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Numerical analysis of dynamic behaviour of elastoplastic beams

Article  in  Archives of Civil Engineering · January 2009

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 ARCHIVES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, LV, 3, 2009

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR

OF ELASTOPLASTIC BEAMS

A. ZBICIAK1

The main goal of this work is to present a formulation of initial-boundary- value problem for
Bernoulli-Euler beam made of elastoplastic materials. An original procedure for formulation of
1D constitutive relations for elastic-perfectly plastic as well as elastoplastic kinematic hardening
materials is presented in detail. The relationships to be obtained are of explicit type and were
formulated within the notion of non-smooth mechanics. Differential successions defining the re-
lations which should be satisfied by the time derivatives of variables, describing the constitutive
relations were also used. The system of partial differential equations is discretized with respect to
spatial coordinates using Finite Difference Method. This procedure leads to the system of ordinary
differential equations with respect to time, which was solved using the Runge-Kutta method. The
problem was coded within MATLAB system. A numerical example of a beam structure subjected
to concentrated Heaviside-type loading was analysed.

Keywords: elastoplasticity, theory of beams, Finite Difference Method, dynamic loadings.

1. I

Engineering structures while subjected to intensive dynamic loadings exhibit non-elastic

behaviour. The simplest material models being able to simulate formation of permanent
strains, are rate-independent elastoplastic models. For such materials we do not need to
evaluate viscosity parameters being very often associated with dynamic phenomenon.
Neglecting the rate-dependency causes some mathematical problems as it was pointed
out in [13].
The analysis of elastoplastic beams has received a great deal of attention in the
literature. S and Y [14] described an interesting phenomenon where the per-
manent deflection of dynamically loaded elastic-plastic beam may in some cases rest
in opposite direction of the applied pulse pressure. The phenomenon was termed the
counter-intuitive because the final deflection we normally expect should rather be in
the loading direction. As it was shown in [14] such a behaviour is supported by
experimental results.
1
Ph.D., Warsaw University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering, Warszawa, Poland, e-mail:
[email protected]
404 A. Z

In the works [3,4], an unified discretization method using Finite Difference Method
(FDM) with respect to time and spatial coordinates was proposed. It was emphasized
there, that the problem of elastoplastic beams dynamics cannot be treated like 1D one
because an additional coordinate is needed in order to analyse the formation of plastic
zones through the cross section. A-B and Z [1] use Finite Element Method
(FEM) with predictor-corrector type algorithms for solving constitutive relations. In
such a formulation the explicit form of constitutive equations is not needed. In some
papers, instead of the stress-strain relations, the relationships between bending moment
and curvature are used [12,16]. Interesting results may also be obtained based on
bearing capacity theory [15] but such a formulation does not allow analysis of the
history of beam’s deflection through the time.
B et al. [2] used Large Increment Method (LIM) to analyse the cyclic
behaviour of elastoplastic beam structures. This method being successfully tested
in the last few years uses fewer elements and integration points compared to the
displacement-based FE approach. Good correlation was obtained by the authors be-
tween LIM and ABAQUS FE solutions for elastoplastic test problems. However the LI
method still does not use the explicit differential form of constitutive equations.
Important results were presented by H [7]. The author proposed FDM model
of a plate strip in which the concentrated zones of non-elastic deformations are compo-
sed of the bar layers possessing elastic-plastic properties. A similar methodology was
applied in [17] and it also will be used in this paper when the procedure of beam’s
cross section discretization will be described.
In this paper we analyse dynamic behaviour of a Bernoulli-Euler beam. Two ma-
terial models are considered – elastic-perfectly plastic and elastoplastic with kinematic
hardening. A special attention is given to the formulation of constitutive relationships
between the stress and the strain of both models. We use the notion of non-smooth
mechanics for this purpose [10]. Thus, the relations to be obtained are of explicit
differential type. It will be demonstrated that the procedure of formulation of constitu-
tive equations needs the differential successions to be applied. Differential successions
define additional relations which should be satisfied by the time derivatives of varia-
bles, describing the constitutive relation. The notion of differential successions was
introduced by G [5] for dynamic analysis of discrete mechanical systems
exhibiting dry friction and locking. Then, in [6] the procedure was generalized for 3D
elastoplastic solids.
The numerical calculations of the initial-boundary-value problem were executed
using FDM as a spatial discretization procedure. The system of ordinary differential
equations with respect to time was solved by the 4th order Runge-Kutta method. The
problem was coded within MATLAB system [18]. A comprehensive program was
created allowing the dynamic simulation of elastoplastic beams with various boundary
conditions and being exposed to various types of loadings. The results of numeri-
cal calculation of an example were visualized in figures presenting hysteretic loops,
deflection curves as well as the stress and bending moment diagrams.
 N        405

