SHS

Trends, Network
& Critical
Thinking
Quarter 2 - Module 1
Democratic Interventions
 Target

Freedom is power. It is a necessary factor to achieve self-determination. The

pursuit of freedom is liberation from the shackles of ignorance and medieval
thinking. Understanding the elements that bring about freedom of thought,
expression, and the like leads to the appreciation of democracy. This chapter of
Democracy basically reiterates on the governance of the people as the rightful
citizens of the state. “Vox Populi, Vox Dei” means the voice of the people is the voice
of God. Hence, the constituents are the most powerful element in a state as the
author of the fundamental law of the land which is the constitution.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify democratic practices HUMSS_MCT12-IIa-c-1
2. Explain the importance of participation in democracy HUMSS_MCT12-
IIa-c-4
3. Differentiate participatory from representative democracy
HUMSS_MCT12-IIa-c-5

Specific Learning Objectives

1. Define and discuss the nature of democracy
2. Identify the elements of democracy
3. Explain the characteristics of democracy
4. Assess cases pertaining to violation of democratic practices.

Before proceeding further, check how much you know about the topic.
Analyze and answer the Practice Quiz below.
 Jumpstart

Activity1: Practice Quiz

1. What is democracy?
A. War C. All qualified citizens can vote
B. All citizens have an equal say D. Distribution of Wealth equally

2. Where does the word democracy originate from?

A. Italy C. Greece
B. Spain D. U.S.A

3. How many countries today are run by some form of democratic government?
A. About 60 C. Over 100
B. 36 D. 200

4. What are some freedoms that come with a democratic govt.?

A. Freedom of speech C. Right to bear arms
B. Right to vote D. All the above

5. Democratic governments typically are run by

A. A dictator C. Military personnel
B. A president D. Al Qaeda

6. Does the Philippines have a democratic government?

A. Yes C. Maybe
B. No D. Absolutely No

7. How many branches does the Philippine government have?

A. 2 C. 3
B. 4 D. 5

8. What is the most important right for Filipino citizens?

A. Right to bear arms C. Right to eat
B. Right to vote D. The right to run a public office

9. It is known as the rule of people where the power in government does not emanate from
the divine right or any God, but from the citizens of the state.
A. Democracy C. Monarchy
B. Aristocracy D. Revolutionary

10. How many years will the President of the Philippines serve the country?
A. 6 C. 3
B. 4 D. 9
 Discover

What is Democracy
Democracy originated from the Greek word demoskratos or demokratia
which means the rule of the people. Democracy is a system of government where
citizens choose their representatives to form a governing body. It is therefore, a
government of the people, for the people, and by the people. This is why it is
also stated that
democracy is “Vox Populi, Vox Dei” meaning the Voice of the People is the Voice of
God. As the people are superior over the government.
Democracy is distinct from other forms of government as the power rests
among the citizenry unlike other forms which is either handled by one or a few
individuals. A democratic government focuses on freedom and opportunities for
people to improve on their abilities as well as express themselves for greater self-
determination.

Elements of Democracy
The United Nations General Assembly adopted in 2004 a resolution laying
out the essential elements of democracy which includes the following:

1. Separation and Balance of Power

This means that the democratic government is a political authority which is
divided into three, namely the legislative, executive and judicial powers. These
branches act independently of each other to prevent the concentration of power
as well as to maintain check and balance.

A. Legislative Branch
It enacts the laws of the state according to the desires of the constituents. It
is mainly comprised of the House of Representatives and the Senate.

B. Executive Branch
Implements the policy. The President of the land with the Cabinet Members
carry out these functions, making sure that the approves laws are executed
in every aspect of the citizenry’s lives.
C. Judicial Branch
Is responsible for giving meaning to the established laws and brings to
justice those who violate the fundamental laws of the land. This branch
makes sure that the fundamental rights and privileges of the citizenry are met
by the government.

2. A pluralistic System of Political Parties and Organizations.

It is expected that a democratic system allows the rule of the majority.
Representation is very necessary in every sector of the society. Hence groups,
organizations and collective efforts are recognized. It is expected that differences
 in opinion, needs and expectations may arise and so a consensus has to be
reached through the initiatives of the Social organizations. As their views are
processed, there arise the similar convictions and thus, they convene within
political parties to promote similar interests.
Political Parties are supported in a democracy as they peacefully mediate
conflicts, and the formation of political views. Such is based on the principle that
each citizen has the right to represent his opinion through a civil and healthy
competition of ideas. This assumption that there are always conflicting interests
within every society is the essence of “pluralism”. And hence the formation and
acceptance of political parties in a pluralistic society with varied ways of
processing realities.

