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Statistical Treatment (Definition) Parametric / Non-Parametric Give An Example of A Statement of The Problem Being Used With Each Treatment

This document defines and provides examples of statistical treatments that can be used with parametric or non-parametric data. It defines t-tests, z-tests, F-tests, Pearson's R, simple and multiple linear regression analysis, chi-square tests, Kruskal-Wallis tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, Spearman's rho, Kendall's rank correlation, ANOVA, and p-values. For each statistical treatment, an example problem statement is given that could use that treatment and specifies whether the treatment is parametric or non-parametric.

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Lore Anne Mhae Santos
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63 views

Statistical Treatment (Definition) Parametric / Non-Parametric Give An Example of A Statement of The Problem Being Used With Each Treatment

This document defines and provides examples of statistical treatments that can be used with parametric or non-parametric data. It defines t-tests, z-tests, F-tests, Pearson's R, simple and multiple linear regression analysis, chi-square tests, Kruskal-Wallis tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, Spearman's rho, Kendall's rank correlation, ANOVA, and p-values. For each statistical treatment, an example problem statement is given that could use that treatment and specifies whether the treatment is parametric or non-parametric.

Uploaded by

Lore Anne Mhae Santos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PACALDO, FLORE MAE

NCM111

Statistical Treatment Parametric / Give an example of a Statement of the Problem


Non-Parametric being used with each treatment.
(Definition)
T-test - is any statistical hypothesis test in Parametric According to the CDC, the mean height of adults
which the test statistic follows a Student's ages 20 and older is about 66.5 inches (69.3
t-distribution under the null hypothesis. A inches for males, 63.8 inches for females). Let's
t-test is the most commonly applied when test if the mean height of our sample data is
the test statistic would follow a normal significantly different than 66.5 inches using a
distribution if the value of a scaling term in one-sample t test. The null and alternative
the test statistic were known. hypotheses of this test will be:
H0: 66.5 = µHeight ("the mean height of
the sample is equal to 66.5")

H1: 66.5 ≠ µHeight ("the mean


height of the sample is not
equal to 66.5")

where 66.5 is the CDC's estimate of average


height for adults, and xHeight is the mean height
of the sample.

Z-test - is any statistical test for which the Parametric According to the U.S. Department of Education,
distribution of the test statistic under the full-time graduate students receive an average
null hypothesis can be approximated by a salary of $12,800. The dean of graduate studies at
normal distribution. Z-test tests the mean a large state university in PA claims that his
of a distribution. graduate students earn more than this. He surveys
46 randomly selected students and finds their
average salary is $13,445 with a standard
deviation of $1800. With alpha = 0.05, is the
dean’s claim correct?

F-test - is any statistical test in which the Parametric Are the variances of two populations likely to be
test statistic has an F-distribution under the
null hypothesis. It is most often used when
comparing statistical models that have
been fitted to a data set, in order to identify
the model that best fits the population from
which the data were sampled.

different?
Pearson- R - statistics, the Parametric You have been asked to determine if student ACT
Pearson correlation scores and their Grade Point Averages (GPAs) are
coefficient , also referred to independent of one another
as Pearson's r, the Pearson
product-moment correlation
coefficient (PPMCC), or the
bivariate correlation, is a
statistic that measures linear
correlation between two
variables X and Y. It has a
value between +1 and −1. A
value of +1 is total positive
linear correlation, 0 is no
linear correlation, and −1 is
total negative linear
correlation.
Simple linear regression analysis - is a Parametric Perhaps you would like to test whether there is a
model that assesses the relationship statistically significant linear relationship between
between a dependent variable and an two continuous variables, weight and height (and
independent variable. The simple linear by extension, infer whether the association is
model is expressed using the following significant in the population). You can use a
equation: Y = a + bX + ϵ. Where: Y – bivariate Pearson Correlation to test whether there
Dependent variable. X – Independent is a statistically significant linear relationship
(explanatory) variable. between height and weight, and to determine the
strength and direction of the association.
Multiple regression analysis - is a powerful Parametric What is the difference of Academic Performance
technique used for predicting the unknown between working and non-working college
value of a variable from the known value students?
of two or more variables- also called the
predictors.
Chi-square test - Non-Parametric Respondents were classified by gender (male or
female) and by voting preference (Republican,
A chi-squared test, also written as χ² test,
Democrat, or Independent). Is there a gender gap?
is a statistical hypothesis test that is valid Do the men's voting preferences differ
to perform when the test statistic is chi- significantly from the women's preferences?
squared distributed under the null
hypothesis, specifically Pearson's chi-
squared test and variants thereof.
Kruskal Wallis - is used to determine Non-Parametric How does test anxiety affect the actual scores of
whether or not there is a statistically the students?
significant difference between the medians
of

three or more independent groups.


Mann Whitney U test - A popular Non-Parametric From the gathered data of 50 random people,
nonparametric test to compare outcomes which online shopping app is more prevalent to
between two independent groups is the use in terms of satisfaction, authenticity,
Mann Whitney U test. The Mann Whitney accomodation and lowest prices?
U test, sometimes called the Mann
Whitney Wilcoxon Test or the Wilcoxon
Rank Sum Test, is used to test whether two
samples are likely to derive from the same
population (i.e., that the two populations
have the same shape).
Spearman’s RHO - is a non-parametric test Non-Parametric How do patients’ symptoms affect their
used to measure the strength of association willingness to take medication?
between two variables, where the value r =
1 means a perfect positive correlation and
the value r = -1 means a perfect negative
correlation.
Kendall’s rank correlation - is often used Non-Parametric Which among the listed clothing brands is more
as a test statistic in a statistical hypothesis dominant than the others in terms of affordability
test to establish whether two variables may and durability?
be regarded as statistically dependent. This
test is non-parametric, as it does not rely
on any assumptions on the distributions of
X or Y. Under a null hypothesis of X and
Y being independent, the sampling
distribution of τ will have an expected
value of zero.
ANOVA - is a statistical technique for Non-Parametric What are the different effects of various Vitamin
testing whether different groups have C on the immune system of the respondents?
different means on some metric variable.
In short, ANOVA means analysis of
variance and it tests whether a number of
means are equal.
P value - In statistical testing, the p-value Parametric How does the pandemic contribute to the rate of
is the probability of obtaining test results the increasing dialysis patient in the Philippines?
at least as extreme as the results actually
observed, under the assumption that the
null hypothesis is correct. A very small p-
value means that such an extreme observed
outcome would be very unlikely under the
null hypothesis.

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