Harambee University

Computational Science
Department of Computer Science and Technology

Project on: Web Based Employee Recruitment and Selection System

for Kotebe Metropolitan University
Prepared By
NAME ID NO
1.MELAKU GETAYE…………………………...……8081

2. ASEFATADESE………………………………..……8060

3. .TAGANE WOLDAYOHANIS……………………8004

4. MARISHET KASEGN………………………..…...…8099

5. GIMJA MENGISTU………………………..……..…8076
6. BOSE NEGESSE…………………………………………8097
 Table of contents
Y

Contents page

CHAPTER ONE.........................................................…………………………………………………..1
1. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................…………………………………..1
1.1. Background of project......................................................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of the problem..................................................................................................................2
1.3. Objectives of the project...................................................................................................................3
1.3.1. General objective..........................................................................................................................3
1.3.2 . Specific objectives........................................................................................................................3
1.4. Feasibility Analysis...........................................................................................................................3
1.4.1. Technical Feasibility......................................................................................................................4
1.4.2. Operational Feasibility...................................................................................................................4
1.4.3 . Economic feasibility ....................................................................................................................4
1.5 . Scope and significant of the project.................................................................................................7
1.5.1. Scope of the project.......................................................................................................................7
1.5.2Limitation of the projects:-..............................................................................................................7
1.6.. Significant of the Project..................................................................................................................7
1.6.1. Beneficiary of the project...............................................................................................................8
1.7 . Methodology of the Project..............................................................................................................9
1.7.1. Data collection Tools/Techniques..................................................................................................9
1.7.2. Systems Analysis and Design.....................................................................................................10
1.7.3. Systems Development Model......................................................................................................11
1.7.4 . Testing Methodology..................................................................................................................11
1.7.5 . Development Tools and Technologies........................................................................................11
1.7.5.1. Fronted Technologies...............................................................................................................12
1.7.5.2. Background Technologies.........................................................................................................12
1.7.5.3. Documentation and Modeling Tools.........................................................................................12
1.7.5.4. Development Environment.......................................................................................................12
1.8 . Budget And Time Schedule of the project.....................................................................................13
1.8.1. Budget of the project....................................................................................................................13
1.8.2. Time Schedule of the project.......................................................................................................14
1.9. Team Composition..............................................................................................................................

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CHAPTER TWO………………………………………………………………………………….....……16

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM……………………………………………….…..…..16

2.1. Introduction of Existing system…………………………………………………………………........16

2.2. Users of Existing System………………………………………………………………………….….17

2.3. Major function of the Existing System…………………………………………………………...…..18

2.4. Forms and Other Documents of the Existing Systems (if any)………………………………….....…19

2.5. Drawbacks of the Existing System………………………………………………………………...…20

2.6. Business Rules of the Existing System……………………………………………………………….20

CHAPTER THREE………………………………………………………………………………..………21

3. PROPOSED SYSTEM…………………………………………………………………………………21
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3.1. Functional Requirements…………………………………………………………………..…………21

3.2. Nonfunctional Requirements…………………………………………………………………………22

3.2.1. User Interface and Human Factors……………………………………………………………...…23

3.2.2. Hardware Consideration…………………………………………………………………..………23

3.2.3. Security Issues…………………………………………………………………………………..…24

3.2.4. Performance Consideration…………………………………………………………......…………24

3.2.5. Error Handling and Validation………………………………………………………….…………25

3.2.6. Quality Issues…………………………………………………………………………………...…25

3.2.7. Backup and Recovery……………………………………………………………………..………25

3.2.8. Physical Environment…………………………………………………………..…………………26

3.2.9. Resource Issues……………………………………………………………………………………26

3.2.10. Documentation……………………………………………………………………...……………26

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 CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION
The way how employee recruitment in Kotebe Metropolitan University is very much out dated
that involves employee vs workers face to face contact involving simple hand recruitment. This
simple and handy method of the 21st century where by the world reached up on high-speed
technological innovation cannot easily provide feasible service for those who are applying to be
hired in the Institutions. Thus the researcher prefer try to study on web based employee
recruitment and selection system since it ease access of files for those who need it, its flexibility
and even to reach a bigger audiences; so, try to solve such backward, simple and traditional
methods seen besides the high number of the applicants.

