KHULNA UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

KHULNA-9203, BANGLADESH

PHYSICS ASSIGNMENT NO: 03

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

NAME: THASIN MOHAMMAD ZAMAN NAME: SUMON DEB NATH

ROLL :1903069 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPT : EEE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS,
BATCH :2K19 KHULNA UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY, (KUET)
KHULNA-9203, BANGLADESH
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 29/8/2020
 g
1.question: Suppose a tuning fork in air has a frequency =160 cps and its oscillation die away to 1/e of its former
2π
amplitude in one second. Show that the reduction in frequency brought about by air damping is exceedingly small.

g √ w 2 − λ2
Ans: for damped vibrations, =
2π 2π
Let the amplitude at time t be given by y= Ae− λt … … … … … … … … . ( 1 )

Then the amplitude after one second, y´ =y/e = A Ae− λ ( t+1 )…………………..(2)

Dividing (2) by(1)

1/e = e− λ; or e−1= e− λ

Or , λ =1

w2−1
Hence ,g/2 π =160 = √
2π
Therefore ,the value of w is

W = [( 2 π × 160 ¿2 +1]1/2

1 1/2
Hence, w/2 π = [ (160)2 + ]
4 π2
Since 1/4 π 2 is negligible as compared to (160) 2 , damping due to air has only a negligible effect on the frequency of the
tuning fork.

2 question: Deduce the frequency and quality factor for a circuit with L=4mH , C=7 μF and R= 0.6 Ω.

Ans: The circuit is equivalent to a damped (or underdamped) harmonic oscillator .. the angular frequency of oscillation
is given by g =√ w 2−λ2 where w is the natural angular frequency of oscillator and λ is the damping constant .hence the
g √ w 2 − λ2
frequency of oscillation n= =
2π 2π

1 R2
Or n =1/2 π =
√ − 2
LC 4 L

Here, L =4m H = 0.004henry .

C = 7×10−6farad.

R= 0.6 ohm.

(0.6)2
N=
1
2π √ 1
−
0.004 ×7 × 10−6 4 ×(0.004)2
= 3.0077×103 cps.
 LW Lg
Since the resistance is small , the quality factor Q = =
R R
Where g = 2 π n =2 π × 3.0077× 103=18.9×10 3rad/sec, ∴quality factor for the circuit,

Q= 0.004×18.9×103/0.7 =108

Ans: Q= 108, n =3.0077×103 cps. Page no:01

3. question: A particle of mass 7 gm is subjected to an elastic force of 58 dyne/cm and a damping force of 14 dyne-

cm-1 sec. If the motion is oscillatory, find its period.

a 58 b b 14
Ans: w=
√ √
m
=
7
=2.9 sec-1 , 2λ= or, λ=
m
=
2m 2× 7
= 1sec-1, since w>λ, the motion is oscillatory.

g √ w 2 − λ2
Frequency of the oscillatory motion , =
2π 2π
2π 2π
Hence ,the period of the motion = = =1.67 sec.approx
√ w −λ √3.9 2−12
2 2

Ans: period: 1.67 sec

4.question: A massless spring, suspended from a rigid support, carries a mass of 750 gm at its lower end and the

system oscillates with a frequency of 7/sec. If the amplitude is reduced to half its undamped value in

30 sec, Calculate

(i) the force constant of the spring.

(ii) the relaxation time of the system

(iii) its quality factor.

a
Ans: 1: The force constant a of the mass -spring system is given by w =
√ m
,where w= angular frequency =2 πn

=14 π rad/sec .m = mass of the system = 750 gm. Then w 2= a/m or, a= m × w2= 750×(14 π )2=1.45×10 6 dynes/cm

2. the amplitude is reduced to half its undamped value in30 sec

Or, from a= ao e-λtwe have

a= ao/2= aoe-λ×30

or, e-λ3o =1/2

or, λ= 0.693/30=0.0231 cm.

the relaxation time τ = 1/2λ=21.65 sec.

3. its quality factor

Ans: Q =W/2λ= 951.998

ANS: 1:a= 1.45×10 6 dynes/cm 2:λ=0.0231 cm, 3:Q=951.998

 Page no:02

5:question : A particle of mass 3 gm is free to vibrate under the action of an elastic force of 240 dyne/cm and a

damping force of 8 dyne-cm-1 sec. A periodically varying outside force of a maximum value 400 dynes is applied to
the particle. Find the frequency for displacement resonance and velocity resonance.

b 8
Ans: frequency = p/2 π = 1/2 π × √ w 2−2 λ2 ,now w2=a/m =240/3=80sec-2, λ= = =1.332 sec−2
2m 2× 3
1
∴ frequency = √ 80−2× 1.77 =1.39 sec-1 ,for velocity resonance ,frequency =
2π
1 a 1 240
2π
×
√
=
m 2π
×
3 √
=1.42 sec −1

