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PHYSICAL SCIENCE
QUARTER 2 – MODULE 2

Motion
 What I Need to Know

This module in Physical Science will help students understand the Aristotelian and
Galilean Motion and Uniform Acceleration. It is designed to make students’ study time more
profitable and to provide a better understanding of Physical Science.

Each lesson should be read thoroughly before answering the activities in each topic in
order to be successful and efficient in every task given. The introductory remarks at the
beginning of lesson provide a brief review of the background upon which the activity is
predicated. The questions appearing in the activity are designed to check the student’s
understanding of the quantitative principle learned inside and outside the classroom.
At the end of this module, you should be able
1. Compare and contrast the Aristotelian and Galilean concepts of vertical motion,
horizontal motion, and projectile motion.(S11/12PS-IVc-46);
2. Explain how Galileo inferred that objects in vacuum fall with uniform acceleration, and
that force is not necessary to sustain horizontal motion (S11/12PS-IVc-47);
3. Explain the subtle distinction between Newton’s 1st Law of Motion (or Law of
Inertia) and Galileo’s assertion that force is not necessary to sustain horizontal
motion (S11/12PS-IVd-51)

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 Lesson

Aristotelian vs Galilean Motion

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What’s In

In the previous lesson, you have learned about the different observations of Greeks on
Earth. This includes the observation of Tycho Brahe. The innovations and intensive collection
of data of his observation on the measurement of the planets and stars were used by
Johannes Kepler. This collection of data were his basis.
Ancient Greek scientists were also interested on the study of motion. In this lesson, you
will learn about Aristotelian and Galilean Motion.

What’s New

Activity 2.1 What’s my contribution?

Below is a list of physicists, write one contribution of the physicist that you can recall.
1. Galileo Galilei
2. Isaac Newton
3. James Clerk Maxwell
4. Albert Einstein

What Is It

Motion is an object’s change in position with respect to time. Greek scientists had a
great contribution on understanding motion. According to Aristotle, motion can either be a
natural motion or a violent motion.

Aristotle: Natural motion and Violent Motion

According to Aristotle, natural motion involves the object in motin will remain in its natural
state depending on its composition. For example, a ball thrown upward will return to the Earth
because its composition resembles the earth. Another example is the motion of smoke,
because its composition resembles the air, it will return to the atmosphere.
Aristotle mentioned about violent motion. According to him, violent motion is any motion
that required force. This a motion that involves a push or a pull. It says that no motion will take
place unless an external force comes in contact with the object.

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Aristotle and Projectile Motion
In a projectile motion, Aristotle believed that the motion of an object is parallel to the ground
until it fall back to the ground. He believed that an object thrown at an angle has an impetus.
Impetus is a force or energy with which a body moves. The object will continue to move until
the impetus is lost and it will return to its natural state.
Galilean Motion
Galileo Galilei is an Italian scientist who contributed to notion of motion. Galileo did not
agree with the claims of Aristotle. He thought that motion can be described using mathematics.
Galileo was able to prove that:
1. an object in uniform motion will travel a distance that is proportional to the time it will
take to travel;
2. a uniformly accelerating object will travel at a speed proportional to some factor of
time; and
3. an object in motion, if unimpeded, will continue to be in motion; an external force is not
necessary to maintain the motion.

Horizontal motion
In a horizontal motion, an object in motion, if unimpeded, will continue to be moving
and an external force is not needed to maintain its motion. For example, a ball that rolls on a
flat plane will roll continuously if unimpeded.

Vertical motion
In vertical motion, objects fall regardless of their weight, but in the time of fall.
If the object encountered a resistive force from a fluid equal or greater than its weight,
it will slow down and reaches a uniform motion until it reaches the bottom and stops.
For example, two objects that fell at the same time will reach the ground at the sam
e time, given that they were released at the same time and same height.

Projectile motion
Galileo believed that a projectile is a combination of uniform motion in the horizontal
direction and uniformly accelerated motion in the vertical direction. He also believed that the
horizontal motion has nothing to do with its vertical motion. If it is not impeded, it will continue
to move even without an applied force. For example, when you shoot a ball in a basketball
ring, the ball does not need a force to keep it moving.

