STUDY THE PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE

CONCRETE (RAC) WITH ADDITION OF GLASS FIBER

AUTHORS:

BILAL HUSSAIN BCTF16M015

ABU UL QASIM BCTF16M014

RASHID MUNHAS BCTF16E046

NASIR MEHMOOD BCTF16E047

SESSION

2016-2020

RESEARCH SUPERVISOR:

ENGR. SYED NASIR ABBAS

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA.
 STUDY THE PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE
CONCRETE (RAC) WITH ADDITION OF GLASS FIBER

YEAR OF PROJECT

2019

BILAL HUSSAIN BCTF16M015

ABU UL QASIM BCTF16M014

RASHID MUNHAS BCTF16E046

NASIR MEHMOOD BCTF16E047

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ENGR. SYED NASIR ABBAS ENGR. TARIQ

PRINCIPAL HOD
College of Engineering & Technology Faculty of Civil
Engineering

Thesis submitted to the Department of Technical Education(Civil

Engineering and Technology), College of Engineering and Technology,
Sargodha, Pakistan, for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of Degree in Bachelor of Final Year Project.

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA.
IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST BENEFICIENT,
THE MOST MERCIFUL
 Dedication
My parents, group fellows and my advisor for their encouragement and
guidance.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am very thankful to my M.Sc Research advisor Engr. Syed Nasir Abbas for his best
supervision and encouragement. His guidance, special interest, personal involvement
and support to conduct experiments and writing thesis were all the real source of
courage, inspiration and strength for the completion of this research thesis.
I would like to thank Dr Prof. Ghulam Yasin Chohan , Principal, Faculty of Civil
Engineering, Prof. Dr. Muhammad Mudaserullah, Head of Technical Education
of Engineering Technology Division, for providing excellent environment of working
in the department which helped a lot to complete this research work in time.
Finally, I thank to all working staff of Test Floor Laboratory and Concrete Laboratory
of Civil Engineering Department for their time and help to complete this work in
time.

Author
ABSTRACT;

Investigate the properties of concrete in order to understand the change in properties

of concrete using recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) with addition of glass fiber in
this research study. In this research study normal concrete cubes and glass fibers
concrete cubes were prepared to differentiate it easily.

In this research glass fiber is used at different ratios with respect to cement ratios to
prepared the cubes having size of 6” x 6” x 6” were prepared and cured it properly at
curing tank. After this the cubes were tested at compression testing machine at
different days like 14, 21 and 28 days accordingly.

The cubes were tested in compressive testing machine by applying loading rate of 200
Kpa/s. For this purpose we required cement, fine aggregate and recycled concrete
aggregate for normal cubes without adding glass fiber. For glass fiber cubes, cement
were added at different ratios to add glass fiber at remaining ratios, fine aggregate and
recycled concrete aggregate. The ratio of glass fiber were used at 3, 6 and 10%.
Compressive strength of both normal and fiber cubes were used to differentiate
between it on different days.

Use of recycled concrete also helped in reducing size of demolished waste as well
due to development of technology. The mix designed ratio is established on the basis
of the properties of respective materials. Study of properties of recycled concrete
aggregate (RAC) and differentiate between the (NAC) Natural Concrete Aggregate
and RAC.

Determination of Slump test for workability of RAC, Consistency test of cement,

Initial and Final setting time of concrete and Compressive strength and Tensile
strength of concrete with addition of glass fibers. The finding of this research shows
the difference between the natural concrete and fiber reinforced concrete and use
proper material for construction in order to gain maximum strength using economical
materials.
 CONTENTS

Title Page No

Dedication 4

Acknowledgements 5

Abstract 6

CHAPTER #01 INTRODUCTION (13-17)

1.1 General 13
1.2 Problem statement 15
1.3 Objectives of study 16
1.4 Research Methodology 16
1.5 Thesis Layout 17

CHAPTER # 02 LITERATURE REVIEW (18-37)

