MONGODB - QUICK GUIDE

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/mongodb/mongodb_quick_guide.htm Copyright © tutorialspoint.com

MONGODB OVERVIEW
MongoDB is a cross-platform, document oriented database that provides, high performance, high
availability, and easy scalability. MongoDB works on concept of collection and document.

Database
Database is a physical container for collections. Each database gets its own set of files on the file
system. A single MongoDB server typically has multiple databases.

Collection
Collection is a group of MongoDB documents. It is the equivalent of an RDBMS table. A collection
exists within a single database. Collections do not enforce a schema. Documents within a
collection can have different fields. Typically, all documents in a collection are of similar or related
purpose.

Document
A document is a set of key-value pairs. Documents have dynamic schema. Dynamic schema
means that documents in the same collection do not need to have the same set of fields or
structure, and common fields in a collection's documents may hold different types of data.

Sample document
Below given example shows the document structure of a blog site which is simply a comma
separated key value pair.

{
_id: ObjectId(7df78ad8902c)
title: 'MongoDB Overview',
description: 'MongoDB is no sql database',
by: 'tutorials point',
url: 'http://www.tutorialspoint.com',
tags: ['mongodb', 'database', 'NoSQL'],
likes: 100,
comments: [
{
user:'user1',
message: 'My first comment',
dateCreated: new Date(2011,1,20,2,15),
like: 0
},
{
user:'user2',
message: 'My second comments',
dateCreated: new Date(2011,1,25,7,45),
like: 5
}
]
}

INSTALL MONGODB ON WINDOWS

To install the MongoDB on windows, first doownload the latest release of MongoDB from
http://www.mongodb.org/downloads

Now extract your downloaded file to c:\ drive or any other location. Make sure name of the
extracted folder is mongodb-win32-i386-[version] or mongodb-win32-x86_64-[version]. Here
[version] is the version of MongoDB download.
Now open command prompt and run the following command

C:\>move mongodb-win64-* mongodb

1 dir(s) moved.
C:\>

In case you have extracted the mondodb at different location, then go to that path by using
command cd FOOLDER/DIR and now run the above given process.

MongoDB requires a data folder to store its files. The default location for the MongoDB data
directory is c:\data\db. So you need to create this folder using the Command Prompt. Execute the
following command sequence

C:\>md data
C:\md data\db

If you have install the MongoDB at different location, then you need to specify any alternate path
for \data\db by setting the path dbpath in mongod.exe. For the same issue following commands

In command prompt navigate to the bin directory present into the mongodb installation folder.
Suppose my installation folder is D:\set up\mongodb

C:\Users\XYZ>d:
D:\>cd "set up"
D:\set up>cd mongodb
D:\set up\mongodb>cd bin
D:\set up\mongodb\bin>mongod.exe --dbpath "d:\set up\mongodb\data"

This will show waiting for connections message on the console output indicates that the
mongod.exe process is running successfully.

Now to run the mongodb you need to open another command prompt and issue the following
command

D:\set up\mongodb\bin>mongo.exe
MongoDB shell version: 2.4.6
connecting to: test
>db.test.save( { a: 1 } )
>db.test.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5879b0f65a56a454), "a" : 1 }
>

This will show that mongodb is installed and run successfully. Next time when you run mongodb
you need to issue only commands

D:\set up\mongodb\bin>mongod.exe --dbpath "d:\set up\mongodb\data"

D:\set up\mongodb\bin>mongo.exe

CREATE DATABASE
MongoDB use DATABASE_NAME is used to create database. The command will create a new
database, if it doesn't exist otherwise it will return the existing database.

Syntax:
Basic syntax of use DATABASE statement is as follows:

use DATABASE_NAME

Example:
If you want to create a database with name <mydb>, then use DATABASE statement would be
as follows:

>use mydb
switched to db mydb

To check your currently selected database use the command db

>db
mydb

If you want to check your databases list, then use the command show dbs.

>show dbs
local 0.78125GB
test 0.23012GB

Your created database mydb is not present in list. To display database you need to insert atleast
one document into it.

