Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

Example 4.1:
Determine the Dimensions of a square footing necessary to sustain an axial column load of
850KN as shown in the figure below, given that Df=2m, ϒ=19.1 KN/m3,if
a) An allowable presumptive bearing pressure of 150KN/m2 is used.
b) Cu=40KN/m2;C’=7.5KN/m2; ϕ’=22.
Use material C-30, S-300 and class I work
c) cc = 0.25, and eo = 0.65 and allowable settlement is equal to 100mm

Figure: Proportioning of a square footing.

Solution
Geotechnical design
Determine size of footing required based on bearing capacity of soil
Service load 850kN
Self-weight of footing take 10%-15% of total service load
Wf= 0.1*850 =85kN
Total service load = 850+Wf= 850+85=935kN
Proportion of footing size
Since the footing type is square footing (L= B)


i) Based on an allowable presumptive bearing pressure

 =
 
 ℎℎ  
  

935
 = = 6.23 ≫≫  = 2.5"
150
Therefore the size of footing is B x L= 2.5m x 2.5m

For short term loading condition soil parameter will be un-drained shear parameter,#$ =
ii) Based on short term loading condition

40&'/" , ∅′ = 0
. 23
,- = , /011 =
/011 45

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

Where qu is ultimate bearing capacity of soil (determined using Meyerhof, Terzaghi and

6$ = #$ '7 7 7 7 + 9 :'; < < < + 0.5:'; ; ; ; (Meyerhof bearing capacity equation)
Hansen bearing capacity equation and FS is factor of safety usually taken as 3

Bearing capacity factors in the un-drained conditions (cu and φu = 0 ):

N q = 1, N c = (π + 2) = 5.71 , N γ = 0

6$ = #$ 7 7 7 + 5.71 ∗ 9 :< < <

The bearing capacity equation will simplified to

Shape factors for φ ' = 0

s c = 1 + 0.2 K p , ?@ =    A45 + ∅B =    A45 + 0B = 1
B


L
CD = 1 + 0.2 ∗ 1 ∗ = 1.2

sq= sγ= 1
Depth factors
EF EF
=1 + 0.2 ∗ G √1 = 1 + 0.2 G
D
d c = 1 + 0.2 K p
B
dq= dγ= 1
Inclination factors
Since the load is vertical α= 0
2
 α0 
ic = i q = 1 − 0  =1
 90 
9 1
6$ = 40 ∗ 1 ∗ 1.2 ∗ 5.71 ∗ I1 + 0.2 ∗ J ∗ 1 + 1 ∗ 2 ∗ 19.1 ∗ 1 ∗ 1 ∗ 1 = 312.28 + 109.63 ∗
 
qP 1
σMNN = = 104.09 + 36.54 ∗
FS B

Q 935
B = = ≫≫ 104.09B + 36.54B − 935 = 0
σMNN 88.71 + U.V
W

B + 0.351B − 8.98 = 0
Solving for B= 3.18 Take B=3.2m

For long term loading condition soil parameter will be un-drained shear parameter,#$ =
iii) Based on long term loading condition

7.5&'/" , ∅′ = 22
Bearing capacity factors in the un-drained conditions ( φ ' = 22 ): from Meyerhof’s table

N q = 16.88 , N c = 7.82 , N γ = 4.07

7.5 ∗ 7.827 7 7 + 2 ∗ 19.1 ∗ 16.88 ∗ < < < + 0.5 ∗ 19.1 ∗ 4.07; ; ;
The bearing capacity equation will be

Shape factors for φ ' = 22

2
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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

?@ =    A45 + 22/2B =    A45 + 22/2B = 2.2

B
s c = 1 + 0.2 K p ,

L
CD = 1 + 0.2 ∗ 2.2 ∗ = 1.44

B
s q = sγ = 1 + 0.1K p = 1 + 0.1 * 2.2 * 1 = 1.22
L
Depth factors
E  Y
=1 + 0.2 ∗ F √2.2 = 1 + 0.2 ∗ 1.48 ∗ = 1 + 0.592 ∗
D
d c = 1 + 0.2 K p G G G
B
 Y
=1 + 0.1 ∗ √2.2 ∗ = 1 + 0.296 ∗
D
d q = d γ = 1 + 0.1 K p G G
B
Inclination factors
Since the load is vertical α= 0
2
 α0 
ic = i q = 1 − 0  =1
 90 

1 1
Substituting the result of depth, shape and inclination factors
6$ = 7.5 ∗ 7.82 ∗ 1.44 ∗ I1 + 0.592 ∗ J ∗ 1 + 2 ∗ 19.1 ∗ 16.88 ∗ 1.22 ∗ I1 + 0.296 ∗ J ∗ 1
 
1
+ 0.5 ∗ 19.1 ∗ 4.07 ∗ 1.22 ∗ I1 + 0.296 ∗ J ∗ 1

1
Simplifying
6$ = I282.86 ∗ J + 47.42 ∗ 1 + 885.17

qP 1
σMNN = = 94.29 ∗ + 15.81 + 295.06
FS 
Q 935
B = = ≫≫ 15.81 Z + 295.06  + 94.28 = 935
σMNN 15.81B + 295.06 + 94.28 ∗ Y
W
 Z + 18.66  + 5.96 − 59.14 = 0
By trial and error the value of B= 1.57m
Therefore from the three case take the largest value of B =3.2m (based on short term
loading condition). The size of footing is B x L =3.2m *3.2m
Check whether the size of footing is adequate for settlement

2m
3m

Clay
2m

Since the soil is clay soil the predominant settlement is primary consolidation settlement.

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

#7 ′[ + ∆′[
C@ = ∗ \ ∗ log ` b
1 + [ ′[

∆′[ = ℎ c    "  d

 d 
 e


c
i) Calculate change in stress at middle layer of clay soil


∆′[ = , ℎ f = 1"
A + fB ∗ Ag + fB
935
∆′[ = = 53.0&'/"
A3.2 + 1B ∗ A3.2 + 1B

′[ =
hei ji  "  d  d 

ii) Calculate overburden pressure at middle layer of clay soil

′[ = :k = 19.1 ∗ 3 = 57.3&'/"

0.25 57.3 + 53
C@ = ∗ 2 ∗ log I J = 0.0862" = 86.2"" < 100""
&
1 + 0.65 57.3
Therefore the size of footing (3.2m*3.2m) is adequate for both bearing capacity and
settlement.
Structural design
Change service load to factored load, the partial factor of safety according to EBSC is given
1.5. Thus designed load (Pd) =1.5* 850= 1275kN
Determine soil pressure
no Yqr
Soil pressure σm = = = 124.51kN/m < 150&'/m ok!
p Z.∗Z.
Determine the thickness of footing
The footing thickness should be adequate for punching shear, wide beam shear and
bending moment.
Footing thickness will be determine in two ways
1. Based on punching shear calculate effective thickness then check for both wide
beam shear and bending moment
2. Take trial depth (thickness of footing then check for punching shear, wide beam
shear and bending moment.
Let use first method

2m
D

L
1.5d

B 4
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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

According to EBCS, 2, 1995 the critical punching shear is location at 1.5d from face of

wx = yz − {
x
column. Therefore punching shear will be calculated

x = A3 + eBA3 + B

x = A3 + 0.3BA3 + 0.3B = A3 + 0.3B

Where b and l are size of column and assume square column with size 300mm x 300mm

wx = 1275 − 124.51A3 + 0.3B = 1263.79 − 1120.59 − 224.12

w@ = 0.25 7|z &Y & }

Punching shear resistance of concrete
€ €
A~ B AVB
Where 7|z = 0.21 Y.r
= 0.21 ∗ Y.r
= 1.165‚y

&Y = 1 + 50ƒ ≫≫ ƒ = „ƒ…  +ƒ†   ƒ… = ƒ†

 6i 

c given as
0.5 0.5
ƒ… = ƒ† = = = 0.0017
†‡ 300
ƒ = ˆ0.0017 +0.0017 = 0.0024
&Y = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.0024 = 1.12 ≤ 2
& = 1.6 −  ≥ 1
} = 4 ∗ A3 + 0.3B = 12 + 1.2
w‹z = 0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.12 ∗ A1.6 − B ∗ A12 + 1.2B = 0.326A1.6 − B ∗ A12 + 1.2B ∗ 10Z

w@ = 0.326A1.6 −  B ∗ A12 + 1.2B ∗ 10Z = 5870 − 3900Z + 626

wx = w‹E
1263.79 − 1120.59  − 224.12 = 5870 − 3900Z + 626
1263.79 − 6990.59  − 850.12 + 3900Z = 0
Z − 1.79 − 0.218 + 0.324 = 0