2. C    B-E 

The constitutive relationships of elastic-perfectly plastic material as well as elastoplastic

material with kinematic hardening may be formulated based on rheological schemes
shown in Fig. 1. The spring elements visualized in this figure represent elastic pro-
perties while the sliders represent plastic properties. The constitutive relationships are
formulated first for the elastic-perfectly plastic model and then the obtained equations
are generalized taking into account hardening phenomenon.

Fig. 1. Rheological models of elastic-perfectly plastic material (a) and elastoplastic material with
kinematic hardening (b).
Rys. 1. Schematy reologiczne materiału sprężysto-idealnie plastycznego (a) i sprężystoplastycznego ze
wzmocnieniem kinematycznym (b)

Formulating the problem of constitutive relations of elastic-perfectly plastic Ber-

noulli-Euler beam we assume that the total strain ε may be decomposed into elastic
part εe and plastic part ε p . The elastic part obeys Hooke’s law. Thus, we can write the
following equation

σ
(2.1) ε = εe + ε p where εe = ⇒ σ = E ( ε − ε p)
E

in which the σ denotes stress and the E is Young’s modulus.

Our further investigations will be focused on formulation of additional relations
describing the plastic strain ε p . The plastic part of the model is defined by the following
set of relations [8, 10]
406 A. Z

σ∈Θ
(2.2)
σ ε̇ p ≥ σ̃ ε̇ p ∀ σ̃ ∈ Θ

where the Θ denotes the set of admissible stresses and the σ̃ is any stress state belonging
to the Θ.
First of all let us note that in the case of 1D problem the set of admissible stresses
Θ may be described as follows

h i
(2.3) Θ := −σy , +σy

where the symbol σy denotes yield stress obtained via simple tension/compression test.
Variational inequality (2.2)2 (Drucker’s postulate [10]) assigns stress σ from Θ-set
to each strain rate ε̇ p in such a way satisfying the maximum dissipation rule. On the
other hand, this inequality assigns the set of plastic strain rates to each stress belonging
to Θ-set. The inequality (2.2)2 may be written using an alternative form

(2.4) ε̇ p ∈ K (σ, Θ) := { ε̇ p : ε̇ p (σ − σ̃) ≥ 0 ∀ σ̃ ∈ Θ }

The mapping K defined via Eq. (2.4) determines the set of plastic strain rates
assigned to σ. The K has the form of an external cone to be orthogonal to Θ in σ.
Eventually, based on the above considerations, the detailed form of constitutive
relations (2.2) may be written by two inclusions

h i
(2.5) σ ∈ −σy , +σy

and




 { 0 } if |σ| < σy


 +
p
(2.6) ε̇ ∈ 
 R if σ = σy



 R− if σ = −σy

where the R+ (R− ) denotes the set of positive (negative) real numbers. It can be easy
proved that the relations (2.5) and (2.6) may be visualized in one graph shown in
Fig. 2. Thus, the relation of the plastic part has a form of multivalued function.
It is obvious that in the case |σ| < σy then ε̇ p = 0. On the other hand, when
|σ| = σy then the ε̇ p cannot be evaluated based on Eqs. (2.5) and (2.6). In such a case
we should formulate so called differential successions of Eqs. (2.5) and (2.6) (see [5]).
 N        407

Fig. 2. Constitutive relations (2.5) and (2.6).

Rys. 2. Relacje konstytutywne (2.5) i (2.6)

The procedure of formulation of 3D succession-type equations was explained in [6].

Using the same methodology leads to the following relationships



 R if |σ| < σy


 −
(2.7) σ̇ ∈ 
 R ∪ { 0 } if σ = σy



 R+ ∪ { 0 } if σ = −σy
and



 {0} if |σ| < σy





 {0} if σ = σy and σ̇ < 0



p
(2.8) ε̇ ∈ 
 {0} if σ = −σy and σ̇ > 0





 R+ if σ = σy and σ̇ = 0



 R− if σ = −σy and σ̇ = 0
Let us observe that the above relations (2.7) and (2.8) can be rewritten in compact
form



 ε̇ p = 0 , σ̇ ∈ R if |σ| < σy


 p p
(2.9) 
 ε̇ ≥ 0 , σ̇ ≤ 0 , ε̇ σ̇ = 0 if σ = σy



 ε̇ p ≤ 0 , σ̇ ≥ 0 , ε̇ p σ̇ = 0 if σ = −σy
408 A. Z

and visualized in Fig. 3

Fig. 3. Graphical interpretation of Eq. (2.9).