1.1. Background of the Organization

Kotebe Metropolitan University (KMU), the former Kotebe College of Teacher Education and
then Kotebe University College, was set up within the Haile Selassie I University (HSIU)
in 1959 as a College. In 1969, the College left HSIU and went to the present Addis Ababa
technical and Vocational College where it came to be known as Teacher Training College. Later,
the name was changed into Addis Ababa College of Teacher Education. It was in 1976 that the
College transferred to the present site and got its name, Kotebe College of Teacher Education.

Upon the approval of the Commission of Higher Education, the college launched degree program
in six areas of study: English Language and Literature, Ethiopian Languages and Literature,
Geography, History, Health and Physical Education and Mathematics in 1989.

In 1997, the Addis Ababa City Administration took over the responsibility of running the college
from the Ministry of Education. Following the transfer of the college to Addis Ababa City
Administration, degree programs except the Department of Health & Physical Education were
discontinued.

After nine years of relentless effort made by the college management, the college community,
former graduates of the college and other stakeholders, the degree program was re-launched in

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2007 in affiliation with Bahr Dar University. Degree program students were assigned in 10
departments namely Biology, Chemistry, Civics and Ethical Education, English Language and
Literature, Ethiopian Languages and Literature, Sport Science, History, Geography, Mathematics
and Physics. It also ran a diploma program in linear and cluster modalities.

The year 2014 ushered a major landmark in the history of Kotebe College of Teacher Education
When Addis Ababa City Government granted it the status of a University College by the
decree of Addis Ababa City Government Regulation Number56/2013.

Another milestone in the history of the institution occurred on December 15, 2016 when Kotebe
University College is upgraded to a full-fledged Metropolitan University by the Addis Ababa
City Government.

Following this, KMU is restructured into eight units. These are: College of Education and
Behavioral Sciences, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Faculty of Languages and
Humanities, Faculty of Urban Development Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Faculty of
Business and Economics, Sport Science Academy, and Science and   Technology innovation
Center.

At present, the University runs certificate, diploma, undergraduate and graduate studies in its

regular, evening extension and summer programs. The number of KMU staff accounts about 710
of which 299 represents the academic staff.

1.2. Statement of the problem

The existing system, Employee Recruitment and Selection process is done manually. This
manual System has the following problems:

High consumption of time and resource: Since typing request, recording the request, enroll
candidates and other activities are done manually, it takes lots of time, material and human
resource.

Low Performance, low efficiency: low level of data organization, difficulty of producing
required information from the manually document, low response for request.
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Difficult to secure data’s: Since the existing system is manual it is difficult to maintain all
documents. Data might be damaged or someone may pick any document out from the shelf
intentionally or unintentionally / or modify the information on it, even it may be lost.

Handling data manually is expensive, as compared to automated system.

Job vacancies are not reachable: due to this competent candidate cannot access such
opportunities.

1.3. Objectives of the project

1.3.1. General objective

The general objective of this project is to develop a web based Employee Recruitment and
Selection System for KMU.

1.3.2. Specific objectives

In order to meet the general objective of this project we have several specific objective this are:

 To review of the existing system

 Identify and use appropriate methodology to make the selection of new employee.
 Developing data base systems for handling the data
 Developing the web application which is accessible on the internet
 To change the manual form to automated way.
 To implement proposed system.

1.4. Feasibility Analysis

Feasibility study is essential to evaluate the cost and benefits of the new system. On the basis of
the feasibility study decision is taken on whether to proceed or to cancel the project.

Need of the feasibility study:

 It determines the potential of the existing system.