Solving the equation the d value will be

d= 0.413m =413mm
D= 413+50+20/2=473mm let use 480mm
Check for wide beam shear

2m
D

d L

B
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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

According to EBCS, 2, 1995 the critical wide beam shear is location at d from face of
column. Therefore wide beam shear will be calculated
wΠ= {
Œ
 e 3.21 0.3

Œ =  ∗ g ≫≫ Žℎ  = −− = − 0.42 − = 1.03
2 2 2 2

Œ = 1.03 ∗ 3.2 = 3.296"
wŒ = 124.51 ∗ 3.296 = 410.39"
Concrete wide beam shear resistance is given by:
w@ = 0.25 7|z &Y & g
&Y = 1 + 50ƒ ≫≫ ƒ = „ƒ…  +ƒ†   ƒ… = ƒ†
 6i 

c  given as

0.5 0.5
ƒ… = ƒ† = = = 0.0017
†‡ 300

ƒ = ˆ0.0017 +0.0017 = 0.0024

&Y = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.0024 = 1.12 ≤ 2
& = 1.6 −  = 1.6 − 0.420 = 1.18 ≥ 1
w‹E = 0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.12 ∗ 1.18 ∗ 3.21 ∗ 0.42 ∗ 10Z = 517.33&'
wŒ = 410.39&' ≤ 517.33&' = w‹E
&!
Therefore the D (total thickness of footing) is (480mm) at it is adequate to resist wide
beam shear and punching shear
Calculate design moment at critical location
The critical location for moment of RC column (according to EBCS) is located at face of
column

2m
D

L
1 1

2
B
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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

  e 1
‚YY = { g ∗ ℎ  = − = A − eB
2 2 2 2
Substituting x by ½(B-b)
A − eB Ag − eB
‚YY = { g ∗ "  
c d − d, ‚ = {  ∗
8 8
Since the footing is square (B=L) footing the moment will be ‚YY = ‚
Ag − eB A3.2 − 0.3B
‚YY = ‚ = {  ∗ = 124.51 ∗ 3.2 ∗ = 418.85&' . "
8 8
Reinforcement calculation

0.85 ∗ 7$ 0.85 ∗ 30
Material design constant
7z = = = 13.6‚y
1.25 ∗ 1.5 1.25 ∗ 1.5
†‡ 300
†z = = = 260.87‚y
1.15 1.15
‚{z

 =
: ∗  ∗ †z

Where : = 0.5‘1 + √1 − 2’“

‚z 418.85 ∗ 10U
’= = = 0.055
7z e 13.6 ∗ 3200 ∗ 420
: = 0.5‘1 + √1 − 2 ∗ 0.055“ = 0.972
418.85 ∗ 10U

 = = 3932.95""
0.972 ∗ 420 ∗ 260.87
” Z—Z.—r
No of bars of Φ16 = • = [Y
= 19.57 i 20∅16
–

Spacing CA − 1B + 2 ∗   
h + ∅ = 
 g
3200 − 100 − 16
CA20 − 1B + 2 ∗ 50 + 16 = 3200 ≫ C = = 162.32""
19
Check maximum spacing
350mm or 2d =2*420=840mm take the minimum of the two
Therefore Smax = 350mm >160mm
i ∅20 / 160"" both direction

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

∅16/ 160""
2m
D=480mm

B=3.2m

∅16/ 160""

L =3.2m

Example 4.2:
Using the data given below, design a rectangular footing with side a/b=2 for the loading
condition in the figure below.
Allowable soil pressure=250KN/m2
Use concrete C-30 and steel S-400

Figure: plan and section of footing.

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

Solution
Geotechnical design
Determine size of footing required based on bearing capacity of soil
Service load 2000kN
Self-weight of footing take 10%-15% of total service load
Wf= 0.1*2000 =200kN
Total service load = 2000+Wf= 2000+200=2200kN
Proportion of footing size
Since the footing type is rectangular footing (L= 2B)

 6†
i) Based on an allowable presumptive bearing pressure

 = A1 + B
 
 ℎℎ   
 g
‚ 1200
† = = = 0.55"
y 2200
2200 6 ∗ 0.55 14.4
2  = I1 + J = 8.8 + ≫≫ 2 Z − 8.8 − 4.4 = 0
250 2 
 Z − 4.4 − 2.2 = 0
Solving for B=2.313m use B=2.4m then L= 2*B =2*2.4= 4.8m
Therefore the size of footing is B x L= 2.4m x 4.8m
Structural design
Change service load to factored load, the partial factor of safety according to EBSC is given
1.5. Thus designed load (Pd) =1.5* 2000= 3000kN
Determine soil pressure
no Uš› Z[[[ U∗[.rr
σ˜M™ = A1 + B= A1 + B = 439.45kN/m < 2 ∗ 250 =
p œ .V∗V. V.
Soil pressure
500&'/m
P¡ 6† 3000 6 ∗ 0.55
󘞟 = A1 − B= A1 − B = 81.38kN/m ≥ 0
A g 2.4 ∗ 4.8 4.8

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

Determine the thickness of footing

Let use second method

1.5m
D

439.45 kN/m
81.38kN/m

2.4m
1.5d

4.8m

σ˜M™ + 󘞟 439.45 + 81.38

To simplify the calculation take average pressure to determine thickness of footing
σM£¤ = = = 260.42kN/m
2 2

According to EBCS, 2, 1995 the critical punching shear is location at 1.5d from face of

wx = yz − {
x
column. Therefore punching shear will be calculated

x = A3 + eBA3 + B
Where b and l are size of column and it is given as square column with size 500mm x

x = A3 + 0.5BA3 + 0.5B = A3 + 0.5B

500mm

wx = 3000 − 260.42A3 + 0.5B

Let assume D= 800mm
Then d= 800-50-10=740mm
Substitute d for Vp check first 3 + 0.5 ≤ 2.4 ≫≫ 3 ∗ 0.74 + 0.5 = 2.72 ≥ 2.4
Therefore area of punching is not expressed as
x = A3 + 0.3B but it expressed as:

x = A3 + 0.5B ∗ 2.4 = A3 ∗ 0.74 + 0.5B ∗ 2.4 = 6.528
wx = 3000 − 260.42 ∗ 6.53 = 1299.46&'
Punching shear resistance of concrete
w@ = 0.25 7|z &Y & }
€ €
A~ B AVB
Where 7|z = 0.21 = 0.21 ∗ = 1.165‚y
Y.r Y.r

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

&Y = 1 + 50ƒ ≫≫ ƒ = „ƒ…  +ƒ†   i" ƒ… = ƒ† = ƒ¥¦§

0.5 0.5
ƒ… = ƒ† = = = 0.0017
†‡ 300
ƒ = ˆ0.0017 +0.0017 = 0.0024
&Y = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.0024 = 1.12 ≤ 2
& = 1.6 − 0.74 = 0.86 < 1  & & = 1
} = 2A3 + 0.5 + 2.4B = 2A3 ∗ 0.74 + 0.5 + 2.4B = 10.24
w‹z = 0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.12 ∗ 1 ∗ 10.24 ∗ 0.74 ∗ 10Z = 2471.81&'
w@ < w‹z ≫≫ 1299.46&' < 2471.81&' ¨&!
Check for wide beam shear
Let use second method

1.5m
D

439.45 kN/m
81.38kN/m

2.4m σ™

4.8m

According to EBCS, 2, 1995 the critical wide beam shear is location at d from face of
column. Therefore wide beam shear will be calculated
P¡ 3000
σm = = = 260.42kN/m
A 2.4 ∗ 4.8
wΠ= {
Œ
 e 2.4 0.5

Œ = d ∗ g ≫≫ Žℎ d = −− = − 0.74 − = 0.21
2 2 2 2

Œ = 0.21 ∗ 4.8 = 1.008"
wŒYY = 260.42 ∗ 1.008 = 262.5&'
Concrete wide beam shear resistance is given by:

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

w@ = 0.25 7|z &Y & g

&Y = 1 + 50ƒ ≫≫ ƒ = „ƒ…  +ƒ†   ƒ… = ƒ†
 6i 

c  given as

0.5 0.5
ƒ… = ƒ† = = = 0.0017
†‡ 300

ƒ = ˆ0.0017 +0.0017 = 0.0024

&Y = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.0024 = 1.12 ≤ 2
& = 1.6 −  = 1.6 − 0.74 = 0.86 < 1  & & = 1
w‹EYY = 0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.12 ∗ 1 ∗ 4.8 ∗ 0.74 ∗ 10Z = 1158.66&'
wŒ = 262.5&' ≤ 1158.66&' = w‹E
&!
Similarly wide beam shear on axis 2-2
P¡ 6† 3000 6 ∗ 0.55
σm = A1 + B= A1 + B = 439.45kN/m
A g 2.4 ∗ 4.8 4.8

