ENGLISH BOOK

AISYAH AMINY MARWAN

Prof . Dr . Rohana,
SPd.,M.Pd 2021
 KATA PENGANTAR
Alhamdulillah, segala puji dan syukur penulis
panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT karena buku ini
telah selesai disusun. Buku ini disusun agar dapat
membantu para mahasiswa dalam mempelajari
Mata Kuliah Bahasa Inggris beserta mempermudah
mempelajari materi Bahasa Inggris terutama bagi
kaum awam yang belum mengenal Bahasa Inggris
itu sendiri.

Penulis pun menyadari jika didalam penyusunan

buku ini mempunyai kekurangan, namun penulis
meyakini sepenuhnya bahwa sekecil apapun buku
ini tetap akan memberikan sebuah manfaat bagi
pembaca.

Akhir kata untuk penyempurnaan buku ini, maka

kritik dan saran dari pembaca sangatlah berguna
untuk penulis kedepannya.

Makassar, 6 Desember 2021

1
 DAFTAR ISI

KATA PENGANTAR…………..1

DAFTAR ISI…………………….2

BAB 1
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
…………………………………… 3
TASK
…………………………………………………………
… 11
BAB 2
PRESENT CONTINOUS TENS……………………..
18
TASK
…………………………………………………………
… 27
BAB 3
THE FUTURE TENSE
………………………………………… 35
TASK
…………………………………………………………
… 42
BAB 4
ADJECTIVE, PRONOUN AND
VERBS……………………. . 44
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
………………………………………….. 61

2
BAB 1

Simple Present Tense

The simple present tense is one of several forms of
present tense in English. It is used to describe habits,
unchanging situations, general truths, and fixed
arrangements. The simple present tense is simple to
form. Just use the base form of the verb: ( I take, you
take, we take, they take) The 3rd person singular takes
an –s at the end. (he takes, she takes)

The simple present tense is used

.
• To express habits, general truths, repeated
actions or unchanging situations, emotions
and wishes :

• I smoke (habit); I work in London

(unchanging situation); London is a large
city (general truth)
• To give instructions or directions:

• You walk for two hundred meters, Then you

turn left.
• To express fixed arrangements, present or
future:

• Your exam starts at 09.00

• To express future time, after some
conjuctions: after, when, before, as soon as,
until: He’ll give it to you when you come
next Saturday.

3
Be careful The simple Present it not used to express
actions happening now.

Examples
• For habits

• He drinks tea at breakfast.

• She only eats fish
• They watch television regularly
•
• For repeated actions or events
• We catch the bus every morning
• It rains every afternoon in the host season
• They drive to Monaco every summer
• • For general truths
•
• Water freezes at zero degress.
• The Earth revolves around the sun.
• Her mother is Peruvian.
• • For instructions or directions
•
• Open the packet and pour the contents into
hot water.
• You take the No.6 bus to watney and then
the No.10 to Bedford.
• • For fixed arrangements
•
• His mother arrives tomorrow:
• Our holiday starts on the 26th March
• • With future constructions
•
• She’ll see you before she leaves.

4
 • We’ll give it to her when she arrives

Forming the simple present tense : to think

Affirmative Interrogative Negative

I think Do I think? I do not think
You think Do you think? You do not think
He thinks Does he think? He does not
think
She thinks Does she think? She does not
think
It thinks Do it think? It does not think
We thinks Do we think? We do not think
They thinks Do they think? They do not
think
Notes on the simple present, third person singular

• In the third person singular the verb always

ends in –s:
• he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.

• Negative and question forms use DOES (=

the third person of the auxiliary ‘DO’) + the
infinitive of the verb.
• He wants ice cream. Does he want
strawberry? He does not want vanilla.
• • Verbs ending in –y : the third person
changes the –y to –ies:

• Fly  flies, cry  cries

• Exception: if there is a vowel before
the -y
• Fly plays, pray prays
• • Add –es to verbs ending in :-ss, -x, -sh, -ch:

5
 • he passes, she catches, her fixes, it
pushes
• Examples
• He goes to school every morning.
• She understands English.
• It mixes the sand and the water.
• He tries very hard.
• She enjoys playing the piano

Present indefinite tense

The present indefinite tense, also known as simple
present tense denotes a stative or habitual or eternally
true action.
Generally simple present tense is used to indicate an
action which happens – always, regularly, every day,
daily, normally, generally, usually. Accasionally,
sometimes, often, rarely, frequently, nowadays,
naturally, seldom, constanly, never, every a week,
every year, once a year, on a week , at times, at
present, now and then, or all the time

Sturucture

Subject (third person singular number) + verb in simple

present form + s/es + …….

Subject (all other kinds) + verb in simple present form + ……

6
Simple Present Forms

The simple present is just the base form of the verb.

Questions are made with do and negative forms are
made with do not
• Statement : You speak English.
• Question : Do you speak English?
• Negative : You do not speak English.

In the rhird person singular, -s or –es is added.

Questions are made with does and negative forms are
made with does not.
• Statement : He speaks English.
• Question ; Does he speak English?
• Negative : He does not speak English.

Simple Present uses

USE 1 Repeated Actions

Use the simple present to express the idea that an
action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habbit,
ahobby, a daily event, a scheduled that often happens.
It can also be something a person often forgets or
usually does not do.
Examples:
• I play tennis
• She does not play tennis
• Does he play tennis?
• The train leaves every morning at 8
AM.
• When does the train usually leave?
• She always forgets her purse.
• Does the sun circle the earth?

7
USThe simple present can also indicate the speaker
believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and
will be true in the future. It is not important if the
speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make
generalizations about people or things.
Examples:
• Cats like milk.
• Birds do not like milk.
• Do pigs like milk?
• California is in America.
• California is not in the United kingdom
• Windows are made of glass.
• Windows are not made of wood.
• New York is a small city. It is not
importantthat this fact is untrue.

USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future

Speaker occasionally use simple present to talk about
scheduled enents in the near future. This is most
commonly done when talking about public
transportation, but it can be used with otherscheduled
event as well.
Examples:
• The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
• The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it
arrives at 11 PM.
• When do we board the plane?
• The party starts at 8 o’clock.
• When does class begin tomorrow?

USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Speakers sometimes use the simple present to express

the idea that an action is happening or is not happening

8
noq. This can only be done with non-continuous verbs
and certain mixed verbs

. E 2 Facts or Generalizations

The simple present can also indicate the speaker

believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and
will be true in the future. It is not important if the
speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make
generalizations about people or things.
Examples:
• Cats like milk.
• Birds do not like milk.
• Do pigs like milk?
• California is in America.
• California is not in the United kingdom
• Windows are made of glass.
• Windows are not made of wood.
• New York is a small city. It is not
importantthat this fact is untrue.

USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future

Speaker occasionally use simple present to talk about

scheduled enents in the near future. This is most
commonly done when talking about public
transportation, but it can be used with otherscheduled
event as well.
Examples:
o The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
o The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it
arrives at 11 PM.
o When do we board the plane?
• The party starts at 8 o’clock.

9
• • When does class begin tomorrow?

USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Speakers sometimes use the simple present to express

the idea that an action is happening or is not happening
noq. This can only be done with non-continuous verbs
and certain mixed verbs.

Examples:
• I am here now
• She is not here now
• He needs help right now
• He does not need help now
• He has his passport in his hand
• Do you have your passport with you

10
TASK
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Change and completed the sentences with corrected of
Simple Present Tense

EXERCISE 1.
1. I usually go to school.
2. They visit us often.
3. You play basketball once a week.
4. Tom work every day.
5. He always tell us funny stories.
6. She never helps me with that!
7. Martha and Kevin swim twice a week.
8. In this club people usually dance a lot.
9. Linda take care of her sister.
10. John rarely leaves the country.
11. We live in the city most of the year.
12. Lorie travels to Paris every Sunday.
13. I bake cookies twice a month.
14. You always teach me new things.
15. She helps the kids of the neighborhood.

EXERCISES 2.
Change the verb into the correct form

1. London is (be) in England.

2. The summer is (be) hot.
3. She drives (drive) very well.
4. They open (open) the store at 8:00.
5. Linda is (be) a very pretty girl.
6. I have (have) several jobs.
7. Water boils (boil) at 100 degrees.
8. Water freezes (freeze) at 0 degrees.
9. My sister speak (speak) English.
10. He has (have) a big apartment.

11
11. A triangle have (have) three corners.
12. My birthday is (be) in June.
13. Books have (have) pages.
14. Dogs are (be) good friends.
15. I work (work) hard.

EXERCISES 3
Change the verb into the correct form:
1. I love (love) you.
2. This weighs (weigh) 20 kilograms.
3. Ron seems (seem) serious.
4. We like (like) tomatoes.

5. The boy wants (want) to play.

6. You need (need) to sleep.
7. They agree (agree) with me.
8. She hears (hear) something strange.
9. The box contains (contain) food.
10. Emma appears (appear) sad.
11. David know (know) how to fix a car.
12. Daniel and Liz seem (seem) happy.
13. This smells (smell) bad.
14. I believe (believe) you.
15. We are be (be) number one!
EXERCISES 4
Change the verb into the correct form:
1. I go (go) to the city once a week.
2. You play (play) the guitar very well.
3. She never visit (visit) me.
4. Tom always finds (find) new ways to do things.
5. Ann wants (want) to speak.
6. Toronto is (be) in Canada.
7. Cars have (have) wheels.
8. My mother has (have) a big house.

12
9. We play (play) a lot.
10. They sell (sell) fruit and eggs.
11. The building is be (be) on fire.
12. Marta seems (seem) sad.
13. I usually help (help) my neighbors.
14. His brother rarely is leaves (leave) town.

EXERCISES 5

Change the verb into the correct form:

1. Daniel is flies (fly) to Paris once a year.
2. She never does (do) her homework.
3. Lisa tries (try) to help her sister.
4. Mark goes (go) home at seven.
5. The baby cries (cry) every night.
6. He missies (miss) her a lot.
7. Joe is studies (study) really hard.
8. A boy kissies (kiss) a girl.
9. Joana is buys (buy) new stuff all the time.
10. Tim watchies (watch) this show every night.
11. Sara says (say) this all the time.
12. The teacher is teachies (teach) us new things.
13. He pays (pay) me wel

14 Barbara washes (wash) the dishes, and Leo washes

the floor.

15. Nick plays (play) tennis twice a week.

16. This girl always pushes (push) somebody.

17. Isabella enjoys (enjoy) listening to music.
18. David never mixes (mix) milk and eggs.
19. The bee buzzes(buzz).
20. Taylor fixes (fix) cars.

13
EXERCISES 6

Change the verb into the correct form:

1. I don't (not ride) horses.

2. You don't (not sell) cars.
3. He doesn't (not bring) gifts.
4. She doesn't (not take) pictures.
5. It don't (not cost) so much.
6. We don't (not seem) so happy.
7. They don't (not buy) new products.
8. Michael doesn't (not dance).
9. Michel doesn't (not run) fast.
10. Tim and Kate don't (not work) every day.
11. Lucas and Clara don't (not eat) meat.
12. I don't (not swim) much.

13. You don't (not ski) at all.

14. It doesn't (not hurt).
15. We don't (not give up).

EXERCISE 7

Change the verb into the correct form:

1. I don't (not ride) horses.
2. You don't (not sell) cars.
3. He doesn't (not bring) gifts.
4. She doesn't (not take) pictures.
5. It doesn't (not cost) so much.
6. We don't (not seem) so happy.
7. They doesn't (not buy) new products.
8. Michael doesn't (not dance).
9. Michel doesn't (not run) fast.
10. Tim and Kate don't (not work) every day.

14
11. Lucas and Clara don't (not eat) meat.
12. I don't (not swim) much.
13. You don't (not ski) at all.
14. It doesn't (not hurt).
15. We don't (not give up).

EXERCISES 8

Change the verb into the correct form:

1. Do (I wake up) at five in the morning?
2. Do (you go) to work by train?
3. Does (she drink) coffee every morning?
4. Does (he smoke)?
5. Does (it hurt)?
6. Do (we dance)?
7. Do (they travel)?
8. Does (Emma cook) well?
9. Does (Alexander exercise) regularly?
10. Do (I look) well?
11. Do (you rest) enough?
12. Does (William work) too hard?
13. Do(they travel) often?
14. Does (Anthony go) to sleep too late?
15. Do (you bake) cakes?

