2ND SEMESTER, SY 2020-2021

BASIC CALCULUS

ILLUSTRATING
LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
Week 1, Session 1
LIMIT is the BACKBONE OF CALCULUS
Mathematics of Change

DERIVATIVE

INTEGRAL
LEARNING
COMPETENCY The learners
• illustrate the limit of a function using a
table of values and graph of the function
• distinguish between lim𝑓 x and 𝑓(𝑐)
x→c
• illustrate the limit laws
• apply the limit laws in evaluating the limit
of algebraic functions (polynomial,
rational and radical)
INTRODUCTION
 the variable can only
take values very
close to the constant

but it cannot be equal

to the constant itself

The LIMIT OF A FUNCTION describes how a function

behaves as the independent variable (x) gets closer to a
certain number (c), a constant.
LEARNING
TASK 1 Find the value of f(x) given the specified value of x.
LEARNING
TASK 1 Find the value of f(x) given the specified value of x.

𝑓 9 = 3 9 − 5 = 22
𝑓 2.999 = 5 2.999 2 + 1= 45.97
2
1.5 + 5 1.5 − 3
𝑓 1.5 = = 1.93
1.5 + 2
𝑓 3.8 = |2 3.8 − 7| = 0.6

𝑓 3 = 3 2
+ 5 = 14
DEVELOPMENT
LEARNING Complete the table of values representing the limit of a function.
TASK 2 Compare and analyze the table of values.

14 22
16 21.2
17.2 20
17.6 18.4
17.96 18.004
17.9996 18.000004
Guide Questions:
1. How did you find the values for f(x)?
2. What did you notice about the given values of x in the 2 tables?
3. What did you observe about the values on f(x)?
4. By synthesizing your observations on the values of x and f(x) on the 2 tables, how
are you going to define a limit?
 1
GUIDE
QUESTION How did you find the values for f(x)?

Answer:

➢ By substitution (replacing the variable x by its given

value and simplifying the result)
 2
GUIDE What did you notice about the given values
QUESTION of x in the 2 tables?

4.000001
3.5 3.8 3.9 3.99 3.9999 4.0014.1 4.5 4.8
3 4 5
Answer:
➢ In the 1st table, the given values of x approach 4 from the left.
While in the 2nd table, given values of x approach 4 from the right.
 3
GUIDE
QUESTION What did you observe about the values on f(x)?
22

21

20

19

18

17

16 Answer:

15
➢ The value of f(x) gets closer to 18.
14
GUIDE
QUESTION
By synthesizing your observations
on the values of x and f(x) on the 2
tables,

How are you going to

DEFINE A LIMIT?
Definition of a LIMIT

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑐
LEFT – HAND
LIMIT
𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇 𝒙
𝒙→𝒄 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 = 𝟏𝟖
𝒙→𝟒
RIGHT – HAND
LIMIT
𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇 𝒙
𝒙→𝒄
𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 = 𝟏𝟖
𝒙→𝟒

If 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝑳 and 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝑳 then 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝑳.

𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 + 4𝑥

LEFT – HAND LIMIT

𝑥=4
𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 = 𝟏𝟖
𝒙→𝟒

𝑳 RIGHT – HAND LIMIT

𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 = 𝟏𝟖
𝒙→𝟒

Since the left-hand limit and right-hand

limit are equal, thus
𝐥𝐢𝐦
If 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝑳 and 𝐥𝐢𝐦+𝒙→𝟒 𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 = 𝟏𝟖
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝑳 then 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝑳.
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
ILLUSTRATIVE 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐
EXAMPLE 1 Find 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙−𝟐 using table of values.
Take note that 2 is not in the domain of f, but this is not a problem. In
evaluating a limit, remember that we only need to go very close to 2; we
will not go to 2 itself.

Since the left-hand

limit and right-hand
limit are equal, thus
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏
𝟐 𝒙𝟐
− 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒙→𝟐 𝒙−𝟐
𝒙 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦− = 𝟏 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ =𝟏
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙−𝟐 𝒙→𝟐 𝒙−𝟐
ILLUSTRATIVE 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐
EXAMPLE 1 Find 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙−𝟐 using its graph.

𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦− =𝟏
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙−𝟐
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦+ =𝟏
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙−𝟐

Since the left-hand limit and

right-hand limit are equal, thus
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙−𝟐
ILLUSTRATIVE
EXAMPLE 2 Investigate 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟒
𝒇 𝒙 through a table of values.

This is an example of a piecewise function,

• if 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 4 then we will be applying
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥+1
• if 𝑥 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 4 then we will
be applying 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 4 + 3.2
ILLUSTRATIVE
EXAMPLE 2 Investigate 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟒
𝒇 𝒙 through a table of values.

Since the left-hand limit

and right-hand limit are
NOT equal, thus
lim 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡
𝑥→4
𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑 or we write,
𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟓
𝒙→𝟒 𝒙→𝟒 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇 𝒙 𝑫𝑵𝑬
𝒙→𝟒
ILLUSTRATIVE
EXAMPLE 2 Investigate 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟒
𝒇 𝒙 through the graph.

𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟓
𝒙→𝟒

𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑
𝒙→𝟒
Since the left-hand limit and right-
hand limit are NOT equal, thus
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒐𝒆𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕
𝒙→𝟒
By observation, we can simply say that to find the limits of a
polynomial or rational function we just simply substitute c to
the given function however it is not true for general functions.
Let us illustrate the 3 previous examples.

𝒄 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇 𝒙 𝒇 𝒄
𝒙→𝒄

4 lim 2 + 4𝑥 = 18 𝑓(4) = 18
𝑥→4
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
2 lim = 1 𝑓(2) = ∞
𝑥→2 𝑥−2
lim 𝑓 𝑥 𝐷𝑁𝐸
𝑥→𝑐
4 𝑓(4) = 3
 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒄
𝒙→𝒄

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇 𝒙 ≠ 𝒇 𝒄
𝒙→𝒄

It implies that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒄 it is NOT always true.

𝒙→𝒄
Consider the function f(x) as shown in the graph below. Determine
the limits of a function by observing the behavior of the graph.

= 𝟐. 𝟓

𝑫𝑵𝑬

=𝟎

𝑫𝑵𝑬
Find the following limits
lim 𝑓 𝑥
a. 𝑥→−2
lim 𝑓 𝑥
b. 𝑥→0
lim 𝑓 𝑥
c. 𝑥→3
ENGAGEMENT
LEARNING Complete the given 2 sets of tables of values
TASK 3 to investigate the limits of a function.
LEARNING Complete the given 2 sets of tables of values
TASK 3 to investigate the limits of a function.
LEARNING Consider the function f(x), whose graph is shown below. Determine
TASK 4 the limit of a function, by observing the behavior of the graph.
ASSIMILATION
LEARNING Sketch one possible graph of a function f(x) defined on R that
satisfies all the listed conditions. You can use different colors of pen
TASK 7 and highlight the hole and point on the graph
LEARNING Sketch one possible graph of a function f(x) defined on R that
satisfies all the listed conditions. You can use different colors of pen
TASK 7 and highlight the hole and point on the graph
 LIMITATIONS ONLY EXIST IF
YOU IMPOSE THEM UPON
YOURSELF WITHIN YOUR MIND.
REFLECTION
Open a browser and type the link below.

https://tinyurl.com/BCL1reflection
2ND SEMESTER, SY 2020-2021
BASIC CALCULUS

THANK YOU!
KEEP SAFE!
GOD BLESS!