σ™ 1.41m
σ˜M™

Using similarity of triangle determine σ™

σ˜M™ ∗ A4.8 − 1.41B 439.45 ∗ 3.39
σ™ = = = 310.36
4.8 4.8
wΠ= {
Œ
 e 4.8 0.5

Œ =  ∗ g ≫≫ Žℎ  = −− = − 0.74 − = 1.41
2 2 2 2
wŒ = 310.36 ∗ 1.41 ∗ 2.4 + A439.45 − 310.36B ∗ 0.5 ∗ 1.41 ∗ 2.4 = 1268.68&'
Concrete wide beam shear resistance is given by:
w@ = 0.25 7|z &Y & g
&Y = 1 + 50ƒ ≫≫ ƒ = „ƒ…  +ƒ†   ƒ… = ƒ†
 6i 

c  given as

0.5 0.5
ƒ… = ƒ† = = = 0.0017
†‡ 300

ƒ = ˆ0.0017 +0.0017 = 0.0024

&Y = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.0024 = 1.12 ≤ 2
& = 1.6 −  = 1.6 − 0.74 = 0.86 < 1  & & = 1

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

w‹E = 0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1 ∗ 1.16 ∗ 2 ∗ 0.74 ∗ 10Z = 579.33&'

wŒ = 1268.68&' ≤ 579.33&' = w‹E 
  
As you see from calculation the depth of footing is governed by wide beam shear which is
along axis 2-2
Let try other depth which is greater than 800mm
Assume D= 1300mm and check only for governed shear (wide beam shear along axis 2-2)

wΠ= {
Œ
Then d= 1300-50-10=1240mm

 e 4.8 0.5

Œ =  ∗ g ≫≫ Žℎ  = −− = − 1.240 − = 0.91
2 2 2 2
σ˜M™ ∗ A4.8 − 1.41B 439.45 ∗ 3.89
σ™ = = = 356.14
4.8 4.8
wŒ = 356.14 ∗ 0.91 ∗ 2.4 + A439.45 − 356.14B ∗ 0.5 ∗ 0.91 ∗ 2.4 = 868.78&'
Concrete wide beam shear resistance is given by:
w@ = 0.25 7|z &Y & g
&Y = 1 + 50ƒ ≫≫ ƒ = „ƒ…  +ƒ†   ƒ… = ƒ†
 6i 

c  given as

0.5 0.5
ƒ… = ƒ† = = = 0.0017
†‡ 300

ƒ = ˆ0.0017 +0.0017 = 0.0024

&Y = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.0024 = 1.12 ≤ 2
& = 1.6 −  = 1.6 − 1.24 = 0.36 < 1  & & = 1
w‹E = 0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.12 ∗ 1 ∗ 2.4 ∗ 1.240 ∗ 10Z = 970.77&'
wŒ = 868.78&' ≤ 970.77&' = w‹E
&!
Therefore the D (total thickness of footing) is (1300mm) at it is adequate to resist wide
beam shear and punching shear

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

Calculate design moment at critical location

The critical location for moment of RC column (according to EBCS) is located at face of
column

1.5m
D

439.45 kN/m
81.38kN/m

x
2.4m 260.42kN/m

4.8m
  e 1
‚…… = { g ∗ ℎ  = − = A − eB
2 2 2 2
Substituting x by ½(B-b)
Ag − eB Ag − eB
‚†† = A¥… − … B ∗ +…  ∗
12 8
Since the footing is rectangular (B≠L) footing the moment will not be ‚…… ≠ ‚††
σ˜M™ + 󘞟 439.45 + 81.38
σM£¤ = = = 260.42kN/m
2 2
V.
σ˜M™ ∗ A + 0.5B 439.45 ∗ 2.9
σ™ = 
= = 265.5kN/m
4.8 4.8
A − eB A2.4 − 0.5B
‚…… = { ª« g ∗ = 260.42 ∗ 4.8 ∗ = 564.1&' . "
8 8

Ag − eB Ag − eB
‚†† = A¥… − … B ∗ +…  ∗
12 8

A4.8 − 0.5B A4.8 − 0.5B

‚†† = A439.45 − 265.5B2.4 ∗ + 265.5 ∗ 2.4 ∗ = 2116&' . "
12 8

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

Reinforcement calculation

0.85 ∗ 7$ 0.85 ∗ 30
Material design constant
7z = = = 13.6‚y
1.25 ∗ 1.5 1.25 ∗ 1.5
†‡ 400
†z = = = 347.83‚y
1.15 1.15
‚{z

 =
: ∗  ∗ †z

Where : = 0.5‘1 + √1 − 2’“

For ¬­­ = ®¯°. ±²³ . ´
‚z 564.1 ∗ 10U
’= = = 0.00562
7z e 13.6 ∗ 4800 ∗ 1240
: = 0.5‘1 + √1 − 2 ∗ 0.00562“ = 1
564.1 ∗ 10U

 = = 1307.88""
1 ∗ 1240 ∗ 347.83
0.5

¥¦§ = ƒ¥¦§ ∗ g = ∗ 4800 ∗ 1240 = 7440"" > 1307.88""
400
Therefore take
 =
¥¦§ = 7440""

”• qVV[
= = 23.69 i 24∅20
– ZYV
No of bars of Φ20=

Spacing CA − 1B + 2 ∗   
h + ∅ = g
4800 − 100 − 20
CA24 − 1B + 2 ∗ 50 + 20 = 5830 ≫ C = = 195""
24
i ∅20 / 190""
Check maximum spacing
1240mm or 2d =2*1240=2480mm take the minimum of the two
Therefore Smax = 350mm >190mm
i ∅20 / 190""

For ¬¶¶ = -±±¯²³ . ´

‚z 2116 ∗ 10U
’= = = 0.0422
7z e  13.6 ∗ 2400 ∗ 1240
: = 0.5‘1 + √1 − 2 ∗ 0.0422“ = 0.98

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

2116.1 ∗ 10U

 = = 5006.12""
0.98 ∗ 1240 ∗ 348.83
”• r[[U.Y
= = 15.94 i 16∅20
– ZYV
No of bars of Φ20 =

Spacing CA − 1B + 2 ∗   
h + ∅ = g
2400 − 100 − 20
CA16 − 1B + 2 ∗ 50 + 20 = 2000 ≫ C = = 152""
15
i ∅20 / 150""
Check maximum spacing
350mm or 2d =2*1240=2480mm take the minimum of the two
Therefore Smax = 350mm >150mm
i ∅20 / 150""
Anchor and development length
Basic anchorage length

∅ †z 20 348
· = ∗ = ∗
4 ·z 4 ·z

Our code

0.21A 7‡ B/Z 0.21 ∗ A24B/Z

·z = 2 ∗ 7|z = 2 ∗ =2∗ = 2.33‚y
:7 1.5

∅ †z 20 348.83
· = ∗ = ∗ = 748.56"" i 749""
4 ·z 4 2.33

For longer direction

 
j e 
{ 7 = 5006.12"" ,
{ x¸¹ = 16 ∗ 314 = 5024""

For hooking anchorage a= 0.7

{ 7 5006.12
· §š| = ∗ · ∗ = 0.7 ∗ 749 ∗ = 522.4"" > 

{ x¸¹ 5024

But the footing thickness can accommodate only 1240 − º50 + 2 » = 1180"" >
20

523""
&!

L= 4800-50-50=4700
L=4700mm
lt lt
Using 900 bent bar

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

| = 523 ≥ 5∅ = 5 ∗ 20 = 100""
&!

Therefore total length

g| = 523 ∗ 2 + 4700 = 5746"" i 5750""

Similar along shorter direction

∅ †z 20 348.83
· = ∗ = ∗ = 748.56"" i 749""
4 ·z 4 2.33

For longer direction

 
j e 
{ 7 = 7440"" ,
{ x¸¹ = 24 ∗ 314 = 7536""

For hooking anchorage a= 0.7

{ 7 7440
· §š| = ∗ · ∗ = 0.7 ∗ 749 ∗ = 517.62"" > 

{ x¸¹ 7536

But the footing thickness can accommodate only 1240 − º50 + » = 1180"" >
20

518""
&!
2

L= 2400-50-50=2300
L=2300mm
lt lt
Using 900 bent bar

| = 518 ≥ 5∅ = 5 ∗ 20 = 100""
&!