>db.movie.insert({"name":"tutorials point"})
>show dbs
local 0.78125GB
mydb 0.23012GB
test 0.23012GB

In mongodb default database is test. If you didn't create any database then collections will be
stored in test database.

DROP DATABASE
MongoDB db.dropDatabase command is used to drop a existing database.

Syntax:
Basic syntax of dropDatabase command is as follows:

db.dropDatabase()

This will delete the selected database. If you have not selected any database, then it will delete
default 'test' database

Example:
If you want to delete new database <mydb>, then dropDatabase command would be as follows:

>use mydb
switched to db mydb
>db.dropDatabase()
>{ "dropped" : "mydb", "ok" : 1 }
>

CREATE COLLECTION
MongoDB db.createCollectionname, options is used to create collection. In the command, name is
name of collection to be created. Options is a document and used to specify configuration of
collection

Parameter Type Description

Name String Name of the collection to be created

Options Document Optional Specify options about memory size and

indexing

Options parameter is optional, so you need to specify only name of the collection.

Syntax:
Basic syntax of createCollection method is as follows

>use test
switched to db test
>db.createCollection("mycollection")
{ "ok" : 1 }
>

You can check the created collection by using the command show collections

>show collections
mycollection
system.indexes

List of options

Field Type Description

capped Boolean Optional If true, enables a capped collection. Capped collection is a

collection fixed size collecction that automatically overwrites its
oldest entries when it reaches its maximum size. If you specify
true, you need to specify size parameter also.

autoIndexID Boolean Optional If true, automatically create index on _id field.s Default
value is false.

size number Optional Specifies a maximum size in bytes for a capped collection.
If If capped is true, then you need to specify this field also.

max number Optional Specifies the maximum number of documents allowed in

the capped collection.

While inserting the document, MongoDB first checks size field of capped collection, then it checks
max field.

Syntax :
>db.createCollection("mycol", { capped : true, autoIndexID : true, size : 6142800, max :
10000 } )
{ "ok" : 1 }
>

In mongodb you don't need to create collection. MongoDB creates collection automatically, when
you insert some document.

>db.tutorialspoint.insert({"name" : "tutorialspoint"})
>show collections
mycol
mycollection
system.indexes
tutorialspoint
>
 DROP COLLECTION
MongoDB's db.collection.drop is used to drop a collection from the database.

Syntax:
Basic syntax of drop command is as follows

db.COLLECTION_NAME.drop()

Example:
Below given example will drop the collection with the name mycollection

>use mydb
switched to db mydb
>db.mycollection.drop()
true
>

INSERT DOCUMENT
To insert data into MongoDB collection, you need to use MongoDB's insert method.

Syntax
Basic syntax of insert command is as follows:

>db.COLLECTION_NAME.insert(document)

Example
>db.mycol.insert({
_id: ObjectId(7df78ad8902c),
title: 'MongoDB Overview',
description: 'MongoDB is no sql database',
by: 'tutorials point',
url: 'http://www.tutorialspoint.com',
tags: ['mongodb', 'database', 'NoSQL'],
likes: 100
})

Here mycol is our collection name, as created in previous tutorial. If the collection doesn't exist in
the database, then MongoDB will create this collection and then insert document into it.

In the inserted document if we don't specify the _id parameter, then MongoDB assigns an unique
ObjectId for this document.

_id is 12 bytes hexadecimal number unique for every document in a collection. 12 bytes are
divided as follows:

_id: ObjectId(4 bytes timestamp, 3 bytes machine id, 2 bytes process id, 3 bytes
incrementer)

To insert multiple documents in single query, you can pass an array of documents in insert
command.

Example
>db.post.insert([
{
title: 'MongoDB Overview',
 description: 'MongoDB is no sql database',
by: 'tutorials point',
url: 'http://www.tutorialspoint.com',
tags: ['mongodb', 'database', 'NoSQL'],
likes: 100
},
{
title: 'NoSQL Database',
description: 'NoSQL database doesn't have tables',
by: 'tutorials point',
url: 'http://www.tutorialspoint.com',
tags: ['mongodb', 'database', 'NoSQL'],
likes: 20,
comments: [
{
user:'user1',
message: 'My first comment',
dateCreated: new Date(2013,11,10,2,35),
like: 0
}
]
}
])

QUERY DOCUMENT
To query data from MongoDB collection, you need to use MongoDB's find method.