Ans: frequency=1.39 sec-1 , for velocity resonance=1.42 sec-1

6. question: In an experiment on forced oscillations, the frequency of a sinusoidal driving force is changed while its
amplitude is kept constant. It is found that the amplitude of vibrations is 0.01 mm at very low
frequency of the driving force and goes up to a maximum of 5.0 mm at driving frequency 200 cps.
Calculate the quality factor and the relaxation time of the system.

fo
A MAX 2 λw w 1
Ans: The factor of the driven oscillator,Q= = = =wτ (τ = )=5/0.01=500
A fo 2λ 2λ
w2
Q
Or, τ = =500/2 π × 200 ≈0.40 sec.
w
Ans:o.40 sec(approx.)
7.question: A harmonic oscillator of quality factor 10 is subjected to a sinusoidal applied force of frequency one

and a half times the natural frequency of the oscillator. If the damping be small, obtain (i) the
amplitude of the forced oscillation in terms of its maximum amplitude and (ii) the angle by which it
will be out of phase with the driving force.
Ans: the amplitude of a driven oscillator is given by
fo
fo
p2 2
A= = 2
2 p ,where w is the natural frequency of the oscillator and p, the
√(w 2− p2)2 + 4 λ2 p 2
√
w2 (1−
angular frequency of the driving force.
w2
) + 4 λ
w4
 w 2λ 1 p 3
Now ,the quality factor ,Q = =10 , = , =
2λ w 10 w 2
fo
A= f0
9 2 = 20 2 , And for damping is maximum when p=w ,or, p/w=1,then
2
√
W × (1− ) + ¿ ¿ ¿
4
w √ 634

A A 2
X=
fo ∴ = ≈ 0.08 ,or ,A=0.08 A MAX
2
w √¿ ¿¿
¿
A MAX √ 634
ANS: A=0.08 A MAX ,Thus the amplitude of the forced oscillation will be 0.08 times the maximum amplitude.

pw 2
Now ,tan 2 λp 10 = 3 w × 4 2 = 3
θ= 2 2 = 2 20 5 w 5
w − p w −p 2
Or, θ=tan −1 ( 0.12 )=6° 51’

Therefore ,the forced oscillation is (180°−6 ° 51' ¿=173 °9 ' out of phase with the driving force.

Ans: 173° 9 ' page no:o3

8.question: A source of sound has a frequency of 512 Hz and amplitude of 0.25 cm. What is the flow of energy

across a square cm per second, if the velocity of sound in air is 340 m/s and the density of air is0.00129 g/cm3 ?

ans:Total energy per unit volume n= 512 Hz

a=0.25 cm

v= 340 m/s

=34000cm/s

ρ=0.00129 gm/cm3
=energy density=2 π 2 n2 a 2 ρ

Rate of flow of energy per sq.cm.

=Energy density × v =23.14 2 5122 0.25 2 .0 .00129.34000

7 erg
=1.47×10 . sec
cm2
=1.47 j/cm2.s.

Ans: =1.47 j/cm2.s.

9. question: The velocity of a simple harmonic wave is 50 cm/s. At a time t=0 the displacement of a particle is given by

x
=7sin2 π ( ) . Find the equation for the displacement at a time t= 3 sec.
200
2π 2 πt 2 πx
Ans: The general equation of a simple harmonic wave is y=a sin
λ
( vt−x )=asin (
T
−
λ )
−2 πx
When t =0, y=a sin … … … … … … . (i)
λ
x
At t=0, the given equation is y= 7 sin 2 π ………………………….(ii)
200
Comparing eqns (i) &(ii) we gate a= -7 λ=200 cm

2π
At t = 3 sec y=asin ( vt−x ) ,here a=−7 cm , λ=200 cm, t=3 sec
λ
2π x 3π
∴ y=-7sin ( 50 ×3−x )=7 sin ⁡(2 π ( )− )
200 200 2
x 3π
Ans: y= 7sin {22 π ( )− }
2 oo 2
10 question: A sinusoidal wave travelling along a string is described by) y(x,t)= 0.00327 sin(72.1x-2.727) in which the
numerical constants are in SI units (0.00327 m= 72.1 rad/m, and 2.72 rad/s). What are the wave number and speed of
the wave?

Ans: The expression for a sinusoidal wave can also be written as y(x,t)= y msin(kx-wt) where ym is the amplitude of the
wave. Comparison with the given equation gives ,
 π
(1) Wave number k=1/λ=1/0.0871 =11.5 m-1[we know, k=2 ; so ¿ here we can get λ=0.0871m ¿
λ
ω
(2)Velocity v= =2.72/¿72.1=0.337 m/s=3.77cm/s.
k
Ans: wave number= 11.5m-1, speed of the wave= 3.77cm/s.

Page:04

11.question: Determine (i) the velocity of sound in a gas in which two waves of lengths 50 cm and 50.5 cm produce6
beats per second and (ii) the velocity of sound in water in which waves of leng ths 500 cm and 512 cm produce 6 beats
per second.

