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General Chemistry 1 – STEM 11
Learning Activity Sheets
Quarter 1: Week 1-8
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Q1W1
THE STUDY OF MATTER
Name__________________________________________
Section_________________________________________ Date________________________
Background information
Chemistry is the field of study concerned with the characteristics, composition, and
transformation of matter. Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass. The
term mass refers to the amount of matter present in the sample. Matter may occur naturally and
synthetically such as those produced in the laboratory or industrial setting. The scope of
chemistry is very broad and we encounter these with our daily lives.
There are three physical states of matter, namely solid, liquid and gas. The classification of a
given matter sample in terms of physical state is based on whether its shape and volume are
definite or indefinite. Solid, is characterized by definite shape and volume whether it is placed
in a large container or table top. Liquid is a physical state that is characterized by indefinite
shape and definite volume. It takes the shape of its container to the extent that it fills the
container. Gas is a physical state that is characterized by indefinite shape and indefinite
volume. It always fills the container adopting both the container’s volume and shape. The state
of matter of a particular substance depends on its temperature, pressure, and the strength of
attractive forces that holds the particles together. Water contains all of the three physical
states that is; solid ice, liquid water and gaseous steam.
Various kinds of matter are distinguished from each other by their properties. A property is a
distinguishing characteristic of a substance that is used in its identification and description.
Each substance has a unique set of properties. A physical property is a characteristic of a
substance that can be observed without changing the basic identity of a substance. Common
physical properties include the color, physical state, melting point, boiling point and hardness.
During the process of determining a physical property, the physical appearance may change,
but the substance identity does not. A chemical property is a characteristic of a substance that
describe the way the substance undergoes or resist change to form a new substance. When
chemical properties are specified, conditions such as temperature and pressure are usually
given since they influence the interaction between substances.
Matter can also be classified in terms of its chemical composition, as a pure substance or a
mixture. Pure substance is a kind of matter that cannot be separated into other kinds of matter
by any physical means. Mixture is a physical combination of two or more substances in which
each substance retains its own chemical identity.
Some of the ways of separating mixtures of substances are Filtration that is used to separate
a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture using a filtering membrane, like paper or cloth.
Distillation which separates a liquid in a homogeneous mixture and Decantation which
separate mixtures by removing a liquid layer that is free of a precipitate, or the solids deposited
from a solution.
Learning competency with code
Use properties of matter to identify substances and to separate them (STEM_GCMPIa-b-5)
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Activity 1: Classifying properties as Physical or Chemical

Classify each of the following properties of selected metals as physical property or chemical
property on the blank space provided.
1. __________Melting of ice
2. __________Iron metal rusts in an atmosphere of moist air
3. __________Evaporation of ice
4. __________Mercury metal is a liquid at room temperature
5. __________Nickel metal dissolves in an acid to produce a light green solution
6. __________Potassium metal has a melting point of 63-degree Celsius
7. __________Titanium metal can be drawn into thin wires
8. __________Silver metal shows no sign of reaction when placed in hydrochloric acid
9. __________Copper metal possess a reddish-brown color
10. __________Beryllium metal when inhaled in a finely divided form, can produce
serious lung disease.

Activity 2: Correct use of the terms Physical and chemical in describing changes
Complete each of the following statement about changes in matter by placing the word
physical or chemical in the blank.
1. The fashioning of a piece of wood into round table leg involves a __________ change
2. The vigorous reaction of a potassium metal with water to produce hydrogen gas is a
__________ change
3. Straightening a bent piece of iron with a hammer is an example of __________
change
4. The ignition and burning of a match involve a __________ change
5. The destruction of a newspaper through burning involves a __________ change
6. The grating of a piece of cheese is a __________ change
7. The heating of a blue powdered material to produce a white glassy substance and a
gas is a __________change
8. The crushing of ice cubes to make ice chip is a ____________change
9. The reddish -brown color of iron nail when exposed to moist air is a __________
change
10. The steam produced from boiling water is a __________ change

Activity 2.1 Guided imagery

This activity allows you to explore matter in your surroundings. perform the activity and
write your answers on your paper.
1. Focus on one particular object in the place where you are now. Describe and list all
the physical and chemical properties of your selected object

2. How are you going to describe matter when you pour the cornstarch into the bowl and
take a few minutes to observe it. Describe the color, odor, composition, texture, and
taste Do the same with water, pour it in the bowl and describe the properties of water.

3. What will happen when you mix water and starch together? Describe their properties?
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Activity 3: The composition difference between a Mixture and a Compound

Answer the following analogy on the space provided and briefly discuss your response on
your paper.
1. Consider two boxes with the following contents: the first contains 10 locks and 10
keys that fit the locks; the second contains 10 locks with each lock’s key inserted into
the cylinder. Which box has contents that would be analogy for a mixture and which
box has contents that would be for a compound?

2. Consider two boxes with the following contents: the first contains 30 bolts and 30
nuts that fir the bolts; the second contains the same number of bolts and nuts with the
difference that each bolt has a nut screwed on it. Which box has contents that would
be an analogy for a mixture and which box has contents that would be an analogy for
a compound?

Activity 3.1 Summary of the Properties of matter

List down the properties of the three states of matter according to shape, volume, particles
and compressibility. Use the table below and write your answers on your paper.
STATE SHAPE VOLUME PARTICLE COMPRESSIBLITY

Activity 4: MAKER PROJECT

Instructions:
1. Look for any object in your home that may represent the particles of the three states of
matter
2. Document how you came up with these particles through picture or video
presentation.
3. Write a narrative or description of your work
4. Submit your individual work through your email
5. The following are important points to consider as you perform the activity:
1. Creativity
2. Iteration
3. Initiative
4. Learning
5. Community
GUIDE QUESTIONS: Please answer the following questions on your paper.
1. List down the objects you selected
2. How did you select the objects that represents the particles of the states of matter?
3. Discuss briefly the following:
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a. Part of the activity that you enjoyed the most

b. part of the activity that you experienced difficulty and how were you able to
overcome such challenges

Activity 5: Ways of filtering substances

Identify the following techniques that separates substances or mixtures from each other and
write your answers on the space provided
1. __________This technique is used to separate salt from water, so that salt will be left
behind
2. __________The instrument that will be used to separate iron filing from the sand.
3. __________Solid potato can be separated from liquid hot water through this
technique.
4. __________ A phase change used in the process of separating mixtures where liquid
is changed to gas
5. __________Separation of solid bits from liquid bits using a fabric
6. __________ If a substance has been dissolved in water, it can be separated again
using this technique
7. __________ This is a method of separating two homogeneous liquids that boils or
vaporize at different temperatures
8. __________ It separates a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture using a
filtering membrane, like paper or cloth
9. __________ Separation of a mixture by removing a liquid layer that is free of a
precipitate, or the solids deposited from a solution.
10. __________ Beans in hot water can be separated using this technique.

Activity 6: PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY

Document your experiment

1. Send pictures or video presentation through the email add
2. Write a narrative report about the activity
3. Answer the following questions:
1. Which solvent moved the fastest? Why did you think so?
2. What are the two phases of paper chromatography? Discuss briefly
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3. Enumerate the uses of paper chromatography

4. The procedure, data, result, analysis and conclusion are important points to consider
in this activity

Materials:
Blue/green, black, red ballpen, bond Paper , Pencil, Ruler, 3 containers, Water, Alcohol,
Household bleach

PROCEDURE
1. Make three strips of bond paper of equal size (12 cm in length and 1.5 cm in width).
2. Draw a fine line with a lead pencil, parallel to and 1.5 cm from one edge of the paper. This
line will indicate the bottom of your chromatogram.
3. On this line draw a circle on each strip, about 1.5 cm from one edge. These circles will
indicate the position of your samples.
4. Put a dot of black ballpen in the circle of one strip, red ballpen on the second and blue
ballpen on the 3rd (Note : Avoid excess handling of the chromatography paper, since your
hands may contaminate the ink marker
st
5. Get the three containers and pour 3 tbsp of water in the 1 container, 3 tbsp of alcohol on
nd
the 2 container and 3 tbsp of household bleach on the third container
6. Fix each strip in the marker and let it hang on each container
7. Observe what happens and take note of their time in second
8. Observe further for 20 minutes and record results

DATA AND RESULT: Please answer each question on your paper.