EXERCISES 9
Change the verb into the correct form:
1. Christopher drives (drive) a bus.
2. We have (have) some mone

3. Do (you watch) movies?

4. They don't (not work) for us.
5. I love (love) to dance.
6. She has (have) many friends.

15
7. Alexis and her husband always come (come) for the
summer.
8. Does (he draw) well?
9. James doesn't (not remember) me.
10. Laura is (be) a beautiful girl.
11. I don't like (not eat) cheese.
12. Cats like (like) to sleep.
13. You are (be) a smart boy.
14. She washes (wash) the dishes every evening.
15. Are (you be) ready?
16. I am (be) ready

16
 BAB II
PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE

Present continuous
The present continuous is made from the present tense
of the verb be and the – ing form of a verb :

I am Working

You are Playing

He is Talking

She is Living

It is Eating

We are Staying

They are sleeping

We use present continuous tense

1. Now
I am eating my lunch now.
2. At the moment

17
 Linda is taking a shower at the moment.
3. Today
I am holding my birthday party today.
4. Still
He is still trying to contact her.
5. At present
We are hanging out at home at present

We use the present continuous to talk about:

1. Activities at the moment of speaking:

I'm just leaving work. I'll be home in an hour.
Please be quiet. The children are sleeping.
2. Future plans or arrangements:
Mary is going to a new school next term. What
are you doing next week?

Present continuous questions

We make questions by putting am, is or are in front of

the subject:
Are you listening?
Are they coming to your party?
When is she going home?
What am I doing here?

Present continuous negatives

We make negatives by putting not (or n't) after am, is
or are:
I'm not doing that.
You aren't listening. (or You're not listening.)
They aren't coming to the party. (or They're not
coming to the party I am eating my lunch now

18
She isn't going home until Monday. (or She's not going
home until Monday.)

Present Continuous

The present continuous (also called present

progressive) is a verb tense which is used to show that
an ongoing action is happening now, either at the
moment of speech or now in a larger sense. The
present continuous can also be used to show that an
action is going to take place in the near future. Read on
for detailed descriptions, examples, and present
continuous exercises.

Present Continuous Forms

The present continuous is formed using am/is/are +
present participle. Questions are indicated by inverting
the subject and am/is/are. Negatives are made with not.
a. Statement: You are watching TV.
b. Question: Are you watching TV?
c. Negative: You are not watching TV.
Complete List of Present Continuous Forms
Present Continuous Uses

USE 1 Now

Use the present continuous with normal verbs to

express the idea that something is happening now, at
this very moment. It can also be used to show that
something is not happening now.
Examples:
1.You are learning English now.

19
2. You are not swimming now.
3. Are you sleeping?
4. I am sitting.
5. I am not standing
6. Is he sitting or standing?
7. They are reading their books.
8. They are not watching television.
9. What are you doing?
10. Why aren't you doing your homework?

USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now

In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this

month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes,
we use the present continuous to say that we are in the
process of doing a longer action which is in progress;
however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.

Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while

eating dinner in a restaurant.)
1. I am studying to become a doctor.
2. I am not studying to become a dentist.
3. I am reading the book Tom Sawyer.
4. I am not reading any books right now.
5. Are you working on any special projects at work?
6. Aren't you teaching at the university now?

USE 3 Near Future

20
Sometimes, speakers use the present continuous to
indicate that something will or will not happen in the
near future.

Examples:
1. am meeting some friends after work
2. I am not going to the party tonight.
3. Is he visiting his parents next weekend?
4. Isn't he coming with us tonight?

USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The present continuous with words such as "always" or

"constantly" expresses the idea that something
irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the
meaning is like simple present, but with negative
emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or
"constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
Examples:
1. She is always coming to class late.
2. He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut
up.
3. I don't like them because they are always
complaining

Present Continuous Tips

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that non-continuous verbs
cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain
non-continuous meanings for mixed verbs cannot be
used in continuous tenses. Instead of using present

21
continuous with these verbs, you must use simple
present.
Examples:
1. She is loving this chocolate ice cream. Not
Correct
2. She loves this chocolate ice cream. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar

adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just,
etc.
Examples:
1. You are still watching TV
2. The present continuous with words such as
"always" or "constantly" expresses the idea
that something irritating or shocking often
happens. Notice that the meaning is like
simple present, but with negative emotion.
Remember to put the words "always" or
"constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
Examples:
1. She is always coming to class late.
2. . He is constantly talking. I wish he would
shut up.
3. I don't like them because they are always
complaining

Present Continuous Tips

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed

Verbs

It is important to remember that non-continuous

verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses.

22
 Also, certain non-continuous meanings for mixed
verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead
of using present continuous with these verbs, you
must use simple present.
1. Examples:
2. She is loving this chocolate ice cream. Not
Correct
3. She loves this chocolate ice cream. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for

grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never,
ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

1.
You are still watching TV
2. Are you still watching TV?
3.
ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:
1. Right now, Tom is writing the
letter. Active
2. .Right now, the letter is being
written by Tom. Passive
Stative verbs

We do not normally use the continuous with stative

verbs. Stative verbs include:

1. Verbs of thinking and feeling:

believe love recognize understand

23
dislike hate remember want
know prefer suppose wish
like realize think (= believe)

2. verbs of the senses:

appear feel look seem smell sound taste
Others:
agree be belong disagree need owe own possess

We normally use the simple instead:

1. 1..understand you. (NOT I am understanding

you.)

2. This cake tastes wonderful. (NOT This cake is

tasting wonderful.)

B. Level: intermediate

1. We also use the present continuous to talk about:

a. Something which is happening before

and after a specific time:
b. At eight o'clock we are usually having
breakfast.
c. When I get home the children are
doing their homework.

2. Something which we think is temporary:

a. Michael is at university. He's studying
history.
b. I'm working in London for the next two
weeks.

24
 3. Something which is new and contrasts with a
previous state:
a. These days most people are using
email instead of writing letters.
b. What sort of clothes are teenagers
wearing nowadays?
c. What sort of music are they listening
to?
4. Something which is changing, growing or
developing:
a. The children are growing up quickly.
b. The climate is changing rapidly.
c. Your English is improving.
5. something which happens again and again:
a. It's always raining in London.
b. They are always arguing.
c. George is great. He's always laughing.
6. Note that we normally use always with this use.