Rys. 3. Graficzna interpretacja związków (2.9)

Differentiating Eq. (2.1) with respect to time and using relations (2.9), we can
obtain the following equation defining the plastic strain rate




 0 if |σ| < σy





 0 if σ = σy and ε̇ ≤ 0



p
(2.10) ε̇ = 
 0 if σ = −σy and ε̇ ≥ 0





 ε̇ if σ = σy and ε̇ > 0



 ε̇ if σ = −σy and ε̇ < 0

which eventually can be rewritten as follows




 0 if |σ| < σy



p
(2.11) ε̇ = 
 0 if |σ| = σy and σ ε̇ ≤ 0



 ε̇ if |σ| = σy and σ ε̇ > 0

Relationships (2.1) and (2.11) constitute the set of equations defining the 1D
elastic-perfectly plastic model. We will use another form of these relations resulting
from elimination of the ε̇ p being as follows




 E ε̇ if |σ| < σy


 +

(2.12) σ̇ = 
 E ε̇ − [ε̇] if σ = σy

 E ε̇ + [−ε̇]+
if σ = −σy



where the function [•]+ denotes projection onto the set of non-negative numbers to be
defined below
 N        409




 z if z > 0
(2.13) [z]+ := 

 0 otherwise

The constitutive relation (2.12) may be simply generalized taking into account ki-
nematic hardening phenomenon (Bauschinger effect). Analysing the rheological scheme
to be shown in Fig. 1b, leads to the following equation




 (E1 + E2 ) ε̇ if | σ p | < σ̄y


 +

(2.14) σ̇ = 
 E1 ε̇ + E2 ε̇ − [ε̇] if σ p = σ̄y where σ p = σ − E1 ε

 E1 ε̇ + E2 ε̇ + [−ε̇]+
if σ p = −σ̄y



The process of identification of material parameters E1 , E2 and σ̄y may be simply

executed taking into account the idealization of simple tension/compression test shown
in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4. Idealization of simple tension/compression test for elastoplastic material with kinematic
hardening.
Rys. 4. Idealizacja testu prostego rozciągania/ściskania dla materiału sprężystoplastycznego ze
wzmocnieniem kinematycznym
410 A. Z

3. I-- 

We analyse a dynamic problem for prismatic Bernoulli-Euler beam. The Cartesian

coordinate system having the x1 axis to be parallel to the neutral axis of the beam
is taken into consideration (see Fig. 5). The pressure q (x1 , t) is perpendicular to the
x1 axis. The beam occupies an area Ω in the space. The parts of the boundary with
kinematic and static conditions are denoted by Γu and Γσ respectively.

Fig. 5. Schematic view of the beam in Cartesian coordinate system.

Rys. 5. Schemat belki w kartezjańskim układzie współrzędnych

Vertical displacements of the beam’s neutral axis are described by the function
w (x1 , t) determining displacements of each beam’s points based on additional kine-
matic constraints, so called Bernoulli-Euler hypothesis.
The set of differential equations defining the initial-boundary-value problem is
composed of constitutive relation (2.12) or (2.14), equation of motion to be shown
below

Z
∂2 M
(3.1) m ẅ − = q (x1 , t) where M := σ x3 d A
∂ x2
Ω

and kinematic equation being as follows

∂2 w
(3.2) ε = −x3
∂ x12

In the above equations the M denotes bending moment and the A is cross section
area.
Equations (3.1) and (3.2) along with Eq. (2.12) or Eq. (2.14) hold ∀ x1 , x3 ∈
Ω, ∀t ∈ [0, tend ]. This set of relationships should be completed by kinematic boundary
conditions

(3.3) w = w̃∀x1 , x3 ∈ Γu , ∀t ∈ [0, tend ]

 N        411

static boundary conditions

(3.4) σ = σ̃∀x1 , x3 ∈ Γσ , ∀t ∈ [0, tend ]

and initial conditions

(3.5) w = w̃ , ẇ = w̃˙ , σ = 0∀x1 , x3 ∈ Ω, t=0

where w̃, σ̃ and w̃˙ are known functions.