Therefore total length

g| = 518 ∗ 2 + 2300 = 3336"" i 3340""

∅20/ 150"" ∅20/ 190""

1.5m
D=1300mm

L=4.8m

∅20/ 150"" L=5750mm

B=2.4m

∅20/ 190"" L=3340mm

17
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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

Exercise 4.3
A Building is to be constructed over a site that has the soil stratification shown in figure
below.
A. Determine the area of a square footing that can safely transfer the load from the
superstructure without shear failure, i.e. bearing capacity failure.
B. Determine the corresponding total settlement for the footing area proportioned above.
Check if the load can be transferred without excessive settlement. Is an isolated footing the
right choice for this condition? Why?
C. If the load from a superstructure transferred through a column are to be supported by an
isolated footing. Determine the depth of the footing and provide the necessary
reinforcements and show the reinforcement details/sketches. Assume Mx=My=0.
Use the following data:-
The load from the superstructure; P=2645KN.
The footing is to be placed at a depth of 2.0m below the ground surface.
The allowable total settlement is 75mm.
Maximum center-to-center spacing between columns is 5.0m.
Assume the foundation to be a rigid foundation.
Assume also that the shear failure zone is limited within the sand layer.
Ground water table exists at a depth of 7.0m below the ground surface.
Assume that the ground water table does not have an effect on the bearing capacity.
Use concrete C-25 and steel S-300.
Column size: 400mm by 400mm.
Use Meyerhof’s Bearing Capacity equation. Use F.S=2.5.

Sand layer
7m C= 0kN/m2, ϕ =240, γ =16kN/m3
E = 50MPa, µ=0.30

Normally consolidated clay layer

3m C=42kN/m2, ϕ =00, γsat =18.6kN/m3, E =25MPa, µ=0.5, Cc =0.35, eo =0.75

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

Exercise 4.4:
The Loads from a superstructure transferred through a column are to be supported by anisolated
footing.
A. Proportion the area of the footing.
B. Determine the depth of the footing.
P

Mx Df
P
b

Use the following Data:

Loads: P=800KN, Mx=80KN-m, My=70KN-m
Soil Data: s all, soil =250kPa
Column size: 400mm*400mm
Use concrete C-30 and steel S-300
Exercise 4.5:
A Building is to be constructed over a site that has the soil stratification shown in Figure
below.
A. Determine the area of a square footing that can safely transfer the load from the
superstructure without shear failure, i.e. bearing capacity failure.
B. Determine the corresponding total settlement for the footing area proportioned above.
Check if the load can be transferred without excessive settlement. Is an isolated footing the
right choice for this condition? Why?
Use the following data:-
The load from the superstructure, P=2645KN.
The footing is to be placed at a depth of 2.0m below the ground surface.
The allowable total settlement is 75mm.
Maximum center-to-center spacing between columns is 5.0m.
Assume the foundation to be a rigid foundation.
Ground water table exists at a depth of 5.0m below the ground surface.
Use Meyerhof’s Bearing Capacity equation. Use F.S=3.0.

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

Clay soil
6m C=32kN/m2, ϕ=22o, S=80%, Gs=2.70, γ=17kN/m3

E=25MPa, µ=0.50, eo=0.80, Cc=0.21

Figure: Subsurface profile

Exercise 4.6:
Design a rectangular combined footing shown in the figure below according to ULS design
method using the following data:
Column 1: 30cm X 30cm with 4ϕ20
Column 2: 35cm X 35cm with 4ϕ25
Soil Data: Allowable soil bearing capacity =250kPa
Use concrete C-30 and steel S-300

B=?

L =?

Figure 4.3 a: Plan and section of rectangular combined footing.

Solution
i) Proportioning of footing
Neglect weight of the footing
Convert the column loads to ULS loads Pu(factored load), assume given load are un-
factored load. Then convert the allowable soil pressure to ULS pressure via

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

AyY$ + y$ B 6
6$ =
AyY + y B
yY$ = 1.45yY  1.45 ∗ 650  942.5
y$  1.5y  1.45 ∗ 1000  1450
Then soil pressure

A942.5 8 1450B ∗ 250
6$   362.5&'/"
A650 8 1000B
¼ y$  942.5 8 1450  2392.5&'
Determine the footing length (L) and width (B). First determine the location of the load
resultant distance ( x). This point coincides with the midpoint of L, thus yielding the value
for L
2392.5 ∗   4.5 ∗ 1450 ≫≫   2.73"
In this particular case, it is desired to have a uniformly distributed contact pressure. In
order to achieve this, the length ‘L’ of the footing is chosen in such a way that the line of
action of the vertical resultant force passes through the centroid of the footing.
Hence with reference to fig 4.3 b, the length ‘L’ would be:
e
g  2 ∗ I 8 J  2 ∗ A0.15 8 2.73B  5.8"
2
The width of footing will be determined from
∑ y$ 2392.5
    1.14  &   1.2"
g ∗ 6$ 5.8 ∗ 362.5

Fig 4.3 b Plan and section of footing

∑x Z—.r
Actual pressure ” ¾  r.∗Y.  343.75&'/" l 362.5&'/" , j e
ii) Draw shear and moment diagrams. The footing is treated as a beam, loaded with a
uniform soil pressure (upward) and column loads (downward), which are treated as
concentrated loads.
Uniform soil pressure = ∗
i  
 ji  1.2 ∗ 343.75  412.5&'/"

21
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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

¿Y = g − 4.5 − 0.15 = 5.8 − 4.5 − 0.15 = ±. ±®´

942.5kN
1450kN

4.5m X1

412.5kN/m2
L=5.8m
975.63
X2
61.88

474.38
2.37
272.77
880.63

6.46
935.36
iii) Determination of depth of the footing
The magnitude of the wide beam shear is read off from the shear force diagram at a

975.63 ∗ ¿
distance of d from face of column
wŒ = = wÀ = 0.25 7|z &Y & g
2.37
0.35
¿ = 2.37 − −  = 2.195 − 
2
975.63 ∗ A2.195 − B
wŒ = = w‹z
2.37
€ €
A~ B AVB
Where 7|z = 0.21 Y.r
= 0.21 ∗ Y.r
= 1.165‚y

&Y = 1 + 50ƒ ≫≫ ƒ = „ƒ…  +ƒ†   ƒ… = ƒ†

 6i 

c given as

0.5 0.5
ƒ… = ƒ† = = = 0.0017
†‡ 300

ƒ = ˆ0.0017 +0.0017 = 0.0024

&Y = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.0024 = 1.12 ≤ 2
& = 1.6 −  ≥ 1,   & & = 1

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

w‹E = 0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.12 ∗ 1 ∗ 1.2 ∗  ∗ 10Z  391.44&'

975.63 ∗ A2.195 X B
wΠ  391.44
2.37
 903.6 X 411.66  391.44
  1125""
20
9   8 50 8  1125 8 50 8 10  1185""  & 1200""
2
  1200 X 50 X 10  1140""
Check the depth for punching shear
Column 1

wx  yz X 
x

x  3 8 e ∗ 1.5 8 eBi   3 8 e ‰   1.2
A B A

x  A1.2B ∗ A1.5 ∗ 1.14 8 0.3B  2.41
wx  942.5 X 343.75 ∗ 2.41  ±±°. Á¯²³
wÀ  0.25 7|z &Y & }
}  1.2 ∗ 2 8 2 ∗ A1.5 ∗ 1.14 8 0.3B  6.42
&Y  1 8 50ƒ ≫≫ ƒ  „ƒ…  8ƒ†   ƒ…  ƒ†
 6i 

c given as

0.5 0.5
ƒ…  ƒ†    0.0017
†‡ 300

ƒ  ˆ0.0017 80.0017  0.0024

&Y  1 8 50 ∗ 0.0024  1.12 ‰ 2
&  1.6 X 1.14  0.46 Š 1 

& , 
  & &  1
w‹E  0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.12 ∗ 1 ∗ 6.42 ∗ 1.14 ∗ 10Z  2378.39&'
wx ‰ w‹E ¨?!
Column 2
wx  yz X 
x

x  A3 8 eB ∗ A1.5 8 e 8 Y Bi   3 8 e ‰   1.2  Y  1.15 ‰ 1.5

x  A1.15 8 1.5 ∗ 1.14 8 0.35/2B ∗ A1.2B  3.642"
wx  1450 X 343.75 ∗ 3.642  ±ÂÃ. Á¯²³
wÀ  0.25 7|z &Y & }

23
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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

