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8 - Actual Cycle and Their Analysis

1. Actual engine cycles differ from theoretical cycles due to various losses such as variable specific heats, dissociation, incomplete combustion, and heat transfer. 2. The major losses that decrease actual engine efficiency compared to theoretical cycles are time loss from progressive combustion, heat loss to the engine, and blowdown loss from early exhaust valve opening. 3. Time loss occurs because combustion takes time rather than being instantaneous, reducing the useful work done. Heat loss decreases maximum temperature and specific heats. Blowdown loss results from work lost when gases escape early from the cylinder.

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RISHAB KABDI JAIN
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65 views12 pages

8 - Actual Cycle and Their Analysis

1. Actual engine cycles differ from theoretical cycles due to various losses such as variable specific heats, dissociation, incomplete combustion, and heat transfer. 2. The major losses that decrease actual engine efficiency compared to theoretical cycles are time loss from progressive combustion, heat loss to the engine, and blowdown loss from early exhaust valve opening. 3. Time loss occurs because combustion takes time rather than being instantaneous, reducing the useful work done. Heat loss decreases maximum temperature and specific heats. Blowdown loss results from work lost when gases escape early from the cylinder.

Uploaded by

RISHAB KABDI JAIN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Engines, Motors, and

Mobility
[ME F317]
BITS
BITS Pilani
Pilani Dr. Saket Verma
Pilani Campus Department of Mechanical Enginerring
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Lecture No.: 7
BITSActual
Pilani Cycles and their Analysis
Pilani Campus
INTRODUCTION

● The actual cycles for IC engines differ from the fuel-air cycles and air-standard
cycles in many aspects.
● The actual cycle efficiency is much lower than the air-standard efficiency due
to various losses occurring in the actual engine operation.
● The major losses are due to:
1. Variation of specific heats with temperature
2. Dissociation of the combustion products
3. Progressive combustion
4. Incomplete combustion of fuel
5. Heat transfer into the walls of the combustion chamber
6. Blowdown at the end of the exhaust process
7. Gas exchange process

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


COMPARISON OF THERMODYNAMIC
AND ACTUAL CYCLES

These differences are mainly due to:


1. The variation of specific heats with
temperature,
2. The working substance being a mixture of air
and fuel vapor or finely atomized liquid fuel Points 1 and 2,
in air combined with the products of
combustion left from the previous cycle. being related to
Fuel-Air
The change in chemical composition of the Cycle.
working substance,

The change in the composition, temperature and


actual amount of fresh charge because of the
residual gases.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


ACTUAL CYCLES

FUEL-AIR ACTUAL
AIR-STANDARD THEORETICAL CYCLES
CYCLES CYCLES CYCLES
Air standard Change in the Accurate Accurate
assumption are mass of the working working
applicable working medium medium
Eff. = f(r) medium properties are properties as
possible taken – but all well as the
Eff. = f(r) the processes processes
are kept Eff. = f(N,
idealized Load, r, A/F, Pi,
Eff. = f(r, A/F, Ti)
Pi, Ti)

Eff. = Efficiency
r = Comp ratio
A/F = Air-fuel ratio
N = Engine speed
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
COMPARISON OF THERMODYNAMIC
AND ACTUAL CYCLES
3. The progressive combustion rather than the instantaneous combustion.
4. The heat transfer to and from the working medium.
5. Incomplete combustion of fuel
6. The substantial exhaust blowdown loss, i.e., loss of work on the expansion stroke due to
early opening of the exhaust valve,
7. Gas leakage, fluid friction etc., in actual engines.

● Remaining points are in fact responsible for the difference between fuel-air
cycles and actual cycles.
● Most of the factors listed above tend to decrease the thermal efficiency and
power output of the actual engines.
● Out of all the above factors, major influence is exercised by:
1. Time loss factor
2. Heat loss factor
3. Exhaust blowdown factor

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Time loss factor

● In Air-Standard cycle the combustion (Heat addition)


assumed to be instantaneous, But in actual cycles, it will
take a definite period of time. Spark creation to till
complete combustion. This is the time loss due to
progressive combustion
● Path 2 → 3 represents if the combustion is instantaneous
at constant volume. Which mean instantaneous at where
the piston is at TDC.
● Due to the time taken for the complete combustion, the
peak pressure generated by the combustion at the
minimum cylinder volume (At 2) will not occur, Which
means at the piston at the TDC. It will occur sometime
after the TDC. The pressure will rise from b to c as shown
on the graph.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Contd.

● The area which is hatched and painted in blue represents


the amount of work would have been done. This loss of
useful work results in reduced in efficiency of the cycle.
This is called the time loss due to progressive combustion.
● Factors cause the Time loss in actual
cycles
1. The flame velocity which in turn depend upon the type of
fuel and the fuel-air ratio.
2. The shape and size of the combustion chamber.
3. The distance from the point of ignition to the opposite side
of the combustion space

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Cont.
Cycle performance for various ignition timings for r = 6
(typical values)

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Heat loss factor

● Heat loss during the combustion process definitely has a high influence on
cycle efficiency. Whereas the heat loss during the end of expansion stroke
will have effectively less influence on the cycle efficiency.
● During the combustion process in the IC engines, the heat flows from the
cylinder gases through cylinder walls and cylinder head into the cooling fins
or water jacket.
● The heat also loses from the piston head into the piston rings carried away
by the lubricating oil or flow through the cylinder walls into the water
jacket.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


contd..

● Following is the P-V diagram for the three


different losses (Time loss, Heat Loss,
Exhaust Loss). Among these three losses,
e.g. Heat loss has a 12% loss of energy
which is a high amount compared to the
other two losses (Time loss – 6%, Exhaust
Loss – 2%)
● The main effect of the Heat loss in
combustion and expansion of the engine
will reduce the maximum temperature
which will result in lower specific heats.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


EXHAUST BLOWDOWN

● Blowdown is nothing but the escape of


the combustion particles from the
cylinder when the exhaust valve opens.
The timing of the opening of the exhaust
valve will also have an influence on the
efficiency of the engine since there is this
Exhaust blown loss during the cycle. This
loss depends on the timing of the Exhaust
valve opening
● It is noted that the loss of this exhaust
blown is 2%. Which is comparatively less
than the other two losses (Time loss-6%
and Heat Loss-12%) which means it will
have less effect on the efficiency of the
engine.
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

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