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  It used to determine/finds out the problem of the existing system.
 To determine all goals of the new system.
1.4.1. Technical Feasibility

Our proposed system was evaluated from the technical point of view. The assessment of this
feasibility must be based on an outline design of the system requirement in the terms of input,
output, programs and procedures. Having identified an outline system, the investigation must go
on to suggest the type of equipment, required method developing the system, of running the
system once it has been designed.

1.4.2. Operational Feasibility

It determines how the proposed system will satisfy the need of KMU, and it also offers secure,
accurate and efficient system to the organization. The system in which we are developing is also
compatible to all operating systems and web browsers. By conducting operational feasibility
study we examined whether the new project will attain its desired objective, we also understand
the degree to which the proposed system will likely solve the problems, so in this study we
identify that operational feasible that the system is user friendly, easy to access. It can be run in
any operating system.
1.4.3. Economic feasibility

The system to be developed is economically feasible and the benefit is outweighing the cost.
Since this project already computerizes the existing system, by now the reduction of cost for
materials used in manual operation becomes beneficiary to the organization. Criteria to ensure
that effort is concentrated on project, which will give best, return at the earliest. One of the
factors, which affect the development of a new system, is the cost it would require. The
following are some of the important financial questions were asked during preliminary
investigation: -

 The costs conduct a full system investigation.

 The cost of the hardware and software.
 The benefits in the form of reduced costs or fewer costly errors.

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By conducting cost benefit analysis we found that our proposed system is economically feasible
due to the factor of cost and benefit and their relationship. Generally the system that we
developed (KMU) brought a number of tangible and intangible benefits.

A. Tangible Cost

The tangible costs to be acquired in developing the system are:-

 Miscellaneous Cost:-which includes hardware development cost and other costs. This cost
contains the various types of costs in which we spent for the development of the project or
the university covers some of the hardware expenses. The following table lists the different
miscellanies costs that we spent in the process of the development of the system

Table 1: Miscellaneous Cost

Resources Amount Price

Desktop 1 By university

Laptop 1 12000 Birr

CDRW 5 60 Birr

Flash disk 2 450 Birr

Printing 150pages 150 Birr

Pen 6 pen 60 Birr

Paper 1 pack 90 Birr

Total 12810 Birr

 Software Development Cost

For this particular project we will use different software but some of the software is provided by
the university and some of them are free download.

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Table 2: Development Costs

Type of software Price

Microsoft windows 10 by the university

Microsoft Office 7/10 Free down load

MySQL by the university

Wamp server Free download

GUI Design Studio_R46155_Setup Free download

Notepad++ Free download

B. Intangible Cost

Those are costs which are uncountable. The intangible costs to be acquired in developing the
system are: -

C. Cost Break down :-

One time cost:-are costs incurred at the time of developing our project.

Recurring costs:-are costs those incurred to maintain our project once developed.

Human Knowledge: - Our knowledge that we spent to develop the system may not be
measurable in terms of money. Generally, this project is economically feasible because its
anticipated benefit is greater than the expected cost that is listed in the above table.

1.5. Scope and significant of the project

1.5.1. Scope of the project

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The scope of this project is developing a Web based Employee Recruitment and Selection
System that covers critical function of Human Resource management.

The project has the following functionalities:-

 announcing new job

 register legible applicants
 send registered applicants to the respective department and academic administrative
 notice list of selected applicants for interview or exam
 finally notifying (inform) selected candidate for recruitment

1.5.2. Limitation of our projects

 Our project is not accessible for the following function.

 Online testing, automated examination and interview: This is not done for
security issue.
 Employ registration, payroll: This not done because this scope will vast that
we cannot cover it.
 Used for only English language

1.6. Significant of the Project

The project work will help in good ways to case to queuing system in the university as the online
Web Based Employee Recruitment and Selection System will help applicants to achieve
whatever they want without coming to various offices such as HRMO, KMU staff, and others.
This system also allows the applicant by accessing or retrieving system at everywhere, while
there are job vacancies.

