PRACTICAL REPORT

CODE & COURSE NAME : DJJ 20073 FLUID MECHANICS

TOPIC / EXPERIMENT : FM-1 / FM-2 / FM-3 / FM-4 SESSION
SESSION : SESI 1 2021/2022
SECTION & GROUP : DAD3B – KUMPULAN G
REG. NO. & NAME : 1) MUHAMMAD AMIR BIN ZAMRI (01DAD20F1054)
2) HAIEZAD SHAKER BIN HANIZAN SHAKER (01DAD20F1056)
3) KHAIRUL RIZMAN BIN RIDZUAN (01DAD20F1056)
4)

MARKS:

NO ITEM SCORE CLO

.
1 INTRODUCTION 1/2/3 2
2 EQUIPMENT 1/2/3 2
3 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 1/2/3 2
4 WORKING PROCEDURES 1/2/3/4 2
5 RESULTS & DISCUSSION 1/2/3/4/5 2
6 CONCLUSION 1/3/5 2
7 REFERENCES 1/2 2
TOTAL MARKS /25

PRACTICAL DATE :
SUBMISSION DATE :
NAME OF LECTURER : 1) PN NOR AIN BT ABDUL RAZAK
2) PN MASLINDA BT RAHMAD
 JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL
JALAN RAJA MUSA MAHADI, 31400 IPOH PERAK
RUBRIC FORM PRACTICAL REPORT

SCORE
NO
CRITERIA CLO
3 2 1

Starts with overall concept and explaining

There is some connection to the curriculum,
how this relates to curriculum and all the There is no discussion of important of lab; it
1 INTRODUCTION 2 but most of the central ideas related to the
relevant information discussion in lab is is basically copy from lab sheet.
lab are missing.
included.
All necessary lab material included and listed All necessary lab material included but not
2 EQUIPMENT 2 Most lab material included.
in organized manner. list in any particular order.
Procedures are listed in clear step and Procedures are listed in clear step but not Safety procedures are listed but not in clear
3 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 2
number and/or in complete sentences. number and/or in complete sentences steps.
4 3 2 1
Procedures are listed in clear
step, number and/or in Procedures are listed in clear Procedures are listed in clear
Procedures are listed but not in
4 WORKING PROCEDURES 2 complete sentences and step and number and/or in step but not number and/or in
clear steps.
diagram are included to describe complete sentences. complete sentences.
the set-up.
5 4 3 2 1

Complete result and

Complete result and Complete result and Result complete and Result not complete and
elaborate the result with
5 RESULT & DISCUSSION 2 elaborate the result with elaborate the result with elaborate briefly the elaborate briefly the
excellent explanation and
explanation and example. explanation. result. result.
example.

5 3 1

Accurate statement of the result and Statements of the result are complete and Statements of the result are incomplete and
6 CONCLUSION 2
support the hypothesis. support the hypothesis. not support the hypothesis.

2 1
Material is translate into own word and several reputable Material is directly copied rather than put into own words and/or
7 REFERENCES 2
background sources were used and cited correctly. background sources are cited incorrectly.
INTRODUCTION

Bernoulli’s Theorem states that the total head of energy of each particle (molecules) of fluid
entering the system is equal to the total head of energy of each particle (molecules) of fluid
leaving the system.

Bernoulli’s Equation has some restrictions (limitation) in its applicability:

I. The flow is steady

II. Friction losses are negligible

III. The density is constant

IV. The equation relates at two points along a single streamline

Total energy per unit volume at section 1 = Total energy per unit volume at section 2

z = potential head of energy

𝑝/𝜔= pressure head of energy

𝑣^2/2𝑔= kinetic head of energy

H = Total head of energy

 Unit for head of energy is meter (m)

1.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this experiment, the students should be able to;

