SELF-LEARNING HOME TASK (SLHT)

Subject: ADVANCED CHEMISTRY Grade Level: 10 Quarter: 2nd Week: 2

MELC: Predict whether reaction is exothermic or Competency Code: N/A

endothermic from a given thermodynamic equation
and solve problems using Hess’s Law
Name __________________________ Section ________ Date ________

School _________________________ District __________________________

A. Readings/Discussions:

A.1. Endothermic and Exothermic Reaction

Why is it that most chemical reactions do not start right away? For example, hydrogen and oxygen may be
mixed in a test tube but no reaction takes place until a burning splinter is introduced, then you hear a “popping
sound”.

You learned from the previous lesson that energy is required to break hydrogen-to -hydrogen bonds (H-H
bonds of H2) and oxygen bonds (O=O of O2). On the other hand, energy is released to form new oxygen-to-
hydrogen bonds (H-O-H bonds in H2O). The difference between the heat energy absorbed to break the bonds
in H2 and in O2 and the heat energy liberated during the formation of water is expressed as change in heat
content.

What should happen for this reaction to take place? The reactant molecules must collide. But mere collision
is not enough. The reactant particles must possess energy equal to or higher than a critical value. This critical
amount of energy required for reaction to take place is called activation energy. If the energy of the colliding
molecules is less than the activation energy, no reaction will occur. Another example that energy is needed in
order for the reaction to take place are piece of paper, a matchstick or even a firecracker does not start burning
by itself. The molecules of the material and those of oxygen must first acquire energy beyond their activation
energy. In the case of piece of paper and firecracker, this energy can be supplied by a burning match, a candle
or some other sources of heat. In case of the match, the heat which results from rubbing or friction with the
rough side of the matchbox supplies the energy.

Study (Figure 1 and Figure 2). The first (Figure 1.A) shows a rock on top of a hill. A slight push will
send it rolling downhill. This is like a chemical reaction that requires a relatively low activation energy. The
second (Figure 2.A) also shows a rock but needs more energy before it could roll down the other side.

Figure 1. Course of an Exothermic Reaction

Source: Deped (2001) Chemistry Textbook

Page 1 of 9
 Figure 2. Course of an Endothermic Reaction
Source: Deped (2001) Chemistry Textbook

Once the rock in (Figure 1.A) is given the initial push, it can roll downhill by itself. Figure 1.B means that
a similar chemical reaction (meaning, with low activation energy) releases heat, so that the heat content of the
products is less than that of the reactants. We say that the heat change of the reaction is negative. Such reaction
is said to be exothermic. To make our explanation of Figure1 clearer, let diagram B represent the burning of
a fuel. To burn a fuel, some heat is applied (corresponding to letter E in the diagram). The heat is enough to
raise the temperature of the fuel to its kindling point. After applying heat, the reaction proceeds, the fuel
combines with the oxygen in the air. This reaction releases or generates heat. The heat released is greater than
what is needed to make the reaction continue until all the fuel is burned completely, assuming that there is
sufficient supply of oxygen. The equation below illustrates an exothermic reaction.

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + H2O ∆H = -212 kcal (exothermic)

This means that burning of an amount of methane to give one mole of CO2 releases 212 kilocalories of
heat.
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + H2O + 212 kcal This means that energy is given off at the end.

Once the rock in (Figure 2.A) is given more energy to push, it rolls down to the other side. Figure 2.B
means a similar chemical reaction (meaning, with high activation energy) absorbs heat so that the heat content
of the reactant is more than that of the products. We say that the heat change or ∆H is positive. Such reaction is
said to be endothermic. Let us take the case of photosynthesis. This process takes place in the presence of
sunlight(energy). About 686 kcal of heat is absorbed to produce a mole of glucose. This type of reaction is also
represented in Figure 2.B. A reaction that absorbs heat is said to be endothermic. The summary equation is
shown as follows:
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 ∆H = +686 kcal
This means that in order for the photosynthesis to take place 686 kilocalories of heat is absorbed.
6CO2 + 6H2O + 686 kcal → C6H12O6 + 6O2 This means that energy is required to form the
products.

A.2. Enthalpy of Chemical Reactions

All substances have their own stored heat energy or chemical potential energy that is released when a
reaction takes place. This energy is called enthalpy.