1. Which solvent moved the fastest? Why did you think so?
2. What solvent was able to separate the components of the ink of the ballpen?
3. After 20 minutes, what were the colors produced from the separation of ink
components?
4. What are the two phases of paper chromatography? Discuss briefly
5. Discuss your conclusions and generalizations:
6. Enumerate the uses of paper chromatography
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RUBRICS FOR SCORING GUIDE QUESTIONS

ITEMS EXCELLENT(5pts) GOOD(3pts) MAY STILL
IMPROVE(1pt)
Clarity of insight
Organization of ideas
Credibility of sources

Activity 6.1 Concept map

Complete the concept map below by filling up the boxes with the appropriate concepts using
the linking words as a guide on how these concepts are related to each other. you may write
your answers on your paper.
The following are concepts to be used in this activity:
Matter, physical change, chemical change, appearance, appearance and composition, size,
shape, hardness, texture, phase, release of gas, evolution of heat and light , formation of
precipitate, making ice candy, rusting of iron
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PREPARED BY:
A. CALMA & J. DAVID
ACSCI- SHS
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Q1W2
FORMULAS OF COMMON CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND SIMPLE
SEPARATION TECHNIQUES
Background information
Elements are the building blocks of compounds. A compound is a substance composed of
atoms of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion. They are
represented with symbols known as chemical formula.
Chemical formulas are shorthand symbols for compounds. They are made from symbols of
their elements in a pattern that shows the ratios of atoms present in the compound. For example,
a unit of sulfuric acid is composed of two atoms of hydrogen, one atom of sulfur and four atoms
of oxygen. This can be written as H2SO4. Numbers that appear partially below the line and to
the right of a symbol of an element are called subscripts. Thus the 2 and 4 in the H2SO4 are
subscripts.
Some of the important points to remember when writing a chemical formula is that the formula
of a compound contains the symbols of all the elements in the compound. When the formula
contains one atom of an element, the number one (1) is not used as a subscript to indicate one
atom of an element. When the formula contains more than one group of atoms that occurs as a
unit, parenthesis is placed around the group and the number of units of a group is indicated by
a subscript placed to the right of a parenthesis.
During the early days, when a scientist discovered a new element, they have the honor of
naming it. Now, researchers must submit their choices for a name to an international committee
called the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) before they can be
placed in the periodic table. As researchers continue to discover elements and expand the
periodic table, the job of deciding on a name and symbol becomes an increasingly complex
task.
Some of the common substances used in chemistry include ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, sodium
bicarbonate, calcium sulfate monohydrate, magnesium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid.
The compounds can be separated using various separation techniques such as distillation and
chromatography. Distillation is used to separate a mixture of two or more liquids that boil or
vaporize at different temperatures where heat is applied to a distilling flask which contains the
liquid mixture to convert some of the liquids into vapor. The vapor travels to the condenser
which is cooled with circulating water and then the condensed vapor is collected in a receiving
flask. Chromatography is a technique that involves two materials; one moving, the other is
stationary. A typical system might use a liquid (moving phase) sweeping past a solid (stationary
phase). The solid stationary phase attracts some of the compounds more strongly than others
slowing down the passage through the column. The division of the components between the
stationary and the moving phase is the basis for chromatographic separation. There are three
methods of separating mixtures by chromatography; paper, column and gas.
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Learning competency with code

Recognize the formula of common chemical substances (STEM_GCMPIa-b-9)
Compare consumer products on the basis of their components for use, safety, quality and cost
(STEM_GCMPIa-b-11)
Describe various simple separation techniques such as distillation and chromatography
(STEM_GCMPIa-b-12)

Activity 1: Matching type

Column A shows the common names of substances used in Chemistry, while column B are
the chemical formulas of the given compounds.
Match column A with column B and write your answers on the space provided.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. __________ Wood alcohol A. H2O2
2. __________ Plaster of Paris B. CH3CH2OH
3. __________ Agua Oxigenada C. HCl H2O
4. __________ Baking soda D. NaHCO3
5. __________ Vinegar E. Mg(OH)2
6. __________ Fermented alcohol F. CH4
7. __________ Muriatic acid G. CH3OH
8. __________ Milk of magnesia H. COOH-C-C-
COOH
9. __________ Formic acid I. HCOOH
10. __________ Methane J.(CaSO4)2 H2O
K. CH3COOH

Activity 2: Interpreting chemical formulas in terms of atoms and elements present

For each of the following chemical formulas, determine how many atoms of each elements
are present in one molecule of a compound. Write your answer on the space provided.
1. __________HCN- Hydrogen cyanide, a poisonous gas
2. __________C18H21NO3- Codeine, a pain killing drug
3. __________Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2- hydroxyapatite, present in tooth enamel
4. __________ H2SO4- sulfuric acid, an industrial acid
5. __________C17H20N4O6- Riboflavin, vitamin B
6. __________Ca(NO3)2- Calcium nitrate, used in fireworks to give reddish color
7. __________(NH4)2SO4- ammonium sulfate- used as a fertilizer
8. __________H2CO3- carbonic acid- respiratory acid excrete as a gas by the lungs
9. __________NH4OH- ammonium hydroxide, drain cleaner
10. __________ C6H8O6- Ascorbic acid- increases immune system

Activity 3: Compare and contrast

Comparing identifies the similarities of the given items. Whereas contrasting, finds the
differences of the products.
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• INSTRUCTIONS: Write the chemical formula and IUPAC name of the following
are household products.
• Compare and contrast these items on the basis of the following;
• components for use, safety, quality and cost
• Write your answers on your paper.

1. Table salt and table sugar

Chemical formula
Table salt____________________
Table sugar ___________________
IUPAC NAME
Table salt___________________
Table sugar _________________
Compare and contrast based on components for use, safety, quality and cost
________________________________________________________________________
2. Lycopene from tomatoes and carotenoid from carrots
Chemical formula
Lycopene from tomatoes____________________
Carotenoid from carrots ____________________
IUPAC NAME
Lycopene from tomatoes _________________
Carotenoid from carrots __________________
Compare and contrast based on components for use, safety, quality and cost
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Detergent powder and soap
Chemical composition of detergent powder_________________
Chemical composition of soap ___________________________
Compare and contrast based on components for use, safety, quality and cost
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Paper bag and plastic bag
Chemical composition of paper bag____________________
Chemical composition of plastic bag___________________
Compare and contrast based on components for use, safety, quality and cost
__________________________________________________________________________________
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Activity 4: Venn diagram

A Venn diagram is an illustration that uses circles to show the relationships among things or
finite groups of things. Circles that overlap have a commonality while circles that do not
overlap do not share those traits.
Alcohol and sanitizers prevent the spread of diseases from humans by killing harmful
bacteria. These products were made from pharmaceutical companies that uses chemistry.
Compare and contrast these items using the Venn diagram

Guide questions: Please write your answers on your paper.

1. What are the similarities of the given products? (overlapping circles)
2. What are the differences of the given products? (circles that do not overlap)
3. Compare and contrast the given products based on components for use, safety, quality
and cost
4. Which product do you prefer, explain why?
Activity 5: Separation techniques
The following are situations or activities that involves separation techniques of different types
of mixtures. Perform the given task and answer the following guide questions on the space
provided. This activity is focused the following: narrative writing, sentence structure,
organization and focus and mechanics
1. Mixture of Sand and salt
Instruction:
1. Get at least 1 tbsp. each of sand and salt and place it in the container.
2. How are you going to separate this mixture?
3. Discuss the separation technique that you will use and the procedure.
4. Document (pictures) your observations
Guide question: please write your answers on your paper.
1. Describe the size of the sand and salt mixture
2. Discuss the separation technique that you will be using and the procedure
3. Data and results. How did the mixtures separate?
4. Generalization and Conclusion
5. Documentation (pictures)

2. Mongo seeds and Rice mixture

Instruction:
1. get at least 1 tbsp. each of mongo seeds and rice and place it in a wide mouth container.
2. How are you going to separate this mixture?
3. Discuss the separation technique that you will use and the procedure.
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4. Document (pictures) your observations

Guide question: please write your answers in your paper.
1. Describe the size of the mongo seeds and rice mixture
2. Discuss the separation technique that you will be using and the procedure
3. Data and results. How did the mixtures separate?
4. Generalization and Conclusion
5. Documentation (pictures)

3. Rice and water mixture

Instruction:
1. Ask your parent to guide you in cooking rice for your family
2. Get the desired amount of rice to be consumed by your family
3. Wash the rice with water for three times
4. Cook the rice as instructed by your parent
Guide question: Please write your answers on your paper.
1. What method of separation technique was used to separate rice from water?
2. Discuss the procedure briefly
3. Enumerate other activities done at home that involves the same separation technique
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Activity 6: Flow chart

Imagine you are a member of a team of scientists working together in a laboratory. Your team
has been given an important job. You have been given a beaker that contains a mixture of
substances to separate. The mixture contains the following components: sand, iron filings,
salt, ethanol and water

Your job is to design a procedure for separating the mixture into its individual components.
Your procedure should be summarized in the form of a flow chart.
To help you design your procedure, here are a few guiding questions and a template for your
flow chart

1. What is the physical state (solid, liquid or gas) of each of the components in the
mixture? Fill these into the table.

Component (substance) State (solid liquid or gas) Dissolved or undissolved?