3. Respect for the Rule of Law

The Rule of Law is the principle that reiterates no one is above the law. It
safeguards citizens against governance by a totalitarian leader. The rule of law is
against the rule of a dictator or an absolute ruler. This fundamental principle also
reiterates that every citizen is subject to the law, even the highest leader and the
lawmakers as all the procedures equally to all.

4. Accountability and Transparency

Democracy adheres to the principle that the citizen should be provided with
all their basic rights and freedom. This is an expression of democracy. However, it
is a common knowledge that “with great powers come great responsibilities”.
Hence, for every freedom granted is the need to perform certain roles that will be
beneficial to the society itself. In this light it is expected that the participation
increases the role of citizens to take part in political, economic, and social
activities such as in choosing their local leaders and in providing input into local
governance.
Accountability on the other hand is the degree to which the government
needs to explain or justify what they have accomplished in relation to what was
expected of them. Accountability is exemplified during elections where every
entity in public service is assessed in relations to their output and performance.
Accountability is also gauged during the government official transparency, which
connotes absence of corruption through honed behavior.

5. Free and Independent Media

Freedom of expression is a necessary element in a democratic society. It is
through the media that the citizenry is informed about the events that transpire
in the society. A crucial role is being played by this agency as it allows
transparency in the society and government. It also convenes the people into
certain realities, issues and concerns that affects their lives. Decision making in
the government is learned through these agencies. The media also plays a crucial
role in the education of the people. Traditional radio and television programs,
broadcasters like the BBC and CNN and the PTV4 provide information to every
sector of the society.
6. Respect for Human Rights
Democracy requires respect and the promotion of human rights. The right to
vote, to form political parties, to own property or to marry are necessary for
democracy. The sheer fact that the government provides the freedom to its
constituents, then is a fact that there is really democracy. It is the people who has
to be served and no abuse can be perpetrated by the government. Taking of lives,
homes are not manifestations of democracy. Such is a reflection of despotic rule.
Democracy means respect for the dignity of man by providing social services and
resources, to promote the well-being of the citizenry

Characteristics of Democracy
History proves that democracy did not exist in a perfect state. Democracy
evolved out of the refinement of its component to respond to the needs and
demands of the citizenry.

1. Equality before the Law

Equality under the law is equality in the eyes of the law. Sometimes termed
as legal equality is the principle that reiterates that the citizens must be equally
treated by the law and proven innocent until there is due process. The law must
guarantee that no person should be prejudiced in the eyes of the law. Democracy
means equality, fairness, and justice. Indeed, “All are equal before the law”.
Everyone must be treated equally regardless of race, gender, national origin,
color, ethnicity, religion, disability. The constitution as the supreme of the land
should safeguard every freedom of every member of the society.

2. Political Freedom
Political freedom is one of the most important features of democratic
societies. It is freedom from oppression and compulsion. It may also be
considered as the positive exercise of rights and possibilities for actions as well as
the exercise of social rights, freedom from internal constraints, freedom of
speech. The concepts of political freedom connote civil liberties and human
rights, which should be protected by the state.

