIGURE 9. Typical structure of hybrid DC/AC MG: single line diagram. which forms a larger proportion of the total load. This situa-
tion creates voltage problems such as distortion, fluctuation,
In the grid-connected operation mode, the MG will supply and voltage sags/swells in a relatively weak system [59].
or employ the power from the main grid to meet energy gen- In the islanded mode, disturbances such as distortion and
eration and load demand requirements. When maintenance voltage unbalance are most likely to occur because of the very
or disturbances occur, the MG must isolate itself from the high impedance and the more uneven load distribution com-
main grid and work in autonomous mode. In the operation pared with the grid-connected mode. In the grid-connected
mode, the MG performs efficiently to assure that the critical mode, disturbances such as unbalanced utility voltages and

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TABLE 2. Most important PQ issues related to MG.

voltage sag are the most frequent problems [60]. The voltage and deviations in various electrical quantities such as current,
generated from the sources such as wind, solar and fuel voltage, and power factor. Table 4 lists some of the standards
cells are highly intermittent and thus these sources cannot be to specify the PQ parameters.
connected directly to the grid. Table 3 shows the PQ problems
introduced in different DG units [61]. TABLE 4. List of some standards for PQ parameters.

TABLE 3. PQ issues related to generation units of MG.

The PQ incident is analyzed based on the development

of standards for measuring PQ. This idea means that one
of the major factors that influence the analysis of PQ is the
development of its standards. Two international standards
exist, namely, IEC and IEEE, and different countries with
high RES installation, such as Germany and the US, have
improved their GCs with new standards [22], [62]–[67].
PQ standards have been employed by many researchers, and IEEE Standard 1159-2009, which is a revision of
these PQ standards define the acceptable levels of distortions IEEE Standard 1159-1995, presents the recommended PQ

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requirements and specifications for power systems. All the needs to be investigated and addressed [75]. MG sources
terms and PQ indices are clearly defined and specified. This mainly consist of RESs with a power electronics device that
standard includes some PQ limits and requirements, such as produces harmonics to the system. Thus, MG systems have
voltage sag and swell over-voltages [69]. to reduce harmonics emission according to certain standards
and new GC requirements [76].
B. SAG/SWELL ISSUES IN MG As MG integration specifications into the grid advance,
The sag (dip) event is among the most serious PQ challenges various harmonic distortion criteria are implemented to
that are caused mainly by faults and lead to instability of the ensure that the voltage and current waveform are compatible
power sector. Voltage sag frequently disrupts the operation of with the grid as much as possible. Therefore, some require-
sensitive electronic devices, which is typical in DES systems ments have been imposed on the individual and total harmon-
that consist of MG [22]. Swell, the behavior of which is oppo- ics distortion (THD) limits for DES and MG connected to the
site that of sag, is another serious PQ issue; however, it rarely main power grid [79], [80], [84]. For current THD (ITHD ),
occurs [70]. As the integration of DES and MG increases, all requirements, standards, and GCs are similar, in which the
many standards and GCs are imposing new regulations, ITHD should be less than 5%. UK standards (EREC G83) are
such as low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) and high-voltage more strict, requiring ITHD < 3% [81]. Concerning voltage
ride-through (HVRT) in case of sag and swell, respectively. THD (VTHD ), the literature indicates most countries follow
Such regulations require the MG sources to disconnect from either IEEE or IEC standards [85], in which the VTHD must
the grid in case the sag or swell lasts for a specified time [71]. not exceed 5% at a low and medium voltage where the MG
In the case of sag event, the German standard applies LVRT, can take place. Table 6 presents the limits of current and
in which the MGs have to stay connected and support the voltage in terms of harmonics that should be achieved at PCC.
system by providing reactive power even though the voltage
decreases to 0% from its nominal value for 0.15 s; otherwise, TABLE 6. Current and voltage harmonics distortion limits of the MG
system.
disconnection is compulsory. In the case of a swell event,
the German standard applies HVRT, in which the MG has
to stay connected even though the voltage increases to 120%
from its nominal value for 0.1 s; otherwise, disconnection is
compulsory [72], [73]. The voltage level and time duration for
sag and swell differ from one GC to another. Table 5 shows
the limits of voltage and time duration allowed according to
different countries’ GC and regulations in case of sag and
swell events [8].