2. Name the solids that will not dissolve in the mixture. These are the undissolved solids.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Name the dissolved solids in the mixture.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. What would be the best method for separating the undissolved solids from the liquids
in the mixture? Write the name of this method in the block numbered 1 of the flowchart
below.
5. Write the names of the undissolved solids in block 2 of the flowchart.
6. What remains after the undissolved solids have been removed from the mixture? Write
the names of these compounds in block 3.
7. How could we separate the undissolved solids? Write the name of this process in block
4.
8. Write the names of the two undissolved solids in blocks 6 and 7.
9. How could we separate the liquids from the dissolved solid? Write the name of this
process in block 5.
10. Which liquid would be distilled first? Write the name of this liquid in block 8.
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11. What remains in the solution when the first liquid is removed? Write the names of these
components in block 9.
12. How can we separate the liquid from the dissolved solid? Write the name of the process
in block 10.
13. Write the names of the final two components in blocks 11 and 12.

PREPARED BY:
A. CALMA & J. DAVID
ACSCI- SHS
 16

Q1W3
ATOMIC STRUCTURE, FORMULAS AND NAMES OF COMPOUNDS

Background information
Atom is the basic unit of an element that can enter into chemical combination. It is made up of
a smaller particle known as subatomic particles namely protons, electrons and neutrons.
Protons were discovered by Ernest Rutherford in the year 1919 when he performed his gold
foil experiment. He concluded that protons exist in the nucleus and have a positive nuclear
charge. The atomic number determines an element (example: the element, Carbon has an
atomic number of 6).
Electrons were discovered by John Joseph Thomson in 1897. After many experiments
involving cathode rays, he demonstrated the ratio of mass to electric charge of cathode rays.
J.J. Thomson confirmed that cathode rays are fundamental particles that are negatively
charged. These cathode rays were known as electrons. They are located in an electron cloud
which is the area surrounding the nucleus of the atom. Electrons have negative charge that is
equal in the magnitude of the positive charge of protons.
Neutrons were discovered by James Chadwick in 1932 when he demonstrated the penetrating
radiation incorporated beams of neutral particles. They are located in the nucleus along with
protons. They make up almost all of the mass of the atom. Neutrons can be computed by
subtracting the number of protons from the atomic mass number. Thus, they are important in
determining the isotope of an atom.
Isotopes are atoms of an element that contains
the same number of proton and electron but
different numbers of neutron. The same atomic
number but different mass numbers. The word
isotope comes from the Greek word iso meaning
“equal” and topos meaning “place”. They
occupy an equal place (location) in listings of
elements because of their similarities in atomic
number. They also have similar chemical
properties because of the same number of
electrons. They may have a slightly different
physical properties because of the difference in
the number of neutrons and masses.
The chemical formula is used to express the composition of molecules and ionic compounds
in terms of their chemical symbols and ratio in which atoms combine. The chemical formula
may be Molecular, Structural, Empirical or Lewis. The Molecular formula shows the exact
number of atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a substance. Structural formula is a
graphic representation of the molecular structure, showing how the atoms are possibly arranged
in the real three-dimensional space. The chemical bonding within the molecule is also shown.
The Empirical formula is the simplest positive integer ratio of atoms present in a compound.
In here, the percentage composition is important in order to calculate the empirical formula
of a given compound. And lastly, the Lewis electronic formula shows the distribution of
electrons in the outermost shell of the atoms.
The use of molecular models are effective means of visualizing molecules since they are too
small to be observed directly. The ball and stick model and the space filling model are
commonly used.
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Besides learning how to write the chemical formula, it is also very important to know how
to name various substances such as ionic compounds and polyatomic ions. Nomenclature
is a collection of rules for naming elements which follows the guidelines given by IUPAC. It
describes the approach that is used to name simple ionic and molecular compounds. These rules
provide useful ways to help name a compound that is accepted and recognized worldwide.
Learning competency with code
• Recognize common isotopes and their uses (STEM_GC11AMIc-e- 19)
• Represent compounds using chemical formulas, structural formulas and models
(STEM_GC11AMIc-e- 21)
• Name compounds given their formula and write formula given the name of a
compound (STEM_GC11AMIc-e- 23)

Activity 1.: Recognize common isotopes and their uses

Isotopes have numerous uses. They may be of help in the various fields of specialization such
as food, agriculture, geology, health care, nutrition, toxicology, ecological and environmental
research.
Recognize which isotope has the following uses and choose your answer from the box below.
Write your answers on the space provided. (Answers may be used more than once)

14 24 99 60 198 75 59 131
6C 11 Na 43Tc 27 Co 79 Au 34 Se 26 Fe 53 I

1. __________This is useful in determining the age of once living artifacts

2. __________ Its emission from this radiation kills bacteria that causes food spoilage
3. __________ They help in studying protein in life science
4. __________ The radiation therapy from this isotope helps prevent cancer
5. __________ This is used in testing thyroid activity from the body
6. __________ The isotope that helps in diagnosing anemia
7. __________ It aids in diagnosing of liver disease
8. __________ This is used in oil well studies to locate leaks in pipe lines
9. __________ A diagnostic isotope that is used for bone, brain, liver and kidney imaging
10. __________ They help in studying passage of carbon during photosynthesis

Activity 2: Subatomic particles

Elements contain atomic number, mass number, number of electrons, protons and neutrons.
Identify what is being asked write your answer on the space provided.
1. __________Aluminum has 13 protons and a mass number of 27. How many neutrons
does it have?
2. __________Bromine has an atomic number of 35 and a mass number of 80. How
many electrons does it have?
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3. __________Copper has 29 electrons and a mass number of 64. What is its atomic
number?
4. __________ Iodine has 127 as its mass number and 53 as its atomic number. How
many protons does it have?
5. __________ What is the atomic number of Zinc when it has 30 number of electrons?
6. __________ Calcium has an atomic number of 20 and a neutron of 20. What will be
its number of protons?
7. __________ Boron has an atomic mass of 11 with 5 protons. What is the atomic
number of Boron?
8. __________ Krypton has an atomic number of 36 and a mass number of 84. How
many electrons does it have?
9. __________ Sodium has an atomic number of 11 and has a mass number of 23. How
many neutrons does it have?
10. __________ How many electrons does silver have when it has 61 neutrons with an
atomic number of 47?

Activity 3: Naming compounds

Given the chemical formula, write the name of the compound on the space provided.
1. __________ Al2S3
2. __________KF
3. __________NH4NO3
4. __________PF3
5. __________CCl4
6. __________KMnO4
7. __________CaCl2
8. __________MgSO4
9. __________Na3N
10. __________AgNO3
11. __________Ca(MnO4)2
12. __________Na2CO3
13. __________K2Cr2O7
14. __________NaHCO3
15. __________K2C2O4

Activity 4: Writing chemical formulas

Write the chemical formula including the valence electron of each elements and the final
compounds formed as they pair. The first question was answered for you.
Sodium and sulfate
Chemical formula of sodium and its valence electron: ____________Na+1_____
Chemical formula of sulfate and its valence electron: ____________SO4-2_____
Chemical formula when they are combined: ___________________Na2SO4___
1. Potassium and carbonate
 19

Chemical formula of potassium and its valence electron: _____________________________

Chemical formula of carbonate and its valence electron: _____________________________
Chemical formula when they are combined: _______________________________________

2. Magnesium and nitrate

Chemical formula of magnesium and its valence electron: ____________________________

Chemical formula of nitrate and its valence electron: ________________________________
Chemical formula when they are combined: _______________________________________

3. Ammonium and cyanide

Chemical formula of magnesium and its valence electron: ____________________________

Chemical formula of nitrate and its valence electron: ________________________________
Chemical formula when they are combined: _______________________________________

4. Calcium and hydroxide

Chemical formula of calcium and its valence electron: _______________________________

Chemical formula of hydroxide and its valence electron: ____________________________
Chemical formula when they are combined: _______________________________________

5. Barium and nitrate

Chemical formula of Barium and its valence electron: _______________________________

Chemical formula of nitrate and its valence electron: ________________________________
Chemical formula when they are combined: _______________________________________

6. Ammonium and sulfate

Chemical formula of ammonium and its valence electron: ____________________________

Chemical formula of sulfate and its valence electron: ________________________________
Chemical formula when they are combined: _______________________________________
 20

7. Cesium and fluoride

Chemical formula of Cesium and its valence electron: _______________________________

Chemical formula of fluoride and its valence electron: _______________________________
Chemical formula when they are combined: _______________________________________

8. Potassium and acetate

Chemical formula of potassium and its valence electron: _____________________________

Chemical formula of acetate and its valence electron: ________________________________
Chemical formula when they are combined: _______________________________________

9. Magnesium and phosphate

Chemical formula of magnesium and its valence electron: ____________________________

