Trigonometric Functions Class 11 Notes - Chapter 3

Trigonometry deals with the relationship between the angles and sides of the triangles. It is
derived from ‘trigon’ and ‘metron’ (Greek words) that means the measurement of the sides of a
triangle. An angle is the measurement of the rotation of a revolving line w.r.t to a fixed-line. The
angle has +ve or -ve values depending on its rotation [-ve for clockwise rotation and +ve for anti-
clockwise rotation].
Explore more: Trigonometry 

Conventions for Angle measurements

 Sexagesimal system: In this system, the angle is measured in degrees. 1° = 60′ and 1′ =
60″.
 Circular system: In this system, the angle is measured in radian.
1 radian = Angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of length equal to the radius of the
circle.

Relationships between Radian and degree

1 Radian = 180/π degree and 1 Degree = π/180 radian
Functions of negative angles (A)

 sin (-A) = – sinA,

 cosec (-A) = -cosec A,
 tan (-A) = – tan A,
 cos (-A) = cos A,
 cot (-A) = -cot A,
 sec (-A) = sec A.

Trigonometric formulas of compound angles

The resultant of the sum or differences of two or more angles is known as the compound angle
that results in trigonometric identities as mentioned below.

 sin (C + D) = + cosC sinD + sinC cosD

 sin (C – D) = sinC cosD – cosC sinD
 cos (C + D) = cosC cosD – sinC sinD
 cos (C – D) = sinC sinD + cos C cosD
 2 sinC cosD = sin (C + D) + sin (C – D)
 2 cosC sinD = sin (C + D) – sin (C – D)
 2 cosC cosD = cos (C + D) + cos (C – D)
  2 sinC sinD = cos (C – D) – cos (C + D)

Important Trigonometric equations

The equations involving trigonometric functions are known as trigonometric equations. These
trigonometric equations are termed as identities if all the values of unknown angles for which the
functions are defined are satisfied. The solutions of trigonometric expressions for which 0 ≤ θ <
2π is known as the principal solution. The equations involving integer ‘n’ which provides all the
possible solutions of a trigonometric expression is known as the general solution.

Trigonometric Equations General Solution

If sin A = sin P, then A = nπ + (–1)nP for n ∈ Z gives the general solution of the given
trigonometric equation. If cos A = cos P, then A = 2nπ ± P, n ∈ Z gives the general solution of
the given trigonometric equation. If tan A = tan P or cot A = cot P, then A = nπ + P, n ∈ Z, gives
general solution for both the given trigonometric equations.
The general value of A satisfying equations sin 2A = sin 2P, cos 2A = Cos 2P and tan 2A = tan
2P is given by A = nπ ± P. The general value of A satisfying equations sin A = sin P and cos A =
cos P simultaneously is given by A = 2nπ + P, n ∈ Z.

Trigonometric Functions Class 11 Practice Questions

1. Determine the value of [-cos (45° + (-θ))] + sin (θ + 45°).
2. Evaluate tan 3P + tan 2P – tan P
3. Find the minimum value of 4cosx – 5sinx – 87.
4. If tan θ = 3 and θ lies in the 4th quadrant, then find the value of sin θ.
5. Find the value of sin1° sin2° sin3° . . . . . . . . . sin 179°.
6. Find the general solution of trigonometric equation (-3)sin2x + sin3x = 3 cos2x + cosx –
cos3x
7. Determine the general value of θ, If cosθ + sinθ = 1.
8. If 3tan (θ – 20°) = tan (θ + 20°), 0° < θ < 90°, then find the value of θ.
9. Solve the equation sin 2θ + sin θ + sin 3θ = 0.
10. Determine the value of tan 19° + tan 127° – tan 163° – tan 21°.
Permutations and Combinations Class 11 Notes - Chapter 7
What are Permutation and Combination?
When an event happens in m different ways and another event happened in n different ways,
then the total happening number of events is m x n.
Read more: Permutation and Combination

Equation of Permutation
If the permutation of a certain number is denoted by n with respect to time t and repetition is not
allowed, then the equation is denoted by Pnrand is given by Pnr=n!/(n−r)! and 0≤r≤n


o The fundamental principle of counting (FPC)

Let’s suppose from place A, there are m ways to reach a place B and n ways to reach place C.
Then by FPC, there are many ways to go from station A to station C


o The number of permutations of n different things taken r at a time, where p1 is the first
kind of objects and p2 Are the second kind and son on to k then the equation is
represented by
n!/p1!p2…p(k)!
Also Refer: NCERT Exemplar for Class 11 Maths Chapter 7

Equation of Combination
The definition can be constructed as the number of combinations of n different things taken r in
once and is denoted by Cnr and the combination formula is Cnr=n!/r!(n−r)! where
0≤r≤n
Also Refer: NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Maths Chapter 7

Important Questions
1. In an examination, in how many ways can a student select the questions if the question paper
consists of 14 questions divided into Part I and Part II, containing 5 and 9 questions, respectively.
A student is required to attempt 10 questions in all, selecting at least 2 from each part ?
2. If each selection of 4 cards has exactly one king in a deck of 52 cards. Determine the number of
4-card combinations out of them
3. How many such arrangements are possible if we need to seat 5 men and 4 women in a row so
that the women occupy the even places.
 4. In how many ways can the excursion party be chosen for a class of 30 students, if 15 are to be
chosen.
5. In how many ways can all the letters S be formed together to make the word ASSASSINATION.