0.35
} = 1.2 ∗ 2 + 2 ∗ I1.5 ∗ 1.14 + J = 6.17
2
&Y = 1 + 50ƒ ≫≫ ƒ = „ƒ…  +ƒ†   ƒ… = ƒ†
 6i 

c given as

0.5 0.5
ƒ… = ƒ† = = = 0.0017
†‡ 300

ƒ = ˆ0.0017 +0.0017 = 0.0024

&Y = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.0024 = 1.12 ≤ 2
& = 1.6 − 1.2 = 0.4 ≥ 1 

& , ℎ
  & & = 1
w‹E = 0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.12 ∗ 1 ∗ 6.17 ∗ 1.14 ∗ 10Z = 2294.43²³
wx ≤ w‹E ¨?!
iv) Reinforcement
Long direction
The reinforcement shall be calculated for the maximum negative moment (935.36)

0.85 ∗ 7$ 0.85 ∗ 30
Material design constant
7z = = = 13.6‚y
1.25 ∗ 1.5 1.25 ∗ 1.5
†‡ 400
†z = = = 347.83‚y
1.15 1.15
‚{z

 =
: ∗  ∗ †z

Where : = 0.5‘1 + √1 − 2’“

‚z 935.36 ∗ 10U
’= = = 0.044
7z   13.6 ∗ 1200 ∗ 1140
: = 0.5‘1 + √1 − 2 ∗ 0.044“ = 0.98
935.36 ∗ 10U

 = = 2406.75""
0.98 ∗ 1140 ∗ 347.87
”• V[U.qr
= = 7.67 i 8∅20
– ZYV
No of bars of Φ20 =

Spacing CA − 1B + 2 ∗   
h + ∅ = 
 g
1200 − 100 − 20
CA8 − 1B + 2 ∗ 50 + 20 = 1200 ≫ C = = 154.29
7
i ∅20 / 150"" and also check the minimum and maximum spacing
Short direction
Assume that the strip (Zone) A carries the whole column load of Pd1 = 942.5kN

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

Zone C C
Zone A Zone B

942.5
6Ä =
 785.42
1.2
The bending moment at face of column 1
′
‚Ä  6Ä ∗
2
 e 1.2 0.3
Ä  X  X  0.45"
2 2 2 2
0.45
‚Ä  785.42 ∗  79.52&' "
2
‚{z

 
: ∗  ∗ †z

Where :  0.5‘1 8 √1 X 2’“

‚z 79.52 ∗ 10U
’   0.0039  C  0.75 8 e  0.75 ∗ 1.14 8 0.3
7z C 13.6 ∗ 1155 ∗ 1140
 1.155"
:  0.5‘1 8 √1 X 2 ∗ 0.0039“  0.996
79.52 ∗ 10U

   203.37""
0.996 ∗ 1140 ∗ 347.87
0.5

¥¦§  ƒ¥¦§ ∗ C  ∗ 1140 ∗ 1155  1892.52""
347.87
Therefore take
 
¥¦§  1892.52""
”• Y—.r
No of bars of Φ20 =   6.03 i 7∅20
– ZYV

Spacing CA X 1B 8 2 ∗   
h 8 ∅  C  1200
1155 X 100 X 20
CA7 X 1B 8 2 ∗ 50 8 20  1200 ≫ C   172.5""
6
i ∅20 / 170""
Similarly assume the strip (Zone) B carry the whole column load of Pd2 =1450kN
1450
6Ä 
 1208.33
1.2
The bending moment at face of column 1

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

′
‚ Ä = 6Ä ∗
2
 e 1.2 0.35
Ä = − = − = 0.425"
2 2 2 2
0.425 
‚Ä = 1208.33 ∗ = 109.13&' "
2
‚{z

 =
: ∗  ∗ †z

Where : = 0.5‘1 + √1 − 2’“

‚z 109.13 ∗ 10U
’= = = 0.0026 ℎ C = 2 ∗ A0.75 + eB
7z C 13.6 ∗ 2400 ∗ 1140
= 2 ∗ A0.75 ∗ 1.2 + 0.3B = 2.4"
: = 0.5‘1 + √1 − 2 ∗ 0.0026“ = 0.999
109.13 ∗ 10U

 = = 278.244""
0.999 ∗ 1140 ∗ 347.87
0.5

¥¦§ = ƒ¥¦§ ∗ C = ∗ 2400 ∗ 1140 = 3932.5""
347.87
Therefore take
 =
¥¦§ = 3932.5""
”• Z—Z.r
= = 12.52 i 13∅20
– ZYV
No of bars of Φ20 =

Spacing CA − 1B + 2 ∗   
h + ∅ = C = 2400
2400 − 100 − 20
CA14 − 1B + 2 ∗ 50 + 20 = 2400 ≫ C = = 190""
12
i ∅20 / 190""
The reinforcement b/n the two strip (i.e. zone C) will be nominal reinforcement to prevent
shrinkage cracks.
Exercise 4.7:
Design a rectangular combined footing for the loading conditions shown below:
Use concrete C-30 and steel S-300
Soil Data: Allowable soil pressure, s all, soil =250KN/m2.

26
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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

Figure: Plan and section of rectangular combined footing.

Example 4.8:
Design a strap foundation for the given loads in the figure below.
Given that:
Soil Data: s all, soil =50kPa
Use concrete C-30 and steel S-300

27
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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

Figure: Strap and cantilever footing

Solution
1. Assume a reasonable value of the eccentricity (e) between load P1 and the reaction R1 on
the exterior column
Let assume e= 0.85
2. Calculate length a1 for footing 1
Y = 2 ∗ A + eY /2B = 2 ∗ A0.85 + 0.3/2B = 2"
3. Compute the reaction R1, by taking moment about line action of R2
¿7
ÀY = yY ∗ ≫≫ ¿‹ = ¿7 −  = 6 − 0.85 = 5.15"
¿‹
6
ÀY = 500 ∗ = 582.52&'
5.15
4. Compute R2 from summation of all vertical loads, neglecting the weight of strap
À = yY + y − ÀY = 500 + 600 − 582.52 = 517.48&'

28
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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

5. Calculate area of both footing

ÀY 582.52

Y = = = 11.65"
 50
À 517.48

 = = = 10.35"
 50
6. Find widths of footings

Y 11.65
eY = = = 5.83"
Y 2
Assume the footing 2 is square footing
e =  = ˆ
 = √10.35 = 3.22"
7. Calculate the intensity of pressure
ÀY 582.52
6Y = = = 291.26&'/"
Y 2
À 517.48
6 = = = 160.71&'/"
 3.22
Since the distribution per meter run under the footing is different for each pad, a second
trail should be made
Assume the second footing as rectangular and let take 1.8m of a2
”€ Y[.Zr
Then the values of e = = = 5.75"
€ Y.

And intensity of pressure will became

À 517.48
6 = = = 287.49&'/"
 1.8
Therefore the difference between stress distributions is not much. That is 6Y ≅ 6 hence
the final sizes of footings are:
For footing 1 ( Y = 2, eY = 5.8" 


c 2  = 1.8, e = 5.75"

8. Draw shear force diagram and bending moment diagram as follow

29
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 Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

q1= 291.26 q2=287.49 q1= 287.49

82.52 341.3
341.26
43.69 82.53

258.74
116.43
456.3 129.37
3.28
3.28 1.72

342.75

354.17
284.03

9. Design the individual footing as in the case of isolated footing

For Footing 1

2m
D

2m
1.5d

5.83m

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

Structural design
Change service load to factored load, the partial factor of safety according to EBSC is given
1.5. Thus designed load (Pd) =1.5* 500= 750kN
Determine soil pressure
= 64.32kN/m
no qr[
Soil pressure σm = =
p r.Z∗
Determine the thickness of footing
The footing thickness should be adequate for punching shear, wide beam shear and
bending moment.
Footing thickness will be determine in two ways
1. Based on punching shear calculate effective thickness then check for both wide
beam shear and bending moment
2. Take trial depth (thickness of footing then check for punching shear, wide beam
shear and bending moment.
Let use second method

2m
D

2m
1.5d

5.83m

According to EBCS, 2, 1995 the critical punching shear is location at 1.5d from face of

wx = yz − {
x
column. Therefore punching shear will be calculated

x = A3 + eBA3 + B
Where b and l are size of column and it is given as rectangular column with size 300mm x

x = A3 + 0.3BA3 + 0.4B

400mm

wx = 750 − 64.32A3 + 0.3BA3 + 0.4B

Let assume D= 500mm
Then d= 500-50-10=440mm

x = A3 + 0.3BA3 + 0.4B = A3 ∗ 0.44 + 0.3BA3 ∗ 0.44 + 0.4B = 2.79"

Substitute d for Vp

31
Prepared By: Abu G.
Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

wx = 750 − 64.32 ∗ 2.79 = 570.55&'

w@ = 0.25 7|z &Y & }

Punching shear resistance of concrete
€ €
A~ B AVB
Where 7|z = 0.21 = 0.21 ∗ = 1.165‚y
Y.r Y.r

&Y = 1 + 50ƒ ≫≫ ƒ = „ƒ…  +ƒ†   i" ƒ… = ƒ† = ƒ¥¦§

0.5 0.5
ƒ… = ƒ† = = = 0.0017
†‡ 300
ƒ = ˆ0.0017 +0.0017 = 0.0024
&Y = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.0024 = 1.12 ≤ 2
& = 1.6 − 0.44 = 1.16 ≥ 1
} = 2 ∗ A6 + 0.3 + 0.4B = 2 ∗ A6 ∗ 0.44 + 0.3 + 0.4B = 6.68
w‹z = 0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.12 ∗ 1.16 ∗ 6.68 ∗ 0.44 ∗ 10Z = 1112.17&'

w@ < w‹z ≫≫ 570.55&' < 1112.17&' ¨&!