Chemical formula of phosphate and its valence electron: _____________________________
Chemical formula when they are combined: _______________________________________

10. Sodium and sulfite

Chemical formula of sodium and its valence electron: _______________________________

Chemical formula of sulfite and its valence electron: ________________________________
Chemical formula when they are combined: _______________________________________

PREPARED BY:
A. CALMA & J. DAVID
ACSCI- SHS
 21

Q1W4
NAMES AND STRUCTURES OF COMPOUNDS AND THEIR EMPIRICAL AND
MOLECULAR FORMULA
Background information
The chemical formula is used to express the composition of molecules and ionic compounds
in terms of their chemical symbols and ratio in which atoms combine. The chemical formula
may be Molecular, Structural, Empirical or Lewis. The Molecular formula shows the exact
number of atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a substance. Structural formula is a
graphic representation of the molecular structure, showing how the atoms are possibly arranged
in the real three-dimensional space. The chemical bonding within the molecule is also shown.
The Empirical formula is the simplest positive integer ratio of atoms present in a compound.
In here, the percentage composition is important in order to calculate the empirical formula
of a given compound. And lastly, the Lewis electronic formula shows the distribution of
electrons in the outermost shell of the atoms.
The use of molecular models are effective means of visualizing molecules since they are too
small to be observed directly. The ball and stick model and the space filling model are
commonly used.
Besides learning how to write the chemical formula, it is also very important to know how
to name various substances such as ionic compounds and polyatomic ions. Nomenclature
is a collection of rules for naming elements which follows the guidelines given by IUPAC. It
describes the approach that is used to name simple ionic and molecular compounds. These rules
provide useful ways to help name a compound that is accepted and recognized worldwide.
Learning competency with code
• Represent compounds using chemical formulas, structural formulas and models
(STEM_GC11AMIc-e- 21)
• Name compounds given their formula and write formula given the name of a
compound (STEM_GC11AMIc-e- 23)
• Calculate the empirical formula from the percent composition of a compound
(STEM_GC11AMIc-e- 32)
Activity 1: Chemical formulas and models
Chemical formulas express the composition of molecules and ionic compounds in terms of
chemical symbols. This includes also the ratio in which atoms combine.
The following contains the name of compound, their uses, chemical and structural formula.
Complete the table below. The first one is answered for you.
Name of IUPAC name Uses Chemical Structural formula
compound formula
Water Dihydrogen It is used for H2O
monoxide bathing,
drinking,
cooking,
agriculture,
fishery,
 22

industry and
commerce and
thermoelectrici
ty
1. Isopropyl Antiseptic, CH3CHOCH
alcohol disinfectant 3/
C3H8O
2. Acetic acid/ CH3COOH/
ethanoic acid C2H4O2

3. Agua Hydrogen Used as a

Oxigenada peroxide bleaching,
oxidizer and
antiseptic
agent
4. Lactic acid It is used as a
preservative,
curing and
flavoring
agent. It is
produced
commercially
by
fermentation
of
carbohydrates
5. Deoxyribo C5H10O4
se

6. Vitamin C Ascorbic acid C6H8O6

7. Muriatic Used for

acid cleaning
 23

8. 1,3,7- This is used as C8H10N4O2

Trimethylxanthi a stimulant in
ne the coffee and
tea

9. Adrenaline 3,4 dihydroxy C9H13NO3

phenyl α- 2
methyl amino
ethanol
10. Formalin Used as an
industrial
disinfectant
and
preservative in
funeral homes
and medical
laboratory

Activity 2: Shine a coin

This activity can be done at home using common household products such as vinegar and
salt. Follow the instructions and record your observation.
Materials:
Vinegar, salt, 25 centavo coin
Instructions:
1. Mix ¼ cup of white vinegar and 1 teaspoon of salt in a nonmetallic container
2. Mix the solution
3. Once the salt melted and absorbed into the vinegar, dip the 25-centavo coin into the
solution for at least 1- 3 minutes.
4. Rub the 25-centavo coin on a clean piece of cloth
5. Record your observation (before, during and after the procedure)

Guide questions: please write your answers on your paper.

1. What are the major compositions of a 25- centavo coin? Write their corresponding
chemical formulas
2. What do you think are the reasons why coins become dirty?
3. What did you observe with 25 centavo coin after it was soaked for a few minutes in
the solution? Discuss briefly and support it with before and after pictures
4. Write a chemical equation that involves the reactant and product when salt and
vinegar were made into solution
5. Conclusions and generalization
 24

Activity 3: Calculate the empirical formula from the percent composition of a

compound
Empirical formula of a compound gives the simplest atomic ratio of the combining elements.
Show the step by step process by determining the unknown, given, formula, solutions and
box the final answer. You may write your answers and solutions on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. A compound has a percentage composition of 67.9% carbon, while hydrogen has 5.70%
and nitrogen has 26.4%. calculate the empirical formula of the compound.
2. Calculate the empirical formula of a compound when there is 38.5% carbon, 4.8%
hydrogen and 56.7% chlorine.
3. A compound was found to have 25.9% iron, and 74.1% bromine by mass. A) What is its
empirical formula? B) what will be its molecular formula when it has a molar mass of
215.6 g/mol?
4. A compound is composed of 52.14% carbon, 13.13% hydrogen, and 34.73% oxygen by
mass. A) What is the empirical formula? B) if the molar mass of a compound is138.204
g/mol, what is the molecular formula?
5. A compound contains 20.32 g of carbon, 5.12 g of hydrogen and 7.9 grams of nitrogen.
A) what is its empirical formula B) what is the molecular formula of the molar mass of a
compound is 236.448 g/mol

PREPARED BY:
A. CALMA & J. DAVID
ACSCI- SHS
 25

Q1W5
QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIPS IN CHEMISTRY
Background information
Chemistry involves mathematical computations that plays an important part in developing
higher order thinking skills among 21st century learners. It contains series of step by step
process to be able to answer the given problem. Here are some of the important topics to be
expected from this particular activity sheet; formula mass, writing and balancing chemical
equation, moles, percent yield and theoretical yield.
Formula mass are obtained simply by adding the atomic masses of constituent elements,
counting each atomic mass as many times as the symbol for the element occurs in the chemical
formula. This is expressed in g/mol or amu unit.
The quantitative relationship among reactants and products is known as stoichiometry. In
solving stoichiometry problems, writing and balancing chemical reactions are involved.
Every chemistry student must learn how to balance equation. Many equations are balanced by
trial and error, but care and attention to details are still required. The way to balance the
equation is to adjust the number of atoms of each element so that they are the same on each
side of the equation.
Learning competency with code
• Calculate molecular formula given molar mass (STEM_GC11PCIf- 33)
• Write and balance chemical equation (STEM_GC11CRIf-g- 37)

Activity 1: Calculate molecular formula given molar mass

Molecular formula represents the actual number of atoms present in one molecule.
Show the step-by-step process by determining the unknown, given, formula, solutions and
box the final answer. Write your solutions on your paper.
1. What is the molecular formula of ascorbic acid if its empirical formula is C 3H4O3 with
a molar mass of 176.12 g/mol.
2. A compound of nitrogen and oxygen with a molar mass of 92 g was found to have an
empirical formula of NO2, what is the molecular formula.
3. The hydrocarbon propylene has a molar mass of 42.08 g and contains 14.3%
hydrogen and 85.7% carbon. What is its molecular formula?
4. Calculate the empirical and molecular formula of a compound that contains 80%
carbon, 20% hydrogen and has a molar mass of 30 grams.
5. A compound made up of 32.86% potassium and 67.14% bromine with a molar mass
of 119 grams, calculate the empirical and molecular formula of the compound.

Activity 2: Symbols commonly used in a chemical equation

A chemical equation is a shorthand expression for a chemical change. It uses chemical symbols and
formulas of the reactant and product and other symbolic terms to represent a chemical reaction.
 26

Identify what symbols are being referred to in the given statements inside the table. Write or draw your
answer inside the box.

Symbols Meaning
(1) “added to”, placed between substances
(2) “yields”, “ to produce”, point to product
(s) Solid state
(l) Liquid state
(g) (3)
(4) Substance dissolved in water
(5) Heat is added, written above the arrow

Activity 3: Guidelines for balancing chemical equations

The following are guidelines for balancing chemical equations. Write the word TRUE if the
statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is incorrect;
1. __________Only the reactants and the products that are actually involved in a reaction
are shown in an equation.
2. __________Elements that are gases in nature are represented by the molecular formula
denoting the form that they actually occur in nature.
3. __________There must be the same number of atoms of each kind on both sides of the
chemical equation.
4. __________ In order to balance a chemical equation, coefficients are placed at the
equation to adjust the number of reactants or product molecules present
5. __________An equation coefficient is a number that is placed to the left of a chemical
formula in a chemical equation.