TABLE 5. Voltage sag/swell requirements.

D. VOLTAGE UNBALANCE AND FLUCTUATION

Voltage unbalance is the most frequently occurring PQ phe-
C. HARMONICS nomenon. Voltage unbalance factor (VUF), which is a ratio
The nonlinear loads, electronic inverters, computer drives, of positive to the negative sequence of voltage components,
and variable speed motors that generate harmonics are appli- is used to measure the degree of unbalance [86]. Voltage
cable for MGs. Most electrical systems handle harmonics unbalance can have adverse effects on MG power electronics
until a specific amount; however, once it becomes large, it will and power system devices. Power systems will suffer more
result in communication failures, excessive line losses, over- losses and will be less stable under unbalanced conditions;
heating, and trip of the circuit breaker [74]. Many studies are thus, having a balanced system, especially with the diversity
conducted on low-voltage systems to analyze PQ on the basis of MG sources, is paramount [87]. Therefore, certain GCs
of the harmonics problem. MGs are a low-voltage network; and standards criteria have been established to ensure stable
thus, PQ is a significant problem for this type of system, and it and balanced integration of MGs and other DESs to limit

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the VUF. For example, IEEE Std[84] does not allow VUF are widely used. They can cause electronic device failure,
to exceed 3%. The IEC standard requires all DGs to maintain especially with touch technology, noise due to mechanical
the VUF below 2% [80]. Chinese and German requirements resonance excitation, or additional thermal stress, which may
state that the VUF should not exceed 2% [82], [88], [89]. reduce the equipment’s lifetime. In general, electronic con-
The Canadian Standards Association (CAN/CSA-C61000-2- verter units and power line communication systems are two
2) set 2% as the highest permitted limit of VUF; in case of major sources of SH in the grid [96].
unbalanced loading, 3% is allowed [90]. Generally, the global The use of cancellation effects between various equipment
standards indicate that the acceptable VUF limit should be systems was a major factor behind the harmonics emission
within 1% and 2% [88], [91]. standards in IEC 61000-3-2 some 16 years ago [97]. Many
standards and GCs have issued requirements concerning
harmonics, especially for MGs and RESs, as discussed in
Section 3.3. However, recent times have seen an increase
in the number of equipment that implements technologies
based on high frequencies, which cause SH; such equipment
includes PV and wind converters, EV chargers, and computer
power supplies. So far, no standards or limits exist with
regard to SH in the power system in general. Therefore, more
FIGURE 10. Equivalent circuit of grid-connected MG. investigation is needed to organize the SH emission in the
power sector toward high-quality production of power.
The fluctuations in MG are known as slow voltage vari-
ations at switches or steady operations. Typically, the fluc- A. CONSEQUENCES OF SUPRAHARMONICS
tuation of voltage in MG occurs due to changes in solar This family of disturbances is becoming an increasing con-
irradiation, wind speed, battery charge/discharge, and load cern in the industry, especially with the growth of distributed
variations [16]. An essential detail to mention is that volt- and embedded generation using inverters. The large number
age fluctuations can be caused by sources whose output of distributed RESs with fluctuating power infeed can have an
power changes widely with time. Fig. 10 shows the equiv- increasingly negative influence on the electricity supply sys-
alent circuit of grid-connected MGs sources. The voltage tem. High-frequency emissions in future grids and the impact
between DESs that build MG and the main grid is the Z on connected consumers are expected to increase [98]. SH are
impedance voltage and the current is I = P-jQ/Vpcc . Then, receiving attention because of their possible impact on other
the voltage change is 1V = Vg -Vpcc = IZ= (P-jQ/Vpcc ).Z. devices connected to a network [99]. In this regard, SH can
Thus, on the basis of these formulae, active power or reac- increase capacitive currents that can damage the power sup-
tive power variations delivered into the grid create voltage ply, increase the neutral current, and thus increase the safety
fluctuations of the main utility grid [92]. As imposed by risk. Furthermore, it can cause (a) faults in touch-controlled
IEC standards, voltage fluctuations can vary by ±10% of operator components and lamp dimmers; (b) reduction in
its nominal value [80], [93]. According to the European the service life of LED lamps; (c) communication prob-
Standards (EN 50160), ±10% nominal voltage is permitted lems (for example, PLC communications); (d) overheating
in 10-minute intervals, but ±15% is sometimes allowed [94]. of transformers and capacitor banks; (f ) failures in protection
In general, most GCs follow IEC standards. Thus, fluctuation devices; (g) lost connections with intelligent meters; and (h)
limits need to be investigated, because, similar to MG, wind interruptions in domestic appliances, medical equipment,
and solar energy are an example of DESs that generate power semiconductor manufacturing equipment, and even trans-
that varies randomly based on weather conditions, thereby portation control systems. Moreover, SH distortions caused
leading to increased fluctuation. by nonlinear loads increase power losses and thus have an
adverse impact on the distribution systems and components
IV. SUPRAHARMONICS of electric utilities. Finally, SH are known to cause instability
SH was previously within the classical PQ frequency in weak networks with inverters of MG systems, with the con-
range (i.e. 0–2 kHz). However, the ongoing increase in sequent spurious tripping of inverters [100]–[102]. Therefore,
power electronics-based devices such as MG sources makes the effects of SH are hazardous if not taken seriously.
high-frequency noise beyond 2 kHz, specifically SH, which
is within the range of 2–150 kHz, a subject of concern. B. CHARACTERISTICS OF SH
In general, SH is present at the further end of the frequency The effort to increase the power factor and decrease the
spectrum. In this regard, the term SH refers to any kind of harmonic content in the lower-frequency range of the output
voltage and current waveform distortion in the frequency current of inverters used in grid-connected devices has led
range of 2 to 150 kHz [95]. Semiconductor switching devices to increased SH emission [103]. In this case, SH originates
produce large harmonics of voltages, as they suddenly chop from the inverter switching circuits and is then pumped into
waveforms of voltage during their transmission from conduc- the grid for as long as the inverter operates. When the inverter
tive to cut-off states. Inverter circuits generate harmonics and is not operating or producing output, the device can become