Enthalpy, from the Greek word, enthalpien, meaning to “warm” refers to the energy transferred under
constant pressure. It is represented by the symbol, H. It is often referred to, as heat content. Like E (internal
Page 2 of 9
energy), enthalpy, H, is also a state function and therefore, not path dependent. Enthalpy cannot be measured,
but it is possible to measure the change in enthalpy or heat content, ∆H.

For reactions that occur in an open container, at constant pressure, ∆H is equal to the difference in
enthalpy between the final and initial states of the system as given by the equation:
∆H = Hfinal - Hinitial ( Eq. 1.1)

Enthalpy change, ∆H, that accompanies chemical reaction is called heat of reaction. This is the net energy
change resulting from the breaking and the making of bonds. It represents heat absorbed or evolved when the
reactants are converted into products, at constant pressure.
∆H = Hproducts- Hreactants (Eq. 1.2)
∆H= q (at constant pressure) (Eq.1.3)
The sign of ∆H indicates the direction of heat transfer. A positive value of ∆H, indicates that the system
absorbs heat from the surroundings and is, therefore, endothermic. A negative value indicates that heat is
released by the system, hence the process is exothermic (as shown on the table below).
Endothermic: q = ∆H > 0 ; Hproducts > Hreactants (Eq.1.4)
Exothermic: q = ∆H <) ; Hproducts<Hreactants ( Eq.1.5)
Table 1.1 Enthalpy Sign Convention
Reaction Type Sign
Exothermic ∆H < 0, (-)
Endothermic ∆H > 0, (+)
Let use hypothetical substances and values of heat content to show whether a reaction has a positive or
negative enthalpy change.
Sample 1. A + B → C
20 kcal 30kcal 15kcal
50 kcal = 15kcal + 35kcal
The product has less heat content than the reactants and the extra 35 kcal is released. ∆H is -35kcal
Sample 2. A + B → C
20kcal 15kcal 62kcal
35kcal + 27kcal = 62 kcal
The total energy of the reactants (35kcal) is much less than the energy of the product. Hence, energy of
about 27kcal is needed to form the product (∆H = + 27kcal).

A.3. Hess’s Law

Based from the previous readings, enthalpy is a state function, the change in enthalpy in going form
some initial state to some final state is independent of the pathway. This means that in going from a particular
set of reactants to a particular set of products, the change in enthalpy is the same whether the reaction takes
place in one step or in a series of steps This principle is known as Hess’s law.

Hess’s law states that ∆H is equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes for the individual steps. A
thermochemical equation can be expressed as the sum of two or more equations,
Overall equation = equation 1 + equation 2 +…… and ∆H for the overall equation is the sum of the
∆H for the individual equations: ∆H = H1 + H2 +…….
For example: Examining the oxidation of nitrogen to produce nitrogen oxide. The overall balanced
equation for this reaction can be written in one step, where the enthalpy change is represented by ∆H.
N2(g) + 2O2(g) → 2NO2(g) ∆H = 68kJ

Page 3 of 9
 This reaction also can be carried out on two distinct steps, with enthalpy changes designated by ∆H1 and
∆H2: N2(g) + O2(g) → 2NO(g) ∆H1 = 180kJ
2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g) ∆H2 = -112kJ
Net Reaction: N2(g) + 2O2(g) → 2NO2(g) ∆H1+∆H2 = 68kJ
Note that the sum of the two steps gives the net, or overall, reaction and that
∆H = ∆H1 + ∆H2 = 68kJ

B. Exercises

Exercise 1. Tell whether the given system is exothermic or endothermic and identify if heat is negative or
positive and explain.

1. Ice cream melting on a hot sunny day.

2. Sitting by a warm campfire on a cold night.
3. A puddle of water evaporating into a gas in a sunlight.
4. Plants take in light energy for photosynthesis.
5. Making ice cubes.
6. Icicles forming in the winter.
7. Cooking an egg
8. Melting of ice cubes
9. Rusting iron
10. A candle flame

Exercise 2. Based from the given equation write your answer to the (a-d situations).

a. The reaction is (endothermic, exothermic).

b. In the reaction the enthalpy (increases, decreases).
c. Which is greater (Hproducts, Hreactants).
d. In the reaction ∆H is (negative, positive).

1. 2Al2O3(s) + heat → 4Al(s) + 3O2(g)

2. Sn(s) + Cl2(g) → SnCl2(s) + heat
3. CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 213 kcal
4. N2(g) + O2(g) + 45kcal → 2NO(g)
5. 2C(s) + H2(g) + 5.3kcal →C2H2(g)

Exercise 3. Solve the following problems on Hess’ Law.