There are many other advantages of Web Based Employee Application and Selection System.
Some of them are listed below:-
 Helps to reduce the time and cost
 Enables applicant for hiring job vacancies.
 Enable easily accessing candidates and selecting for hiring applicants

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  Facilitate work of the organization
 Enable recording data in database and easily retrieving data from the document stored.
 Structure and systematically organize the entire recruitment processes.
 It helps to incorporate and integrate the various links like the application system on the
official website of the company, the unsolicited applications, outsourcing recruitment,
the final decision making to the main recruitment process.
 It maintains an automated active database of the applicants facilitating the talent
management and increasing the efficiency of the recruitment processes.
 It provides a flexible, automated and interactive interface between the online application
system, HRMO and the job seeker/Applicant.
 It helps to communicate and create healthy relationships with the candidates through the
entire recruitment process.

1.6.1. Beneficiary of the Project

The newly proposed system has a benefit for KMU, HR Office, Developer of the project and
users(Candidates).

HR office:

There are so many benefits that KMU Human Resource Management Office gets from the
system some them are listed below:-

 To check all essential document and validation process.

 To easily access the system without burning time.
 To eliminate or reduce the paper form of document.
 Used for easily works with another staff of KMU for recruitment process.
Candidates: The benefits that candidates gets from the systemis any person(applicant) that uses
this system can access or apply by using online system form stay at everywhere , after
developing the new system in order to:-

 Save their time and their budgets

 To easily retrieve information or get job vacancies from organization

8
  KMU:-

 Economically get benefit because will decrease human labour and the money
which is paid for workers will be saved.

 To reduce or eliminate the paper form of job vacancies

 To manage the data easily administrators

 To notify vacation of work easily.

Developers of project:-it increase our knowledge and we get moral satisfaction from the project
we going to develop.

1.7. Methodology of the project

Methodology comprises the method that we use during gathering information and tools need
for developing the project.

1.7.1. Data collection Tools/Techniques

Data is collected using primary and secondary sources, primary sources are interview,
observation and secondary sources are reviewing different documents regarding to selection
process.

Fact Finding Techniques

 Observation:-

We are students in this campus we have an opportunity to observe how they are handling job
announcement’s and recruitment process, so observation is one requirement for collecting data.

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  Interview:-

We will gather the information by interviewing the human resource management employees
about the existing Employee Application and Selection process. The questions we prepare will
be open ended. We choose this type because we can get detailed information about the current
system and also not to limit the available responses for the question.

 Document Analysis:

Documents are one of the basic sources for the project development. Relevant documents and
techniques help to improve the proposed system.

1.7.2. Systems Analysis and Design

In systems analysis and design methodologies we are using object oriented system. Object-
oriented approach combines data and processes (called methods) into single entities called
objects. The goal of object-oriented approach is to make system elements more reusable, thus
improving system quality and the productivity of systems analysis and design.

 Object Oriented Analysis (OOA):

During this phase the team used to model the function of the system (use case modeling), find
and identify the business objects, organize the objects and identify the relationship between them
and finally model the behavior of the objects.

 Object Oriented Design (OOD):

During this phase the team uses rational rose software to refine the use case model, and to reflect
the implantation environment, model object interactions and behavior that support the use case
scenario, and finally update object model to reflect the implementation environment.

1.7.3. System Development Model

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  During the initial requirement gathering phase, the developer attended a series of
meetings with sponsors on weekly basis and couple of meetings with the Information
Technology Services (ITS) department web team in order to understand and get a picture
of the problem domain of the project as well as the technology and tools to be used for
development.

The developer also studied the existing process in detail which is paper based except for a
provision to advertise the vacancies using the static HTML webpage, on the university
website. This process was time consuming and inconvenient for both university personals
and job applicants.

1.7.4. Testing Methodology

Testing Methodologies are Unit Testing, Integration Testing, System Testing, Performance

Testing etc. Each testing methodology has a defined test objective, test strategy, and
deliverables.