2.1 Background information 18

2.2 recycled concrete 18

2.2.1. Historical overview of concrete recycling 19

2.2.2. Current development in concrete recycling 20

2.3. General properties of RCA from concrete 21

2.4. RCA Properties 23

2.4.1. Specific gravity and absorption capacity 23

2.4.2. Gradation 25

2.4.3. Particle shape and texture 25

2.5. Fresh Concrete 26

2.5.1. Mix design 26

2.5.2. Fine to coarse aggregate ratio 26

2.5.3. Workability 27

2.5.4. Slump test 28

2.5.5. Initial Set Time 28

 2.5.6. Final Set Time 29

2.5.7. Air Content 29

2.5.8. Freeze-Thaw Resistance 30

2.5.9. Drying Shrinkage 31

2.5.10. Abrasion Resistance 31

2.5.11. Hardness 31

2.6. Hardened Concrete 31

2.6.1. Compressive strength 31

2.6. 2. Tensile Strength 34

2.6.3. Flexural Strength 34

2.6.4. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 35

2.7. Previous research studies 35

2.8. Uses of Recycled Concrete Aggregate 38

CHAPTER # 03 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM (39-46)

3.1 Methodology 39
3.2 Preparation of Test specimens 39

3.2 Materials 42

3.2.1. Cement 42
3.2.2. Fine Aggregate 42
3.2.3. Water 42
3.2.4. Recycled Coarse Aggregate 42
3.2.5. Glass Fiber 42

3.3. Concrete Mixing 43

3.3.1. Concrete Mixing Procedure 42

3.4.2. Sample Preparation 44

3.4 Test Performed 45

CHAPTER # 04 TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (48– 56)

4.1 Experimental observations 48

4.2 Failure Mode 52

4.3 Comparison with Experimental Results 54

4.4 Cost Comparison 56

CHAPTER # 05 CONCLUSION & RECOMENDATION (57– 60)

5.1 CONCLUSION 57

5.2 RECOMMENDATION 58

REFRENCES

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Concrete

Figure 1.2 Recycled Concrete
Figure 1.3 Glass Fiber
Figure 2.1 Recycled Concrete
Figure 2.2 Recycled Concrete Process (A)
Figure 2.3 Recycle Concrete Process (B)
Figure 2.4 Specific Gravity and Absorption Capacity
Figure 2.5 Gradation of Aggregates
Figure 2.6 Particle Shape and Texture
Figure 2.7 Workability of Recycled Concrete
Figure 2.8 Types of Slump
Figure 2.9 Initial Setting Time
Figure 2.10 Final Setting Time
Figure 2.11 Compressive Strength
Figure 3.1 Preparation of Test Specimen
Figure 3.2 Preparation of Test Specimen
Figure 3.3 un molding of specimen
Figure 3.4 curing of cubes
Figure 3.5 Crushing time
Figure 3.6 Computer value
Figure 3.7 fiber crushing specimen
Figure 3.8 computer value
Figure 4.1 Normal Concrete
Figure 4.2 Fiber concrete
Figure 4.3 Fiber concrete
Figure 4.4 Fiber concrete
Figure 4.5 Crushing time
Figure 4.6 Computer value
Figure 4.7 fiber crushing specimen
Figure 4.8 computer value
Figure 4.9 comparison of both concretes
 LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Combination

Table 4.1 Normal concrete

Table 4.2 Fiber concrete

Table 4.3 Fiber concrete

Table 4.4 Fiber concrete

Table 4.5 Comparison of both concretes

Table 4.6 Cost of concrete

CHAPTER NO.1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Concrete is a common construction material in most of the developing countries like
Pakistan. In many situations, either in the case of overloading, change in functions of
buildings or alterations in existing concrete structures, strengthening of existing
concrete structures is needed. This strengthening is needed against many situations
like axial compression, in plane and out of plane bending and shear.The design of
masonry structure is totally based on compression, while its tensile strength is always
neglected. Many buildings in the world are of concrete construction. In developing
countries like Pakistan, the construction of residential buildings is of concrete
construction.