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possible measurement and mitigation methods and devices

for SH. The authors in [102] suggest that the signal sampling
rate must be chosen as per the rules of signal analysis so
that components up to 9 kHz can be measured. However,
in transforming the data utilizing the FFT, the number of
samples should be processed by a power of two; thus, the total
FIGURE 11. Primary and secondary emissions.
sampling will be 20.48 kHz. The proposed method is shown
in Fig. 12. With the frequency resolution of 5 Hz taken into
account, the calculation of a single FFT of 4,096 samples is
a sink for SH [104]. For the harmonic current at the interface recommended. Finally, FFT components with a 5 Hz resolu-
of a device or a complete installation, the basic principles tion are divided into 200 Hz bands.
are the same and the MG or main grid depends on sources Another type of SH measurement emissions in a smart grid
inside and outside of the device [96]. Sources of MG using or MG is shown in Fig. 13, as proposed in [107]. This system
inverters as output can be both a source and a sink of SH. Two constitutes four-channel acquisition configurations. The first
driving forces exist for the currents at the interface between two channels are used for the measurement of voltage, and the
the grid and the inverter. The resulting currents are referred other two channels are used for the measurement of current.
to as primary emission and secondary emission [7]. Primary These channels calculate the components of fundamental and
emission is the part of the harmonic or SH current driven by SH harmonies individually such that the dynamic range of
power electronic or other sources in the device or installation the recording device is maximized. Channel 1 comprises a
(driven by I1 in Fig. 11). Secondary emission is the part driven step-down transformer. A second-order high-pass RC filter is
by sources outside of the device or installation (driven by V2 used to filter the fundamental, and lower-order harmonics in
in Fig. 11). The current measured at the device-grid inter- the signal is placed in channel 2. This channel also contains
face, I , is the total of the secondary and primary emissions. a varistor, a Zener diode series connection, and a voltage
V2 plays a much larger role for SH than for lower-frequency divider to regulate the voltage. An isolation transformer is
harmonics [105]. used to ensure user safety. The electrical circuit of this type
of test is illustrated in Fig. 14 [107].
C. MEASUREMENTS AND MITIGATION OF SH The same current is measured by using two Rogowski coil
Smart power grids have made SH emissions relevant [106]. sensors. The first Rogowski coil has a bandwidth ranging
These grids support the use of emerging technology, such from 23 Hz to 1 MHz, and the other one has high sensitivity
as demand-side management, EVs, DGs, and RESs. The and a bandwidth ranging from 150 Hz to 6 MHz. In channel 3,
effect of MG resources on PQ, which is linked to higher- the current signal is obtained via the first Rogowski coil. The
frequency injection, is due to the existence of power electron- fundamental component of the current is derived from this
ics interfaces. The number of generating units in the system acquisition. The second coil filters the basic component of
affects emissions within the frequency range from 2 kHz to the measured current. Therefore, on the second Rogowski
150 kHz, thus causing SH emission. Therefore, analysis of coil output, a first-order RC high-pass filter is used to filter
higher-frequency emissions is important because such emis- out the harmonics of lower order. On channel 4, the filtered
sions may have an impact on the PQ of the MG system and signal can be displayed and received. Better sensitivity helps
the electrical grid. Recently, some researchers studied the in measuring low-amplitude emissions at higher frequencies.