1.7.5. Development Tools and Technologies

 In this section and subsections, you should mention programming languages and its editor,
database technologies, documentation tools, unified modeling language (UML) design tools,
hardware and software tools for deployment purpose etc.

The tools which we will use while developing the project are:

Hardware:

 Desktop computer or Laptop

 Flash
 CD-ROM
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Software:

 Microsoft Office Word 2019: Used for writing the document.

 Microsoft Office Visio 2007: Used for draw UML diagram
 Web browsers.
 Database Tool:- MYSQL
 Microsoft PowerPoint 2012: is software that we will use for presentation.

1.7.5.1. Fronted Technologies

 These three main front-end coding languages are HTML, CSS and JavaScript.

 Together, they create the underlying scaffolding that web browsers use to render the
web pages that we interact with every day.

 HTML is the first layer of any website and creates the code version of a wireframe on a
webpage.

1.7.5.2. Backend Technologies

1.7.5.3. Documentation and Modeling Tools

1.7.5.4. Deployment Environment

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 1.8. Budget and Time Schedule of the project

1.8.1. Budget of the Project

Table3. Estimated Budget

N Materials Amount Unit price (Birr) Price

o

1 Pen 6 pen 60 Birr 360

2 Printing 150pages 150 Birr 224.75

3 Paper 1 pack 250 Birr 250

4 Flash disk 2 450 Birr 900

5 CDRW 5 60 Birr 300

6 Laptop 1 12000 Birr 12000

7 Desktop 1 By university 9750

8 Pen 6 pen 480

Total 23784.75Birr

1.8.2. Time Schedule of the Project

Table 4.project schedule

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 No Tax name Time schedule

Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

1 Project proposal X X X

2 Requirement Analysis X X

3 System Analysis X X

4 Implementation Coding X X

5 Testing and Installation X X

6 Documentation and project X X

submission

1.9. Team Composition

The team composition used to classify the role of each project team members on the project and
they will act according to the assignment given to them and responsible in each duties. But it
does not mean they did not work on other tasks. So the role each member is defined in the table
as follows:

Table3.Team composition

Project Title: Web Based Employee Recruitment and Selection System for KMU
No. Name ID.No Role

1. Melaku Getaye HU 8081 Group leader

2. Asefa Tadese HU 8060 System Analyst
3. Tagane Woldayohanis HU 8004 Data collection
4. Marishet Kasegn HU 8099 Requirement gather

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 5. Gimja Mengistu HU 8096 Programmer
6. Bose Neggese HU 8076 Test

CHAPTER TWO

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM

2.1. Introduction of Existing System

In the existing system KMU HRMO collects different request from different department offices,
departments colleges for recruiting academic and administrative staffs, then they follow all the
legal procedure for announcing the vacancy using journals, this process will take from a few

15
week’s up to months for vacancy announcement this procedure has create so many problems for
those departments and offices requesting a new staff.

After the vacancy announcement legible candidates who fulfill the required requirement will
come to the HRM office for a week for registration, this makes so many of employees in HR
office will busy on registering candidates using papers, so it wastes time for doing this activity.
In addition hard copy documents are used to do it; this has also another headache on the aspects
of paper cost, storage requirement and difficult to check all essential requirement’s when they
feel board,also the document of candidate applicant come to register may be escape(vanish) for
the seek of many hard copy files of job seeker.After all this effort all legible candidates who
fulfill the required requirement to be registered. There is Recruitment Committee under HRMO
who identify the education level,work experience ,GPA and other criteria then select applicant
for exam.After that announce the candidate who are selected for exam by paper form;the
applicant who are selected for exam come to the HRMO and take the exam.also HRMO
announce the candidate who pass the exam and call for interview.At the end the applicant who
pass the interview give the finger print and medical to HRMO and assign(appoint) to the
employer of department that request the employee.