Figure 1.1 Concrete

Concrete is the most manufactured materials in the world and have a impact on the
environment. There is no alternative to this material within the world context.
Increase in the industry activities have enormous increase in the production of waste
material all over the world. The creation and disposal of non- decaying material like
bricks, gravel etc. have problems for environment and for construction site as well as
in developing countries.
Crushed this waste at the site with potable crusher to minimize the cost of
construction and transportation of this also cause environmental problems. In most
developing countries the use of technology is increasing now a days.
Therefore a need exists to promote the reduction of impact of concrete on the
environment, guaranteeing at the same time that it is technological and economic
advantages remain valid.
Modern technology also used to make the environment friendly and to reduce the use
of natural resources in limited. Due to development of technology, recycled concrete
aggregate is used in concrete due to technical, economical and have less impact on the
environment. Recycled concrete have reduced the consumption of primary used
aggregate in the industry and in the civil engineering constructions.

Figure 1.2 Recycled Concrete

The use of recycled concrete open a new way to reuse of materials in the building
industry. This utilization of recycled concrete aggregate is a solution for excess of
waste material, provided the desired final product quality is reached. This reduce the
consumption of landfills for concrete waste.
To employ the recycled aggregate derived from concrete waste in a reinforced
concrete structure, properties as compression resistance, recycled aggregate crushing
resistance and concrete modulus of elasticity can give information on understanding
behavior and provide direction for new product reliability. In this study, the
compressive strength tests were done at 14,21,28 days and modulus of elasticity;
water absorption and consistency, setting time of concrete, slump test were conducted
in different days on the samples.
The use of fiber reinforced concrete has increased in building structures because the
fibers in concrete may improve the toughness, flexural strength, tensile strength and
impact strength as well as failure of mode of concrete. Glass fiber have various
application in concrete like crack control, prevent coalescence of cracks and change
the behavior of the material by bridging of fibers across the cracks.
Ductility is provided by fibers reinforced cement composites because fibers bridge
crack surfaces in other words. Fibers will help to the impact strength and shrinkage
cracks.
Fiber- reinforced concrete have been developed that depending on the sort of them
can cause increase in hardness, adding glass fibers to the concretes containing silica
fume will increase permeability of concrete and shorter fibers in case of remaining
their amount same will decrease permeability of the concrete.

Figure 1.3 Glass Fiber

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Continuous urban and infrastructural development causes serious problems of
construction and demolition waste. This wreckage constitutes the major part of the
solid waste produced by developed countries. Dumping this construction debris in
landfills poses serious environmental threats. Hence, recycling this waste concrete
becomes essentially important to protect the environment. RAC carries great potential
towards environmental protection and sustainable development in the construction
sector.

Currently it is being used in construction industry especially in lower level

application like sub-base material for roads etc. However, before the RAC can be
used in high-grade applications, sufficient research must be carried out to establish its
structural performance, safety and reliability under various loading conditions, in
comparison with the natural aggregate concrete(NAC).

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The main objective of this research study is to investigate the properties of recycled
aggregate concrete with addition of glass fiber. To achieve this goal newly cubes of
normal concrete and fiber reinforced concrete will be prepared and tested in
compression testing machine. The results of both concretes will be compared with the
behavior of concrete cube with respect of time.
The main objectives of this research study of the project are as follows:
 To develop the facility to perform compressive strength test of RAC with
addition of fiber in Civil Engineering Department, C.E.T Sargodha.
 To study the property of fiber reinforced concrete and normal concrete. To
differentiate between the strength of normal concrete and reinforced concrete.
 To determine the workability of concrete with glass fiber and without glass
fiber. To optimize the maximum use of waste concrete as aggregate with glass
fiber.
 To reduce the cost of construction by using waste of concrete as recycled
aggregate. To make the environment free from waste of concrete at site.
 Determination of slump test of recycled concrete by addition of glass fiber at
different ratio like 0 %, 3%, 6%, 10%.
 Determination of consistency test of recycled concrete by addition of glass
fiber at different ratio like 0 %, 3%, 6%, 10%.
 Determination of setting time of recycled concrete by addition of glass fiber at
different ratio like 0 %, 3%, 6%, 10%..