C. Level: advanced

We can use the present continuous to talk about the

past when we are:
telling a story:

The other day I'm just walking down the street when
suddenly this man comes up to me and asks me to
lend him some money. Well, he's carrying a big stick
and he looks a bit dangerous, so I'm wondering what
to do
The present continuous (also called present
progressive) is a verb tense which is used to show
that an ongoing action is happening now, either at
the moment of speech or now in a larger sense. The
present continuous can also be used to show that an

25
 action is going to take place in the near future. Read
on for detailed descriptions, examples, and present
continuous exercises.

Present Continuous Forms

The present continuous is formed using am/is/are +
present participle. Questions are indicated by inverting
the subject and am/is/are. Negatives are made with not.
Statement: You are watching TV.

Question: Are you watching TV?

Negative: You are not watching TV.

Complete List of Present Continuous Forms Present
Continuous Uses

USE 1 Now
Present continuous now
Use the present continuous with normal verbs to
express the idea that something is happening now, at
this very moment. It can also be used to show that
something is not happening now.
Examples:
1, You are learning English now.
2. You are not swimming now.
3. Are you sleeping? 4, I am sitting.
5, I am not standing.
6, Is he sitting or standing?
7. They are reading their books.
8. They are not watching television.
9. What are you doing?
10. Why aren't you doing your homework?

26
USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now Present
continuous longer duration

In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this

month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes,
we use the present continuous to say that we are in the
process of doing a longer action which is in progress;
however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.
Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while
eating dinner in a restaurant.)

1. I am studying to become a doctor.

2. I am not studying to become a dentist.
3. I am reading the book Tom Sawyer.
4. I am not reading any books right now.
5. Are you working on any special projects at work?
6. Aren't you teaching at the university now?

USE 3 Near Future

present continuous near future
Sometimes, speakers use the present continuous to
indicate that something will or will not happen in the
near future.
Examples:
1, I am meeting some friends after work.
2. I am not going to the party tonight. 3.Is he visiting
his parents next weekend?
4. Isn't he coming with us tonight?

USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

Present continuous always habit

The present continuous with words such as "always" or

"constantly" expresses the idea that something
irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the

27
meaning is like simple present, but with negative
emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or
"constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
Examples:
1. She is always coming to class late.
2. He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.
3. I don't like them because they are always
complaining.

Present Continuous Tips

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that non-continuous verbs
cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain
non-continuous meanings for mixed verbs cannot be
used in continuous tenses. Instead of using present
continuous with these verbs, you must use simple
present.

Examples:
1. She is loving this chocolate ice cream. Not Correct
2. She loves this chocolate ice cream. Correct
Present continuous used in Dynamic

Verb:
1. My sister is currently unpacking her bookshelf
2. Dad is fixing his car.
3. I am not feeling well today.
4.
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar
adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just,
etc.
Examples:
1. You are still watching TV.

28
2. Are you still watching TV?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
1. Right now, Tom is writing the letter. Active
2. Right now, the letter is being written by Tom.
Passive

TASK
•Exercise: Put the verb in brackets in the correct
form to make different
form of the Present Continuous Tense.

1. John is reading (read) a book now.

2. What are you doing (you do) tonight?
3. Jack and Peter are working (work) late
today.
4. Silvia is not listening (not listen) to
music.
5. Maria is sitting (sit) next to Paul.
6. How many other students are you
studying (you study) with?
7. The phone is not ringing (not ring).
8. John is reading (read) a book now.

•Exercises completed sentences with present

continuous tenses

1. What are you doing (you do) tonight?

2. Jack and Peter are working (work) late today.
3. Silvia is not listening (not listen) to music.
4. Maria is sitting (sit) next to Paul.
5. How many other students are you studying (you
study) with?
6. The phone is not ringing (not ring)
•Present Continuous Tense - More Practice

29
 1. for I'm my glasses. looking
a. I'm looking for my glasses
2. reading? book of are What you kind
a. What kind of book are you reading?
3. crying? is Why Pamela
a. Why is pamela crying?
4. is studying economics Kharkov National at
University. Paul
a. Paul is studying economics at
University National Kharkov
5. Why is everyone laughing?
a. Why Everyone is laughing?
6. you me? Are for waiting
a. Are you waiting for me?
7. are leaving? When you
a. When are you leaving ?
8. Saudi working is in Arabia John the at
moment.
9. moment john is working in Saudi Arabia
10. company for working Jennifer same as the Is
you?
11. is you same as the jennifer company for
working?
a. next party you do having come? want
I'm a Saturday - to

do you want to i'm a having come party next

saturday?
•Instructions
Write a question in the present continuous based on
each statement.
Example
~ I’m cooking something.
~ What are you cooking?
1. I'm writing something.

30
 What are you writing ?
2. They're painting something.
What are they painting ?
3. She's eating something.
What is she eating ?
4. I'm drinking something.
What are you drinking ?
5. He's holding something.
What is he holding ?
6. I'm going somewhere.
Where are you going ?
She's driving somewhere
Where is she driving ?
7. I'm waiting for somebody.
Who are you waiting for?
8. He's talking to somebody.
Who is he talking to?

•Fill in the missing words

1. My brother Ram, is staying (stay) in California at
present.
2. Mr. Sharma is watching (watch) IPL on TV at the
moment
3. For the time being, Linda is working (work) as a
principal.
4. Listen! Somebody are playing (play) at upstairs.
5. Look at that man! He is wearing (wear) a green
uniform. He must be a police officer.
6. Right now, I am in the class, am sitting (sit) at my
desk.
7. They are watching (watch) TV now.
8. The boy is sleeping (sleep) since noon.
•Interrogative and Negative sentences in present
continuous tense.
Rewrite the sentences in interrogative form

31
Eg. The children are watching TV now.
Answer: Are the children watching TV now?
1. Arman is having breakfast now.
is arman having breakfast now?
2. Anton is answering the call at the moment.
is Anton answering call at the moment?