3. Rule of Law
Every law is a product of people represented by their congressman. The law
is the supreme factor that runs the government, and nobody is above the law. The
law protects and promotes the citizenry and so nobody can be over the law. The
rule of law state that every citizen should participate in the elections as the basic
features of democracy. This is also known as the right to suffrage where all
voters can participate freely and fully in the life of their society. Everybody has a
say in the fate of their society which happens during the time of elections whether
on a local or national level.
Activity 1. Choose the Correct answer
1. The “branch” of government, which has the power to make laws, and to alter
and repeal them.
A. Legislative C. Judicial
B. Executive D. Government
2. The “branch” of government which has the power to implement or enforce the
laws.
A. Legislative C. Judicial
B. Executive D. Government
3. The principle which ensures the “balance of powers” among the three branches
of government.
A. Division of Powers C. Decentralization
B. Separation of Powers D. Checks and Balances
4. The principle observed in the branches of the government, which gives them a
co-equal and coordinate powers. If one department goes beyond the limits set
by the constitution, its acts are null and void.
A. Division of Powers C. Checks and Balances
B. Separation of Powers D. Decentralization
5. This classification of government is ruled by few privilege persons who come from
wealthy and politically powerful individuals.
A. Oligarchy C. Monarchy
B Aristocracy D. Dictatorship
6. It is known as the rule of people where the power in government does not
emanate from the divine right or any God but from the citizens of the state.
A. Democracy C. Monarchy
B. Aristocracy D. Revolutionary
7. One of the most important features of democratic societies. The concepts connote
civil liberties and human rights, which should be protected by the state.
A. Political freedom C. Rule of Law
B. Legal Equality D. Equality before the law
8. Vox Populi, Vox Dei means “the voice of .”
A. the people is the voice of God C. the people is the voice of the leader
B. God is the voice of the people D. God is a law
9. It states that every citizen should participate in the elections as the basic features
of democracy. This is also known as the right to suffrage where all voters can
participate freely and fully in the life of their society.
A. Political freedom C. Rule of Law
B. Legal Equality D. Equality before the law
10. It is the degree to which the government needs to explain or justify what they
have accomplished in relation to what was expected of them. It is gauged during
the government official transparency, which connotes absence of corruption
through honest behavior.
A. Accountability C. Transparency
B. Legal Equality D. Equality before the law
Activity 2. Let Us Process
Direction: Elaborate on the following concepts:

1. Democracy

2. Human Rights

3. Accountability

4. Legal Equality

Explore

Democratic Practices
Democratic practices are ways citizens can work together—even when they
disagree—to address shared problems.

Ordinary Questions, Extraordinary Opportunities

Democratic practices are variations on the things that happen every day in
communities. For these routine activities to become public, citizens must be
involved. Yet, this does not mean that communities must do anything out of the
ordinary— they just must do the ordinary in different ways. If the routine business
of politics is done in ways that are open to citizens, the routines can become
democratic practices. These practices are reflected in the ordinary questions people
ask one another when something threatens their collective well-being. Their
conversations
revolve around such questions as:
 What is bothering you?
 How does this problem affect you and your family?
 What should we do? What would be the consequences?
 If there are negative consequences to what you propose, do you think we
should still do it?
 What is the right thing to do?
 Who else do we need to solve the problem?
 What resources do we need? What do we have that we can use?
 What are we learning?
The Political Meaning of the Democratic Practices
There is a selected set of terms that it uses to describe what is going on
politically when people ask these everyday questions. Each term identifies one of the
democratic practices just mentioned. When people talk about what bothers them,
one would say that they are naming problems. Naming is a political practice because
the name that is given to a problem affects what is done to solve it.
When people talk about what can be done, they often propose options, and
when all the options are put on the table, they create a framework for tackling a
problem. The framing structures everything that happens thereafter. Framing issues
with only one or two options sets in motion a political debate that is very different
from what happens if there are multiple options on the table.
When people move on to assess the possible consequences that might result
from one course of action or another, Kettering would say they are making decisions
deliberatively. They are weighing possible consequences against what is deeply
important to them. They are mulling over or sorting out what they hear, perhaps
changing their minds as they learn about someone else’s experience. Eventually,
they may settle on some work that they need to do with other citizens, something
they want a government to do, or both.
Once a decision is made about how to proceed, people test to see if anyone
or any group is willing to act on the decision and identify resources that they can
draw on. Kettering calls this political practice identifying and committing civic
resources.
Commitments produce collective political will. When citizens, then join
forces to do something, we refer to that as organizing civic actions, a practice that
brings the many and various resources a citizenry has to bear on a problem. Action
is normally followed by evaluating what was accomplished, which the foundation
has labeled learning together in order to distinguish collective from individual
learning. This practice provides the political momentum needed to follow through
on difficult problems.
All six of these practices are part of the larger politics of self-rule, not stand-
alone techniques. They fit together the way the wooden matrëshka dolls from Russia
do. People will continue to name, frame, and deliberate even as they assess what
they have done, and people will learn together throughout.

The Importance of Participation in Democracy

Democracy, as you may have known, is a form of people’s governance. Here
people decide to have the right to decide on who should rule and how to be ruled.
Their dislike for any rule or law can be shown in the form of a protest. And the
government in power must be sensitive to such protest.