 Testing of samples in Compression Testing Machine for compressive strength

of recycled concrete by addition of glass fiber at different ratio like 0 %, 3%,
6%, 10%.

1.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Literature review was carried out in detail to know the background history showing
normal and fiber concrete strengthening and comparison of improvement in strength
of normal concrete with fiber concrete .The work for this research study has been
divided into following stages:
 The standard practical size of cubes 150 x 150 x 150 mm is used considering
the lab facility.
 36 specimens were casted which include 9 sample of normal concrete and 27
cubes of fiber concrete at different ratios like 3%, 6% and 10% accordingly.
  To check material properties of concrete, different tests were performed in the
lab which included compressive strength and water absorption tests.
 Compression testing machine for testing the sample of concrete cubes was
held in university of Sargodha at a loading rate of 200 Kpa/s.
 Test observations in terms of force and failure mode were observed.
 Numerical value is done to check their failure pattern of both concrete cube
specimens in the form of bar chart.
 Cost comparison of normal recycled concrete & fiber recycled concrete and to
check the strength of both concrete as well as properties of RAC with glass fiber
addition.

1.5 THESIS LAYOUT

The thesis of this research study is divided into five chapters. A detailed literature
review regarding the recycled aggregate concrete and fiber reinforced concrete
materials is done in Chapter No. 2. In Chapter No. 3, experimental program is
discussed. In Chapter No. 4, analysis of experimental results and observations has
been described. Finally, chapter No. 5 include conclusions drawn from this research
study have been presented. Moreover, recommendations for the future work in
continuation of the present work have also been presented.

CHAPTER NO.2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Concrete has a variety of characteristics such as splitting tensile strength, modulus of
elasticity, absorption, bending, and water penetration under pressure, among others.
Although these properties play a part in defining the strength of concrete, the most
important parameter of concrete is its compressive strength values and all other values
are related to it.
With respect to carrying loads, by analyse the compressive strength of concrete, one
is able to judge if the structure will fulfil the duties it is expected to satisfy. For this
reason, this thesis does not present figures related to other properties of concrete
mentioned above, focusing mostly into the compressive strength of concrete.
This literature review investigates commonly used types of RA followed by a
presentation of experiments conducted around the world concerning the compressive
strength of concrete when aggregate is partially or fully substituted by RA. All these
studies have been conducted in appropriate laboratories and results were extracted
after a period of 28 days for curing. It was observed in all these experiments that the
compressive strength of concrete increased with age; therefore, the reader must not
assume that the results given are final values.
All these researches have met the requirements on concrete manufacturing of the
country where the samples were analysed in and no modification on the amount of
cement applied was made when using recycled and conventional aggregate.
Hundreds of researchers have conducted experiments that evaluate the mechanical
properties of concrete when old crushed concrete is utilised as RA. Waste concrete
used by researchers has been predominantly collected from demolition sites.

2.2 RECYCLED CONCRETE

The construction industry is notorious for the waste it produces. Demolition sites
generate an immense amount of mixed waste that most of the time ends up in a
landfills when the potential reuse of this materials is simply ignored. Apart from
concrete, other components also create significant volumes of waste such as gypsum
board, shingles, metals, glass, insulation component, earth, paper, etc.
 Figure 2.1 Recycled Concrete

2.2.1 Historical Overview of Concrete Recycling

Recycling in the construction industry dates back several centuries. The Romans are
thought to be the first to develop recycling technology more than 1900 years ago.
They built wall, roads and aqueducts with concrete using rock, and sometimes
crushed burnt clay brick, as an aggregate [Schulz, 1988].
Recycling of concrete on a large scale began within Europe after the widespread
destruction brought about by World War II. In Germany, recycling became an
important way of using debris created during war. Since rebuilding the transportation
infrastructure was a top priority, Germany developed an early lead in the recycling of
rubble into new highway construction products.
For example, by 1987, some 100million tons of debris had been processed into
aggregates and other products in Berlin alone [Von Stein, 1993]. The first modern
recorded use of concrete recycling occurred in the U.S. in 1942 [Richardson and
Jordan, 1994].
It was performed by the Portland Cement Association and was used in the
rehabilitation of failed road pavement in Kansas. The use of the recycled concrete
became more common in the 1970s when the Army utilized it for runway
construction. The Federal Highway Administration (FWHA) also began programs in
recycling since the early 1970’s.
2.2.2. Current Development in Concrete Recycling