3. I am helping Linda with her work today.

I am not helping Linda with her work today.
4. The nice girls are washing the dishes.
The nice girl is not washing the dishes.
5. The student is sleeping in the class.
The student is not sleeping in the class.
6. It is raining heavily now.
It is not raining heavily now.
7. The students are writing an essay.
The student is not writing an essay.
8. You are doing this exercise correctly.
You is not doing this exercise correctly.
9. The dog is drinking milk.
The dog is not drinking milk.
10.The girl is singing a Dangdut song.
The girl is not singing a Dangdut song.
•Fill in the missing words choosing the appropriate
word from those given int he brackets
1. The Earth is moving round the Sun. (is
moving/moves)
2. Can I have some milk before I am going to bed?
(am going/go)
3. He is having a mill in the town. (is having/has)
4. Don't disturb me. I am doing my homework. (am
doing/do)
5. Anu is wanting to be a doctor. (is wanting/wants)
6. She is playing Piano in the concert tomorrow. (is
playing/plays)

32
7. The headmaster is wanting to speak to you. (is
wanting/wants)
8. I am smelling something burning. (am
smelling/smell)
9. The boys are always fighting among themselves.
(fighting/fight)
10. The doctor is examining the patient now. (is
examining/examines)
11. I am learning English these days. (am
learning/learn)
12.The doctor is examining (is examining/examines)
the patient thoroughly
13. and is prescribing (is prescribing/prescribes) some
medicines.
14. Trained dogs are fetching the ball as soon as it is
thrown. (are fetching/fetch)
15. We are expecting a rich crop this year. (are
expecting/expect)

•Rearrange the given words in proper order to

form a meaningful sentence.
1. market/Shanti/going/to/is/the
shanti is going to the market
2. walks/school/Linda/to/everyday
linda walks to school everyday
3. they/playing/park/the/in/are/cricket/?
they are playing cricket in the park
4. laughing/clown/at/funny/Anisha/is/the
anisha is laughing at the funny clown
5. music/not/lessons/Anton /taking/is
anton is not taking music lessons
6. Linda /not/doll/playing/is/her/with
linda is not playing with her doll
7. walking/towards/is/Susi/bus-stop/?/the

33
susi is walking towards the bus stop
8. milk/not/Tono/is/drinking.
tono is not drinking milk
9. work/students/hard/exams/during
students work hard during exams
10. going/start/to/show/is/in/a/minutes/few/the
the show is a going to start in the few minutes

34
BAB 3 THE FUTURE TENSES
Take a look at the four future tenses in English and
how they’re used in a sentence:

 It is made up of the verb will/won’t + base

infinitive (infinitive without to).
Because will is a modal verb it doesn’t change
depending on the person doing the action.
We can use contractions e.g. I will = I’ll.
In the negative, we can also use will not for
more emphasis.
Won’t is more common in speech.
In short answers we say: yes X will or no X
won’t.

Let’s start with the basics. The future simple is used to

talk about a time later than now and can be used in lots
of different ways.
Form
Here’s a look at the future simple in positive and
negative statements and questions

35
 Instant or spontaneous decisions – I’m hungry. I
think I’ll make a sandwich.
• Future predictions based on a belief – I’m sure
you’ll pass the test.
• Promises – I won’t tell anyone your secret.
• Offers – I’ll carry your bags for you.
• Requests – Will you tell Henry I called?
• Threats – If you do that again, I’ll tell Mum.
• Future facts – I’ll be back later tonight.

Uses and examples

Shall
We can use shall instead of will for future time
references with I and we. However, it is slightly more
formal.
E.g. We shall never forget this beautiful day.
It is also common to use shall in questions to make
offers, suggestions or ask for advice.
E.g. Shall I carry these bags for you?
Shall I open the window?
What shall I tell Mary about the broken vase?
Be going to vs will
It’s important to note that for predictions based on
evidence and for future plans we use be going to not
will.

36
E.g. Look at those grey clouds. It’s definitely going to
rain!
– What are you doing after work?
– I’m going to the gym. • Instant or spontaneous
decisions – I’m hungry. I think I’ll make a sandwich.
• Future predictions based on a belief – I’m sure
you’ll pass the test.
• Promises – I won’t tell anyone your secret.
• Offers – I’ll carry your bags for you.

Activity One
For more about the differences between will and be
going to to talk about the future, watch this video from
Learn English with TV Series:
Uses and examples

 Requests – Will you tell Henry I called?

• Threats – If you do that again, I’ll tell Mum.
• Future facts – I’ll be back later tonight.

Shall
We can use shall instead of will for future time
references with I and we. However, it is slightly more
formal.
E.g. We shall never forget this beautiful day.
It is also common to use shall in questions to make
offers, suggestions or ask for advice.
E.g. Shall I carry these bags for you?
Shall I open the window?
What shall I tell Mary about the broken vase?
Be going to vs will

37
It’s important to note that for predictions based on
evidence and for future plans we use be going to not
will.
E.g. Look at those grey clouds. It’s definitely going to
rain!
– What are you doing after work?

– I’m going to the gym.

Activity One
For more about the differences between will and be
going to to talk about the future, watch this video from
Learn English with TV Series:

Now let’s move on to the future continuous. Generally,

we use this tense to talk about things in progress at a
particular time in the future. Take a look at the form:
Form
The structure of the future continuous is as
follows: will/won’t + be + ing form

 An action in progress at a specific time in the

future (at 5pm, this time tomorrow, in two weeks,

38
in five years time etc.). This time tomorrow, I’ll be
flying to Barbados.
• An action we see as new or temporary. I’ll be
working for my Dad until I find a new job.
• Predictions or guesses about future events. He’ll
be coming to the party, I guess.
• Predictions about the present. She’ll be getting
married right now, I imagine.
• Polite enquiries. Will you be joining us for dinner?

Uses and examples

Stative verbs
It’s important to remember that some verbs
cannot be used in the continuous tense.
These are called stative verbs. Stative verbs
describe states, feelings, thoughts and
opinions. Instead of the future continuous,
we use the future simple tense for these
verbs. Here are some examples:

Activity two
Here’s a fun activity to practise what you’ve learnt
about the future continuous. All you have to do is talk
about what you’ll be doing at these different points in
time. Try saying them out loud or write down your
answers on a piece of paper. We’ll post some possible
answers at the end of this blog post.