1. Given the following thermochemical equations and the corresponding enthalpy change for each
reaction calculate the enthalpy change of methane that react with ammonia to produce hydrogen
cyanide and hydrogen.
CH4 (g) + NH3 (g) → HCN (g) + 3 H2 (g) ∆H =?

Page 4 of 9
 N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) → 2 NH3 (g) ΔH = -91.8 kJ

C (s, graphite) + 2 H2 (g) → CH4 (g) ΔH = -74.9 kJ

H2 (g) + 2 C (s, graphite) + N2 (g) → 2 HCN (g) ΔH = +270.3 kJ

2. Calculate ΔH of ethylene that react with hydrogen to produce ethane.

C2H4 (g) + H2 (g) → C2H6 (g) ∆H =?

C2H4 (g) + 3 O2 (g) → 2 CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l) ΔH = -1411. kJ/mole

2C2H6 (g) + 7O2 (g) → 4 CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l) ΔH = -1560. kJ/mole

2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (l) ΔH = -285.8 kJ/mole

3. Given the thermochemical equations of lead that react to chlorine to produced lead (II) chloride.
Determine the ΔH for 2 PbCl2 → Pb + PbCl4
Pb + Cl2 → PbCl2 ΔH = −223 kJ
PbCl2 + Cl2 → PbCl4 ΔH = −87 kJ

C. Assessment/Application/Outputs (Please refer to DepEd Order No. 31, s. 2020)

C.1. Classify each of the following changes as either exothermic or endothermic by placing an “X” in the
appropriate column and identify if heat is negative or positive.

PROCESS EXOTHERMIC ENDOTHERMIC HEAT

( +) (-)
Ice cubes melt after being left out
on the table
Cooking an egg in a frying pan
Burning a match
The human body uses the energy
provided from food digestion
Morning dew forming on grass and
plants
Dynamites explode in the
destruction of a building
Making ice cubes
A puddle of water evaporates
Plants making sugar through
photosynthesis
Nuclear fission

Page 5 of 9
CC.2. Solve the following problems on Hess’ Law.
1. Calculate the enthalpy change of nitrogen that reacts with oxygen to produce nitrogen oxide.
N2(g)+2O2(g) → 2NO2 (g) H=? kJ

Using the following two equations: N2(g)+O2(g)→2NO(g) H = +180kJ

2NO2 (g)→2NO(g)+O2(g) H = +112kJ

2. Calculate the enthalpy change of the combustion of carbon which produces carbon dioxide.

2 C(s) + 2 O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) H =?

2 C(s) + 2 O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) H = −787.0 kJ

2 CO(g) + O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) H = −566.0 kJ

3. Determine the enthalpy change of ethylene that react with dioxygen to produce carbon dioxide and
water.

C2H4 + 3 O2 → 2 CO2 + 2 H2O H = ?

from these reactions: C2H2 + H2 → C2H4 H = −174.5 kJ

2 C2H2 + 5 O2 → 4 CO2 + 2 H2O H = −1,692.2 kJ
2 CO2 + H2 → 2 O2 + C2H2 H = −167.5 kJ

4. Calculate the enthalpy change of the following chemical reaction of carbon sulfide and oxygen.
CS2(ℓ) + 3O2(g) ---> CO2(g) + 2SO2(g)
Form these reactions: C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ∆H = - 393.5 kJ/mol
S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g) ∆H = - 296.8kJ/mol
C(s) + 2S(s) → CS2(ℓ) ∆H = +87.9kJ/mol
5. Given the thermochemical equations of nitrogen monoxide that reacts to oxygen to produced nitrogen
gas and water calculate its H. NO(g) + O(g) → NO2(g) + H2O(l) H =?
2O3(g) → 3O2(g) H = -427 kJ
O2(g) → 2O(g) H = +495kJ
NO(g) + O3(g) →NO2(g) + O2(g) H = -199kJ

D. Suggested Enrichment/Reinforcement Activity/ies:

Directions: Answer the situation below into five sentences.

Explain, in terms of making and breaking bonds, what does it mean for a reaction to be endothermic and to be
exothermic. Refer to Annex A. Rubric for Assessing Essay Exam on how your output will be graded.