Since the year 2000, there has been a renewed interest in recycling, spurred by an
increasing volume of waste or by-product materials from industry, domestic and
mining sources and a decreasing availability of landfill space for disposal [Marcia et
al, 2000].

In 2003, the FHWA undertook a National Review of Recycled Concrete Aggregate

use, and the results were published in September 2004. Its purpose was to capture, for
technology transfer, the most advanced uses of recycled concrete aggregate by state
highway agencies.

The FHWA found that concrete routinely is being recycled into the highways of the
United States, and its principal application has been as base material [Kuennen,
2008]. The Construction Materials Recycling Association maintains that 140 million
tons of concrete are recycled in the United States.

However, many economic factors impact the supply including equipment costs,
transportation costs and external landfill tipping fees. A major obstacle is the cost of
crushing, grading, dust control and separation of undesirable constituent when using
building rubble as aggregate for concrete.

RCA from crushed concrete pavement and massive structures can prove to be an
economical source of aggregate where good quality aggregates are scarce and when
the cost of waste disposal of concrete rubble is high [Mehta et al, 2006].

Aggregate producers need to contend with these factors before marking a decision to
enter the recycle market. In 2005, United State Geological survey (USGS) reported
the U.S average price of RCA as $7.62 per metric ton which compares well with
virgin stone of an average of $7.16 per metric ton.

That the degree of penetration of RCA into a local market will depend on availability
of demolition materials, its quality after processing local labor costs and local landfill
tipping fees [Kuennen, 2007, Oct].

Statistics indicate that Finland alone produced over 16 million tonnes of construction
and demolition waste (CDW) in the year 2013, of which 26% was recycled; although
this value is rather respectable when compared to developing countries, it falls behind
the EU average of CDW recycling of 47%.
Recycling protects the environment by preserving natural resources, reduces energy
and transportation costs, and eliminates the need to dispose of old concrete in landfills
that are being filled at a fast pace, especially in bigger cities (including Helsinki).
Furthermore, recycling CDW creates new job opportunities in a field that is not yet
extensively exploited thereby turning demolition sites from a problem to a solution.
The EU countries alone produced a staggering 821 million tonnes of construction
waste in 2013.

Therefore, it does not come as a surprise that there are numerous studies advocating
the use of old concrete or mixed construction waste as RA. Although the results of the
varied sources for the compressive strength of RCA can be scattered and inconsistent,
the outcome in terms of the quality of the end material always seems to match to the
quality of the concrete waste being utilized.

2.3. General Properties of RCA from Concrete

Production of Recycled Concrete Aggregates Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA)

from existing concrete pavements or other concrete structures involves the demolition
of the existing structure, removal of broken concrete and transporting to the crusher,
removal of steel if any, crushing, sizing and stockpiling of the aggregates. The
breaking up procedure used depends on a number of factors key amongst them are the
location, the condition of the existing pavement, and traffic.

This is done to reduce the concrete into smaller sizes in order for it to be easily
transported. Most commonly used demolishing equipments are hand operated power
tools, vehicle-mounted equipments and the hydro demolition. The removal of the
broken concrete and transporting to the crusher involves the use of various
equipments key amongst them are backhoes/hydraulic excavators, Loaders/front-end
loaders and trucks/dump trucks.

Crushing is usually performed in two steps:

Primary crusher reduces the larger incoming debris.

Secondary crusher further reduces the material to the desired particle size.

