CGC , Chandigarh Engineering College

Jhanjeri, Mohali-140307

Department Of Computer Science Engineering

HARPREET SINGH BAGGA

1915169
3rd SEM
CSE
A
RERORT
OF
SUMMER TRAINING
MY COURSE -
JAVA PROGRAMMING : BEGINNER TO ADVANCED
AT

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 CGC , Chandigarh Engineering College

Jhanjeri, Mohali-140307

Department Of Computer Science Engineering

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 CGC , Chandigarh Engineering College

Jhanjeri, Mohali-140307

Department Of Computer Science Engineering

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 CGC , Chandigarh Engineering College

Jhanjeri, Mohali-140307

Department Of Computer Science Engineering

CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION.
2. A HELLO WORLD PROGRAM.
3. DATA TYPES IN JAVA.
4. WHILE LOOP.
5. FOR LOOP.
6. IF STATEMENT.
7. DO WHILE LOOP.
8. SWITCH STATEMENT.
9. ARRAYS.
10. NESTED FOR LOOPS.
11. CLASSES METHODS AND OBJECTS.
12. METHOD OVERLOADING.
13. CONSTRUCTORS.
14. STATIC AND FINAL.
15. INHERITANCE
16. POLYMORPHISM
17. ENCAPSULATION

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 CGC , Chandigarh Engineering College

Jhanjeri, Mohali-140307

Department Of Computer Science Engineering

CONTENTS OF MY COURSE
 INTRODUCTION
What is java?
Java is a cross-platform object-oriented programming language that was released by
Sun Microsystems in the year 1995. Today, Java is needed to run various
applications such as games, social media applications, audio and video applications,
etc.

How it works ?
How Java Works (in a nutshell) Java works by first compiling the source code into
bytecode. Then, the bytecode can be compiled into machine code with
the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Java's bytecode can run on any device with the
JVM which is why Java is known as a “write once, run anywhere” language.

 A HELLO WORLD PROGRAM

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 CGC , Chandigarh Engineering College

Jhanjeri, Mohali-140307

Department Of Computer Science Engineering

DATA TPES IN JAVA

Data types specify the different sizes and values that can be stored in the
variable. There are two types of data types in Java:

1. Primitive data types: The primitive data types include boolean, char,

byte, short, int, long, float and double.
2. Non-primitive data types: The non-primitive data types
include Classes, Interfaces, and Arrays.

PROGRAM

WHILE LOOP IN JAVA

A while loop statement in Java programming language repeatedly executes a target
statement as long as a given condition is true.

Syntax
The syntax of a while loop is −
while(Boolean_expression) {
// Statements
}

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Jhanjeri, Mohali-140307

Department Of Computer Science Engineering

Here, statement(s) may be a single statement or a block of statements.

The condition may be any expression, and true is any non zero value.
When executing, if the boolean_expression result is true, then the actions inside the
loop will be executed. This will continue as long as the expression result is true.
When the condition becomes false, program control passes to the line immediately
following the loop.
PROGRAM

FOR LOOP

For performs the same function as while loop. When you know exactly how many
times you want to loop through a block of code, use the for loop instead of
a while loop:

Syntax
for (statement 1; statement 2; statement 3) {

// code block to be executed

Statement 1 is executed (one time) before the execution of the code block.

Statement 2 defines the condition for executing the code block.

Statement 3 is executed (every time) after the code block has been
executed.

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Jhanjeri, Mohali-140307

Department Of Computer Science Engineering

PROGRAM

IF STATEMENT
The Java if statement tests the condition. It executes the if block if condition is true.

SYNTAX:
1. if(condition){  
2. //code to be executed  
3. }  

PROGRAM

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 CGC , Chandigarh Engineering College

Jhanjeri, Mohali-140307

Department Of Computer Science Engineering

DO WHILE LOOP:
The Java do-while loop is used to iterate a part of the program several times. If the number of
iteration is not fixed and you must have to execute the loop at least once, it is recommended
to use do-while loop.

The Java do-while loop is executed at least once because condition is checked after loop
body.