FIGURE 12. SH emission measurement method [102].

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A. DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORERS (DVR)

A DVR is used in MG system PQ mitigation, as shown
in Fig. 16. The DVR is used to handle voltage sag and
swell, thus improving the PQ of MGs that contain PV and
batteries [23]. However, some limitations in terms of LVRT
still exist. Therefore, [112] used an optimization technique
to enhance the performance of the DVR in solving the sag
problem in the MG system. The fuzzy logic-based DVR is
used to overcome the sag and swell in an MG connected
FIGURE 13. System design block diagram for measuring SH emissions. grid. MPC was applied by [113] to enhance the performance
of the DVR and tolerate the sage and swell in an MG that
consists of a PV, supercapacitor, and battery. The results show
that the proposed DVR-based MPC system can compensate
for sag/swell and thus keep the MG stable. For accurate sag
detection and compensation for islanded MG, the DVR is
applied in [114]. The results show the ability of DVR to
mitigate the sag event during different types of grid fault.
The voltage fluctuation in MG, including RESs, is mitigated
using DVR. The results show the DVR’s efficiency in over-
coming the fluctuation of an MG that contains PV and wind
systems, which depend on unstable sources. Wind/PV/fuel
cell and main grid voltage unbalance and harmonics at the
AC bus are tolerated by using DVR efficiently, as proposed
in [115]. PQ mitigation using DVR based on the standard
requirements is proposed by [21]. The effectiveness of this
method reduced VUF to less than 1%, while current and
FIGURE 14. Electrical circuit of SH emission measurement [107]. voltage THD reduced to less than 5%, as stated in recent inte-
gration requirements. Overall, DVR is one of the best devices
for mitigating PQ issues in the conventional power system
High-pass filtration is important to achieve a better dynamic and MGs.
range between the largest and smallest quantities during
measurement due to the very small amplitude of the SH
components [60], [107], [108]. B. STATCOM AND SVC
The up-to-date technology in measuring SH emission is a STATCOM and SVC are other devices used to solve PQ
single device that performs all the required stages of detec- issues. These two devices, which are shown in Fig. 17, are
tion, filtering, and recording. This device, which is shown in flexible AC transmission system devices and have been used
Fig. 15, should be mounted between the switching converter extensively in recent years to solve many PQ issues that are
and the grid [109], [110]. The authors in [111] proposed a mainly due to RES integration, such as LVRT, to overcome
method to access the SH with sampling reduction on the basis the sag events in PV systems [116] and wind systems [117].
of compressive sensing and analog filter bank. This strategy The authors in [117] compared the effectiveness of SVC and
has shown good results in terms of SH analysis, enabling sam- STATCOM in addressing the sag event and found that the
pling rate reduction and good frequency estimation. A key STATCOM contributes more to the transient margin com-
detail to mention is that the SH mitigation techniques are not pared with the SVC. In [118], STATCOM was used to miti-
covered yet possibly because of the lack of relevant accurate gate voltage fluctuations in high penetration of DREs as MG.
measurements and standards. Therefore, careful attention and In addition, STATCOM was used for voltage fluctuation mit-
rapid solutions are required for the high integration of MG igation and reactive power compensation in MG in [119].
that has different sources that cause SH emission. Another study showed the ability of STATCOM to reduce
power fluctuation in MG and increase the voltage regula-
V. POWER QUALITY MITIGATION DEVICES, METHODS, tion and system power factor [29]. For harmonics mitigation
AND CONTROL STRATEGIES IN MG and THD in MG that uses numerous sources such as WTs,
PQ problem mitigation in MG has attracted a great deal of diesel generators, fuel cells, microturbines, and PV arrays,
interest in the last decade due to the increasing involvement STATCOM reduced the harmonics based on IEEE 1547 stan-
of renewable energy sources in the low-voltage grid. Various dards [120]. From the above studies, we can conclude that
devices and control methods could assist in mitigating the risk STATCOM has a high ability to mitigate voltage fluctuation
of PQ in the power system in general. Such methods have and enhance the voltage profile in the MGs system while
been developed for MG integration into the power utility grid. mitigating sag/swell events to a lesser extent. SVC was used