Sequences and Series Class 11 Notes- Chapter 9

Let us assume that there is a generation gap of 25 years and we are required to find total
ancestors that a person might have over 400 years. Here, the total generations = 400/25 = 16. The
number of ancestors for the 1st, 2nd,3rd, . . . 16th generations form what we call a sequence. The
different numbers occurring in a sequence are known as its terms denoted by m1, m2,
m3, . . . . . , mn, . . . . . etc.. [Here, the position of the term is denoted by the subscript].
A sequence m1, m2, m3, . . . . , mn is said to be an arithmetic sequence or progression if
mn+1=mn+d, n ∈ N, where the 1st term and the common difference of an A.P are denoted by
m1 and d respectively.
Also Refer:  Sequence and Series
Let us consider an Arithmetic Progression with p as the 1st term and d as the common difference,
i.e., p, p + d, p + 2d, . . . . Then the pth term of the A.P. is given by pn = p + (n – 1)d. If a
constant term is added, subtracted, multiplied, or divided to an Arithmetic Progression then the
resulting sequence is also an Arithmetic Progression. Given two numbers p and q. A number A
can be inserted between them such that p, A, q is an AP. Such number is known as the A.M
(arithmetic mean) of the numbers p and q. The sum of the 1st n terms of an A.P (Arithmetic
Progression) is calculated by
Sn=n2[2a+(n−1)d]
The 1st term of a G.P is denoted by ‘a’ and the common ratio by ‘r’. The general term of a
Geometric Progression is given by an=arn−1 and the sum of the 1st n terms is given by,
Sn=a(rn−1)r−1ora(1−rn)1−r
The geometric mean of any two +ve numbers p and q is given by G = pq−−√ and the
sequence p, G, q is also a G.P.
Also Refer:  Sequences and Series Formulas

Sequences and Series Class 11 Practice Problems

1. If Geometric and Arithmetic Mean of two +ve numbers p and q are 12 and 10
respectively, find both the numbers.
2. The fourth term of a Geometric Progression (G.P.) is square of its 2nd term and its 1st
term is -6. Find its 6th term.
3. Determine the sum of n terms of the sequence, 7, 77, 777, 7777, . . . . .
4. Determine the sum of n terms of the series: 3 + 9 + 17 + 27 + 39 + . . . .
5. Find the 24th term of a sequence defined by pn = (p – 1) (3 + p) (2 – p)?
Probability is an integral part of class 11 maths syllabus and has importance for not only the class 11
exams but also for different engineering exams like JEE. Here, a brief introduction to probability is
given based on the class 11 maths syllabus which will help to learn the related concepts quickly and
also to score in the exam.  Also, learn probability and statistics briefly here.

Probability for Class 11: Key Concepts

 An experiment is said to be a random experiment if there are more than one possible
outcomes and it’s impossible to predict the outcome in advance.
 All possible results of an experiment are called its outcome.
 Let us consider an experiment of rolling a die. All possible outcomes are 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1.
The set of all these outcomes {6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1} is known as the sample space (denoted by
‘S’).
 Let us consider an experiment of tossing Two coins once. Since either coin can turn up Tail
or Head, therefore, all the possible outcomes are Both coins – Head = HH, Both coins – Tail
= TT, First coin – Head and Second coin – Tail = HT, First coin – Tail and second coin –
Head = TH. Therefore, the sample space (S) can be represented as = {HT, TT, TH, HH,}.
 For any random experiment, Let S be the sample space. The probability P is a real-valued
function whose domain is the power set of S and [0,1] is the range interval.
 For any event E, P(E)≥0
 P(S) = 1
 If E and F are mutually exclusive events, then P(E ∪ F) = P(E) + P(F)

Events in Probability
The set of all possible outcomes is known as the Sample space. All elements of a sample space are
known as Sample points. An event is a subset of the S (sample space). An empty set is also known
as the Impossible event. The set A′ is known as the Complementary event.

 Event P or Q: The set P ∪ Q

 Event P and Q: The set P ∩ Q
 Event P and not Q: The set P – Q
 P and Q are mutually exclusive if P ∩ Q = φ
 Events P1, P2, . . . . . , Pn are exhaustive and mutually exclusive if P1 ∪ P2 ∪ . . . . . ∪ Pn =
S and Ei ∩ Ej = φ V i ≠ j.
If P and Q are two events, then P(P or Q) = P(P) + P(Q) – P(P and Q) and P(P ∪ Q) = P(P) + P(Q) –
P(P ∩ Q)

 If P and Q are mutually exclusive, then P(P or Q) = P(P) + P(Q)

 If M is an event, then P(not M) = 1 – P(M)