1. Rights of citizens
The basic rights of citizens are protected. There is freedom of food,
clothing, shelter. Even, the choices of work, religion, etc. are not
controlled. None can compel him or prevent him in these aspects.
2. Common law for all
Any person found guilty is to be punished by law. Be it a poor man
or the rich, strong, or weak will have to undergo the same punishment
and judicial trial. Also, to get into any position, all the people will have to
follow the same procedures.

3. Chances for individual growth

Due to the freedom of life, a person can work without compulsions.
This enables him to perform with passion in any field he desires. With
this work of passion, there would be enhanced performance and growth.

4. Combined decision making

For every issue, the entire representatives of people are responsible.
Everyone will be involved in decision making. This limits the chances of
wrong decisions for the country. Thereby everyone is safe and in
agreement with happenings with the nation.

5. Fewer chances of misuse of power

In autocratic rule, there are chances for misuse of power. None can
question their actions, hence, people in power can take personal
decisions. This happens sometimes based on their individual needs and
wishes. So, they can take decisions even if it is harmful to the entire
masses. But in a democracy such misuse of power is not possible.
Even a president or prime minister has to take his colleagues into
consideration. He must put his views into practice only after their
approval.

6. Equal rights to all

In a democracy, everyone is equal before the law. One can take up
studies, build homes, buy property, anywhere within the nation as per
rules.

7. Ability to express themselves

Every individual has his opinion. Democracy provides an
opportunity to express his opinion without fear or censorship.

8. Enhanced economic growth

Most countries with democracy have enormous economic growth. As
governance is a collective effort; the economic growth is never hindered.
The nation growth is done collectively and efficiently.

9. Minimizes conflicts and violence

The chances of violence are minimal in democracy. Since the power
transition is smooth by-elections; the chances of violence are low.
The only way to get into power is through peoples’ trust. So, the
persons will have to behave responsibly.
10. Provide food and minimizes famines
In the case of calamities, people are deprived of basic amenities like
food. The government will have to arrange for food and essentials from
other places. This is done to support the public and win their support. So,
the suffering of people due to famines would be low.

11. Separation of powers

In a democracy, the powers of administration, justice are separate.
So, those in power or those in the judiciary cannot overpower themselves.

12. Transparency of systems

Since all are equal by law, the systems are transparent. Results of
elections, competitive exams, job selections are kept transparent. These
lead to better support those with ability and talent.

13. People are chosen by performance

In autocratic rule or kingship, the power transit to children. Despite
not being capable enough, they can have complete power. This leads to
insufficient administration and lack of long-term prosperity. In a
democracy, only those with credible performance records would be given
a chance. The right person with ability will be in the position to
administer the governance.

14. Finance control

The finances of the state have to be spent as per the constitution.
This prevents misuse of funds and uses them only for the benefit of
citizens. So, the chances of corruption can be reduced.

15. Peoples’ Choice

People can choose their leader irrespective of caste, creed, sex and
even race. Even economically backward persons like Abraham Lincoln
could become the president of the united states, women like Margaret
Thatcher prime minister of the UK, etc.

16. Change of power

If a person in authority is not fit to rule, he can be replaced by
elections. Many politicians who were felt unfit to govern were changed in
the next elections. If they were fit, were given multiple chances to rule.

17. Equal and fair justice

In a democracy, no one is above the law, and everyone is equal
before it. So equal justice is theoretically possible to all.

18. People’s participation

Since a person is elected by people, people have the right to decide
their leader by involvement in voting.
 19. Nationalism
Since every citizen is involved in building the country, there is a
sense of patriotism and contributions to its growth.

20. Better and equal opportunities

All are equal before the law so anyone can contest for any post. And
if he is eligible, he can take the opportunity.

Freedom of life: People are free to live their life as they wish without
causing harm to others. This is a fundamental right provided by law.
But still, there are also disadvantages of democracy which needs to
be addressed. However, as per current levels of education and technological
development, democracy seems to be the best form of government.

Activity 1: Assessment
1. These rights still exist even there are no laws that create or provide them.
A. Natural Rights
B. Constitutional Rights
C. Political Rights
D. Civil Rights

2. What right is involved if an employee is terminated from work without just cause?
A. Right to Life
C. Right to Property
B. Right Liberty
D. Right to Travel

3. What is required before a person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property?

A. Due process of law
B. Observance of Equal protection of laws
C. Non- payment of bail
D. All of the choices

4. Who is the commander-in-chief of all the Armed Forces of the Philippines?

A. PNP Chief Archie Gamboa
B. Lieutenant General Gilbert I. Gapay
C. Pres. Rodrigo Duterte
D. None of the above

5. The burden of proof in a civil trial is to prove a case . The burden of proof
rests with the .
A. beyond a reasonable doubt; plaintiff
B. beyond a reasonable doubt; defendant
C. by a preponderance of the evidence; plaintiff
D. by a preponderance of the evidence
6. The "Burden of Proof" in a trial refers to .
A. Which party has the responsibility of establishing the truth of their argument.
B. A person cannot be tried twice for the same crime if more evidence comes to
light years later.
C. On the balance of probabilities
D. The judge being responsible for deciding on a penalty.