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FIGURE 15. Single device measuring SH on-sit.

compensate for different voltage disturbances, correct voltage

fluctuations, and prevent the entry of harmonic load current
into the power system. It was designed to mitigate the distur-
bances that affect the performance of sensitive and/or critical
loads and thus enhance the quality of the power system [92].
The UPQC is a combination of shunt and series controllers
connected by a common DC bus, as Fig. 18 indicates. The
shunt controller can generate or absorb reactive power at the
connection point. However, the series controller is linked in
series with the MG line to control the line parameters [122].
FIGURE 16. DVR-integrated MG system to mitigate PQ issues.
In [123], the fuzzy logic controller was implemented on
UPQC to minimize the voltage and current harmonics. The
in MG to improve the quality of the delivered power and to results demonstrate that the overall harmonic distortion was
increase system efficiency during voltage sag in [30]. It was reduced from 8.93% to 3.34%.
used for the same purpose in islanded MG by the authors Reference [31] proposes a design of MG with a suitable
in [121] and showed good performance. However, during UPQC to improve harmonic distortion. Results show that the
severe sag events, the SVC performs more poorly than DVR measured voltage sag occurs from 0.2 to 0.3 s with a high
and STATCOM. THD (2.69%). Harmonic spectrum analysis of load current
without UPQC shows a THD of 33.26%. The use of UPQC
C. UNIFIED PQ CONDITIONER obtains a current THD of 3.11%, which meets the IEEE
UPQC is the complete configuration of hybrid filters and 519-1992 standards of less than 5% [31]. The UPQC is used
identified as a multifunctional power conditioner utilized to in [22] to mitigate the sag and swell in an MG that consists of
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TABLE 7. Comparison of various custom power devices.

THD PQ issues were within the required limits, as stated by

different standards and GCs. In [125], a UPQC is designed to
improve PQ, and its performance was evaluated for various
nonlinear loads. The results show that the UPQC reduced
the ITHD and VTHD when ANN control techniques were used
to enhance the overall performance. THD is reduced from
12.6% to 3.7% and from 73.4% to 3.7% for voltage and
current, respectively. Although the UPQC is widely used to
mitigate sag/swell/harmonics, the authors in [126] introduced
the UPQC to mitigate the voltage unbalance in the MG system
connected to the grid. The results illustrate that the UPQC
can detect the unbalance incidence and reduce the VUF to
less than 2%, as stated by standard requirements for MG
integration.
Finally, on the basis of the literature, Table 7 illustrates a
comparison between the most popular devices used to mit-
igate the PQ issues in MG. The comparison was made in
terms of cost, rating, and different aspects of performance.
Overall, DVR is superior to SVC and STATCOM in terms
of addressing voltage sag, swell, fluctuation, and unbalance,
while UPQC offers the best protection for sensitive loads
from low-quality sources.