Page 6 of 9
 Annex B. Rubric for Assessing Essay Exam

Criteria & Points Missing or Serious Below Meets Expectations Excellent Work
Assigned Problems Expectations
(4) (5)
(2) (3)

Relevance of The essay did not Answer is Answer is brief with Answer is
answer to the answer the incomplete. insufficient detail. complete; sufficient
question question. Excessive Unrelated issues detail provided to
discussion of were introduced support assertions;
unrelated issues and/or minor errors answer focuses only
and/or significant in content. on issues related to
errors in content. the question;
factually correct.

Thoroughness of None of the relevant Serious gaps in the Most of the basic Deals fully with the
answer details were basic details details are included entire question.
included. needed. but some are
missing.

Organization and Weak organization; Minor problems of Good development Clear and logical
logic of answer sentences rambling; organization or of an argument; presentation; very
ideas are repeated. logic; Needs work Transitions are good development
on creating made clearly and of an argument;
transitions between smoothly. Transitions are
ideas. made clearly and
smoothly.

Mechanics of Major problems Frequent problems Good use of Clear, readable,

writing (spelling, with mechanics of with mechanics of transitions; no prose. Very good
punctuation, language; Awkward language; problems with use of transitions;
grammar, clarity of sentence Occasional spelling, no problems with
prose) construction; Poor awkward sentences punctuation, or spelling,
or absent and poor grammar. punctuation, or
transitions; transitions; reduce grammar.
Frequently difficult readability.
to understand.

(Adapted from the University of West Florida)

https://oira.unc.edu/files/2017/07/Developing-and-Using-Rubrics.pdf

Page 7 of 9
References:

Book

Baguio, Sol Saranay M. “Breaking Through General Chemistry for Senior High School”,(2017): pp.99
and pp.115-118
Mapa, Amelia P. and Fidelino, Trinidad B. “ Chemistry Textbook Science and Technology”, (2001):
pp.191-193
Zumdahl, Steven S. “Chemistry An Atoms First Approach”,(2012):p245and pp251-253
Ayson, Marissa F and De Borja, Rebecca S. “General Chemistry 2”,(2016):pp70-71,74-75 and 81-82

Website
https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/thermochemistry/a/endothermic-vs-
exothermic-reactions (accessed Nov. 23, 2020)
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-
12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.03%3A_Exothermic_and_Endothermic_Processes
(accessed November 22, 2020)
https://www.thoughtco.com/endothermic-and-exothermic-reactions-602105
(accessed November 20, 2020)
https://www.thoughtco.com/endothermic-and-exothermic-reactions-602105 (accessed November 21, 2020)
https://intl.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-11/energy-and-chemical-change/12-energy-and-chemical-change-
02( accessed November 23, 2020)
https://studylib.net/doc/7043895/endothermic-and-exothermic-reaction-worksheet
(accessed November 24, 2020)
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Saint_Francis_University/CHEM_113%3A_Human_Chemistry_I_(Muino)
/07%3A_Chemical_ReactionsEnergy_Rates_and_Equilibrium/7.03%3A_Exothermic_and_Endothermic_React
ions (accessed Nov. 24, 2020)
https://opentextbc.ca/introductorychemistry/chapter/hesss-law-2/ (accessed Nov. 24, 2020)
https://ch301.cm.utexas.edu/section2.php?target=thermo/thermochemistry/hess-law.html
(accessed November 24, 2020)
http://www.chemistry-teaching-resources.com/Resources/CfENewHigher/Unit3/Hess_Law_Questions.pdf
(accessed November 24, 2020)

Page 8 of 9
Prepared by: Edited by:

NORI B. BAUTRO RESDALE VENZ R. PALABRICA

Teacher III-JHS Teacher II-SHS
Buanoy National High School Sibonga National High School

IVY URSAL MIBATO LAPUERTA

SST-I
San Remegio National High School

NIÑA LORAIBETH R. VILLAMORA

Teacher I -JHS
Argao National High School

RHEA CHARISSE C. CAPUS

SST I-SHS
Buanoy National High School

Reviewed by:

JUVIMAR E. MONTOLO
ESP IN Science
Division of Cebu Province

GUIDE

For the Teacher: Advise the students to read the reading and discussion portion before they attempt to answer
the practice exercises. Going through the parts sequentially will help them understand easily the topic.

For the Learner: Read through the self-learning home task from the first part to the last part. Doing so,
will help you understand better the topic.

For the Parent/Home Tutor: Assist your child and make sure that he/she reads the self-learning home task
from beginning to end to ensure proper understanding of the concepts.

Page 9 of 9