Check for wide beam shear
Let use second method

2m
D

d 2m

5.83m

According to EBCS, 2, 1995 the critical wide beam shear is location at d from face of
column. Therefore wide beam shear will be calculated
wΠ= {
Œ
 e 2 0.3

Œ =  ∗ g ≫≫ Žℎ  = −  − = − 0.44 − = 0.41
2 2 2 2

Œ = 0.41 ∗ 5.83 = 2.39"

32
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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

wŒYY = 64.32 ∗ 2.39 = 153.73&'

Concrete wide beam shear resistance is given by:
w@ = 0.25 7|z &Y & g
&Y = 1 + 50ƒ ≫≫ ƒ = „ƒ…  +ƒ†   ƒ… = ƒ†
 6i 

c  given as

0.5 0.5
ƒ… = ƒ† = = = 0.0017
†‡ 300

ƒ = ˆ0.0017 +0.0017 = 0.0024

&Y = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.0024 = 1.12 ≤ 2
& = 1.6 −  = 1.6 − 0.44 = 1.16 ≥ 1
w‹EYY = 0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.12 ∗ 1.16 ∗ 5.83 ∗ 0.44 ∗ 10Z = 970.65&'
wŒ = 150.73&' ≤ 970.65&' = w‹E
&!
Similarly wide beam shear on axis 2-2
wΠ= {
Œ
 e 5.83 0.3

Œ =  ∗ g ≫≫ Žℎ  = −− = − 0.44 − = 2.325
2 2 2 2

Œ = 2.325 ∗ 2 = 4.65"
wŒ = 64.32 ∗ 4.65 = 299.09&'
Concrete wide beam shear resistance is given by:
w@ = 0.25 7|z &Y & g
&Y = 1 + 50ƒ ≫≫ ƒ = „ƒ…  +ƒ†   ƒ… = ƒ†
 6i 

c  given as

0.5 0.5
ƒ… = ƒ† = = = 0.0017
†‡ 300

ƒ = ˆ0.0017 +0.0017 = 0.0024

&Y = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.0024 = 1.12 ≤ 2
& = 1.6 −  = 1.6 − 0.44 = 1.16 ≥ 1
w‹E = 0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.12 ∗ 1.16 ∗ 2 ∗ 0.44 ∗ 10Z = 332.99&'
wŒ = 299.09&' ≤ 332.99&' = w‹E
&!
As you see from calculation the depth of footing is governed by wide beam shear which is
along axis 2-2
Let try other depth which is less than 500mm

33
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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

Assume D= 450mm and check only for governed shear (wide beam shear along axis 2-2)
Then d= 450-50-10=390mm
wΠ= {
Œ
 e 5.83 0.3

Œ =  ∗ g ≫≫ Žℎ  = −− = − 0.39 − = 2.375
2 2 2 2

Œ = 2.375 ∗ 2 = 4.75"
wŒ = 64.32 ∗ 4.75 = 305.52&'
Concrete wide beam shear resistance is given by:
w@ = 0.25 7|z &Y & g
&Y = 1 + 50ƒ ≫≫ ƒ = „ƒ…  +ƒ†   ƒ… = ƒ†
 6i 

c  given as

0.5 0.5
ƒ… = ƒ† = = = 0.0017
†‡ 300

ƒ = ˆ0.0017 +0.0017 = 0.0024

&Y = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.0024 = 1.12 ≤ 2
& = 1.6 −  = 1.6 − 0.39 = 1.21 ≥ 1
w‹E = 0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.12 ∗ 1.21 ∗ 2 ∗ 0.39 ∗ 10Z = 307.87&'
wŒ = 305.52&' ≤ 307.87&' = w‹E
&!
Therefore the D (total thickness of footing) is (450mm) at it is adequate to resist wide
beam shear and punching shear
Calculate design moment at critical location
The critical location for moment of RC column (according to EBCS) is located at face of
column

2m
D

B
x x

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Prepared By: Abu G.
Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

  e 1
‚…… = { g ∗ ℎ  = − = A − eB
2 2 2 2
Substituting x by ½(B-b)
A − eB Ag − eB
‚…… = { g ∗ "  
c d − d, ‚†† = {  ∗
8 8
Since the footing is rectangular (B≠L) footing the moment will not be ‚…… ≠ ‚††
A − eB A2 − 0.3B
‚…… = { g ∗ = 64.32 ∗ 5.83 ∗ = 135.46&' . "
8 8
Ag − eB  A5.83 − 0.4B
‚†† = {  ∗ = 64.32 ∗ 2 ∗ = 474.12&' . "
8 8

Reinforcement calculation

0.85 ∗ 7$ 0.85 ∗ 30
Material design constant
7z = = = 13.6‚y
1.25 ∗ 1.5 1.25 ∗ 1.5
†‡ 300
†z = = = 260.87‚y
1.15 1.15
‚{z

 =
: ∗  ∗ †z

Where : = 0.5‘1 + √1 − 2’“

For ¬­­ = ±Æ®. °¯²³ . ´
‚z 135.46 ∗ 10U
’= = = 0.011
7z e 13.6 ∗ 5830 ∗ 390
: = 0.5‘1 + √1 − 2 ∗ 0.011“ = 0.99
418.85 ∗ 10U

 = = 1339.04""
0.99 ∗ 390 ∗ 260.87
0.5

¥¦§ = ƒ¥¦§ ∗ g = ∗ 5830 ∗ 390 = 4357.92"" > 1339.04""
260.87
Therefore take
 =
¥¦§ = 4357.92""

”• VZrq.—
= = 28.3 i 29∅14
– YrV
No of bars of Φ14 =

Spacing CA − 1B + 2 ∗   
h + ∅ = g

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

5830 − 100 − 14
CA29 − 1B + 2 ∗ 50 + 14 = 5830 ≫ C = = 204.14""
28
i ∅14 / 200""
Check maximum spacing
350mm or 2d =2*390=780mm take the minimum of the two
Therefore Smax = 350mm >200mm
i ∅14 / 200"" For ¬¶¶ = °Ç°. ±-²³ . ´
‚z 474.12 ∗ 10U
’= = = 0.115
7z e 13.6 ∗ 2000 ∗ 390
: = 0.5‘1 + √1 − 2 ∗ 0.115“ = 0.94
474.12 ∗ 10U

 = = 4957.6""
0.94 ∗ 390 ∗ 260.87
”• V—rq.U
= = 15.79 i 17∅20
– ZYV
No of bars of Φ20 =

Spacing CA − 1B + 2 ∗   
h + ∅ = g
2000 − 100 − 20
CA17 − 1B + 2 ∗ 50 + 20 = 2000 ≫ C = = 117.5""
16
i ∅20 / 120""
Check maximum spacing
350mm or 2d =2*390=780mm take the minimum of the two
Therefore Smax = 350mm >110mm
i ∅20 / 110""

∅20/ 110"" ∅14/ 200""

2m
D=600mm

L=5.8m

∅20/ 110""

B=1.8m

∅14/ 200""

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

Using similar step as footing 1 design also footing 2

2m
D

1.8m

5.8m
Structural design
Change service load to factored load, the partial factor of safety according to EBSC is given
1.5. Thus designed load (Pd) =1.5* 600= 900kN
Determine soil pressure
= 86.2kN/m
no —[[
Soil pressure σm = =
p Y.∗r.
Determine the thickness of footing
The footing thickness should be adequate for punching shear, wide beam shear and
bending moment.