Syntax:

1. do{  
2. //code to be executed  
3. }while(condition);  

PROGRAM:

SWITCH STATEMENT
The Java switch statement executes one statement from multiple conditions. It is like if-
else-if ladder statement. The switch statement works with byte, short, int, long, enum
types, String and some wrapper types like Byte, Short, Int, and Long. Since Java 7, you
can use strings in the switch statement.

In other words, the switch statement tests the equality of a variable against multiple
values.

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Jhanjeri, Mohali-140307

Department Of Computer Science Engineering

SYNTAX:
switch(expression){    
case value1:    
 //code to be executed;    
 break;  //optional  
case value2:    
 //code to be executed;    
 break;  //optional  
......    
    
default:     
 code to be executed if all cases are not matched;    
}    
PROGRAM

ARRAY
Normally, an array is a collection of similar type of elements which has contiguous
memory location.

Java array is an object which contains elements of a similar data type. Additionally, The
elements of an array are stored in a contiguous memory location. It is a data structure
where we store similar elements. We can store only a fixed set of elements in a Java
array.

Array in Java is index-based, the first element of the array is stored at the 0th index,
2nd element is stored on 1st index and so on.

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Jhanjeri, Mohali-140307

Department Of Computer Science Engineering

SYNTAX:

There are two types of array.

o Single Dimensional Array

o Multidimensional Array

Syntax to Declare an Array in Java

1. dataType[] arr; (or)  
2. dataType []arr; (or)  
3. dataType arr[];  

PROGRAM

Nested Loops in C
C supports nesting of loops in C. Nesting of loops is the feature in C that allows the
looping of statements inside another loop. Let's observe an example of nesting loops in
C.

Any number of loops can be defined inside another loop, i.e., there is no restriction for
defining any number of loops. The nesting level can be defined at n times. You can
define any type of loop inside another loop; for example, you can define 'while' loop
inside a 'for' loop.

Syntax of Nested loop

1. for (initialization; condition; update)   

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Jhanjeri, Mohali-140307

Department Of Computer Science Engineering

2. {  
3.     for(initialization; condition; update)  
4.     {  
5.            // inner loop statements.  
6.     }  
7.     // outer loop statements.  
8. }  

CLASSES METHOD AND OBJECT:

What is a class in Java

A class is a group of objects which have common properties. It is a template or blueprint
from which objects are created. It is a logical entity. It can't be physical.

A class in Java can contain:

o Fields
o Methods
o Constructors
o Blocks
o Nested class and interface

Syntax to declare a class:

1. class <class_name>{  
2.     field;  
3.     method;  
4. }  

Method in Java
In Java, a method is like a function which is used to expose the behavior of an object.

Advantage of Method
o Code Reusability
o Code Optimization

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Jhanjeri, Mohali-140307

Department Of Computer Science Engineering

What is an object in Java

An entity that has state and behavior is known as an object e.g., chair, bike,
marker, pen, table, car, etc. It can be physical or logical (tangible and
intangible). The example of an intangible object is the banking system.

For Example, Pen is an object. Its name is Reynolds; color is white, known as its state. It
is used to write, so writing is its behavior.

An object is an instance of a class. A class is a template or blueprint from which

objects are created. So, an object is the instance(result) of a class.

Object Definitions:

o An object is a real-world entity.

o An object is a runtime entity.
o The object is an entity which has state and behavior.
o The object is an instance of a class.

CODE

//Java Program to illustrate how to define a class and fields  
//Defining a Student class.  
class Student{  
 //defining fields  
 int id;//field or data member or instance variable  
 String name;  
 //creating main method inside the Student class  
 public static void main(String args[]){  
  //Creating an object or instance  
  Student s1=new Student();//creating an object of Student  
  //Printing values of the object  
  System.out.println(s1.id);//accessing member through reference variable  
  System.out.println(s1.name);  
 }  
}  

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 CGC , Chandigarh Engineering College

Jhanjeri, Mohali-140307

Department Of Computer Science Engineering

Method Overloading in Java

If a class has multiple methods having same name but different in parameters, it is
known as Method Overloading.

If we have to perform only one operation, having same name of the methods increases
the readability of the program.

Suppose you have to perform addition of the given numbers but there can be any
number of arguments, if you write the method such as a(int,int) for two parameters, and
b(int,int,int) for three parameters then it may be difficult for you as well as other
programmers to understand the behavior of the method because its name differs.

