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Why Do We Need Filters?

Filters are needed to remove AC components from rectified DC outputs so that a pure DC signal is provided to the load. There are several types of filter circuits that use inductors and/or capacitors to block or allow the passage of AC and DC signals. Common filter circuits include the series inductor filter, shunt capacitor filter, L-C filter, and π filter, each of which uses the unique AC/DC blocking properties of inductors and capacitors to filter rectified outputs.

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Yogesh Kute
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179 views

Why Do We Need Filters?

Filters are needed to remove AC components from rectified DC outputs so that a pure DC signal is provided to the load. There are several types of filter circuits that use inductors and/or capacitors to block or allow the passage of AC and DC signals. Common filter circuits include the series inductor filter, shunt capacitor filter, L-C filter, and π filter, each of which uses the unique AC/DC blocking properties of inductors and capacitors to filter rectified outputs.

Uploaded by

Yogesh Kute
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Why Do We Need Filters?

The ripple in the signal denotes the presence of some AC component. This ac
component has to be completely removed in order to get pure dc output. So, we
need a circuit that smoothens the rectified output into a pure dc signal.
A filter circuit is one which removes the ac component present in the rectified
output and allows the dc component to reach the load.
The following figure shows the functionality of a filter circuit.

A filter circuit is constructed using two main components, inductor and capacitor.
We have already studied in Basic Electronics tutorial that
 An inductor allows dc and blocks ac.
 A capacitor allows ac and blocks dc.
Let us try to construct a few filters, using these two components.

Series Inductor Filter


As an inductor allows dc and blocks ac, a filter called Series Inductor Filter can be
constructed by connecting the inductor in series, between the rectifier and the load.
The figure below shows the circuit of a series inductor filter.

The rectified output when passed through this filter, the inductor blocks the ac
components that are present in the signal, in order to provide a pure dc. This is a
simple primary filter.

Shunt Capacitor Filter


As a capacitor allows ac through it and blocks dc, a filter called Shunt Capacitor
Filter can be constructed using a capacitor, connected in shunt, as shown in the
following figure.
The rectified output when passed through this filter, the ac components present in
the signal are grounded through the capacitor which allows ac components. The
remaining dc components present in the signal are collected at the output.
The above filter types discussed are constructed using an inductor or a capacitor.
Now, let’s try to use both of them to make a better filter. These are combinational
filters.

L-C Filter
A filter circuit can be constructed using both inductor and capacitor in order to
obtain a better output where the efficiencies of both inductor and capacitor can be
used. The figure below shows the circuit diagram of a LC filter.

The rectified output when given to this circuit, the inductor allows dc components to
pass through it, blocking the ac components in the signal. Now, from that signal, few
more ac components if any present are grounded so that we get a pure dc output.
This filter is also called as a Choke Input Filter as the input signal first enters the
inductor. The output of this filter is a better one than the previous ones.

Π- Filter PifilterPifilter
This is another type of filter circuit which is very commonly used. It has capacitor at
its input and hence it is also called as a Capacitor Input Filter. Here, two
capacitors and one inductor are connected in the form of π shaped network. A
capacitor in parallel, then an inductor in series, followed by another capacitor in
parallel makes this circuit.
If needed, several identical sections can also be added to this, according to the
requirement. The figure below shows a circuit for ππ filter Pi−filterPi−filter.
Working of a Pi filter

In this circuit, we have a capacitor in parallel, then an inductor in series, followed by


another capacitor in parallel.
 Capacitor C1 − This filter capacitor offers high reactance to dc and low
reactance to ac signal. After grounding the ac components present in the
signal, the signal passes to the inductor for further filtration.
 Inductor L − This inductor offers low reactance to dc components, while
blocking the ac components if any got managed to pass, through the
capacitor C1.
 Capacitor C2 − Now the signal is further smoothened using this capacitor so
that it allows any ac component present in the signal, which the inductor has
failed to block.
Thus we, get the desired pure dc output at the load.
The next and the last stage before load, in a power supply system is the Regulator
part. Let us now try to understand what a regulator is and what it does.
The part of electronics that deal with the control and conversion of electric power
can be termed as Power Electronics. A regulator is an important device when it
comes to power electronics as it controls the power output.

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