Syntax
Basic syntax of find method is as follows

>db.COLLECTION_NAME.find()

find method will display all the documents in a non structured way. To display the results in a
formatted way, you can use pretty method.

Syntax:
>db.mycol.find().pretty()

Example
>db.mycol.find().pretty()
{
"_id": ObjectId(7df78ad8902c),
"title": "MongoDB Overview",
"description": "MongoDB is no sql database",
"by": "tutorials point",
"url": "http://www.tutorialspoint.com",
"tags": ["mongodb", "database", "NoSQL"],
"likes": "100"
}
>

Apart from find method there is findOne method, that reruns only one document.

RDBMS Where Clause Equivalents in MongoDB

To query the document on the basis of some condition, you can use following operations

Operation Syntax Example RDBMS

Equivalent
 Equality {<key>:<value>} db.mycol.find " by ":" tutorialspoint " where by =
.pretty 'tutorials
point'

Less Than {<key>:{$lt:<value>}} db.mycol.find " likes ": $lt: 50.pretty where likes
< 50

Less Than {<key>:{$lte:<value>}} db.mycol.find " likes ": $lte: 50.pretty where likes
Equals <= 50

Greater Than {<key>:{$gt:<value>}} db.mycol.find " likes ": $gt: 50.pretty where likes
> 50

Greater Than {<key>:{$gte:<value>}} db.mycol.find " likes ": $gte: 50.pretty where likes
Equals >= 50

Not Equals {<key>:{$ne:<value>}} db.mycol.find " likes ": $ne: 50.pretty where likes
!= 50

AND in MongoDB
Syntax:
In the find method if you pass multiple keys by separating them by ',' then MongoDB treats it AND
condition. Basic syntax of AND is shown below:

>db.mycol.find({key1:value1, key2:value2}).pretty()

Example
Below given example will show all the tutorials written by 'tutorials point' and whose title is
'MongoDB Overview'

>db.mycol.find({"by":"tutorials point","title": "MongoDB Overview"}).pretty()

{
"_id": ObjectId(7df78ad8902c),
"title": "MongoDB Overview",
"description": "MongoDB is no sql database",
"by": "tutorials point",
"url": "http://www.tutorialspoint.com",
"tags": ["mongodb", "database", "NoSQL"],
"likes": "100"
}
>

For the above given example equivalent where clause will be ' where by='tutorials point' AND
title='MongoDB Overview' '. You can pass any number of key, value pairs in find clause.

OR in MongoDB
Syntax:
To query documents based on the OR condition, you need to use $or keyword. Basic syntax of OR
is shown below:

>db.mycol.find(
{
$or: [
{key1: value1}, {key2:value2}
]
}
).pretty()

Example
Below given example will show all the tutorials written by 'tutorials point' or whose title is
'MongoDB Overview'

>db.mycol.find({$or:[{"by":"tutorials point"},{"title": "MongoDB Overview"}]}).pretty()

{
"_id": ObjectId(7df78ad8902c),
"title": "MongoDB Overview",
"description": "MongoDB is no sql database",
"by": "tutorials point",
"url": "http://www.tutorialspoint.com",
"tags": ["mongodb", "database", "NoSQL"],
"likes": "100"
}
>

Using AND and OR together

Example
Below given example will show the documents that have likes greater than 100 and whose title is
either 'MongoDB Overview' or by is 'tutorials point'. Equivalent sql where clause is 'where
likes>10 AND by = ′ tutorialspoint ′ ORtitle = ′ MongoDBOverview ′ '

>db.mycol.find("likes": {$gt:10}, $or: [{"by": "tutorials point"}, {"title": "MongoDB

Overview"}] }).pretty()
{
"_id": ObjectId(7df78ad8902c),
"title": "MongoDB Overview",
"description": "MongoDB is no sql database",
"by": "tutorials point",
"url": "http://www.tutorialspoint.com",
"tags": ["mongodb", "database", "NoSQL"],
"likes": "100"
}
>

UPDATE DOCUMENT
MongoDB's update and save methods are used to update document into a collection. update
method update values in the existing document while save method replaces the existing
document with the document passed in save method.