7. The theory of government where one branch has the power to keep another
branch of government from becoming too powerful is called .
A. Separation of Powers
B. Limited Government
C. Checks and Balances
D. Constitutional

8. The Checks and Balance Power used by the President (Executive Branch) against
the Legislative Branch when the President does NOT like a Law passed by the
Legislative Branch is called .
A. Presidential Veto
B. Judicial Review (optional)
C. Impeachment
D. Appointment Power

9. In a democracy, no one is above the law, and everyone is equal before it. So equal
justice is theoretically possible to all.
A. Separation of Powers
B. Limited Government
C. Checks and Balances
D. Equal and fair justice

10. People have the right to decide their leader by involvement in voting.
A. Right to Life
B. Right Liberty
C. People’s participation
D. Right to Travel
 Deepen

Activity 1: Let Us Explore

Direction: Read the Case of Otto Frederick Warmbier and answer the following
questions:

Otto Warmbier was born on December 12, 1994, to Fred and Cindy
Warmbier and raised in Cincinnati, Ohio, into a family of American-Jewish descent
and was one of three children in the family, an American college student.

Fred Warmbier said the China-based tour operator, Young Pioneer Tours,
advertised the trip as safe for U.S. citizens. Danny Gratton, an adventurous British
sales manager, met Warmbier in Beijing as the two boarded the tour flight to
Pyongyang. The two struck up a friendship and were roommates on the trip. They
stuck together from the time they got to Pyongyang until Warmbier was arrested.
Warmbier traveled to North Korea for a five-day New Year’s tour of the
country organized by Young Pioneer Tours. Ten other U.S. citizens were in his tour
group.
During his stay at the Yanggakdo International Hotel in Pyongyang,
Warmbier allegedly stole a propaganda sign from a staff-only floor of the hotel. The
poster said,
“Let’s arm ourselves strongly with Kim Jong-il‘s patriotism!”.
He said he stole it for the mother of a friend who wanted it as a souvenir to
be hung on the wall of a church in his hometown of Wyoming, Ohio. He said that she
offered him a used car worth $10,000 as payment, and that if he was detained and
didn’t return, $200,000 would be paid to his mother in the form of a charitable
donation. Warmbier said he accepted the offer because his family was “suffering
from very severe financial difficulties”.
Harming such items with the name or image of a North Korean leader is
considered a serious crime by the government.
On January 2, 2016, Warmbier was arrested for theft just prior to departing
North Korea from Pyongyang International Airport. Gratton witnessed the arrest.
The others in his tour group left the country without incident. His crime was
described as “a hostile act against the state” by the North Korean news agency KCNA.
Warmbier was tried and convicted for the theft of the propaganda banner
from a restricted area of the hotel. His trial included his confession, CCTV footage,
fingerprint evidence, and witness testimony.
On June 12, 2017, Rex Tillerson, the United States Secretary of State,
announced that North Korea had released Warmbier. Tillerson also announced that
the U.S. State Department secured Warmbier’s release at the direction of President
Donald Trump. Tillerson said that the State Department continues discussing three
other detained Americans with North Korea.
 Warmbier was sentenced to 15 years of hard labor. Human Rights Watch
called the sentencing “outrageous and shocking”, while U.S. State Department
spokesman Mark Toner said that it was clear that North Korea used arrested
American citizens for political purposes despite its claims to the contrary.
Sometime in the month following his trial, Warmbier suffered an unknown
medical crisis that caused severe brain damage. His condition was not conveyed to
anyone outside North Korea, and Swedish envoys who represent the United States’
interests in North Korea were not able to see Warmbier after March 2016.