Activity 4: A balanced Chemical equation

To represent the quantitative relationship of a reaction, the chemical equation must be balanced.
A balanced equation should contain the same number of each kind of atom on each side of the
equation.
The following are worded description of a given chemical equation. Write the letter of your
choice that corresponds to the correct and balanced equation on the space provided.

1. __________Magnesium metal is burned in air to produce magnesium oxide

a. 2Mg +O2 2MgO
b. Mg +O2 MgO
c. Mg +O MgO2
d. 2Mg +O 2MgO
2. __________Zinc reacts with Silver chloride to produce Zinc chloride and silver
a. 2Zn + AgCl 2ZnCl + 2Ag
2
b. Zn + Ag2Cl ZnCl + Ag
3
c. 4Zn + AgCl ZnCl + 2Ag
2
 27

d. Zn + AgCl ZnCl + Ag
2
3. __________Nitrogen reacts with Hydrogen to form Ammonia
N+H NH
a. 2 3
N +H NH
b. 2 2 3
N +H NH
c. 2 3
N +H NH
d. 2 2
4. __________Silver nitrate reacts with sodium chloride to produce sodium nitrate and
silver chloride
a. AgNO +NaCl NaNO +AgCl
3 3
b. AgNO +NaCl NaNO + AgCl
3
c. Ag2NO +NaCl NaNO + Ag2Cl
3 3
d. AgNO +Na2Cl Na2NO + Ag3Cl
3 3
5. __________Aluminum oxide reacts with Hydrogen chloride gas to produce aluminum
chloride and water
a. AlO +HCl(g) AlCl + H O
3 2
b. AlO +HCl(g) AlCl +H O
3 3 2
c. Al O +HCl(g) AlCl +H O
2 3 3 2
d. Al O +HCl(g) AlCl + HO
2 3 3

Activity 5: Using a compounds chemical formula and atomic masses to calculate its formula mass

Name the compound and calculate the formula mass of each of the following substances. The
atomic masses of the given elements were provided for you. Write your answers on the space
below.

Sn= 118.71 amu, Ca= 40.07 amu C= 12.01 amu, N=14.00 amu, H= 1.00 amu,
Al= 26.98 amu, O= 15.99 amu, S= 32.06 amu, Na= 22.99 amu F= 18.99 amu

1. SnF2 - a toothpaste additive

Name of compound ___________________________________________________________
Formula mass_______________________________________________________________
2. Al(OH)3- a water purification chemical
Name of compound ___________________________________________________________
Formula mass________________________________________________________________
3. Na3S2O3- sodium thiosulfate, a photographic chemical
Name of compound ___________________________________________________________
Formula mass________________________________________________________________
4. (NH2)2CO urea, a chemical fertilizer in crops
Name of compound ___________________________________________________________
Formula mass________________________________________________________________
5. CaO, used to detect presence of water in petroleum industry
Name of compound ___________________________________________________________
Formula mass________________________________________________________________
 28

Q1W6
CALCULATION OF THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES USING AVOGADRO’S NUMBER
Background information
In chemistry, the atomic counting unit is the mole. What is unusual about the mole is its
magnitude. The extremely large size of a mole unit is necessitated by the extremely small size
of atoms and molecules. When solving problems dealing with the number of objects or particles
present in a given number of moles of a substance, Avogadro’s number becomes a big part of
the conversion factor used to relate the number of objects present to the number of moles
present. The number that 1 mol represent is expressed as 1 mol = 6.022 x 10 23 objects
Such particles could be atoms (for elements), molecules for (covalent compounds), formula
units (for ionic compounds) or ions (for charged substances). The number 6.022 x 10 23 is called
Avogadro’s number, in honor of the Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro, who first suggested
that it might be possible to count atoms.
In many chemical processes, the quantities of the reactants are used, such that, one reactant is
in excess. The amount of product formed in such case depends on the reactant that is not in
excess. This reactant is called the limiting reagent. This limits the amount of the product that
can be formed. Yet it is important to calculate the amount of the other reactant required to
react with the limiting reagent to determine the amount of the substance that remained
unreacted.
The theoretical yield is the maximum amount of the product that can be obtained from a given
amount of reactant in a chemical reaction if no losses or inefficiencies of any kind occur. In
most chemical reactions, the amount of product obtained is less than the theoretical yield.

% Yield= Actual yield x 100

Theoretical yield

Learning competency with code

• Calculate molecular formula given molar mass (STEM_GC11PCIf- 33)
• Construct mole or mass ratio for a reaction in order to calculate the amount of reactant
needed or amount of product formed in terms of moles or masses (STEM_GC11MRIg-
h- 38)
• Calculate percent yield and theoretical yield of a reaction (STEM_GC11MRIg-h- 39)

Activity 1 Calculating the number of objects as a molar quantity

Avogadro’s number is an important conversion factor to relate the number of objects present
to the number of moles. As being stated before, 1 mole is equal to 6.022 x 10 23 objects.
Calculate how many objects are there in each of the following quantities. Write your answers
on your paper.
1. 0.23 moles of aspirin molecules
2. 1.6 moles of oxygen atoms
 29

3. 0.46 moles of vitamin C molecules

4. 1.27 moles of copper atoms
5. 7.2 moles of nitrogen atoms

Activity 2: Calculating the mass of the molar quantity of a compound

When solving this problem, it is very important to get the formula mass and then convert the
number of moles to grams.
The following are atomic masses of the given elements and their units are in g/mol: Ca= 40.07,
Li= 6.94, Na= 22.99, C= 12.01, H= 1.00, O= 15.99, N= 14.00, Cl= 35.45, S= 32.06
Calculate the mass of the following compound and write your answers on your paper.
1. Calculate the mass of 5 moles of water (H2O)
2. What is the mass of 1.78 moles of Na2CO3?
3. Calculate the mass of 1 mole of sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
4. Acetaminophen (C8H9O2N) is a pain killing agent in Tylenol formulation. Calculate the
mass in grams of 0.30 moles of this pain reliever.
5. Carbon monoxide (CO) is an air pollutant that enters the atmosphere primarily in
automobile exhaust. Calculate the mass in grams of 2.61 moles of this air pollutant.

Activity 3: Calculating the number of particles in a given mass of compound

In order to answer this problem, there is a need to get the formula mass of the compound, then
convert grams to moles then moles to molecules or particles using Avogadro’s number.
Calculate the number of particles of the following compounds and write your answers on your
paper.

Li= 6.94 amu, Ca= 40.07 amu C= 12.01 amu, N=14.00 amu, H= 1.00 amu,
Cl= 35.45 O= 15.99 amu, S= 32.06 amu, Na= 22.99 amu F= 18.99 amu

1. Vitamin C has a chemical formula of C6H8O6. Calculate the number of vitamin C

molecules present in 0.250 g tablet.
2. Calculate the number of molecules present in 0.500 g of Lithium carbonate (Li 2CO3)
3. How many particles are present in 24.8 g of carbon (C)
4. How many molecules of hydrogen chloride (HCl) are there in 25 g HCl?
5. How many molecules of sodium chloride (NaCl) are present in 2 g of NaCl?

Activity 4: Calculating molar quantities of compound components

The molar interpretation of a chemical formula is used in calculations where information about
a particular element within a compound is needed. For example, for every 1 mole of phosphate
(PO4) there is 1 mole of phosphorus atom and 4 moles of oxygen atoms.
Calculate the molar quantities of the following compounds and write your answers on your
paper.
 30

1. Glucose is an important compound that is responsible for providing energy to the body.
It has a chemical formula of C6H12O6. How many moles of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen atoms are present in 2.5 mole of sample?
2. Lactic acid is a substance that builds up in muscles and causes pain when overworked.
It has a chemical formula of C3H6O3. How many moles of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
atoms are present in 1.2 moles of a sample of lactic acid?
3. A compound deoxyribose whose chemical formula is C 5H10O4 is an important
component of the DNA molecule responsible for the transfer of genetic information
from one generation to the next in living organism. How many moles of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen atoms are present in 0.456 moles of sample of deoxyribose?
4. Acetic acid also known as ethanoic acid is a colorless liquid with a strong and distinct
pungent and sour smell. Its chemical formula is C 2H4O2, how many moles of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen are present in 0.50 moles of sample?
5. Lysine (C6H14N2O2) is an amino acid that is used in biosynthesis of protein. How many
moles of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen are present in 0.75 moles of sample?