S o, we perform method overloading to figure out the program quickly.

Advantage of method overloading

Method overloading increases the readability of the program.

Different ways to overload the method

There are two ways to overload the method in java

1. By changing number of arguments

2. By changing the data type

So, we perform method overloading to figure out the program quickly.

Advantage of method overloading

Method overloading increases the readability of the program.

Different ways to overload the method

There are two ways to overload the method in java

1. By changing number of arguments

2. By changing the data type

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 CGC , Chandigarh Engineering College

Jhanjeri, Mohali-140307

Department Of Computer Science Engineering

Constructors in Java
In Java a constructor is a block of codes similar to the method. It is called when an
instance of the class is created. At the time of calling constructor, memory for the object
is allocated in the memory.

It is a special type of method which is used to initialize the object.

Every time an object is created using the new() keyword, at least one constructor is
called.

It calls a default constructor if there is no constructor available in the class. In such case,
Java compiler provides a default constructor by default.

There are two types of constructors in Java: no-arg constructor, and parameterized
constructor.

Note: It is called constructor because it constructs the values at the time of object
creation. It is not necessary to write a constructor for a class. It is because java compiler
creates a default constructor if your class doesn't have any.

Rules for creating Java constructor

There are two rules defined for the constructor.

1. Constructor name must be the same as its class name

2. A Constructor must have no explicit return type
3. A Java constructor cannot be abstract, static, final, and synchronized

Types of Java constructors

There are two types of constructors in Java:

1. Default constructor (no-arg constructor)

2. Parameterized constructor

EXAMPLE
//Java Program to create and call a default constructor  
class Bike1{  
//creating a default constructor  

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Department Of Computer Science Engineering

Bike1(){System.out.println("Bike is created");}  
//main method  
public static void main(String args[]){  
//calling a default constructor  
Bike1 b=new Bike1();  
}  
}  

Java static keyword

The static keyword in Java is used for memory management mainly. We can apply
static keyword with variables, methods, blocks and nested classes. The static keyword
belongs to the class than an instance of the class.

The static can be:

1. Variable (also known as a class variable)

2. Method (also known as a class method)
3. Block
4. Nested class

Java static variable

If you declare any variable as static, it is known as a static variable.

o The static variable can be used to refer to the common property of all objects
(which is not unique for each object), for example, the company name of
employees, college name of students, etc.
o The static variable gets memory only once in the class area at the time of class
loading.

Advantages of static variable

It makes your program memory efficient (i.e., it saves memory).

Understanding the problem without static variable

1. class Student{  
2.      int rollno;  
3.      String name;  

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Department Of Computer Science Engineering

4.      String college="ITS";  
5. }  

Suppose there are 500 students in my college, now all instance data members will get
memory each time when the object is created. All students have its unique rollno and
name, so instance data member is good in such case. Here, "college" refers to the
common property of all objects. If we make it static, this field will get the memory only
once.

Java static property is shared to all objects.

Example of static variable

//Java Program to demonstrate the use of static variable  
class Student{  
   int rollno;//instance variable  
   String name;  
   static String college ="ITS";//static variable  
   //constructor  
   Student(int r, String n){  
   rollno = r;  
   name = n;  
   }  
   //method to display the values  
   void display (){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+college);}  
}  
//Test class to show the values of objects  
public class TestStaticVariable1{  
 public static void main(String args[]){  
 Student s1 = new Student(111,"Karan");  
 Student s2 = new Student(222,"Aryan");  
 //we can change the college of all objects by the single line of code  
 //Student.college="BBDIT";
s1.display();  
 s2.display();  
 }  
}  
  

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 CGC , Chandigarh Engineering College

Jhanjeri, Mohali-140307

Department Of Computer Science Engineering

Final Keyword In Java

The final keyword in java is used to restrict the user. The java final keyword can be
used in many context. Final can be:

1. variable
2. method
3. class

The final keyword can be applied with the variables, a final variable that have no value it
is called blank final variable or uninitialized final variable. It can be initialized in the
constructor only. The blank final variable can be static also which will be initialized in the
static block only. We will have detailed learning of these. Let's first learn the basics of
final keyword.

1) Java final variable

If you make any variable as final, you cannot change the value of final variable(It will be
constant).