39
 The form of the future perfect is will/won’t + have +
past participle.
• Regular past participles end in -ed.
• Irregular past participles don’t follow the common
conjugation pattern

Form

40
 An action that will be completed before a specific
time in the future. Next September, we’ll have been
married for 50 years.
• Use by or by the time to mean some time before.
I’ll have finished this report by the time you’re home.
• Use in, in a day’s time, in two weeks’ time, in three
months’ time etc. to mean at the end of this period.
In three years’ time, I’ll have completed my degree.
Uses and examples
Activity three
Should you use has instead of have for third person in
the future perfect? Here’s BBC Learn English with the
answer.

5. Future perfect continuous

We use the future perfect continuous to
show that something will continue up until a
particular event in the future. We normally
use it to emphasise how long something will
have been happening fo
Form

The form of the future perfect continuous is will/won’t

+ have + been + ing (present participle)
41
Uses and examples
• To show that something will continue up until a
particular event in the future. In October, I’ll have
been working here for ten years.
• To show something finished just before another time
action (cause and effect). When I arrive, I’ll have been
working all day, so I’ll be tired.
• With time expressions (by + then / tomorrow / next
year etc., by the time, when). By the time we arrive,
we’ll have been travelling for fifteen hours.
Activity four
Look at these five photos of people with
different professions. Write down sentences
using the future perfect continuous to
describe what they will have been doing
four hours into their work shift. E.g. They
will have been cooking for four hours.
We’ll write some examples at the end of the
blog post.

42
 In five minutes I’ll still be reading this blog post.
• In two hours I’ll be at home watching the TV on the
sofa.
• At 9pm I’ll be cooking dinner.
• This time tomorrow I’ll be doing my English exam.
• I’ll probably be playing football on Saturday
morning.
• I’ll be having dinner with friends next Friday.
• I’ll be having my operation in 2 weeks.
• I’m not sure what I’ll be doing next month.
• I’ll be saying goodbye to 2021 at midnight on New
Year’s Eve.
• A) Police officer – He’ll have been catching
criminals for four hours.
• B) Doctor – She’ll have been saving lives for four
hours.
• C) English Teacher – He’ll have been teaching
grammar for four hours.
• D) Chefs – They’ll have been cooking for four hours.
• E) Footballer – She’ll have been kicking a ball
around for four hours

Suggested Answers
Activity two
Activity four
TASK
Future Tenses – Exercise
A. Exercise
Fill in the correct future tense - will future, going to or
present progressive.
1. They…… (drive) to New York tomorrow
morning.
2. I hope the weather…… (be) nice.
3. I offered him this job. I think he …..(take) it.

43
 4. I promise I…..... (not tell) your secret to
anyone.
5. Take your umbrella with you. It……. (rain).
6. They…… (play) cards this evening.
7. I... (go) to the cinema tomorrow.
8. They…… (fly) to Seattle next summer
holidays.
9. I... (invite) 50 people to the party, and I hope
everyone……. (come).
10. 10. …..That exercise looks difficult. I……
(help) you.

B. Use the verbs in brackets in the correct future

tenses
– will-future, going to-future, Simple Present or
Present Progressive.
Hide example Example:
The weather nice on Sunday. (to be) Answer:
The weather will be nice on Sunday.
1. The train……….. at 11:45. (to leave)
2. We……dinner at a nice restaurant on Saturday, but
we haven’t booked a table yet. (to have)
3. My ski instructor believes it….. in the mountains
tomorrow evening. (to snow)
4. On Sunday at 8 o'clock I……… my friend. (to
meet)
5. They…… to London on Friday evening at 8:15. (to
fly)
6. Wait! I…. you to the station. (to drive)
7. The English lesson……. at 8:45. (to start)
8. I………... my sister in April. (to see)
9. Look at the clouds – it………… in a few minutes.
(to rain)
10. Listen! There's someone at the door.
I……. the door for you. (to open)
44
 BAB 4
ADJECTIVE, PRONOUN AND
VERBS
1. ADJECTIVE
45
An adjective describes or modifies noun/s and
pronoun/s in a sentence. It normally indicates quality,
size, shape, duration, feelings, contents, and more
about a noun or pronoun.
Adjectives usually provide relevant information about
the nouns/pronouns they modify/describe by
answering the questions: What kind? How many?
Which one? How much? Adjectives enrich your
writing by adding precision and originality to it.
Example:
a) The team has a dangerous player. (What kind?)
b) I have ten candies in my pocket. (How many?)
c) I loved that red dress. (Which one?)
d) I earn more money than he does. (How much?)
However, there are also many adjectives which do not
fit into these questions. Adjectives are the most used
parts of speech in sentences. There are several types of
adjectives according to their uses.
Types of Adjectives
1. Descriptive Adjectives
2. Quantitative Adjectives
3. Proper Adjectives
4. Demonstrative Adjectives
5. Possessive Adjectives
6. Interrogative Adjectives
7. Indefinite Adjectives
8. Articles
9. Compound Adjectives
1. Descriptive Adjectives:

A descriptive adjective is a word which describes

nouns and pronouns. Most of the adjectives belong in
this type. These adjectives provide information and
attribute to the nouns/pronouns they modify or

46
describe. Descriptive adjectives are also called
qualitative adjectives.
Participles are also included in this type of adjective
when they modify a noun.
Examples:
a. I have a fast car. (The word ‘fast’ is describing an
attribute of the car)
b. I am hungry. (The word ‘hungry’ is providing
information about the subject)
c. The hungry cats are crying.
d. I saw a flying kite.
2. Quantitative Adjectives:
A quantitative adjective provides information about the
quantity of the nouns/pronouns. This type belongs to
the question category of ‘how much’ and ‘how many’.
Examples:
a. I have 20 bucks in my wallet. (How much)
b. They have threebikes. (How many)
c. You should have completed the whole project. (How
much)
3. Proper Adjectives:
Proper adjectives are the adjective form of proper
nouns. When proper nouns modify or describe other
nouns/pronouns, they become proper adjectives.
‘Proper’ means ‘specific’ rather than ‘formal’ or
‘polite.’
A proper adjective allows us to summarize a concept
in just one word. Instead of writing/saying ‘a food
cooked in Chinese recipe’ you can write/say ‘Chinese
food’.
Proper adjectives are usually capitalized as proper
nouns are.
Example:
a. American cars are very strong.
b. Chinese people are hard workers

47
c. I love KFC chicken.
d. Marxist philosophers despise capitalism.