MongoDB Update method

Syntax:
Basic syntax of update method is as follows

>db.COLLECTION_NAME.update(SELECTIOIN_CRITERIA, UPDATED_DATA)

Example
Consider the mycol collectioin has following data.

{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec5), "title":"MongoDB Overview"}

{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec6), "title":"NoSQL Overview"}
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec7), "title":"Tutorials Point Overview"}

Following example will set the new title 'New MongoDB Tutorial' of the documents whose title is
'MongoDB Overview'

>db.mycol.update({'title':'MongoDB Overview'},{$set:{'title':'New MongoDB Tutorial'}})

>db.mycol.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec5), "title":"New MongoDB Tutorial"}
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec6), "title":"NoSQL Overview"}
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec7), "title":"Tutorials Point Overview"}
>

By default mongodb will update only single document, to update multiple you need to set a
paramter 'multi' to true.

>db.mycol.update({'title':'MongoDB Overview'},{$set:{'title':'New MongoDB

Tutorial'}},{multi:true})

MongoDB Save Method

save method replaces the existing document with the new document passed in save method

Syntax
Basic syntax of mongodb save method is shown below:

>db.COLLECTION_NAME.save({_id:ObjectId(),NEW_DATA})

Example
Following example will replace the document with the _id '5983548781331adf45ec7'

>db.mycol.save(
{
"_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec7), "title":"Tutorials Point New Topic",
"by":"Tutorials Point"
}
)
>db.mycol.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec5), "title":"Tutorials Point New Topic",
"by":"Tutorials Point"}
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec6), "title":"NoSQL Overview"}
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec7), "title":"Tutorials Point Overview"}
>

DELETE DOCUMENT
MongoDB's remove method is used to remove document from the collection. remove method
accepts two parameters. One is deletion criteria and second is justOne flag

1. deletion criteria : Optional deletion criteria according to documents will be removed.

2. justOne : Optional if set to true or 1, then remove only one document.

Syntax:
Basic syntax of remove method is as follows

>db.COLLECTION_NAME.remove(DELLETION_CRITTERIA)

Example
Consider the mycol collectioin has following data.

{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec5), "title":"MongoDB Overview"}

{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec6), "title":"NoSQL Overview"}
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec7), "title":"Tutorials Point Overview"}

Following example will remove all the documents whose title is 'MongoDB Overview'
>db.mycol.remove({'title':'MongoDB Overview'})
>db.mycol.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec6), "title":"NoSQL Overview"}
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec7), "title":"Tutorials Point Overview"}
>

Remove only one

If there are multiple records and you want to delete only first record, then set justOne parameter
in remove method

>db.COLLECTION_NAME.remove(DELETION_CRITERIA,1)

Remove All documents

If you don't specify deletion criteria, then mongodb will delete whole documents from the
collection. This is equivalent of SQL's truncate command.

>db.mycol.remove()
>db.mycol.find()
>

MONGODB PROJECTION
In mongodb projection meaning is selecting only necessary data rather than selecting whole of the
data of a document. If a document has 5 fields and you need to show only 3, then select only 3
fields from them.

MongoDB's find method, explained in MongoDB Query Document accepts second optional
parameter that is list of fields that you want to retrieve. In MongoDB when you execute find
method, then it displays all fields of a document. To limit this you need to set list of fields with
value 1 or 0. 1 is used to show the filed while 0 is used to hide the field.