1.1 Determine the coefficient of discharge, Cd of venturi meter.

1.2 Know the experimental techniques for fluid mechanics.

2.0 APPARATUS/ EQUIPMENT

2.1 Venturi meter apparatus

2.2 Stop watch

Figure 1: A cross-section of a venturi meter apparatus

3.0 SAFETY AND HEALTH

3.1 Read the experimental instructions carefully.

3.2 Keep your workspace clean and tidy.

3.3 Wear appropriate clothes.

3.4 Follow the instruction carefully.

3.5 Do not play while doing the experiment.

4.0 THEORY

A venturi meter is a device which has been used for many years to measure the discharge or flow
rate along a pipe line. The fluid flows in the pipe line are led through a contracted section of a
throat, which has a smaller cross-sectional area than the pipe. Therefore, the velocity of the fluid
flows through the throat is higher than that in the pipe. The increase of the velocity is
accompanied by the fall of pressure, the magnitude of which depends on the flow rate. By
measuring the pressure drop, the discharge can be calculated. Beyond the throat, the fluid
decelerates into a slowly diverging section of the pipe (sometimes referred to as a diffuser) in
order to recover as much of the kinetic energy as possible.
 5.0 PROCEDURES

5.1 The diameter of the pipe and the neck of the venturi meter are recorded as shown
in Figure 1.
5.2 The pump is switched on and the inlet valve is slowly opened.
5.3 The inlet valve is slowly adjusted to get the appropriate or maximum level at the
flow meter.
5.4 The water level depth (pressure pillar) in the piezometer tube 1 (h1) and
piezometer tube 2 (h2) are recorded.
5.5 The outlet control valve is closed. The time taken is measured for 5-liter
increment in the water level at the discharge measurement.
5.6 the outlet control valve is opened fully.
5.7 Procedures 5.3 to 5.6 are repeated. Resume with a lower water level and h1, h2 and
time for each of the flow rate values are recorded.
5.8 At the end of the experiment, the inlet valve closed and the pump switched off.

6.0 RESULTS/DATA

Diameter of pipe, D = ………25…….… m

Diameter of neck, d = ………12….…… m

Table 1: Water volume and piezometer readings

WATER VOLUME TIME (t) PIEZOMETER READING

No. Liter (m3) (s) h1 (mm) h2 (mm)
1 3 3x10-3 23.91 32.8 12.2

2 3 3x10-3 27.25 29.2 14.4

3 3 3x10-3 28.31 27.8 16.0

4 3 3x10-3 30.78 25.0 17.6

5 3 3x10-3 32.54 23.0 19.2

Calculation data:
 Diameter of pipe, D = ………25…….… m
Diameter of neck, d = ………12….…… m

Table 2: Discharge and different of head pressure

Water Quantity Discharge Different of head pressure

V
No. Volume (V) Time (t) Q= h= h1 −h2 √h
t
(m)
(m³) (s) (m³/s) (m)
3× 10−3 −4
=1. 255× 10
1 3x10-3 23.91 23.91 32.8−12.2=20.6 √ 20.6=4.54

2 3x10-3 27.25 1.101× 10− 4 14.8 3.85

3 3x10-3 28.31 1.06 ×10−4 11.8 3.44

4 3x10-3 30.78 9.747 ×10−5 7.4 2.72

5 3x10-3 32.54 9.22 ×10−5 3.8 1.95

1. Discharge of water, Q:
1 m3
Volume of Water , V ( m3 ) = 10 liter×
1000 liter
Then,
m 3 Volume of Water
Actual Discharge, Q ( )s
=
time

2. Coefficient of Discharge, Cd:

πD 2 2g
k=

From the graph:

4
×

√( y
D
d
4

) −1
gradient ,m=
x
Then,
m
c d=
k
7.0 DISCUSSION

7.1 & 7.2

7.3
7.4
9.0 REFFERENCE

https://www.britannica.com/science/Bernoullis-theorem

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli%27s_principle

https://youtu.be/DW4rItB20h4

https://www.whoi.edu/cms/files/12.800_Chapter_10_'06_25345.pdf