4. Demonstrative Adjectives:
1) A demonstrative adjective directly refers to
something or someone. Demonstrative adjectives
include the words: this, that, these, those.
2) A demonstrative pronoun works alone and does
not precede a noun, but a demonstrative adjective
always comes before the word it modifies.
3) Examples:
a. That building is so
gorgeously decorated.
(‘That’ refers to a
singular noun far from
the speaker)
b. This car is mine.
(‘This’ refers to a
singular noun close to
the speaker)
c. These cats are cute.
(‘These’ refers to a
plural noun close to the
speaker)
d. Those flowers are
heavenly. (‘Those’
refers to a plural noun
far from the speaker)
4) Possessive Adjectives:
5) A possessive adjective indicates possession or
ownership. It suggests the belongingness of
something to someone/something.
6) Some of the most used possessive adjectives are
my, his, her, our, their, your.

48
7) All these adjectives always come before a noun.
Unlike possessive pronouns, these words demand a
noun after them.
8) Examples:
a. My car is parked
outside.
b. His cat is very cute.
c. Our job is almost done.
d. Her books are
interesting.
9) Interrogative Adjectives:
An interrogative adjective asks a question. An
interrogative adjective must be followed by a noun
or a pronoun. The interrogative adjectives

are: which, what, whose. These words will not be

considered as adjectives if a noun does not follow right
after them. ‘Whose’ also belongs to the possessive
adjective type.
Examples:
a. Which phone do you use?
b. What game do you want to play?
c. Whose car is this?
7. Indefinite Adjectives:
An indefinite adjective describes or modifies a noun
unspecifically. They provide indefinite/unspecific
information about the noun. The common indefinite
adjectives are few, many, much, most, all, any, each,
every, either, nobody, several, some, etc.
Examples:
a. I gave some candy to her.
b. I want a few moments alone.
c. Several writers wrote about the recent incidents.
d. Each student will have to submit homework
tomorrow.

49
8. Articles
Articles also modify the nouns. So, articles are also
adjectives. Articles determine the specification of
nouns. ‘A’ and ‘an’ are used to refer to an unspecific
noun, and ‘the’ is used to refer to a specific noun.
Examples:
a. A cat is always afraid of water. (Here, the noun ‘cat’
refers to any cat, not specific.)
b. The cat is afraid of me. (This cat is a specific cat.)
c. An electronic product should always be handled
with care.
9. Compound Adjectives:
When compound nouns/combined words modify
other nouns, they become a compound adjective.
This type of adjective usually combines

50
4. Reflexive Pronouns
5. Intensive Pronouns
6. Relative Pronouns
7. Demonstrative Pronouns
8. Interrogative Pronouns
9. Subject Pronouns
Subject pronouns work as the subject of the verb in a
sentence. A subject pronoun normally replaces the
subject/object (a noun) of the previous sentence.

51
Example:
a. Mike can’t attend the party. He has gone to his
grandparents.
b. Marta is a good storyteller. She told a ghost story
that scared everyone.
c. Julie made some cakes. They look tasty. (Here, the
subject pronoun replaced the object of the previous
sentence)
Object Pronouns:
Object pronouns work as the object or indirect object
in a sentence replacing the antecedent object. This
form of the pronoun is also used after prepositions.
Example:
a. I’ll give you a present on your birthday. I have a
great idea for you (after preposition)
Tell her that you’ll take the job.
b. I have a gift for your boss. Give it to your boss.
(Here, ‘it’works as an object)
Possessive Pronouns:
Possessive pronouns replace the nouns of the
possessive adjectives: my, our, your, her, his, their.
The possessive pronouns are mine, ours, yours, hers,
his, its, theirs. The pronoun ‘who’ also has a
possessive form, whose.
Example:
a. I thought my bag was lost, but the one Kesrick
found was mine. (Here, ‘mine’ refers to ‘my bag’)

b. Their vacation will start next week. Ours is

tomorrow. (Here, ‘ours’ refers to ‘our vacation’)
c. Those four suitcases are ours.
d. Is this yours?
e. You have to take either her car or theirs. Hers is
better than theirs. (Here, ‘her’ is possessive adjective

52
and ‘hers’ and ‘theirs’ are possessive pronouns which
replaced ‘her car’ and ‘their car’)
Reflexive Pronouns:
Reflexive pronoun redirects a sentence or a clause
back to the subject, which is also the direct object of
that sentence. A reflexive pronoun comes when the
subject performs its action upon itself. Here, ‘itself’ is
a reflexive pronoun.
Example:
a. Since she is her own boss, she gave herself a raise.
(Here, ‘herself’ is the direct object of the clause and
the same person is the subject)
b. She allowed herself more time to get ready.
c. The computer restarts itself every night.
d. We told ourselves that we were so lucky to be alive.
Intensive Pronouns:
Intensive pronouns add emphasis/importance but do
not act as the object in the sentence. They can appear
right after the subject.
Example:
I will do it myself. (Here, ‘myself’ is not an object)
I myself saw the missing boat into the harbor.
We intend to do all the work ourselves.
You yourselves are responsible for this mess.
Relative Pronouns:
Relative pronouns introduce the relative clause.
They are used to make clear what is being talked
about in a sentence. They describe something more
about the subject or the object

The relative pronouns are:

Subject
Object
Possession
Uncertainty

53
 Which
Which
Whose
Whichever ---- (for things)
That
That
---- (for both things and people)
Who
Whom
Whose
Whoever/whomever/whosever ---- (for person)

Example:
a. The car that was stolen was the one they loved most.
b. A person who loves nature is a good person.
c. Our school, which was founded in 1995, is being
renovated.
d. I will accept whichever party dress you buy me on
Christmas Day.
e. Whoever you are behind this great initiative, I want
to thank you.
Demonstrative Pronouns:
Demonstrative pronouns normally indicate the
closeness of or distance from the speaker, either
literally or symbolically. This, these, that, and those
are the demonstrative pronouns. They also work as
demonstrative adjectives when they modify a noun.
However, demonstrative pronouns do not modify
anything rather replace the nouns/noun phrases.
Sometimes neither, none and such are also used as
demonstrative pronouns

Example:
a. That is a long way to go. (demonstrative pronoun)
b. This is my car. (demonstrative pronoun)

54
c. Hand me that cricket bat. (demonstrative adjective)
d. Neither is permitted to enter the building.
Such are ways of life.
Interrogative Pronouns:
Interrogative pronouns produce questions. They are
what, which, who, whom, and whose.
Who, whom, and whose refer to questions related to a
person or animal; what refers to an idea, object, or
event; and which can indicate either a person/s or a
thing/s.
Example:
a. What was the name of your dog?
b. Which is your favorite movie?
c. Who works for you?
d. Whom do you prefer in this competition?
e. There’s a new bike on the lawn. Whose is it?