2m
D

1.8m
1.5d

5.8m

According to EBCS, 2, 1995 the critical punching shear is location at 1.5d from face of
column. Therefore punching shear will be calculated

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

wx = yz − {
x

x = A3 + eBA3 + B

x = A3 + 0.3BA3 + 0.4B

Where b and l are size of column and assume square column with size 300mm x 300mm

wx = 900 − 86.21 ∗ A3 + 0.3BA3 + 0.4BLet assume D= 500mm

Then d= 500-50-10=440mm

x = A3 ∗ 0.44 + 0.3BA3 ∗ 0.44 + 0.4B = 2.79

Substitute d for Vp

wx = 900 − 86.21 ∗ 2.79 = 101.47&'

w@ = 0.25 7|z &Y & }

Punching shear resistance of concrete
€ €
A~ B AVB
Where 7|z = 0.21 = 0.21 ∗ = 1.165‚y
Y.r Y.r

&Y = 1 + 50ƒ ≫≫ ƒ = „ƒ…  +ƒ†   i" ƒ… = ƒ† = ƒ¥¦§

0.5 0.5
ƒ… = ƒ† = = = 0.0017
†‡ 300
ƒ = ˆ0.0017 +0.0017 = 0.0024
&Y = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.0024 = 1.12 ≤ 2
& = 1.6 − 0.44 = 1.16 ≥ 1
} = 2 ∗ A6 + 0.3 + 0.4B = 2 ∗ A6 ∗ 0.44 + 0.3 + 0.4B = 6.68
w‹z = 0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.12 ∗ 1.16 ∗ 6.68 ∗ 0.44 ∗ 10Z = 1112.17&'

w@ < w‹z ≫≫ 101.47 < 1112.17&' ¨&!

Check for wide beam shear

Let use second method

2m
D

d 1.8m

5.8m

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

According to EBCS, 2, 1995 the critical wide beam shear is location at d from face of
column. Therefore wide beam shear will be calculated
wΠ= {
Œ
 e 1.8 0.35

Œ =  ∗ g ≫≫ Žℎ  = −− = − 0.44 − = 0.27
2 2 2 2

Œ = 0.27 ∗ 5.8 = 1.566"
wŒYY = 86.21 ∗ 1.566 = 135&'
Concrete wide beam shear resistance is given by:
w@ = 0.25 7|z &Y & g
&Y = 1 + 50ƒ ≫≫ ƒ = „ƒ…  +ƒ†   ƒ… = ƒ†
 6i 

c  given as

0.5 0.5
ƒ… = ƒ† = = = 0.0017
†‡ 300

ƒ = ˆ0.0017 +0.0017 = 0.0024

&Y = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.0024 = 1.12 ≤ 2
& = 1.6 −  = 1.6 − 0.44 = 1.16 ≥ 1
w‹EYY = 0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.12 ∗ 1.16 ∗ 5.83 ∗ 0.44 ∗ 10Z = 970.65&'
wŒ = 135&' ≤ 970.65&' = w‹E
&!
Similarly wide beam shear on axis 2-2
wΠ= {
Œ
 e 5.8 0.35

Œ =  ∗ g ≫≫ Žℎ  = −− = − 0.44 − = 2.29
2 2 2 2

Œ = 2.29 ∗ 2 = 4.11"
wŒ = 86.21 ∗ 4.11 = 354.58&'
Concrete wide beam shear resistance is given by:
w@ = 0.25 7|z &Y & g
&Y = 1 + 50ƒ ≫≫ ƒ = „ƒ…  +ƒ†   ƒ… = ƒ†
 6i 

c  given as

0.5 0.5
ƒ… = ƒ† = = = 0.0017
†‡ 300

ƒ = ˆ0.0017 +0.0017 = 0.0024

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

&Y = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.0024 = 1.12 ≤ 2

& = 1.6 −  = 1.6 − 0.44 = 1.16 ≥ 1
w‹E = 0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.12 ∗ 1.16 ∗ 1.8 ∗ 0.44 ∗ 10Z = 299.69&'
wŒ = 354.58&' > 299.69&' = w‹E 
  
As you see from calculation the depth of footing is governed by wide beam shear which is
along axis 2-2
Let try other depth which is greater than 500mm
Assume D= 600mm and check only for governed shear (wide beam shear along axis 2-2)

wΠ= {
Œ
Then d= 600-50-10=530mm

 e 5.8 0.35

Œ =  ∗ g ≫≫ Žℎ  = −− = − 0.53 − = 2.2
2 2 2 2

Œ = 2.2 ∗ 1.8 = 3.95"
wŒ = 86.21 ∗ 3.95 = 340.53&'
Concrete wide beam shear resistance is given by:
w@ = 0.25 7|z &Y & g
&Y = 1 + 50ƒ ≫≫ ƒ = „ƒ…  +ƒ†   ƒ… = ƒ†
 6i 

c  given as

0.5 0.5
ƒ… = ƒ† = = = 0.0017
†‡ 300

ƒ = ˆ0.0017 +0.0017 = 0.0024

&Y = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.0024 = 1.12 ≤ 2
& = 1.6 −  = 1.6 − 0.53 = 1.21 ≥ 1
w‹E = 0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.12 ∗ 1.07 ∗ 1.8 ∗ 0.53 ∗ 10Z = 332.98&'
wŒ = 340.53&' ≤ 332.98&' = w‹E
&!
Therefore the D (total thickness of footing) is (600mm) at it is adequate to resist both wide
beam shear and punching shear
Calculate design moment at critical location
The critical location for moment of RC column (according to EBCS) is located at face of
column

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

2m
D

B
x x

L
  e 1
‚…… = { g ∗ ℎ  = − = A − eB
2 2 2 2
Substituting x by ½(B-b)
A − eB Ag − eB
‚…… = { g ∗ "  
c d − d, ‚†† = {  ∗
8 8
Since the footing is rectangular (B≠L) footing the moment will not be ‚…… ≠ ‚††
A − eB A1.8 − 0.3B
‚…… = { g ∗ = 86.21 ∗ 5.8 ∗ = 131.41&' . "
8 8
Ag − eB A5.8 − 0.4B
‚†† = {  ∗ = 86.21 ∗ 2 ∗ = 628.47&' . "
8 8

Reinforcement calculation

0.85 ∗ 7$ 0.85 ∗ 30
Material design constant
7z = = = 13.6‚y
1.25 ∗ 1.5 1.25 ∗ 1.5
†‡ 300
†z = = = 260.87‚y
1.15 1.15
‚{z

 =
: ∗  ∗ †z

Where : = 0.5‘1 + √1 − 2’“

For ¬­­ = ±Æ±. °±²³ . ´
‚z 131.41 ∗ 10U
’= = = 0.00593
7z e  13.6 ∗ 5800 ∗ 530

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

: = 0.5‘1 + √1 − 2 ∗ 0.00593“ = 0.99

131.41 ∗ 10U

 = = 964.34""
0.99 ∗ 530 ∗ 260.87
0.5

¥¦§ = ƒ¥¦§ ∗ g = ∗ 5800 ∗ 530 = 5891.82"" > 953.29""
260.87
Therefore take
 =
¥¦§ = 5891.82""

”• r—Y.
= = 38.26 i 39∅14
– YrV
No of bars of Φ14 =

Spacing CA − 1B + 2 ∗   
h + ∅ = g
5800 − 100 − 14
CA29 − 1B + 2 ∗ 50 + 14 = 5800 ≫ C = = 203""
28
i ∅14 / 200""
Check maximum spacing
350mm or 2d =2*530=1060mm take the minimum of the two
Therefore Smax = 350mm >200mm
i ∅14 / 200""
For ¬¶¶ = ¯-Ã. °Ç²³ . ´
‚z 628.47 ∗ 10U
’= = = 0.091
7z e 13.6 ∗ 1800 ∗ 530
: = 0.5‘1 + √1 − 2 ∗ 0.0838“ = 0.95
576.15 ∗ 10U

 = = 4773.64""
0.95 ∗ 530 ∗ 260.87
”• VqqZ.UV
= = 15.2 i 16∅20
– ZYV
No of bars of Φ20 =

Spacing CA − 1B + 2 ∗   
h + ∅ = g
1800 − 100 − 20
CA16 − 1B + 2 ∗ 50 + 16 = 1800 ≫ C = = 112""
15
i ∅20 / 110""
Check maximum spacing
350mm or 2d =2*530=1060mm take the minimum of the two
Therefore Smax = 350mm >110mm
i ∅20 / 110""

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

∅14/ 200"" ∅20/ 110""

2m
D=600mm

L=5.8m

∅20/ 110""

B=1.8m

∅14/ 200""

10. Design the strap as a beam by assuming reasonable width and determine the depth that
adequate for diagonal shear, minimum required depth for flexural and deflection
Assume width of beam b=300mm and determine adequate depth required for flexural and
deflection
Calculate depth required deflection
0.6 †‡ gš 0.6 ∗ 300 gš 6000
 ≥ `0.4 + b = I0.4 + J = 0.85 ∗ = 212.5""
400 È 400 È 24