Process

The two main types of equipment are jaw and impact crushers. Jaw crushers are best
suited to reduce large or odd-shaped debris quickly from construction and demolished
projects to a manageable size. Impact crushers are more effective than jaw crushers at
freeing rebar encased in rubble.

At the crushing plant, all steel reinforcement or wire mesh are removed and the
aggregates are sized to the desired sizes and stockpiled. The processed RCA typically
consists of 60% to 75% high-quality, well graded aggregates that are held together by
the hardened cement paste [Kuo et al. 2001].The amount of cement paste that remains
attached to aggregate particles in RCP after processing depends on the process used to
manufacture RCP and properties of the original concrete. Cement paste attached to
aggregate particles in RCP makes RCP less heavy than conventional aggregate [Saeed
et al. 2007].

Figure 2.2 Recycled Concrete Process (A)

 Figure 2.3 Recycle Concrete Process (B)

2.4. RCA Properties

2.4.1. Specific Gravity and Absorption Capacity

Previous research has shown that RCA has a lower specific gravity than that of
natural aggregates (NA). Typically, the specific gravity of RCA is 2.1 to 2.4, whereas
NA is 2.4 to 2.9 (Snyder, 2006). The lower specific gravity exhibited by RCA is due
to the adhered mortar portion, which is less dense than NA because of entrained air
and porosity from the original concrete structure (Snyder, 2006).
 This is also the reason for the increased absorption capacity of RCA, which is
typically 3.7% to 8.7% according to previous studies. In comparison, NA typically
has absorption capacities of 0.8% to 3.7% (Snyder, 2006). It is important to know the
specific gravities of aggregates in mix design. Use of specific gravity allows proper
proportioning of the mix materials, including the substitution of NA with RCA by
volume instead of weight. Substitution by volume will prevent underestimation of
overall mix yield in addition to more accurately controlling proportions of water and
cement in the mix design.
 Figure 2.4 Specific Gravity and Absorption Capacity

2.4.2. Gradation
The gradation of aggregates refers to the particle size distribution. The gradation
influences mainly the workability and the cost of the concrete. Specifications for the
gradation are normally based on the gradation limits and the maximum aggregate size.
As any aggregate used for concrete, RCA must meet the gradation requirements, it
must be strong, posses’ good dimensional stability and provide acceptable
workability. Moreover, RCA must be inert and free from potential harmful impurities
that affect the environment. Most research into recycled coarse aggregates show that
they meet ASTM C 33 specification for coarse aggregates.

Figure 2.5 Gradation of Aggregates

2.4.3. Particle Shape and Texture

The shape and texture of aggregates particles influences mainly the properties of fresh
concrete more than hardened concrete. Compared to smooth and rounded particles,
rough textured, angular and elongated particles require more cement paste to produce
workable concrete mixtures.

Surface texture refers to the degree to which the aggregates surface is smooth or
rough and is based on visual judgment [Mehta et al, 2006, pp 276]. Surface texture
depends on the hardness, grain size, and porosity of the parent rock and its subsequent
exposure to forces of attrition.
Demolished plain and reinforced concrete can be crushed in various types of crushers
to provide recycled aggregate with an acceptable particle shape, but the type of
crushing equipment influences the gradation and other characteristics of crushed
concrete fines. Compared with natural aggregates, the surface texture and shape of
recycled aggregates are generally rough, porous and highly angular.

This is attributed to the presence of the old mortar. Typically 30% to 60% by volume
of old mortar is adhered to recycled coarse aggregate particles, depending on the
aggregate size. More old mortar is attached to the smaller size fractions of coarse
aggregate

Figure 2.6 Particle Shape and Texture

2.5. Fresh Concrete

2.5.1. Mix design

The principles used to design concrete mixtures with conventional aggregates apply to
using recycled aggregates with additional care. Trial mixtures are required to
determine proper proportions and to check new concrete’s quality. Hansen [Hansen,
1986] recommended that all recycled concrete aggregates are pre-soaked to offset the
high absorption before mixing.