2.2. Users of Existing system

The main user of existing system includes the following: -

 Department Manager
 HR Manager(Human Resource Manager)
 Job Seeker/Applicant

 Department Manager:-Staffs who have full privilege on the system, Preparing and write a
requisition letter when there is a vacant position. Any staff in KMU, who wants to find new
employee to join with it, will request HR Manager what it wants with detail information.
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  Receive Candidate list from HR Manager.

 prepares exam and tests the candidates

 Interview candidates that pass the exam

 Evaluate the candidates and send result report to HR Manager.

 HR Manager (Human Resource Manager): Receive and approve the job requisition .

 prepare announce then print it and send to archive.

 Enrolls candidates, checks whether the enrolled candidates fulfill the criteria,
and at the end of enrollment date gives the list to Departement Manager.
 When the Department Manager returns exam result report, he /she prepares
employ form for selected applicants.

Job Seekers/Applicant:- Are peoples who seek job position. They search vacancies posted by
an organization that they can participate

2.3. Major function of the Existing System

 Process up to post announce
 Input: Department Manager report for HR Manager.
 Process: HR Manager checks and approves the Request and prepare, post
announce for the requested job position
 Output: View announce on website
 Process of selection

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 Input: Job seeker/Applicant registered for vacancy position

 Process: Department Manager prepare question and test them. Candidates that
pass the exam will take interview.

 Output: Report of Selection Process to HR Manager.

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2.4. Forms and Other Documents of the Existing Systems (if
any)

19
 2.5. Drawbacks of the Existing System
What are the drawbacks that an employer faces when using websites to attract future employees
are;-
 Advantage: Budget Savings.
 Disadvantage: Miss Out on Qualified Candidates.
 Advantage: Candidates Show Personality Online.
 Disadvantage: easy to get the Wrong Picture.
 Advantage: Using Keywords to Scan Recruits.
 Disadvantage: Keywords Miss Valuable Talent.
 Advantage: Larger Talent Pool.
 Disadvantage: Low Quality of Applicants.

2.6. Business Rules of the Existing System

Business rules are statements about the Web Based Employee Recruitment and Selection
System way of doing business. They reflect business polices. The project is developed with
the concept of consideration on basic policies, strategies, guidelines of the system.
The system has the following business rules: -
BR1: Authorize to the System: Users of the system (HR Manager,Department Manager)
must have a valid user name and password for their respective privilege.
BR2: The system must get input the full information of job seeker for registering.
BR3: Validate job seeker Information: if the job seeker registered correctly then the system
will validates the job seeker information and then store the information on the database to
use the system.
BR4: Uniqueness: user of the system (HR Manager,Department Manager) must have unique
user name and password.
BR5: The system must report generates.

BR6: Unauthorized user cannot access the s

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 CHAPTER THREE
3. PROPOSED SYSTEM

3.1. Functional Requirements

Functional requirement are things the system perform by any means of achieving the intended
objective. We discussed these requirements as follow.
The system shall allow for:-
Department Manager:-
 Login to the system
 Send request to HR Manager for hiring new employee.

 Accessing registered candidates , select and Notifying for exam and

interview.

 send passed candidates from recruitment to HR Manager.

 to see notifications sent from HR Manager.

Admin:

 managing a system

 sitting privilege for different system users

 creating user account

HR Manager:
 Login to the system.
 View request from Department Manager and analysis the job.
 notifying (posting) news jobs requested by different academic and
administrative department

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  prepare announce to find qualified candidates for the requested vacancy
position.

 Terminating outdated job vacancies

 Accessing selected candidates from respective academic and administrative

departments

 To view selection result sent from Department Manager.

 Notifying passed candidates for hiring

Job seeker/Applicant:-

 to see currently available job vacancy on the system website.

 Login to the system.

 to register job seeker for job.

 to see notification for jobs in which they registered.

3.2. Nonfunctional Requirements

Non-functional requirements are requirement that can support and give more quality for the
system(Ali Babar 2013).