3. VERB
A verb is a word or a combination of words that
indicates action or a state of being or condition. A verb
is the part of a sentence that tells us what the subject
performs. Verbs are the hearts of English sentences.
Examples:
a. Jacob walks in the morning. (A usual action)
b. Mike is going to school. (A condition of action)
c. Albert does not like to walk. (A negative action)
d. Anna is a good girl. (A state of being)

55
 Verbs are related to a lot of other factors like the
subject, person,

number, tense, mood, voice, etc.

Basic Forms of Verbs
There are six basic forms of verbs. These forms are as
follows:
1. Base form: Children play in the field.
2. Infinitive: Tell them not to play
3. Past tense: They played football yesterday.
4. Past participle: I have eaten a burger.
5. Present participle: I saw them playing with him
today.
6. Gerund: Swimming is the best exercise.
Different Types of Verbs
1. Finite Verbs
2. Non-finite Verbs
3. Action Verbs
4. Linking Verb
5. Auxiliary Verbs
6. Modal Verbs
Finite Verbs:
Finite verbs are the actual verbs which are called the
roots of sentences. It is a form of a verb that is
performed by or refers to a subject and uses one of the
twelve forms of tense and changes according to the
number/person of the subject.
Example:
a. Alex went to school. (Subject – Alex – performed
the action in the past. This information is evident only
by the verb ‘went’.)
b. Robert plays hockey.
c. He is playing for Australia.
He is one of the best players. (Here, the verb ‘is’
directly refers to the subject itself.

56
Non-finite Verbs:
Non-finite Verbs are not actual verbs. They do not
work as verbs in the sentence rather they work as
nouns, adjectives, adverbs, etc. Non-finite verbs do not
change according to the number/person of the subject
because these verbs, also called verbals, do not have
any direct relation to the subject. Sometimes they
become the subject themselves.
The forms of non-finite verbs are – infinitive, gerund,
and participle (participles become finite verbs when
they take auxiliary verbs.)
Example:
a. Alex went abroad to play (Infinitives)
b. Playing cricket is his only job. (Present participle)
c. I have a broken cycle. (Past participle)
d. Walking is a good habit. (Gerund)
Action Verbs:
Action verbs indicate what the subject of a sentence
performs. Action verbs can make the listener/reader
feel emotions, see scenes more vividly and accurately.
Action verbs can be transitive or intransitive.
Transitive verbs must have a direct object. A transitive
verb demands something/someone to be acted upon.
Example:
a. I painted the car. (The verb ‘paint’ demands an
object to be painted)
b. She is reading the newspaper. (The verb ‘read’ asks
the question “what is she reading?” – the answer is the
object)
Intransitive verbs do not act upon anything. They may
be followed by an adjective, adverb, preposition, or
another part of speech.
Example:

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a. She smiled. (The verb ‘smile’ cannot have any
object since the action of ‘smiling’ does not fall upon
anything/anyone)
b. I wake up at 6 AM. (No object is needed for this
verb)
Note: {Subject + Intransitive verb} is sufficient to
make a complete sentence but {Subject +
Transitive verb} is not sufficient because

transitive verbs demand a direct object.

Linking Verb:
A linking verb adds details about the subject of a
sentence. In its simplest form, it connects the subject
and the complement — that is, the words that follow
the linking verb. It creates a link between them instead
of showing action.
Often, what is on each side of a linking verb is
equivalent; the complement redefines or restates the
subject.
Generally, linking verbs are called ‘be’ verbs which
are - am, is, are, was, were. However, there are some
other verbs which can work as linking verbs. Those
verbs are:
Act, feel, remain, appear, become, seem, smell, sound,
grow, look, prove, stay, taste, turn.
Some verbs in this list can also be action verbs. To
figure out if they are linking verbs, you should try
replacing them with forms of the be verbs. If the
changed sentence makes sense, that verb is a linking
verb.
Example:
a. She appears ready for the game. (She is ready for the
game.)
b. The food seemed delicious. (The food was
delicious.)

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c. You look happy. (You are happy.)
Auxiliary Verbs:
Auxiliary verbs are also called helping verbs. An
auxiliary verb extends the main verb by helping to
show time, tense, and possibility. The auxiliary verbs
are – be verbs, have, and do.
They are used in the continuous (progressive) and
perfect tenses.
Linking verbs work as main verbs in the sentence, but
auxiliary verbs help main verbs.
Do is an auxiliary verb that is used to ask questions, to
express negation, to provide emphasis, and more.
Example:
a. Alex is going to school
b. They are walking in the
park.
c. I have seen a movie.
d. Do you drink tea?
e. Don’t waste your time.
f. Please, do submit your
assignments.
Modal Verbs:
A modal verb is a kind of an auxiliary verb. It assists
the main verb to indicate possibility, potentiality,
ability, permission, expectation, and obligation.
The modal verbs are can, could, must, may, might,
ought to, shall, should, will, would.
Example:
a. I may want to talk to you again.
b. They must play their best game to win.
c. She should call him.
d. I will go there.

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 DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Chapter 1 simple present
Prof . Dr . Rohana, SPd.,M.Pd
https://www.really;learn;english.com/simple-
present-exercies.html#01
Blog Aisyah Aminy Marwan
https://aisyahaminymarwan123.blogspot.com/202
1/09/continuous-tense.html

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Chapter II present continuous tense
Prof . Dr . Rohana, SPd.,M.Pd

Blog Aisyah Aminy Marwan

https://aisyahaminymarwan123.blogspot.com/202
1/09/continuous-tense.html

Chapter III the future tense

Prof . Dr . Rohana, SPd.,M.Pd
Adjective, Pronoun, Verbs
Prof . Dr . Rohana, SPd.,M.Pd

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