In the above set of relations the unknowns are the stress σ and the displacement
w. The strain may be eliminated using Eq. (3.2).
It should be noted that the formulation we presented above differs from the classical
elastic beam problem. Because of the non-linearity of constitutive equations we cannot
limit the analysis to the neutral axis of the beam. The analysis is conducted for each
layer of the cross section in order to investigate the evolution of non-elastic zones.
Thus, the problem of elastoplastic beam should be treated as a two dimensional one
with respect to spatial coordinates.
In order to solve the problem numerically a discretization procedure is needed. We
will use FDM with respect to spatial coordinates. The discretization scheme is shown
in Fig. 6. The FDM mesh consists of R nodes being uniformly distributed over the
beam’s span. The distance between nodes is equal to ∆ x1 . The cross section of the
beam is divided into S layers having the thickness hw . The location of the j-th layer
with respect to neutral axis is determined by the coordinate x3j .
The following relation between the strain of the i-th node being located in the j-th
layer εi j , and the vector of displacements of neutral axis w holds

(3.6) εi j = −x3j bi w

where the bi denotes i-th row of the matrix of differential operators B given by

 
 −2 1 
 
 1 −2 1 0 
 
 1 −2 1 
1  .. .. ..


(3.7) B=  . . .
∆ x12  

 
 
 0 
 

The discretization process leads to the following form of the equation of motion
412 A. Z

Fig. 6. FDM discretization scheme of the beam.

Rys. 6. Schemat dyskretyzacji belki (metoda różnic centralnych)

X
R X
S
(3.8) M ẅ − x3j A j σi j bTi = q
i=1 j=1

where the A j denotes the cross section of the j-th layer, the M is diagonal mass matrix
and the q is vector of loadings.
The constitutive relations (2.12) applying FDM procedure are as follows

  



  −E x3j bi ẇ  if σi j  < σy


 h i
 −E x j bi ẇ + −x j bi ẇ + if σi j = σy
(3.9) σ̇i j = 
 3 3

  h j i+ 


 j
 −E x3 bi ẇ − x3 bi ẇ if σi j = −σy

Thus, we obtained the system of ordinary differential equations (3.8) and (3.9).
In this paper we used the well-known Runge-Kutta (RK) method with a constant
integration step to solve the problem. The RK method needs the 1st order differential
equation to be formulated. Thus, we should replace the 2nd order Eq. (3.8) by the
system of 1st order relations. Introducing a new variable v, gives
 N        413

ẇ = v ,
(3.10) X R X
S
M v̇ − x3j A j σi j bTi = q .
i=1 j=1

Of course also in Eq. (3.10), the ẇ should be replaced by v.

A program coded in MATLAB system was built, allowing a comprehensive vi-
bration analysis of elastoplastic beams with various types of loadings and boundary
conditions.

4. N 

The results of numerical calculations of the problem of dynamic loading of elastoplastic

beam are analysed in this chapter. Geometry of the beam and the cross section are
shown in Fig. 7. The beam has mixed boundary conditions. The left edge is fixed
and the right one is simply supported. The concentrated load of the Heaviside type is
subjected in the mid-span, having the intensity expressed as follows

Fig. 7. Geometry of the beam and the cross section.

Rys. 7. Schemat belki i przekroju poprzecznego




 150 [kN] if t ≤ 0, 05 [s]
(4.1) P (t) = 

 0 [kN] if t > 0, 05 [s]
414 A. Z

Density of the material is equal to 7850 [kg/m3 ]. The first simulation is executed
taking into account elastic-perfectly plastic material model with the yield limit value to
be equal σy = 200 [MPa] and Young’s modulus E = 210 [GPa]. The second simulation
is carried out for elastoplastic hardening material specifying the values E1 = 0, 1 E
and E2 = 0, 9 E (see Fig. 1b). The dynamics of the structure is analysed within the
time period t ∈ [0; 0, 2] [s]. The zero-initial conditions were assumed. The FDM
mesh is composed of 21 nodes what divides the beam into 20 elements of the length
0, 15 [m]. The cross section is divided into 30 layers. Applying Eq. (3.1) needs the
concentrated force being treated as uniformly distributed one over the element length:
q = 150/0, 15 = 1000 kN / m.
The values of extreme deflections and bending moments are presented in Table 1.
As it was expected, for the elastic perfectly-plastic model, the smaller values of bending
moment result in bigger deflections comparing with elastoplastic hardening material.