D. OTHER METHODS AND CONTROL STRATEGIES

FIGURE 17. Typical configuration of (a) STATCOM and (b) SVC used for PQ During the advancement of MG installation, various PQ mit-
mitigation in MG systems. igation methods and control strategies that use optimization
algorithms are developed. For instance, the authors in [127]
proposed biogeography-based optimization to reduce the har-
monics in MG systems to within the required limits. Some
optimization methods were used to enhance the performance
of custom power devices to mitigate PQ issues in MG. In [35],
the fuzzy logic controller was used to mitigate the voltage sag
in an MG that consists of PV and wind systems. SATACOM
was optimized using genetic algorithms (GA) and bacte-
ria foraging algorithm (BFA) by [128] to mitigate the MG
voltage fluctuation. The results proved that the fluctuation
at the end of the busbar is reduced by 10% and 15% for
FIGURE 18. General configuration of UPQC used for PQ mitigation in MG
GA and BFA, respectively, which are higher than the 8%
systems. reduction achieved by a traditional controller. Artificial neu-
ral network (ANN) was used to optimize the SVC tuning
a hybrid PV/wind system via injection or absorbing reactive for voltage and harmonics control in MG. The results of
current. Voltage sag mitigation and THD reduction using the this study show the effectiveness of the proposed control,
UPQC device are improved by an adaptive neuro-fuzzy infer- which reduced the voltage fluctuation to less than 1% from
ence system (ANFIS) [124]. The results show that the sag and the specified voltage and maintained the THD below 5%,

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TABLE 8. Summary of the devices, methods, and control strategies used to mitigate different PQ issues in MG.

consistent with the requirements of the IEEE Standard 519- VI. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
2014 [20]. An MG network is an innovative power network that could
Furthermore, another optimization method was intro- be used to meet potential energy demand in the near future
duced in [129]. The authors in this study presented an toward smart grid and green electricity. Several electric-
MG central controller composed of two layers of model ity sources in the MG network mainly depend on RESs.
predictive controllers to compensate for voltage unbal- However, RES output is unstable and depends on weather
ance by adjusting the negative sequence voltage of their conditions while needing many power electronics devices.
buses to keep the overall voltage unbalance of the net- Thus, the availability of PQ standards, measurement, and
work below the specified limits. To address the voltage sag mitigation approaches are essential factors for the growth of
event, the authors in [130] proposed an adapted voltage MG. This research provided a detailed survey on the issues,
source converter control strategy. Table 8 summarizes the standards, and mitigation of MG PQ. After providing an
PQ devices, methods, and control strategies used to miti- overview of the MG types, development, components, and
gate the different PQ issues in MG. No effective method configuration, this paper discussed the requirements, tech-
or device currently exists to address the SH problem in niques, and schemes available for improving MG PQ issues
MG systems; this matter needs more investigation in the such as voltage sag (LVRT), voltage swell (HVRT), voltage
future. and current harmonic, fluctuation, and voltage unbalance in