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 What’s More

Activity 2.2 Venn Diagram

Differentiate the Aristotlean mechanics and Galilean Motion

RUBRICS FOR VENN DIAGRAM

CRITERIA 5 4 3 2
Similarities The identified The identified The student The identified
character traits character traits highlights 3 or character traits
are 5 or more are 4 or more less character provided are 1
and do not and do not traits and does or less.
repeat. They repeat. They not repeat. They
include well include well include well
described described described
examples. examples. examples.
Differences The identified The identified The student The identified
character traits character traits highlights 3 or character traits
are 5 or more are 4 or more less character provided are 1
and do not and do not traits and does or less.
repeat. repeat. not repeat.
Organization The Venn The Venn The Venn The Venn
Diagram is very Diagram is Diagram is very Diagram is very
neat and well legible and sloppy and it sloppy and
organized. organized. takes away from unreadable.
the content.

What I Have Learned

Activity 2.3 Sharing My Insights

Fill the table below.
Aristotelian Motion Galilean Motion
Horizontal Motion
Vertical Motion
Projectile Motion

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 What I Can Do

Activity 2.4 Give me an example

Using the concepts of Aristotle and Galileo of motion give examples for the following concepts.

Examples

Violent Motion

Natural Motion

Horizontal Motion

Vertical Motion

Projectile Motion

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 Lesson
How Galileo Inferred That
Objects in Vacuum Fall with
2 Uniform Acceleration

What’s In

In the previous lesson, you have learned about the conception of Aristotle and Galileo on
motion. Aristotle have described motion as natural motion and violent motion. He also have
coined projectile motion as a natutral motion. Natural motion is any movement wherein
there is no external element while a violent motion is a motion that was initiated by a push or
pull. While Galileo have defined motion as horizontal motion, vertical motion and projectile
motion.
In this lesson, let’s elaborate how Galileo explained the uniform acceleration of objects in
a vacuum.

What’s New

Activity 2.5 I BELONG

Directions: Unscramble the words related to uniform acceleration. Write down your answers
in the box. 1 point each
1. ELFELFRA

2. AIGVRYT

3. ARTIGSHT EINL

4. CRJLTOPEEI

5. UAUCVM

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 What Is It

Galileo was fascinated with falling objects. Galileo conducted an experiment to prove that
objects that fell from the same height and released at the same time will reach the ground at
the same time regardless of their mass and air resistance.
He further conducted an experiment and found that falling objects increase their speed as
they go down. The change in the speed is the concept of acceleration. He used inclined planes
to lessen the acceleration of the moving bodies.
On his experiment, he had observed the following:

 A ball rolling down an inclined plane increases its speed by the same value after every
second. For example, the speed of a rolling ball was found to increase by 2 m/s every
second. This means that the rolling ball would have the following speeds for every
given second.

Time (s) Speed (m/s)

0 0
1 2
2 4
3 6
4 8
5 10

 As the inclined plane becomes steeper, the acceleration of the rolling ball increases.
 The maximum acceleration of the rolling ball was reached when the inclined plane
was positioned vertically as if the ball is simply falling

These observations lead Galileo to conclude that regardless of the mass of objects and air
resistance, falling objects would always have uniform acceleration.

What’s More

Activity 2.6. Short Answer

Read the questions below. Anser the questions briefly on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Explain the experiment of Galileo Galilei in your own words.

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 What I Have Learned

Activity 2.7. Experiment time

Perform this simple experiment.
1. Prepare a book and a piece of paper.
2. Get a timer.
3. Place the book and piece of paper on a table.
4. Let the book and paper fall on the ground and measure the time it takes for both objects to
reach the ground. Repeat this for three times.
5. Record your data and answer the questions below.
Book Paper
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
1. What affected the time for both objects to reach the ground?

2. If it is done in a vacuum, what will be your result? Explain.

What I Can Do

Activity 2.8 Reflecting Me

Fill the statement below with what you have learned.
Now, I have learned that .
I know that .
And I also learned that .

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 Lesson

Newton and Galileo’s Assertion

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What’s In

In lesson 2, you have learned about the experiment of Galileo on falling objects in a
vacuum. He concluded that two objects that fell at the same time will reach the ground at the
same time regardless of its mass. He also noticed the increase in its speed as it falls at a
certain time interval.
Physicists continued to search more on describing different events in science. Newton
was also in to studying motion. One of his contribution was the concept of force. These two
physicist have concepts that had been developed through various experiments. In this lesson,
you will learn about the assertion of Galileo and Newton.

What’s New

Activity 2.9 Recall the Scientist

List down what you know about Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton.
Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton

What Is It

Galileo Galilei was the first scientist to explain the concept of inertia. Inertia is the
tendecy of matter to remain at rest or to continuously moving without an external force.
Galileo observed that a ball rolling down an inclined plane will increase its speed and when it
rolls upward it would decrese its speed. This phenomenon was due to gravity.