Table 1
Extreme values of deflections and bending moments.
Ekstremalne wartości ugięć i momentów zginających
Elastic-perfectly plastic Elastoplastic material
material with hardening
wmax [m] 0.0164 0.0155
wmin [m] −0.0021 −0.0024
Mmax [kNm] 110.51 117.27
Mmin [kNm] −110.93 −126.92

The hysteretic loops in fixed end for x1 = 0 [m] are visualized in Fig. 8 (elastic-
-perfectly plastic material) and Fig. 9 (elastoplastic hardening model). In the figures
“a” the relations σ − ε are presented taking into account the top layer of the beam. In
the case of elastic-perfectly plastic model, after the yield limit is obtained the stress
in the layer does not increase. The “b” figures visualize the M − κ relations (curvature
versus bending moment).
A comparison between elastic and elastic-perfectly plastic solution is given in Fig.
10 where the vibration diagrams in the mid-span point x1 = 1, 5 [m] are shown. Please
note that the vertical axis in this figure is reversed (the same in Figs. 11, 12 and
14). It is obvious that non-elastic solution results in larger maximum displacements.
Moreover, for t > 0, 05 [s] the mid-span point of the elastoplastic beam oscillates about
non-zero position what is caused by permanent deformations of the structure.
Next figures present snap shot of the deflection curves of the beam in certain
moments. The forced vibration curves for 0 < t ≤ 0, 05 [s] are visualized in Fig. 11
while in Fig. 12 free vibration curves for t > 0, 05 [s] are presented. Let us note that
the plastic deformations are concentrated in the fixed-end point and mid-span point
(plastic hinges).
 N        415

Fig. 8. Hysteretic loops in fixed end for elastic-perfectly plastic beam. Stress-strain relationship for the
top layer (a) and curvature-bending moment relation (b).
Rys. 8. Pętle histerezy w przekroju utwierdzonym dla belki sprężysto-idealnie plastycznej. Zależności
naprężenia-odkształcenia dla górnej warstwy przekroju (a) oraz zależności krzywizna-moment
zginający (b)

Fig. 9. Hysteretic loops in fixed end for elastoplastic beam with kinematic hardening. Stress-strain
relationship for the top layer (a) and curvature-bending moment relation (b).
Rys. 9. Pętle histerezy w przekroju utwierdzonym dla belki sprężystoplastycznej ze wzmocnieniem
kinematycznym. Zależności naprężenia-odkształcenia dla górnej warstwy przekroju (a) oraz zależności
krzywizna-moment zginający (b)
416 A. Z

Fig. 10. Deflection time history at the mid-span point for elastic and elastic-perfectly plastic beams.
Rys. 10. Drgania punktu w środku rozpiętości dla belki sprężystej i sprężysto-idealnie plastycznej

The figures 13 and 14 are constructed for the elastoplastic beam exhibiting kine-
matic hardening. The stress diagrams at the chosen instants of time are visualized in
Fig. 13. Diagrams of bending moments are shown in Fig. 14.

Fig. 11. Deflection curves of elastic-perfectly plastic beam at the chosen instants of time (forced
vibrations).
Rys. 11. Krzywe ugięcia belki sprężysto-idealnie plastycznej w wybranych chwilach (drgania
wymuszone)
 N        417

Fig. 12. Deflection curves of elastic-perfectly plastic beam at the chosen instants of time (free vibrations).
Rys. 12. Krzywe ugięcia belki sprężysto-idealnie plastycznej w wybranych chwilach (drgania swobodne)

Fig. 13. Mid-span stress diagrams for elastoplastic hardening beam at the chosen instants of time.
Rys. 13. Wykresy naprężeń w przekroju w środku rozpiętości dla belki sprężystoplastycznej ze
wzmocnieniem kinematycznym w wybranych chwilach
418 A. Z

Fig. 14. Diagrams of bending moments for elastoplastic hardening beam at the chosen instants of time.
Rys. 14. Wykresy momentów zginających w belce sprężystoplastycznej ze wzmocnieniem w wybranych
chwilach