Syntax:
Basic syntax of find method with projection is as follows

>db.COLLECTION_NAME.find({},{KEY:1})

Example
Consider the collection myycol has the following data

{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec5), "title":"MongoDB Overview"}

{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec6), "title":"NoSQL Overview"}
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec7), "title":"Tutorials Point Overview"}

Following example will display the title of the document while quering the document.

>db.mycol.find({},{"title":1,_id:0})
{"title":"MongoDB Overview"}
{"title":"NoSQL Overview"}
{"title":"Tutorials Point Overview"}
>

Please note _id field is always displayed while executing find method, if you don't want this field,
then you need to set it as 0

LIMIT DOCUMENTS
MongoDB Limit Method
To limit the records in MongoDB, you need to use limit method. limit method accepts one
number type argument, which is number of documents that you want to displayed.

Syntax:
Basic syntax of limit method is as follows

>db.COLLECTION_NAME.find().limit(NUMBER)

Example
Consider the collection myycol has the following data

{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec5), "title":"MongoDB Overview"}

{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec6), "title":"NoSQL Overview"}
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec7), "title":"Tutorials Point Overview"}

Following example will display only 2 documents while quering the document.

>db.mycol.find({},{"title":1,_id:0}).limit(2)
{"title":"MongoDB Overview"}
{"title":"NoSQL Overview"}
>

If you don't specify number argument in limit method then it will display all documents from the
collection.

MongoDB Skip Method

Apart from limit method there is one more method skip which also accepts number type
argument and used to skip number of documents.

Syntax:
Basic syntax of skip method is as follows

>db.COLLECTION_NAME.find().limit(NUMBER).skip(NUMBER)

Example:
Following example will only display only second document.

>db.mycol.find({},{"title":1,_id:0}).limit(1).skip(1)
{"title":"NoSQL Overview"}
>

Please note default value in skip method is 0

SORTING DOCUMENTS
To sort documents in MongoDB, you need to use sort method. sort method accepts a document
containing list of fields along with their sorting order. To specify sorting order 1 and -1 are used. 1
is used for ascending order while -1 is used for descending order.

Syntax:
Basic syntax of sort method is as follows

>db.COLLECTION_NAME.find().sort({KEY:1})

Example
Consider the collection myycol has the following data

{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec5), "title":"MongoDB Overview"}

{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec6), "title":"NoSQL Overview"}
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec7), "title":"Tutorials Point Overview"}

Following example will display the documents sorted by title in descending order.

>db.mycol.find({},{"title":1,_id:0}).sort({"title":-1})
{"title":"Tutorials Point Overview"}
{"title":"NoSQL Overview"}
{"title":"MongoDB Overview"}
>

Please note if you don't specify the sorting preference, then sort method will display documents in
ascending order.

MONGODB INDEXING
Indexes support the efficient resolution of queries. Without indexes, MongoDB must scan every
document of a collection to select those documents that match the query statement. This scan is
highly inefficient and require the mongod to process a large volume of data.

Indexes are special data structures, that store a small portion of the data set in an easy to traverse
form. The index stores the value of a specific field or set of fields, ordered by the value of the field
as specified in index.

To create an index you need to use ensureIndex method of mongodb.

Syntax:
Basic syntax of ensureIndex method is as follows

>db.COLLECTION_NAME.ensureIndex({KEY:1})

Here key is the name of filed on which you want to create index and 1 is for ascending order. To
create index in descending order you need to use -1.

Example
>db.mycol.ensureIndex({"title":1})
>

In ensureIndex method you can pass multiple fields, to create index on multiple fields.