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 He then asked himself, what if the ball rolls on a horizontal plane. He thought that if the
ball rolls on a frictionless floor, the ball will keep on rolling with constant velocity. Galileo
tested his theory through an experiment. He concluded that the ball will continue to move in a
straight line with constant speed.

From Galileo’s experiment, he asserted that when there is no friction between the
surface and the object, the object will continue to move or will continue its state of motion,
unless a push or pull was applied to the moving object. Galileo called this tendency of matter
to remain in its state, inertia.
The concept presented by Galileo was the inspiration of Sir Isaac Newton. Both
scientists implied that when no force is applied to the object, object’s inertia would keep the
object in its state. The only difference between the Newton and Galileo’s observation was the
notion of force. Galileo knew about the existence of friction but he was not familiar with the
concept of force, rather he used the term push or pull. It was Sir Isaac Newton who defined
the concept of force and its relation to motion. Sir Isaac Newton was the scientist who
formulated the laws of motion: Law of Inertia, Law of Acceleration and Law of Interaction.

Laws of Motion Description Example

Law ofInertia An object at rest stays at rest A rolling ball on a frictionless
and an object in mtion floor continues to roll
remains in motion unless
acted upon by force. A pen left atop the table
remains at rest
Law of Acceleration States that the acceleration An empty push cart requires
of an object depende on yhe less force than a fully-loaded
mass and the amount of push cart.
force applied: F=ma
Law of Action-Reaction States that for every action in A kicked football exerts an
nature there is an equal and equal force to your foot when
opposite reaction. you kicked.

What’s More

Activity 2.10 Differentiate It

Read the questions below. Anser the questions briefly on a separate sheet of paper.
What is the difference of the observation of Newton and Galileo? Cite an example.

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 What I Have Learned

Think of an example for each Law of Motion.

Law of Inertia Law of Acceleration Law of Action-Reaction

What I Can Do

Activity 2.11 Reflecting Me

Make an essay about what you have learned about the difference of Newton and Galileo’s
assertion on horizontal motion.

RUBRICS FOR ESSAY WRITING

CRITERIA
ORGANIZATION (5 POINTS)
5 4 3 2 1
Information is Information is Information is The Information is
very organized organized with organized but information disorganized
with well-constructe paragraphs appears to and
well-constructe d paragraphs are not well be inaccurate.
d paragraphs and information constructed disorganized
and information is factual and and and
is factual and correct information is suspected to
correct factual be correct
and factual.
CONTENT AND DEVELOPMENT (5 POINTS)
Content is Content is Content is Content is - Content is
comprehensive, accurate and quite not incomplete.
accurate, and persuasive. comprehensiv comprehensi - Major points
persuasive. Major points e and /or ve and /or are not clear.
Major points are are stated. persuasive. persuasive. -Specific
stated clearly Responses are Major points Major points examples are
and are well adequate and are somewhat are not used.
supported. address topic. addressed, addressed,

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 Responses are Content is but not well but not well
excellent, timely clear. Specific supported. supported.
and address examples are Responses Responses
topic. Content is used. are are
clear. Specific inadequate or inadequate
examples are do not or do not
used. address topic. address
Specific topic.
examples do Specific
not support examples do
topic. not support
topic.
MECHANICS (5 POINTS)
No Almost no A few Many Way too many
grammatical, grammatical, grammatical, grammatical, grammatical,
spelling, and spelling, and spelling, and spelling, and spelling, and
punctuation punctuation punctuation punctuation punctuation
errors. errors. errors. errors. errors.

Additional Activities

Compare and contrast the observation of Aristotle, Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton on Motion.
Aristotle Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton

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 KEY TO ANSWER

PRETEST
1. D 6. B 11. D
2. C 7. C 12. D
3. B 8. D 13. A
4. D 9. C 14. B
5. A 10. B 15. A

ACTIVITY 2.1
Answers may vary
ACTIVITY 2.4
Answers may vary
ACTIVITY 2.5
Answers may vary
ACTIVITY 2.5
Freefall gravity straight line projectile vacuum
ACTIVITY 2.10
Answers may vary
POST TEST
1. C 6. D 11. B
2. B 7. D 12. D
3. D 8. D 13. D
4. A 9. B 14. C
5. B 10. A 15. A

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