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[111] T. M. Mendes, C. A. Duque, L. R. Silva, D. D. Ferreira, and J. Meyer, AMMAR AHMED ALKAHTANI (Member,
‘‘Supraharmonic analysis by filter bank and compressive sensing,’’ Electr. IEEE) received the bachelor’s degree (Hons.)
Power Syst. Res., vol. 169, pp. 105–114, Apr. 2019. in electronics majoring in telecommunications
[112] Z. Li, W. Li, and T. Pan, ‘‘An optimized compensation strategy of DVR from Multimedia University (MMU), the master’s
for micro-grid voltage sag,’’ Protection Control Mod. Power Syst., vol. 1, degree in electronics engineering (telecommuni-
no. 4, pp. 1–8, Jul. 2016. cation system) from Universiti Teknikal Malaysia
[113] M. V. D. Avhad and S. S. Hadpe, ‘‘Performance analysis of a DC micro-
Melaka, in 2011, and the Ph.D. degree from the
grid integrated dynamic voltage restorer with model predictive control
College of Engineering (COE), Universiti Tenaga
strategy,’’ presented at the Asian Conf. Energy, Power Transp. Electrific.
(ACEPT), Singapore, 2017, pp. 1–5. Nasional (UNITEN), Malaysia, in 2015. He is cur-
[114] N. S. Srivatchan and P. Rangarajan, ‘‘Half cycle discrete transformation rently a Senior Lecturer at UNITEN, and the Head
for voltage sag improvement in an islanded microgrid using dynamic volt- of the Wind Energy Unit. His research interests include signal processing,
age restorer,’’ Int. J. Power Electron. Drive Syst., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 25–32, renewable energy, failure analysis, and applied machine learning.
2018.
[115] H. R. Baghaee, M. Mirsalim, G. B. Gharehpetian, and H. A. Talebi,
‘‘A decentralized power management and sliding mode control SAAD T. Y. ALFALAHI is currently pursuing
strategy for hybrid AC/DC microgrids including renewable energy the Ph.D. degree with The Energy University,
resources,’’ IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat., vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 382–392, Malaysia Tenaga. He was a former Lecturer at the
Feb. 2017. Benghazi Technical College, Libya, from 1996 to
[116] A. Q. Al-Shetwi and M. Z. Sujod, ‘‘Modeling and control of grid- 2008, and a Lecturer at the Faculty of Engi-
connected photovoltaic power plant with fault ride-through capability,’’ neering, Omer AL-Mukhtar University, Libya,
J. Sol. Energy Eng., vol. 140, no. 2, Apr. 2018. from 2008 to 2014. He has been a Lecturer at
[117] M. Molinas, J. Are Suul, and T. Undeland, ‘‘Low voltage ride through of the Madinet Elelem University College, Baghdad,
wind farms with cage generators: STATCOM versus SVC,’’ IEEE Trans. Iraq, since September 2015. His research interest
Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1104–1117, May 2008. includes power quality. He has been focusing on
[118] T.-L. Lee, S.-H. Hu, and Y.-H. Chan, ‘‘D-STATCOM with positive-
studying harmonics of power systems.
sequence admittance and negative-sequence conductance to mitigate
voltage fluctuations in high-level penetration of distributed-generation
systems,’’ IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 1417–1428, ABEDALGANY ABEDALLAH ATHAMNEH
Apr. 2013.
received the B.Sc. degree in electrical power engi-
[119] P. Chaudhari, P. Rane, A. Bawankar, P. Shete, K. Kalange, A. Moghe,
neering from Yarmouk University, Jordan, and the
J. Panda, A. Kadrolkar, K. Gaikwad, N. Bhor, and V. Nikam, ‘‘Design and
implementation of STATCOM for reactive power compensation and volt- M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from The University of
age fluctuation mitigation in microgrid,’’ presented at the IEEE Int. Conf. Texas at Arlington, USA. He was a Protection
Signal Process., Informat., Commun. Energy Syst. (SPICES), Feb. 2015, Engineer at National Electric Power Company
pp. 1–5. (NEPCO), Jordan, and the Chairman of the Elec-
[120] M. Goyal, B. John, and A. Ghosh, ‘‘Harmonic mitigation in an islanded trical Power Engineering Department, Yarmouk
microgrid using a DSTATCOM,’’ presented at the IEEE PES Asia–Pacific University. He is currently an Assistant Professor
Power Energy Eng. Conf. (APPEEC), Nov. 2015, pp. 1–5. at Yarmouk University and the Chairman of the
[121] X. Yang, Y. Du, J. Su, L. Chang, Y. Shi, and J. Lai, ‘‘An optimal Renewable Energy Department, Fahad bin Sultan University, Saudi Arabia.
secondary voltage control strategy for an islanded multibus microgrid,’’
IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 1236–1246,
Dec. 2016. ALI Q. AL-SHETWI was born in Sana’a, Yemen,
[122] S. K. Khadem, M. Basu, and M. F. Conlon, ‘‘Integration of UPQC in 1985. He received the B.Sc. degree in elec-
for power quality improvement in distributed generation network—A trical and computer engineering from Hashemite
review,’’ presented at the 2nd IEEE PES Int. Conf. Exhib. Innov. Smart University, Az-zarqa, Jordan, in 2009, the M.Sc.
Grid Technol., Dec. 2011, pp. 1–5. degree in electrical power engineering (renewable
[123] A. Rasheed and G. Keshava Rao, ‘‘Improvement of power quality for energy) from Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan,
microgrid using fuzzy based UPQC controller,’’ Indian J. Sci. Technol.,
in 2013, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical and
vol. 8, no. 23, pp. 1–5, Sep. 2015.
[124] A. Senthil Kumar, S. Rajasekar, and P. A.-D.-V. Raj, ‘‘Power quality
electronics engineering from University Malaysia
profile enhancement of utility connected microgrid system using ANFIS- Pahang, Malaysia, in 2019. He is currently a Post-
UPQC,’’ Procedia Technol., vol. 21, pp. 112–119, 2015. doctoral Research Fellow with the Institute of
[125] M. D. Singh, R. K. Mehta, and A. K. Singh, ‘‘Performance assessment Sustainable Energy, College of Engineering, University Tenaga Nasional,
of current source converter based UPQC for power quality improvement Kajang, Malaysia. His research interests include photovoltaic systems, power
with simple control strategies,’’ J. Elect. Syst., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 276–290, electronics, grid integration, power quality, and power system stability and
2019. reliability.
[126] S. Hoseinnia, M. Akhbari, M. Hamzeh, and J. M. Guerrero, ‘‘A control
scheme for voltage unbalance compensation in an islanded microgrid,’’
Electric Power Syst. Res., vol. 177, Dec. 2019, Art. no. 106016. MUHAMAD BIN MANSOR (Member, IEEE)
[127] K. Sarker, D. Chatterjee, and S. K. Goswami, ‘‘An optimized co-ordinated received the B.Eng. degree (Hons.) from Universiti
approach for harmonic minimization of doubly fed induction generator Teknologi Malaysia, in 2000, the M.Eng. degree in
connected micro-grid system,’’ Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 64, electrical power from Universiti Tenaga Nasional
pp. 58–70, Jan. 2015. (UNITEN), Malaysia, in 2006, and the Ph.D.
[128] H. Bakir and A. A. Kulaksiz, ‘‘Modelling and voltage control of the solar- degree in power electronics from the University
wind hybrid micro-grid with optimized STATCOM using GA and BFA,’’ of Malaya, Malaysia, in 2012. He is currently the
Eng. Sci. Technol., Int. J., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 576–584, Jun. 2020.
Head of the Electrical and Electronics Department,
[129] J. D. Forte de Oliveira Luna, P. Renato da Costa Mendes, and
College of Engineering, UNITEN. His research
J. E. Normey-Rico, ‘‘A convex optimal voltage unbalance compen-
sator for hybrid AC/DC microgrids,’’ presented at the IEEE PES Innov. interests include power electronics (energy conver-
Smart Grid Technol. Conf.-Latin Amer. (ISGT Latin Amer.), Sep. 2019, sion, solar PV, electric vehicle, and energy storage), occupational safety and
pp. 1–6. health (OSH), power quality, EMF studies, statistical pattern recognition, and
[130] J. Chhor and C. Sourkounis, ‘‘Optimal voltage control strategy for grid- finite-element analysis using electrostatic method. He is actively supervising
feeding power converters in AC microgrids,’’ Electr. Power Syst. Res., postgraduate students and has 20 years of experience in providing expert
vol. 176, Nov. 2019, Art. no. 105945. services, particularly, in EMF and OSH.