1. Who is Otto Frederick Warmbier?

2. What was he doing in North Korea?

3. Why was Otto Frederick Warmbier arrested?

4. How did the U.S government help in the release of Otto Frederick Warmbier?

5. What really happened to Otto Frederick Warmbier?

6. What is your opinion regarding what was inflicted on Otto Frederick Warmbier
by the North Korean Government?
 Gauge

ACTIVITY1: Post Test

1. It is known as the rule of people where the power in government does not
emanate from the divine right or any God but from the citizens of the state.
A. Democracy
B. Aristocracy
C. Monarchy
D. Revolutionary

2. One of the most important features of democratic societies. The concepts

connote civil liberties and human rights, which should be protected by the
state.
A. Political freedom
B. Legal Equality
C. Rule of Law
D. Equality before the law
3. Vox Populi, Vox Dei means
A. The voice of the people is the voice of God.
B. The voice of God is the voice of the people
C. The voice of the people is the voice of the leader
D. The voice of God is a law

4. It states that every citizen should participate in the elections as the basic features
of democracy. This is also known as the right to suffrage where all voters can
participate freely and fully in the life of their society.
A. Political freedom
B. Legal Equality
C. Rule of Law
D. Equality before the law

5. It is the degree to which the government needs to explain or justify what they
have accomplished in relation to what was expected to them. It is gauged during
the government official transparency which connotes absence of corruption
through honest behavior.
A. Accountability
B. Legal Equality
C. Transparency
D. Equality before the law
6. The “branch” of government which has the power to make laws, and to alter
and repeal them.
A. Legislative
B. Executive
C. Judicial
D. Government

7. The “branch” of government which has the power to implement or enforce the
laws.
A. Legislative
B. Executive
C. Judicial
D. Government

8. The principle which ensures the “balance of powers” among the three branches
of government.
A. Division of Powers
B. Separation of Powers
C. Decentralization
D. Checks and Balances

9. The principle observe in the branches of the government which gives them a co-
equal and coordinate powers. If one department goes beyond the limits set by
the constitution, its acts are null and void.
A. Division of Powers
B. Separation of Powers
C. Checks and Balances
D. Decentralization

10. This classification of government is ruled by few privilege persons who come
from wealthy and politically powerful individuals.
A. Oligarchy
B Aristocracy
C. Monarchy
D. Dictatorship

11. The "Burden of Proof" in a trial refers to .

A. Which party has the responsibility of establishing the truth of their argument
B. A person cannot be tried twice for the same crime if more evidence comes to
light years later.
C. On the balance of probabilities
D. The judge being responsible for deciding on a penalty.
12. The theory of government where one branch has the power to keep another
branch of government from becoming too powerful is called?
A. Separation of Powers
B. Limited Government
C. Checks and Balances
D. Constitutional
13. The Checks and Balance Power used by the President (Executive Branch)
against the Legislative Branch when the President does NOT like a Law passed
by the Legislative Branch is called…
A. Presidential Veto
B. Judicial Review (optional)
C. Impeachment
D. Appointment Power

14. In a democracy, no one is above the law, and everyone is equal before it. So
equal justice is theoretically possible to all.
A. Separation of Powers
B. Limited Government
C. Checks and Balances
D. Equal and fair justice

15. People have the right to decide their leader by involvement in voting.
A. Right to Life
B. Right Liberty
C. People’s participation
D. Right to Travel

16. These rights still exist even there are no laws that create or provide them.
A. Natural Rights
B. Constitutional Rights
C. Political Rights
D. Civil Rights
17. What right is involved if an employee is terminated from work without just
cause?
A. Right to Life
B. Right Liberty
C. Right to Property
D. Right to Travel

18. What is required before a person shall be deprived of life liberty, or property?
A. Due process of law
B. Observance of Equal protection of laws
C. Non- payment of bail
D. All of the choices
19. Who is the commander-in-chief of all the Armed Forces of the Philippines?
A. PNP Chief Archie Gamboa
B. Lieutenant General Gilbert I. Gapay
C. Pres. Rodrigo Duterte
D. None of the above

20. The burden of proof in a civil trial is to prove a case . The burden of
proof rests with the .
A. beyond a reasonable doubt; plaintiff
B. beyond a reasonable doubt; defendant
C. by a preponderance of the evidence; plaintiff
D. by a preponderance of the evidence
Answer Key
References
Book

Trends, Networks and Critical Thinking in the 21 st Century by Ethel D. Magalona

et.al. p 79-89

Online Sources
https://www.kettering.org/core-insights/democratic-practices
https://www.mindcontroversy.com/why-is-democracy-important/