Activity 5: The chemical calculations and percent yield

Concepts about moles are combined to produce a general approach to problem solving that is
applicable to a variety of chemical situations.
Calculate following compounds based on the problem presented and write your answers on
your paper.
1. The following problems involve calculating the number of particles in a given mass
of compound.

a. Vitamin C has a formula of C6H8O6. Calculate the number of vitamin C

molecules present in 0.250 g of the sample.

b. Calculate the number of formula units of 0.500 g of Li2CO3 sample

2. These involves calculating the mass of an element present in a given mass of a

compound

a. How many grams of nitrogen are present in 0.10 g of caffeine C8H10N4O2

b. How many grams of oxygen are present in 0.10 g sample of adrenaline

C9H13NO3

3. Calculating the mass of a product in a chemical reaction

a. The human body converts glucose into carbon dioxide and water. The chemical
equation for the reaction is written below. How many grams of water will the
body produce from the ingested glucose C6H12O6 if a person eats a candy bar
containing 14.2 g of glucose.
C6H12O6 + 6O 6CO2 + 6H2O
 31

b. Silicon carbide is used as an abrasive in sand paper. It is prepared using the

following chemical reaction. How many grams of silicon carbide (SC) can be
produced from 15 g of C?
SiO2 + 3C SiC + 2CO

4. Calculating the mass of a reactant taking part in chemical reaction

a. Magnesium hydroxide acts as an antacid which reacts with stomach

hydrochloric acid to produce magnesium chloride. How many grams of Mg
(OH)2 is needed to react with 0.30 g of HCl?
Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl MgCl2 + 2 H2O

b. Photosynthesis reaction occurs in plants. How many grams of water are

consumed 20 g of CO2?
6 CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
5. Calculate the amount of a substance taking part in a chemical reaction

a. Automotive airbags inflate when sodium azide NaN3 rapidly decomposes to its
constituent elements. The gaseous N2 inflates the airbag. How many moles of
NaN3 would have to decompose in order to generate 2.53 x 10 8 molecules of
N2
2NaN3 (s) 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)

b. Decomposition of KClO3 serves as a convenient laboratory source of small

amount of oxygen gas. How many moles of KClO3 must be decomposed to
produce 6.4 x 10 10 O2 molecules?
2KClO3 2KCl +3O2

5.1 Calculating the percent yield of a product in a chemical reaction

a. When 12.3 g of CO react with O2, 18 g of CO2 are obtained. What is the
percent yield for this reaction?
2CO +O2 2CO2

b. When 12.3 g of H2 reacts with N2, 55.8 g of NH3 are obtained. What is the
percent yield of NH3 for this reaction?
N2 + 3H2 2NH3

PREPARED BY:
A. CALMA & J. DAVID
ACSCI- SHS
 32

Q1W7
CALCULATIONS FROM CHEMICAL EQUATION
Background information
The old saying “waste not, want not” is applicable in the daily lives people and in the
laboratory. This means that mathematical calculations are being used regularly. Determining
the correct amount of something or anything that is important is being done by all professions
just like the following;
Informatics nurse specialist use their specific knowledge to assist in the design, development
and modification of computerized healthcare systems. They work with systems data to improve
nursing services and act as a bridge between nursing and information science.
Accountants prepare and examine accounting records, financial statements or financial reports
to assess accuracy and conformity to accounting standards. These professionals manage tables
of accounts, compute taxes and scrutinize through financial data to ensure there are no
mistakes.
The chemist also finds it necessary to calculate amounts or reactants by using balanced
chemical equation. With these calculations, the chemist can control the amount of product by
scaling the reaction up or down to fit the needs of the laboratory; and can thereby minimize
waste or excess materials formed during the reaction.
In many chemical processes, the quantities of the reactant used are in such case, one reactant
is in excess. The amount of the product formed depends on the reactant that is not in excess.
This is called the limiting reactant. It is the first reactant that will be used up in a reaction.
When there is no product formed, the reaction stops. On the other hand, the excess reactant is
the left over after the reaction stops.
Quantitative calculations such as the molar mass and mole to mole ratio are important
chemical calculations that are involved when finding the limiting and excess reactant.
Molar mass, also known as formula mass is the sum of atomic masses of all of the atoms in
an element or compound. This also applies to the mass of a mole of any formula unit – atoms,
molecules or ions.

Learning competency with code

• Explain the concept of limiting reagent in a chemical reaction and identify the excess
reagent (STEM_GC11MRIg-h- 40)
• Determine mass relationship in a chemical reaction (STEM_GC11MRIg-h- 42)

Activity 1: Identification
Identify what is being referred to in a reaction. Write your answer on the space provided.
1. __________ It is the sum of atomic masses of all of the atoms in an element.
2. __________ This is the reactant that gives greater amount of the product.
3. __________ The smallest unit of a molecular substance.
 33

4. __________ The reactant that produces the least amount of the product.
5. __________ When this reactant runs out, it will stop the chemical reaction.

Activity 2 Understanding limiting and excess reactant

Here is an illustration that presents the limiting and excess reactants. Try to understand the
given scenario and answer the following guide questions on your paper.
Jim, a mechanic, is having a vacation in the Philippines. He stays in the house of his elder sister
Maria to celebrate her birthday. While Jim was strolling in the house, he found 4 tires and 2
headlights. Jim decided to build a car as a birthday present to his sister. He went to a shop and
bought all the necessary materials to assemble a car.

1. What are the reactants used in the given scenario?

2. What was the product formed?

3. Supposing there are 20 tires and 15 headlights.

a. How many cars will be formed?
b. Which one will be the limiting reactant
c. Which will be the reactant in excess

4. Explain the concept of the limiting reagent in a chemical reaction

5. Why is an excess reactant used in many reactions? Discuss your answers

Activity 3: Calculation of the formula mass of an ionic compound, molar mass of

molecular compound and a hydrate.
The formula mass or the molar mass of a compound is determined from the number of atoms
and the atomic mass of each element indicated by a chemical formula. The formula mass is
expressed in amu while the molar mass is expressed in g/mol.
 34

Complete the table below by calculating the molar mass of a compound.

Compound or Number of atoms Atomic mass (g) Total molar mass
atom or molecules
KI (1) K=30.09 156.99 g/mol
I= 126.90
C6H12O6 C= 6 (2) 180 g/mol
H= 12
O= 6
Na2CO3 Na= 2 (3) 105.96 g/mol
C= 1
O= 3
KMnO4 K= 1 K= 39.09 (4)
Mn=1 Mn= 54.93
O= 4 O= 15.99
CuSO4 x 5H2O (5) Cu= 63.54 249.51 g/mol
S= 32.06
O=15.99
H=1.00

Activity 4: Mole to mole calculations:

A mole ratio is the ratio between the number of moles of any two species involved in a chemical
reaction. It is used to convert the number of moles of a substance to the corresponding number
of moles of another substance in a chemical reaction.
Like balancing chemical equation, making stoichiometric calculations requires practice. Solve
the following mole to mole calculations and write your solutions and answer on your paper.

1. How many moles of oxygen (O2) will be produced from 6.2 moles of water (H2O)?
2H2 + O2 2H2O

2. How many moles of carbon dioxide (CO2) will be produced by complete reaction of 2
moles of glucose (C6H12O6)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O

3. How many moles of ammonia (NH3) can be produced from 8 moles of hydrogen (H2)
reacting with nitrogen.
3H3 +N2 2NH3

4. Given a balanced chemical reaction. A) Calculate the number of moles of potassium

dichromate (K2Cr2O7) that will react with 2 moles of potassium iodide (KI). B)
calculate the number of moles of iodine (I 2) that will be produced from 2 moles of
potassium iodide (KI)
K2Cr2O7 + 6KI +7H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + 4K2SO4 + 3I2 +7H2O
 35

5. How many molecules of water (H2O) can be produced by reacting 0.010 moles of
oxygen with hydrogen?
2H2 + O2 2H2O

Activity 5: Mole to mass calculations

This activity aims to calculate the mass of one substance that reacts with or is produced from
a given number of moles of another substance in a chemical reaction. The moles of a desired
substance are changed to mass.
Calculate the given problems and write your solutions and answer on your paper.

1. What mass of hydrogen can be produced by reacting 6 moles of aluminum with

hydrogen chloride?
2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)

2. How many moles of water can be produced by burning 325 g of octane?

2C8H18 (g) + 25 O2(g) 16CO2(g) + 18 H2O (g)

3. How many moles of potassium chloride can be produced from 100 g potassium
chlorate?
2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2

4. How many grams of silver nitrate are required to produce 0.25 moles of silver
sulfide?
2AgNO3 +H2S Ag2S + 2HNO3

5. How many moles of hydrogen can be produced by reacting with 0.10 grams of
oxygen?
2H2 + O2 2H2O

PREPARED BY:
A. CALMA & J. DAVID
ACSCI- SHS
 36

Q1W8
LIMITING AND EXCESS REACTANT
Background information
In many chemical processes, the quantities of the reactant used are in such case, one reactant
is in excess. The amount of the product formed depends on the reactant that is not in excess.
This is called the limiting reactant. It is the first reactant that will be used up in a reaction.
When there is no product formed, the reaction stops. On the other hand, the excess reactant is
the left over after the reaction stops.
Quantitative calculations such as the molar mass and mole to mole ratio are important
chemical calculations that are involved when finding the limiting and excess reactant.
Molar mass, also known as formula mass is the sum of atomic masses of all of the atoms in
an element or compound. This also applies to the mass of a mole of any formula unit – atoms,
molecules or ions.