D=212.5+60= 272.5mm

Assume D=500mm and take d’ =60mm

 = 9 − Ä = 500 − 60 = 440""

Self-weight, neglect it

‚z Ac "
"  & 
"  d
 j

cB = 284.03&'"A
 j B

Section capacity for flexural strength

‚z = 0.8e 7z &… A1 − 0.4&… B

‚$ = 0.8 ∗ 300 ∗ 440 ∗ 13.6 ∗ 0.448 ∗ A1 − 0.4 ∗ 0.448B = 232.37&'

< 284.03&'" 
  

Assume D=600mm

 = 9 − Ä = 600 − 60 = 540""

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

Section capacity for flexural strength

‚$ = 0.8 ∗ 300 ∗ 540 ∗ 13.6 ∗ 0.448 ∗ A1 − 0.4 ∗ 0.448B = 349.99&'"

< 284.03&'"  

Therefore use dimension of beam (300mm*600mm) which is adequate to resist bending

moment and deflection

Design strengths and constants

7z = 13.6‚y

†z = 260.87‚y

†z 260.87
"= = = 23.98
0.8 7‡ 0.8 ∗ 13.6

 = 0.32 7z = 0.32 ∗ 13.6 = 4.352 and c1 =2.5

Reinforcement

1 4‚z 1 4 ∗ 284.03
&… = ∗ AY − ÉY  +  = ∗ A2.5 − É2.5 − = 0.346
2 e  2 300 ∗ 540 ∗ 4.352

&… 0.346
ƒ= = = 0.0144
" 23.98

{ = ƒe = 0.0144 ∗ 300 ∗ 540 = 2332. 8""

2332.8
i"e
e  ∅20 = = 7.43 ≫≫ i 8∅20 e 
314
And for moment of Md =129.37

Reinforcement(flexural)

1 4‚z 1 4 ∗ 129.37
&… = ∗ AY − ÉY  +  = ∗ A2.5 − É2.5 − = 0.145
2 e  2 300 ∗ 540 ∗ 4.352

&… 0.346
ƒ= = = 0.00605
" 23.98

{ = ƒe = 0.00605 ∗ 300 ∗ 540 = 980.1""

980.1
i"e
e  ∅20 = = 3.12 ≫≫ i 4∅20 e 
314
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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

Shear reinforcement

0.21A 7‡ B/Z 0.21 ∗ A24B/Z

7|z = = = 1.165‚y
:7 1.5

w¥… = 456.3&'

Design shear is located at d distance from face of column

 = 1.72 − 0.54 − 0.15 = 1.03"

1.03
w{z = ∗ 456.3 = 273.25
1.72

x=1.03m 82.52kN
1.72m

456.3

Shear capacity of the section

wD = 0.25 7‡z &Y & eŒ 

{ 314
&Y = 1 + 50ƒ, ≫≫≫ ƒ = = 8∗ = 0.0155
e 300 ∗ 540
&Y = 1 + 50 ∗ 0.0155 = 1.775  & = 1.6 −  = 1.6 − 0.54 = 1.06

wD = 0.25 7‡z &Y & eŒ  = 0.25 ∗ 1.165 ∗ 1.775 ∗ 1.06 ∗ 300 ∗ 550 ∗ 10Z = 86.77&'

Reinforcement

ª  †z
w{z = 273.25&', w{ = w{z − w7 =
C
100 ∗ 0.54 ∗ 260.87
273.25 − 86.77 =
C

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 Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

100 ∗ 0.54 ∗ 260.87

C= = 75.54""
186.48
Use Φ8 stirrups c/c 70mm
4Φ20

Φ8 c/c 70mm
600mm
8Φ20

300mm
Fig. Detail drawing for strap beam

46
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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

Example 4.9:
A mat foundation is to be designed by the conventional method (Rigid Method) for the loadings
shown in the figure below. All columns are 40cm X 40cm.
Use concrete C-30 and steel S-300
Soil Data: Allowable soil pressure, s all, soil =50KN/cm2.

Figure E4.9:Design of a uniform mat foundation.

a) Calculate of ∑ , …  †
SOLUTION

| = 2 ∗ 400 + 4 ∗ 1500 + 2 ∗ 500 + 2 ∗ 1100 + 480 + 450 = 10930&'

The weight of the raft is not include in the calculation
Taking moment about line AB to determine the line of action of Qt load from reference line

10930X Ä = A2 ∗ 500 + 2 ∗ 1500B ∗ 6 + Ë480 + 2 ∗ 1100 + 450Ì ∗ 12

AB

X Ä = 5.63m
e™ = 6 − 5.63 = 0.37m
Similarly take moment about line AD to determine the line of action of Qt load from
reference line AD

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

10930y Ä = A+2 ∗ 1500 + 1100B ∗ 8 + Ë1500 ∗ 2 + 1100Ì ∗ 16

X Ä = 12.03m
† = 12.03 = −0.03m
b) Calculation of contact pressure

| | † | …
The contact pressure at any point is given by
= ± d± 

Ѕ І
| ‚… ‚†
= ± d± 

Ѕ І

eℎZ 14 ∗ 26Z
It is necessary to calculate the moments and moments of inertia about the x and y axis
Ѕ = = = 20505.33"Z
12 12
‚… = 0.03 ∗ 10930 = 327.9&'. "
eℎZ 26 ∗ 14Z
І = = = 5945.33"Z
12 12
‚† = 0.37 ∗ 10930 = 4044.1&'. "
10930 327.9 4044.1
= ± d± 
26 ∗ 14 20505.33 5945.33
 = 30 ± 0.016 d ± 0.68 
The contact pressure will be calculated under the points A, B, C, D, E and F.
Table 1 Contact pressure under point A, B, C, D, E and F
Point calculation contact pressure
A 30-0.016*12+0.68*6 33.9
B 30+0.016*12+0.68*6 34.3
C 30+0.016*12-0.068*6 26.1
D 30-0.016*12-0.68*6 25.7
E 30-0.016*12+0 29.8
F 30+0.016*12+0 30.2

Divide the mat into a number of strips and each strip is assumed to act as independent
beam subjected to the contact pressure and the column loads.

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

L M O

G H N

Then determine the modified column load

Let determine the modified column load and modified soil pressure under strip AED as
indicated on Fig. E4.9
Average load on strip
Y +  + Z + 6ª« Y 
ª« = I J
2
” 8 Ñ 8 E 33.9 8 29.8 8 25.7
6ª«    29.8
3 3
8
Y  1 8  5"
2
400 8 500 8 450 8 29.8 ∗ 5 ∗ 14
ª«  I J  1718
2
The modified average soil pressure 6ª«¥¹z is given by

49
Prepared By: Abu G.
Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

ª« 1718
6ª«¥¹z = 6ª« ` b = 29.8 I J = 24.54&'/"
6ª« ∗ Y ∗  29.8 ∗ 5 ∗ 14
The column load modification factor F is given by
ª« 1718
Ò=I J= = 1.27
Y +  + Z 400 + 500 + 450
Therefore the modified column load and modified soil pressure for strip AED is given as
ÒY = 1.27 ∗ 400 = 508&'
Ò = 1.27 ∗ 500 = 635&'
ÒZ = 1.27 ∗ 450 = 571.5&'
And intensity of pressure is:
Y 6ª«.¥¹z = 5 ∗ 24.54 = 122.7&'

FQ1=508 FQ1=635 FQ3=571.5

Y 6ª«.¥¹z = 122.7&'
Fig E 4.6.b

Using the modified column load and modified soil pressure intensity (Fig E 4.6.b)draw
bending moment diagram and shear force diagram then design the strip using the
maximum bending moment and check the punching shear and wide beam shear for the
assumed effective depth of mat
With similar way determine the modified column load for other strip shown in Table 2

Table 2 Determination of column load and modified soil pressure

strip column loads B1 qavg Qavg qavg. -mod F FQn
400 683.71
500 8 29.8 2358.8 21.06 1.71 854.64
BFC 480 820.45
Strip along y Direction
400 386.65
4 34.1 3673.2 35.32 0.97
AGLB 1500 1,449.95
500 502.53
EHMF 1500 6 25.9 4020.2 25.77 1.01 1,507.58
450 449.28
1100 4 30 3125 30.05 0.998 1,098.24
DNOC 480 479.23

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Problem of Foundation Engineering I Chapter 3

Example 4.10:
Design a Ribbed mat foundation for the column loads given in the figure below.

Figure: Design of Ribbed mat foundation.

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