>db.mycol.ensureIndex({"title":1,"description":-1})
>

ensureIndex method also accepts list of options whichareoptional, whose list is given below:

Parameter Type Description

background Boolean Builds the index in the background so that building an index
does not block other database activities. Specify true to build
in the background. The default value is false.

unique Boolean Creates a unique index so that the collection will not accept
insertion of documents where the index key or keys match an
existing value in the index. Specify true to create a unique
index. The default value is false.

name string The name of the index. If unspecified, MongoDB generates an

 index name by concatenating the names of the indexed fields
and the sort order.

dropDups Boolean Creates a unique index on a field that may have duplicates.
MongoDB indexes only the first occurrence of a key and
removes all documents from the collection that contain
subsequent occurrences of that key. Specify true to create
unique index. The default value is false.

sparse Boolean If true, the index only references documents with the
specified field. These indexes use less space but behave
differently in some situations particularlysorts. The default value
is false.

expireAfterSeconds integer Specifies a value, in seconds, as a TTL to control how long

MongoDB retains documents in this collection.

v index The index version number. The default index version

version depends on the version of mongod running when creating the
index.

weights document The weight is a number ranging from 1 to 99,999 and

denotes the significance of the field relative to the other
indexed fields in terms of the score.

default_language string For a text index, the language that determines the list of stop
words and the rules for the stemmer and tokenizer. The
default value is english.

language_override string For a text index, specify the name of the field in the
document that contains, the language to override the default
language. The default value is language.

MONGODB AGGREGATION
Aggregations operations process data records and return computed results. Aggregation
operations group values from multiple documents together, and can perform a variety of
operations on the grouped data to return a single result. In sql count ∗ and with group by is an
equivalent of mongodb aggregation. For the aggregation in mongodb you should use aggregate
method.

Syntax:
Basic syntax of aggregate method is as follows

>db.COLLECTION_NAME.aggregate(AGGREGATE_OPERATION)

Example:
In the collection you have the following data:

{
_id: ObjectId(7df78ad8902c)
title: 'MongoDB Overview',
description: 'MongoDB is no sql database',
by_user: 'tutorials point',
url: 'http://www.tutorialspoint.com',
tags: ['mongodb', 'database', 'NoSQL'],
likes: 100
},
{
_id: ObjectId(7df78ad8902d)
title: 'NoSQL Overview',
description: 'No sql database is very fast',
 by_user: 'tutorials point',
url: 'http://www.tutorialspoint.com',
tags: ['mongodb', 'database', 'NoSQL'],
likes: 10
},
{
_id: ObjectId(7df78ad8902e)
title: 'Neo4j Overview',
description: 'Neo4j is no sql database',
by_user: 'Neo4j',
url: 'http://www.neo4j.com',
tags: ['neo4j', 'database', 'NoSQL'],
likes: 750
},

Now from the above collection if you want to display a list that how many tutorials are written by
each user then you will use aggregate method as shown below:

> db.mycol.aggregate([{$group : {_id : "$by_user", num_tutorial : {$sum : 1}}}])

{
"result" : [
{
"_id" : "tutorials point",
"num_tutorial" : 2
},
{
"_id" : "tutorials point",
"num_tutorial" : 1
}
],
"ok" : 1
}
>

Sql equivalent query for the above use case will be select by_user, count ∗ from mycol group
by by_user

In the above example we have grouped documents by field by_user and on each occurance of
by_user previous value of sum is incremented. There is a list available aggregation expressions.

Expression Description Example

$sum Sums up the defined value from all db.mycol.aggregate

documents in the collection. [$group: id:" $byu ser " , numtutorial: $sum:" $likes " ]

$avg Calculates the average of all given db.mycol.aggregate

values from all documents in the [$group: id:" $byu ser " , numtutorial: $avg:" $likes " ]
collection.

$min Gets the minimum of the db.mycol.aggregate

corresponding values from all [$group: id:" $byu ser " , numtutorial: $min:" $likes " ]
documents in the collection.

$max Gets the maximum of the db.mycol.aggregate

corresponding values from all [$group: id:" $byu ser " , numtutorial: $max:" $likes " ]
documents in the collection.

$push Inserts the value to an array in the db.mycol.aggregate

resulting document. [$group: id:" $byu ser " , url: $push:" $url " ]

$addToSet Inserts the value to an array in the db.mycol.aggregate

resulting document but does not [$group: id:" $byu ser " , url: $addToSet:" $url " ]
create duplicates.

$first Gets the first document from the db.mycol.aggregate

 source documents according to the [$group: id:" $byu ser " , firstu rl: $first:" $url " ]
grouping. Typically this makes only
sense together with some previously
applied “$sort”-stage.