 Easy to use:-the system is simple for users since its graphical interface will be done as
simple as possible.
 Reliability:-Our system gives reliable information that could depend on the value that is
saved on the database and surely all the components of the system can perform their
tasks in mean time.
 Portability:-The system shall be independent of the specific technological platform used
to implement it.

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  Security: -since the system support user name and password to authentication and also
the system has different privilege to protect intruding and also support encryption to
prevent unwanted viewers.
 Users interface:-user interface is menu driven and attractive and also the interface is
user friendly.

3.2.1. User Interface and Human Factors

Human Factor based user interface tool that enables designers and engineers to create human
factor based user interface. This tool will help the designer to utilize the knowledge about the
user to configure the interface for different users, i.e. each user may have different skills, level
of experience, or cognitive and physical disabilities. The tool makes it easy to know human
factors & to reduce the number of usability problems. HFBUIT can be used in real world
interface design projects and it will definitely improve the efficiency
3.2.2. Hardware Consideration
Hardware Consideration is your small business’s hardware includes :-
 Desktop
 Laptop computers,
 Servers,
 Printers,
 Portable storage devices,
 Video cards, and
 Telephony systems.
Basically, any type of physical tech product falls into this category.
Since these items can take up a significant portion of your IT budget, it’s important to consider new
purchases carefully. Each item will have its own specific set of features and options. But there are
some considerations that apply to many of these purchases.

3.2.3. Security Issues

23
 3.2.4. Performance Consideration
Performance of RIB within a customer site is critical to the performance of the business, and is
determined by factors specific to a given deployment. Because of this is, a Performance Test is
recommended as part of every deployment plan. Even if formal testing is not planned, the use of
the tools and processes discussed can measure the relative performance of the RIB sub-system
and can be used to diagnose bottlenecks.

 The performance of each of these components affects the overall performance of the
system equal access

There are other factors that determine the performance of the overall system. Some of these
factors in a RIB environment are:

 Number of channels configured

 Number of messages present in the topic
 Size of the message
 Database clustering
 Application Server topology
 Number of TAFRs in the processing of the message

 Message aggregation.

24
 3.2.5. Error Handling and Validation
As validation and error handling is an essential part of developing services, Service Stack
provides a rich array of error handling options that work intuitively out-of-the-box. Optimized
for developer happiness Service Stack allows you to idiomatically throw C# exceptions
directly in your services and trivially consume them on the client with minimal effort,
intuitively and conventionally - allowing the opportunity to inject generic error handling
routines to handle errors for all your web service.
3.2.6. Quality Issues
A quality issue is a defect, deficiency, or a significant variation in a product's expected
appearance or performance. Oracle Product Management Cloud can handle any type of issue,
such as:

 Non-conformance (Outside Processing,

 Development Item
 Audit Finding
 Inventory
 Receiving
 Resource, and
 Work in Process

3.2.7. Backup and Recovery

Backup and recovery describes the process of creating and storing copies of data that can be used
to protect organizations against data loss.

Recovery from a backup typically involves restoring the data to the original location, or to an
alternate location where it can be used in place of the lost or damaged data.

3.2.8. Physical Environment

The physical environment is where individuals live, learn, work, and play. People interact with
their physical environment through the air they breathe, water they drink, houses they live in, and
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the transportation they access to travel to work and school. Poor physical environment can affect
our ability and that of our families and neighbors to live long and healthy lives.

3.2.9. Resource Issues

The global resource problem is that people consume without any limitation, and deplete the
reserves of natural elements of the planetary ecosystem, the components of organic and non-
organic life, and the conditions for the existence of the biosphere including people and society.
3.2.10. Documentation
Nearly everyone agrees that good documentation is important to the success of software projects,
and yet very few projects actually have good documentation. Even successful projects often have
barely adequate documentation

The good news is that both these problems can be solved by understanding how documentation
works, and that there are four distinct kinds of documentation - with four distinct functions. The
four kinds of documentation are:

 learning-oriented tutorials
 goal-oriented how-to guides
 understanding-oriented discussions
 information-oriented reference material

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