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M. A. HANNAN (Senior Member, IEEE) received VASSILIOS G. AGELIDIS (Fellow, IEEE) was
the B.Sc. degree in electrical and electronic engi- born in Serres, Greece. He received the B.Eng.
neering from the Chittagong University of Engi- degree in electrical engineering from the Democri-
neering and Technology, Chittagong, Bangladesh, tus University of Thrace, Thrace, Greece, in 1988,
in 1990, and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electri- the M.S. degree in applied science from Concor-
cal, electronic, and systems engineering from the dia University, Montreal, QC, Canada, in 1992,
National University of Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering
Malaysia, in 2003 and 2007, respectively. He was from Curtin University, Perth, Australia, in 1997.
with UKM, where he became a Senior Lecturer, He was at Curtin University, from 1993 to 1999,
in 2008, an Associate Professor, in 2010, and a the University of Glasgow, U.K., from 2000 to
Full Professor, in 2013. He has been a Professor of intelligent systems with 2004, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia, from 2005 to 2006, The Uni-
the Department of Electrical Power Engineering, College of Engineering, versity of Sydney, Australia, from 2007 to 2010, and the University of New
The Energy University (UNITEN), Malaysia, since September 2016. He has South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia, from 2010 to 2016. He is currently
more than 28 years of industrial and academic experience and has authored or a Professor with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical Uni-
coauthored around 300 articles published in international journals and con- versity of Denmark. He received the Advanced Research Fellowship from
ference proceedings. He has been received several IEEE best paper awards. the U.K.’s Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, in 2004.
He is an Associate Editor of IEEE ACCESS, an Editorial Board Member of He was the Vice-President Operations within the IEEE Power Electronics
many journals, and the Organizing Chair for many conferences. Society, from 2006 to 2007. He was an AdCom Member of the IEEE Power
Electronics Society, from 2007 to 2009, and the Technical Chair of the 39th
IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Rhodes, Greece, in 2008.

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