$last Gets the last document from the db.mycol.aggregate

source documents according to the [$group: id:" $byu ser " , lastu rl: $last:" $url " ]
grouping. Typically this makes only
sense together with some previously
applied “$sort”-stage.

MONGODB REPLICATION
Replication is the process of synchronizing data across multiple servers. Replication provides
redundancy and increases data availability with multiple copies of data on different database
servers, replication protects a database from the loss of a single server. Replication also allows
you to recover from hardware failure and service interruptions. With additional copies of the data,
you can dedicate one to disaster recovery, reporting, or backup.

Why Replication?
To keep your data safe
High 24 ∗ 7 availability of data
Disaster Recovery
No downtime for maintenance likebackups, indexrebuilds, compaction
Read scaling extracopiestoreadfrom
Replica set is transparent to the application

How replication works in MongoDB

MongoDB achieves replication by the use of replica set. A replica set is a group of mongod
instances that host the same data set. In a replica one node is primary node that receives all write
operations. All other instances, secondaries, apply operations from the primary so that they have
the same data set. Replica set can have only one primary node.

1. Replica set is a group of two or more nodes generallyminimum3nodesarerequired.

2. In a replica set one node is primary node and remaining nodes are secondary.
3. All data replicates from primary to secondary node.
4. At the time of automatic failover or maintenance, election establishes for primary and a new
primary node is elected.
5. After the recovery of failed node, it again join the replica set and works as a secondary node.

A typical diagram of mongodb replication is shown in which client application always interact with
primary node and primary node then replicate the data to the secondary nodes.
Replica set features
A cluster of N nodess
Anyone node can be primary
All write operations goes to primary
Automatic failover
Automatic Recovery
Consensus election of primary

Set up a replica set

In this tutorial we will convert standalone mongod instance to a replica set. To convert to replica
set follow the below given steps:

Shutdown already running mongodb server.

Now start the mongodb server by specifying --replSet option. Basic syntax of --replSet is
given below:

mongod --port "PORT" --dbpath "YOUR_DB_DATA_PATH" --replSet

"REPLICA_SET_INSTANCE_NAME"

Example
mongod --port 27017 --dbpath "D:\set up\mongodb\data" --replSet rs0

It will start a mongod instance with the name rs0, on port 27017

Now start the command prompt and connect to this mongod instance.
In mongo client issue the command rs.initiate to initiate a new replica set.

To check the replica set configuration issue the command rs.conf.

To check the status of replica sete issue the command rs.status.

MONGODB CREATE BACKUP

Dump MongoDB Data
To create backup of database in mongodb you should use mongodump command. This
command will dump all data of your server into dump directory. There are many options available
by which you can limit the amount of data or create backup of your remote server.

Syntax:
Basic syntax of mongodump command is as follows
>mongodump

Example
Start your mongod server. Assuming that your mongod server is running on localhost and port
27017. Now open a command prompt and go to bin directory of your mongodb instance and type
the command mongodump

Consider the mycol collectioin has following data.

>mongodump

The command will connect to the server running at 127.0.0.1 and port 27017 and back all data
of the server to directory /bin/dump/. Output of the command is shown below:

There are a list of available options that can be used with the mongodump command.

This command will backup only specified database at specified path

Syntax Description Example

mongodump --host HOST_NAME -- This commmand will mongodump --host

port PORT_NUMBER backup all databases of tutorialspoint.com --port
specified mongod 27017
instance.

mongodump --dbpath DB_PATH --out mongodump --dbpath

BACKUP_DIRECTORY /data/db/ --out
/data/backup/

mongodump --collection This command will backup mongodump --collection

COLLECTION --db DB_NAME only specified collection of mycol --db test
specified database.

Restore data
To restore backup data mongodb's mongorestore command is used. This command restore all of
the data from the back up directory.

Syntax
Basic syntax of <mongorestore command is

>mongorestore

Output of the command is shown below:

Processing math: 100%