Ans: (i) let v the velocity of sound in the gas. Then the frequency n 1 of the first wave

v v
=v/λ1=v/50 as λ1=50 cm ,∧frequency of the second wave= = as λ2=¿¿50.5cm
λ 2 50.5

But n1 - n2 =6

v v
∴ − =6
λ1 λ2

Or, v/50 – v/50.5 = 6

Or, 0.5v/2525v=6

Or, v= 30300cm/sec

=303 m/sec

Ans: velocity of sound in gas v=03 m/sec

(ii) Let v’ be the velocity of sound in water .

Then n1= v’/λ1=v’/500 and n2= v’/λ2=v’/512 ,n1 - n2 =6

Putting the value of n1 and n2 we get, 12v’/500×512 =6

or , v’=128000cm/sec= 1280m/sec .

ans:velocity os sound in water v’=1280m/s

12.question: A plane progressive wave train of frequency 500 cycles per second has a phase velocity of 580 m/sec.

(i) How far apart are two points 30° out of phase?

Ans: The equation of a plane progressive wave is given by

2π 2π
y = a sin ( vt−x ) , where (vt-x) is the phase angle of a point at a distance x from the origin at time t.
λ λ
2π
∴ phase angle of a point at a distance x 1 ¿ the origin at time t= (vt- x1)
λ
and phase angle of point at a distance x2 from the origin at time t=2 π / λ(vt-x2)

hence phase difference between the two points

 π
=2 π /λ(vt-x1)-2 (vt – x2)= 2 π n (x2 -x1)/v
λ
since v/λ =n ,the frequency of the wave. The phase difference between the two points

π
30° = rad .∴ 2 πn ¿x2-x1)/v= π /6 [here, n=500, v=580m/s=580×102cm/sec]
6
After putting the values and calculating we get,

X2 - X1= 580×102/2×500 × 6=9.67cm=0.0967m(apporx)

Ans: 0.0967m (approx.)

Page :05

(ii) What is the phase difference between two displacements at a given point at time 10 -3

sec apart?

π
Ans: Again, the phase angle at a point x from the origin at time t 1=2 (vt1-x)
λ
π
And the phase at the same point at time t 2=2 ¿t2-x)
λ
2 πv
∴ phase difference at the point at times (t2-t1) sec apart = (t2-t1) [here, (t2-t1)=10-3sec]
λ
∴phase diference=2 π 500 × 10-3=180°
Ans:180°

13.question: A tuning fork A of frequency 326 Hz gives 6 beats per second when sounded with another tuning fork

B. On loading B with a little wax, the number of beats per second becomes 4. What is the frequency of

B?

Ans: From question we get , frequency of A = 326 Hz, according to the question we can say the frequency of B must be
greater than A cause after loading wax on B the number of beats decreases.

∴FB -FA=6
FB=6+326=332 Hz

Ans: the frequency of B is = 332Hz

14.question: Find the resultant of two plane simple harmonic waves of the same period travelling in the same

direction but different in phase and amplitude. What is the amplitude of the resultant wave if those of

the component waves be 5.0 and 6.0 respectively and their phase difference π /2

radian?
Ans: Let , a1 and a2 be the amplitudes of the simple harmonic waves travelling in the same direction and let the second
wave travelling in the same direction and let the second wave lag a phase angle ∅ behind the first. Then, their equations
π π
maybe written as y1=a1 sin 2 ( vt −x ) and y2=a2 sin2 [(vt-x)-∅ ]
λ λ
π π
The resultant wave is then given by y= y 1+y2=a1sin 2 (vt-x) + a2 sin2 ¿ (vt-x)-∅ ]
λ λ
π π π 2π
=a1sin 2 (vt-x) +a2 sin 2 π / λ(vt-x) cos∅ - a2cos 2 (vt-x) sin ∅ = sin 2 (vt-x) (a1+a2cos∅ )- cos (vt-x)a2sin∅
λ λ λ λ
Let, a1+a2cos∅ = acosθ ,a2 sin∅ = asinθ

2π acos 2 π π
Then we have ,y = a sin (vt-x)cosθ− sinθ = a sin [2 (vt-x)-θ ]
λ λ λ
Thus the resultant wave is also simple harmonic having the same frequency and wavelength of the component waves.
But its amplitude a is different than those of the component waves and legs in phase angle θ behind the first wave.

a = (acos ∅)2 +(asin ∅)2

√
=√ (a1+ a2 cos ∅)2 +¿ ¿

= a12 +a22 +2 a1 a2 cos ∅ +a22 sin ∅ 2 = a12 +a22 +2 a1 a2 cos ∅

√ √ page:06

−1 a2 sin ∅
And tanθ = asinθ/acosθ = a2sin∅ / a1+a2cos∅ , θ=tan
a1 +a2 cos ∅

Obviously when ∅=0 ,i . e . , the two component waves arrive in phase at a point cos ∅=1∧a=a1 +a2 ; and when
∅=π , i. e . , then two component waves arrive at a point out of phase , cos
π
∅=−1∧a=a1−a2 at all points the amplitude lies between these two extremes . therefore , whena1 =5.0 cm, a2 =6 cm ,∧∅=
2
Ans: 7.81 cm
 

The end…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… page:07