Learning competency with code

• Explain the concept of limiting reagent in a chemical reaction and identify the excess
reagent (STEM_GC11MRIg-h- 40)
• Determine mass relationship in a chemical reaction (STEM_GC11MRIg-h- 42)

Activity 1: Mass to mass calculation

Solving mass to mass stoichiometric problems requires all the steps of the mole- ratio method.
The mass of the starting substance is converted to moles. The mole ratio is then used to
determine mole of desired substance, which in turn is converted to mass.
Calculate the given problems and write your solutions and answer on your paper.
1. What mass of carbon dioxide is produced by the complete combustion of 100 g of
hydrocarbon pentane?
C5H12 + 8O2 5CO2 + 6H2O
2. How many grams of nitric acid are required to produce 8.75 g dinitrogen monoxide?
4Zn + 10 HNO3 4Zn(NO3)2 + N2O + 5 H2O
3. How many grams of chromium III chloride are required to produce 75 g of silver
chloride?
CrCl3 + 2AgNO3 Cr(NO3)3 + 3AgCl
4. What mass of water is produced by the complete combustion of 225 g butane?
2C4H10 + 13 O2 8CO2 + 10 H2O
5. Silicon carbide is used as an abrasive. How many grams of silicon carbide can be
produced from 15 g carbon?
SiO2 + 3C SiC + 2CO
 37

Activity 2: Calculation of the limiting and excess reagent

When solving limiting and excess reagent problem, you have to start by identifying the limiting
reactant first. Try to determine which among the given reactant runs out first. Once you were
able to find out which one is the limiting reagent, you can now solve for the greatest amount
that can be made as a product. You may also compute how much is the left over or the excess
reactant.
Calculate the given problems and write your solutions and answer on your paper.
1. What is the greatest amount of ammonia in moles that can be made with 3.2 moles of
nitrogen and 5.4 moles of hydrogen? Which is the limiting reactant? Which is the
excess? And how much is the left over?
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
2. How many moles of hydrochloric acid can be produced by reacting with 4 moles of
hydrogen and 3.5 moles of chlorine. Which is the limiting reactant? Which is the
excess? And how much is the left over?
H2 + Cl2 2HCl
3. How many moles of iron (III) oxide or magnetite can be obtained by reacting with 16.8
g iron with 10 g water. Which is the limiting reactant? Which is the excess? And how
much is the left over?
3Fe + 4H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2
4. What is the greatest amount of magnesium oxide that can be made with 7.8 moles
magnesium and 4.7 moles oxygen? Which is the limiting reactant? Which is the excess?
And how much is the left over?
2Mg + O2 2MgO
5. What is the greatest amount of aluminum chloride (in grams) that can be made with
114 g of aluminum and 186 g of chlorine? Which is the limiting reactant? Which is the
excess? And how much is the left over?
2Al + 3Cl2 2AlCl3

PREPARED BY:
A. CALMA & J. DAVID
ACSCI- SHS
 38

REFERENCES:
Bayquen, 2007. Exploring life through Science; Chemistry, Quezon city. Phoenix publishing
house
Cervantes and Dizon. 2016. General Chemistry 1. Quezon City, Philippines. Lorimar
Publishing Inc.
Hein, Best, Pattison, and Arena. 2005. Introduction to General, Organic for allied health. Eight
edition. Philippines. C & E publishing Inc.
Petrucci, Harwood, Herring, and Madura. 2007. General Chemistry. 9th ed. New Jersey:
Pearson Prentice Hall
Stoker, 2015. General Chemistry. 2nd edition. Cengage learning Asia Pte.Ltd. Pasig city Manila
Philippines, C& E Publishing Inc
Getting the most from reactants. BBC. Bite size. 2020. Retrieved from
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z8fvvcw/revision/7
https://chem.libretexts.org/
Flavin. 7 jobs that use math: finding the formula for your future. Rassmussen college.
03/01/2018 retrieved from https://www.rasmussen.edu/student-experience/college-life/jobs-
that-use-math/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_formula
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_formula
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/chemistryformajors/chapter/chemical-nomenclature/
https://sciencing.com/experiments-salt-vinegar-8322822.html
http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/wiki/index.php/Penny_reactions
https://slideplayer.com/slide/5756424/
https://opentextbc.ca/introductorychemistry/chapter/uses-of-radioactive-isotopes-2/
https://www.scribd.com/doc/98726769/Uses-of-Isotopes-in-Our-Daily-Lives
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/ Ionic_Compounds
Formulas_and_Names
https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/other/index
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribose
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Caffeine
https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-76758/epinephrine-injection/
https://www.slideshare.net/mdkawsar3/214-70618829
 39

KEY ANSWERS TO Q1W1

Key answer in Activity 1

1. Physical property
2. Chemical property
3. Physical property
4. Physical property
5. Chemical property
6. Physical property
7. Physical property
8. Chemical property
9. Physical property
10. Chemical property

Key Answer to activity 2

1. Physical
2. Chemical
3. Physical
4. Chemical
5. Chemical
6. Physical
7. Chemical
8. Physical
9. Chemical
10. Physical

Key answers to activity 2.1

Answers may vary

Key answer to activity 3

1. The box containing the locks with their keys inserted in the cylinder represents a
compound. Two objects withdrawn from this box will always be the same. Each will
be a lock with each associated key. Each item in the box has the same composition.
Box containing separated lock and key represents a mixture. Two objects withdrawn
from this box need not be the same, results could be two locks, two keys or a lock and
a key. All items in the box do not have the same composition.
2. The first box is a mixture while the second box is a compound. The first box that
contains 30 bolts and 30 nuts is a mixture. The second box that contains the same
number of bolts screwed with nuts on it is a compound.

Key answer to Summary of properties of matter: 3.1

STATE SHAPE VOLUME PARTICLE COMPRESSIBLITY
 40

SOLID • Definite • Definite • Rigidly • Increased

• Independent cohering temperature,
of the • Tightly there is a very
container packed small expansion
• With
strongest
attractive
force
• With slight
rigidity
LIQUID • Indefinite • Indefinite • Mobile, • Increased
• Dependent • When in cohering temperature,
on the the • Weak there is a
container container, attractive moderate
the volume force expansion
becomes
definite

GAS • Indefinite • Indefinite • Particles • Increased

relatively temperature,
far apart there is large
• Weakest expansion
attractive • Highly
force compressible
• independent
of one
another

Key answers to activity 4: Key answers to activity 6:

Answers may vary Answers may vary

Key answer to activity 5: Key answers to activity 6.1

1. Evaporation answers may vary
2. Magnet
3. Decantation
4. Evaporation
5. Filtration
6. Evaporation
7. Distillation
8. Filtration
9. Decantation
10. Decantation
 41

KEY ANSWERS TO Q1W2

Answer key to activity 1:
1. G
2. J
3. A
4. D
5. K
6. B
7. C
8. E
9. I
10. F

Answer key to activity 2:

1. One atom each element
2. 18 C, 21 H, 1 N, 3 O
3. 10 Ca, 6 P, 26 O, 2H
4. 2H, 1 S, 4 O,
5. 17 C, 20H, 4 N, 6 O
6. 1 Ca, 2 N, 6 O
7. 2N, 8H, 1S, O4
8. 2H, 1C, 3 O
9. 1N, 5H, 1 O
10. 6C, 8H, 6 O

Key answers to Activity 3:

Answers may vary
Key answers to Activity 4:
Answers may vary
Key answers to Activity 5:
Answers may vary

Key answers to Activity 6:

1.
Component
State (solid liquid or gas) Dissolved or undissolved?
(substance)

Iron Solid undissolved

Sand Solid undissolved

 42

Salt Solid dissolved

Ethanol Liquid dissolved (in solution with the water and salt)

Water Liquid dissolved (in solution with the ethanol and salt)

2. Sand and iron fillings are undissolved

3. Salt is the only dissolved solid
4. Block 1 filtration
5. Sand and iron fillings in block 2
6. Salt, ethanol, water in block 3
7. Magnetic separation block 4
8. Iron fillings block 6, sand block 7
9. Distillation block 5
10. Ethanol block 8
11. Water and salt block 9
12. Distillation block 10
13. Water block 11, salt block 12

KEY ASNWERS TO Q1W3

Key answers to activity 1:
1. 14 6C
2. 60 27 Co
3. 75 34 Se
4. 60 27 Co
5. 13153 I
6. 59 26 Fe
7. 198 79 Au
8. 24 11 Na
9. 9943Tc
10. 14 6C

Key answers to activity 2:

1. 14
2. 35
3. 29
4. 53
5. 30
6. 20
7. 5
8. 36
9. 12
10. 47
 43

Key answers to activity 3:

1. Aluminum sulfide
2. Potassium fluoride
3. Ammonium nitrate
4. Phosphorus trifluoride
5. Carbon tetrachloride
6. Potassium permanganate
7. Calcium chloride
8. Magnesium sulfate
9. Sodium nitride
10. Silver nitrate
11. Calcium permanganate
12. Sodium carbonate
13. Potassium dichromate
14. Sodium bicarbonate
15. Potassium oxalate

Key answers to activity 4:

1. K2CO3
2. Mg(NO3)2
3. NH4CN
4. Ca(OH)2
5. Ba(NO3)2
6. (NH4)2SO4
7. CsF
8. KC2H3O2
9. Mg(PO4)2
10. Na2SO3

KEY ANSWERS TO Q1W4

Answer key to activity 1:

Name of IUPAC name Uses Chemical Structural formula
compound formula
Water Dihydrogen It is used for H2O
monoxide bathing,
drinking,
cooking,
agriculture,
fishery,
industry and
commerce and
thermoelectrici
ty
 44

1. Isopropyl 2- propanol Antiseptic, CH3CHOCH

alcohol disinfectant 3/
C3H8O

2. Vinegar Acetic acid/ used as a CH3COOH/

ethanoic acid preservative C2H4O2
and condiment

3. Agua Hydrogen Used as a H2O2

Oxigenada peroxide bleaching,
oxidizer and
antiseptic
agent
4. Lactic acid 2- It is used as a C3H6O3
Hydroxypropan preservative,
oic acid curing and
flavoring
agent. It is
produced
commercially
by
fermentation
of
carbohydrates
5. Deoxyribo 2 deoxy d ribose An important C5H10O4
se component of
DNA that is
responsible for
transmission of
genetic
information
from one
generation to
the next in
living
organism

6. Vitamin C Ascorbic acid Helps collagen C6H8O6

formation in
bones and
muscles.
Increases
immunity
against diseases
and helps
absorb iron
 45

7. Muriatic Hydrochloric acid Used for HCl

acid cleaning

8. Caffeine 1,3,7- This is used as C8H10N4O2

Trimethylxanthi a stimulant in
ne the coffee and
tea

9. Adrenaline 3,4 dihydroxy AKA C9H13NO3

phenyl α- 2 Epinephrine.
methyl amino This medication
ethanol is used to treat
allergic
reactions from
food, insect
bites, drug or
other substances

10. Formalin Methanal, Used as an CH2O

industrial
disinfectant
and
preservative in
funeral homes
and medical
laboratory

Key answers for activity 2

Answers may vary
Key answer for activity 3:
1. C3H3N
2. C2H3Cl
3. A) FeBr2 B) FeBr2
4. A) C2H6O B)C6H18O3
5. A)C3H9N B)C12H36N4
 46

KEY ANSWERS TO Q1W5

Key answers to activity 1:
1. C6H8O6
2. N2O4
3. C3H6
4. C2H6
5. KBr
Key answers to activity 2
1. +
2.
3. Gaseous state
4. (aq)
5.
Key Answer to activity 3
1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. True
Key answers to activity 4
1. A
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. C
Key answer to activity 5:
1. tin (II) fluoride, 156.71 amu
2. aluminum hydroxide, 78.01 amu
3. sodium thiosulfate, 158.12 amu
4. urea, 60.07 amu
5. calcium oxide, 56.06 amu

KEY ANSWERS TO Q1W6

Key answers to activity 1
1. 1.39 x 10 23 aspirin molecules
2. 9.64 x 10 23 oxygen atoms
3. 2.77 x 10 23 vitamin C molecules
4. 7.65 x 10 23 copper atoms
5. 4.34 x 10 24 nitrogen atoms

Key answers to activity 2

 47

1. 89.95 grams
2. 98.02 grams
3. 188.61 grams
4. 45.32 grams
5. 73.08 grams

Key answers to activity 3

1. 8.55 x 10 20 vit C molecules
2. 4.08 x 10 21 Li2CO3 molecules
3. 1.24 x 10 24 C particles
4. 4. 13 x 10 23 HCl molecules
5. 2.06 x 10 22 NaCl molecules

Key answers to activity 4

1. 15 C atoms, 30 H atoms, 15 O atoms
2. 3.6 C atoms, 7.2 H atoms, 3.6 O atoms
3. 2.28 C atoms, 4.56 H atoms, 1.82 O atoms
4. 1 C atom, 2 H atoms, 1 O atom
5. 4.5 C atoms, 10.5 H atoms, 1.5 N atoms, 1.5 O atoms

Key answers to activity 5

1. The following problems involve calculating the number of particles in a given mass of
compound.
a. 8.55 x 10 20 Vit C molecule
b. 4.08 x 10 21 formula units
2. These involves calculating the mass of an element present in a given mass of a
compound
a. 0.03 g Nitrogen in caffeine
b. 0.03 g of Oxygen in adrenaline
3. Calculating the mass of a product in a chemical reaction
a. 8.52 g H2O
b. 16.69 g SiC
4. Calculating the mass of a reactant taking part in chemical reaction
a. 0.24 g Mg(OH)2
b. 8.18 g H2O
5. Calculate the amount of a substance taking part in a chemical reaction
a. 2.80 x 10 -16 NaN3
b. 7.09 x 10 -14 moles of KClO3
5.1 Calculating the percent yield of a product in a chemical reaction
a. 93.16 percent yield CO2
b. 80.06% percent yield NH3
 48

KEY ANSWERS TO Q1W7

Key answers to activity 1:
1. Formula mass or mass or molar mass
2. Excess reactant
3. Molecules
4. Limiting reactant
5. Limiting reactant

Key answer to activity 2

1. 4 tires and 2 headlights
2. A. 5 cars B. 20 tires C. 10 headlights
3. The tires are the limiting reactant. There are 4 tires for every car. Therefore, 5 cars
can be made with 20 tires. Whereas basically, for every car, there are 2 headlights.
Since 5 cars were available, it will only need 10 headlights, so there are still 5
headlights in excess which makes it an excess reactant.
4. Limiting reactant is the one that runs out first. It limits how much of the reactant can
be made.
5. To ensure that one reactant fully reacts and to help increase percentage yield of the
product

Key answers to activity 3:

Compound or Number of formula Atomic mass (g) Total mass of
atom units or molecules atoms in formula
units or molecules
KI K= 1 K=30.09 156.99 g/mol
I= 1 I= 126.90
C6H12O6 C= 12.01 C= 12.01 180 g/mol
H= 1.00 H= 1.00
O= 15.99 O= 15.99
Na2CO3 Na= 2 Na= 22.99 105.96 g/mol
C= 1 C= 12.01
O= 3 O= 15.99
KMnO4 K= 1 K= 39.09 157.98 g/mol
Mn=1 Mn= 54.93
O= 4 O= 15.99
CuSO4 x 5H2O Cu= 1 Cu= 63.54 249.51 g/mol
S=1 S= 32.06
O=9 O=15.99
H= 10 H=1.00

Key answer to activity 4:

1. 3.1 moles O2
2. 12 moles CO2
3. 5.33 moles NH3
 49

4. A)0.33 moles K2Cr2O7 B) 1 mole I

5. 1.20 x 10 22 H2O molecules

Key answers to activity 5

1. 18 grams
2. 25.64 moles
3. 0.82 moles
4. 84.44 grams
5. 0.98 moles

KEY ANSWERS TO Q1W8

Key answers to activity 1:
1. 305.25 g
2. 125.25 g
3. 27.62 g
4. 348.70 g
5. 16.69 g

Key answers to activity 2:

1. Limiting reactant – hydrogen, excess reactant- nitrogen, the greatest amount that
can be made is 3.6 moles NH3, there is 1.4 moles of nitrogen excess
2. Limiting reactant – chlorine, excess reactant- hydrogen, the greatest amount that
can be made is 7 moles HCl, there is 0.5 moles of hydrogen excess
3. Limiting reactant – iron, excess reactant- water, the greatest amount that can be
made is 0.1 moles Fe3O4, there is 0.16 moles of water excess
4. Limiting reactant – magnesium, excess reactant- oxygen, the greatest amount that
can be made is 7.8 moles MgO, there is 0.8 moles of oxygen excess
5. Limiting reactant – chlorine, excess reactant- aluminum, the greatest amount that
can be made is 1.75 moles AlCl3, 233.33 grams AlCl3, there is 2.48 moles of
aluminum excess, 66.91 grams aluminum

PREPARED BY:
Aimee Rose T. Calma and Jermin T. David
ACSCI- SHS

RE EVALUATED BY:
Aimee Rose T. Calma and Jermin T. David
ACSCI-SHS