Example of final variable

There is a final variable speedlimit, we are going to change the value of this variable, but
It can't be changed because final variable once assigned a value can never be changed.

class Bike9{  
 final int speedlimit=90;//final variable  
 void run(){  
  speedlimit=400;  
 }  
 public static void main(String args[]){  
 Bike9 obj=new  Bike9();  
 obj.run();  
 }  
}//end of class  

Output:Compile Time Error

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 CGC , Chandigarh Engineering College

Jhanjeri, Mohali-140307

Department Of Computer Science Engineering

Inheritance in Java
Inheritance in Java is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the properties and
behaviors of a parent object. It is an important part of OOPs (Object Oriented
programming system).

The idea behind inheritance in Java is that you can create new classes that are built
upon existing classes. When you inherit from an existing class, you can reuse methods
and fields of the parent class. Moreover, you can add new methods and fields in your
current class also.

Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship which is also known as a parent-

child relationship.

Why use inheritance in java

o For Method Overriding (so runtime polymorphism can be achieved).
o For Code Reusability.

Terms used in Inheritance

o Class: A class is a group of objects which have common properties. It is a
template or blueprint from which objects are created.
o Sub Class/Child Class: Subclass is a class which inherits the other class. It is
also called a derived class, extended class, or child class.
o Super Class/Parent Class: Superclass is the class from where a subclass
inherits the features. It is also called a base class or a parent class.
o Reusability: As the name specifies, reusability is a mechanism which facilitates
you to reuse the fields and methods of the existing class when you create a new
class. You can use the same fields and methods already defined in the previous
class.

The syntax of Java Inheritance

1. class Subclass-name extends Superclass-name  
2. {  
3.    //methods and fields  
4. }  

The extends keyword indicates that you are making a new class that derives from an
existing class. The meaning of "extends" is to increase the functionality.

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Department Of Computer Science Engineering

In the terminology of Java, a class which is inherited is called a parent or superclass, and
the new class is called child or subclass.

PROGRAM

Types of inheritance in java

On the basis of class, there can be three types of inheritance in java: single, multilevel
and hierarchical.

Polymorphism in Java
Polymorphism in Java is a concept by which we can perform a single action in
different ways. Polymorphism is derived from 2 Greek words: poly and morphs. The
word "poly" means many and "morphs" means forms. So polymorphism means many
forms.

There are two types of polymorphism in Java: compile-time polymorphism and runtime
polymorphism. We can perform polymorphism in java by method overloading and
method overriding.

If you overload a static method in Java, it is the example of compile time polymorphism.
Here, we will focus on runtime polymorphism in java.

Encapsulation in Java
Encapsulation in Java is a process of wrapping code and data together into a single
unit, for example, a capsule which is mixed of several medicines.We can create a fully
encapsulated class in Java by making all the data members of the class private. Now we
can use setter and getter methods to set and get the data in it.

The Java Bean class is the example of a fully encapsulated class.

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Department Of Computer Science Engineering

Advantage of Encapsulation in Java

By providing only a setter or getter method, you can make the class read-only or
write-only. In other words, you can skip the getter or setter methods.

It provides you the control over the data. Suppose you want to set the value of id
which should be greater than 100 only, you can write the logic inside the setter method.
You can write the logic not to store the negative numbers in the setter methods.

It is a way to achieve data hiding in Java because other class will not be able to access
the data through the private data members.

The encapsulate class is easy to test. So, it is better for unit testing.

The standard IDE's are providing the facility to generate the getters and setters. So, it
is easy and fast to create an encapsulated class in Java.

Simple Example of Encapsulation in Java

Let's see the simple example of encapsulation that has only one field with its setter and
getter methods.

File: Student.java

1. //A Java class which is a fully encapsulated class.  
2. //It has a private data member and getter and setter methods.  
3. package com.javatpoint;  
4. public class Student{  
5. //private data member  
6. private String name;  
7. //getter method for name  
8. public String getName(){  
9. return name;  
10. }  
11. //setter method for name  
12. public void setName(String name){  
13. this.name=name  
14. }  
15. }  

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 CGC , Chandigarh Engineering College

Jhanjeri, Mohali-140307

Department Of Computer Science Engineering

THANK YOU

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