5. F 

The numerical results presented in previous section prove the validity of the proposed
alternative formulation. It is obvious that the problem may also be solved using such
commercial codes as LS-DYNA or ABAQUS. On the other hand, it should be emphasi-
zed that the present method is different from the standard FEM formulation being used
in the above mentioned software. In our formulation we use FDM discretization scheme
leading to the system of coupled non-linear differential equations with the unknowns
displacements and stresses. Additionally, the constitutive equations are expressed in the
explicit form. Typical commercial FEM software has module-type structure. Within the
module of equations of motion the displacements and velocities are evaluated. Then,
the result are transferred to the module of constitutive equations where the actual stress
is calculated using predictor-corrector algorithms. In such a method, explicit form of
constitutive relationships is not needed. Because of the above mentioned differences,
the results obtained in the paper may be useful for comparative studies between FEM
and FDM solutions.
 N        419

There are number of possible enhancements to the current model. For instance,
the rate-dependency phenomenon influencing on elastic or plastic part of the stress
state may be simply considered. On the other hand, the Bernoulli-Euler hypothesis
works only for slender beams. Formulating the problem of non-elastic vibrations of
non-slender beam (deep beam), the Timoshenko theory taking into account the she-
ar stress influence on displacements should be assumed. The work in these areas is
currently underway by the author.

R

1. F. G. A. A-B, K. Z, Nonlinear elastoplastic analysis of spatial structures under dynamic

loading using kinematic hardening models, Engrg. Structures, 18, 8, 568-576, 1996.
2. W. B, A. A, G. D, On the elastoplastic cyclic analysis of plane beam structures using
a flexibility-based finite element approach, Int. J. Solids Structures, 45, 5688-5704, 2008.
3. G. B˛, B. K́́, A. S́, A. S, Numerical analysis of dynamically loaded
elastoplastic beams and plates using Finite Differences Method [in Polish], Biuletyn WAT, 34, 6
(394), 1985.
4. G. B˛, D. N, Dynamics of plastic beams [in Polish], Inżynieria i Budownictwo, 11, 1974.
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Warsaw Univ. of Technology, Mechanics, 117, Warszawa 1990.
6. W. G, W. W́, A. Z, Non-smooth dynamic problem formulation for elastic-
-perfectly plastic solid, Proceedings, “Theoretical Foundations of Civil Engineering”, 11, 339-350,
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7. D. J. H, Transient response of plates to travelling loads with application to slamming damage,
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9. P. K̌ı́, Reliable solutions of the problem of periodic oscillations of an elastoplastic beam, Int. J.
Non-Linear Mechanics, 37, 1337-1349, 2002.
10. W. O, P. P, A. S, Theory of Plasticity [in Polish], PWN, Warszawa 1965.
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Energy Functions, Birkhäuser, Basel 1985.
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 View publication stats

420 A. Z

ANALIZA NUMERYCZNA DYNAMICZNEGO ZACHOWANIA SIĘ BELEK

SPRĘŻYSTOPLASTYCZNYCH

Streszczenie

W pracy przedstawiono sformułowanie zagadnienia początkowo-brzegowego belki Bernoulliego-Eulera

wykonanej z materiałów sprężystoplastycznych z wykorzystaniem oryginalnej procedury wyprowadzenia
związków fizycznych. Rozpatrywano model materiału sprężysto-idealnie plastycznego oraz sprężystopla-
stycznego ze wzmocnieniem kinematycznym. Przedstawione relacje konstytutywne mają jawną formę.
Zostały one wyprowadzone z wykorzystaniem metod mechaniki niegładkiej przy zastosowaniu tzw. na-
stępstw różniczkowych. Dokonano dyskretyzacji zadania względem zmiennych przestrzennych stosując
metodę różnic skończonych (MRS). Otrzymano układ równań różniczkowych zwyczajnych względem
czasu, który rozwiązywano metodą Rungego-Kutty. Zadanie zaprogramowano w systemie MATLAB.
Przeanalizowano przykład numeryczny dynamicznego zachowania się belki poddanej działaniu zmiennego
w czasie obciążenia skupionego typu Heaviside’a.
Zaproponowana metoda różni się od standardowego sformułowania metody elementów skończonych
(MES), stosowanego w komercyjnych systemach, w których stan naprężenia wyznacza się z zastosowaniem
algorytmów typu predyktor-korektor. W takim podejściu nie jest konieczna znajomość jawnej postaci
związków fizycznych. Z tego względu, wyniki uzyskane w pracy mogą być dodatkowo wykorzystane do
analizy porównawczej rozwiązań uzyskanych metodami MES i MRS.

Remarks on the paper should be Received December 15, 2008

sent to the Editorial Office revised version
no later than June 30, 2009 July 21, 2009