2.5.2. Fine to coarse aggregate ratio

From the point of view of both economy and cohesion of fresh concrete, Building
Contractors Society of Japan (1978) found that the optimum ratio of fine-to-coarse
aggregate is the same for recycled aggregate concrete as it is for concrete made from
virgin materials [Hansen, 1986]. Studies by Kasai [Kasai, 1985] indicate that the
fineness of recycled concrete aggregates decreases with time of mixing. This is most
likely a result of mechanical removal of cement paste from the recycled coarse
aggregates.

2.5.3. Workability

RCA replacement for coarse NA has been shown to decrease workability of fresh
concrete mixes. One reason for this is that RCA, depending on the crushing process,
has more friction potential due to angular shape and rougher surface conditions than
NA (Amorim, de Brito, & Evangelista, 2012).

The greater absorption capacity of RCA can also result in a reduction in workability
by effectively reducing the water-cement ratio (Garber, et al., 2011). Several solutions
have been suggested to counteract this effect including the use of water reducing
admixture, fly ash, or a combination of the two. In addition to reduced workability,
fresh concrete mixtures incorporating RCA commonly experience more rapid slump
loss due to the increased absorption capacity of RCA (Snyder, 2006).

\Figure 2.7 Workability of Recycled Concrete

2.5.4. Slump Test

Slump is defined as the “measure of the consistency of freshly mixed concrete, equal
to the immediate subsidence of a specimen molded with a standard slump cone”
[CAC 2002]. Admixtures in the RCA had no significant impact on the slump of the
new RCA concrete [Hansen 1984].

The more RCA that is used in a cement mix, the higher the w/c ratio that is needed.
This will result in a higher slump [Lin 2004]. However, assuming a constant w/c
ratio, RCA concrete mixes have a decrease in slump compared to virgin concrete
mixes. RCA has a higher absorption and an angular texture that increases the internal
friction [Rashwan 1997].

As the amount of RCA increases at a constant w/c ratio, the workability decreases
[Topcu 2003]. The moisture state of the RCA impacts the slump and slump loss of
the concrete. Keeping a constant w/c ratio, slump and slump loss was the highest for
concrete that contained oven-dried RCA as compared to air-dried or saturated surface
dry RCA.

Figure 2.8 Types of Slump

2.5.5. Initial Setting Time

The time required for the cement paste to ceases being fluid and plastic is the initial
set time [CAC 2002]. Admixtures in the original concrete had no significant impact
on the initial set time of the new RCA concrete [Hansen 1984].
 Figure 2.9 Initial Setting Time

2.5.6. Final Setting Time

The final set time is the time required for the cement paste to develop a certain degree
of strength [CAC 2002]. There was no significant difference in final set time for
RCA containing concrete when the RCA was made from a concrete containing an
admixture [Hansen 1984].

Figure 2.10 Final Setting Time

2.5.7. Air Content

The air contents of concrete mixtures with coarse RCA are slightly higher and more
variable than those with only NA. This is attributable to the entrained air and greater
porosity of the RCAs due to the adhered mortar (Snyder, 2006).
 As a result, target air contents should be raised in order for concrete mixtures
incorporating RCA to achieve the same durability performance as those with only NA
(Snyder, 2006). However, in order to circumvent the variability of this characteristic,
it may be better practice to remove as much as possible of the adhered mortar portion
from RCA prior to usage.

2.5.8. Freeze-Thaw Resistance

Freeze-thaw resistance (F/T) is the ability of concrete to withstand cycles of freezing

and thawing and is one of the measures of durability [CAC 2002]. Freeze-thaw
resistance of RCA has produced mixed results [Gokce 2004, Salem 1998]. Increasing
air content is the single most effective method of improving F/T resistance [Salem
1998] [Salem 2003]. It is difficult to produce a F/T resistant concrete from RCA
containing no air entrainment, therefore air-entrainment is recommended [Gokce
2004].

Air-entrained concretes have lower amounts of mass loss than no air-entrained

concretes [Gokce 2004]. RCA made from air entrained concrete performed better
than the original concrete aggregate having a relative dynamic modulus of elasticity
above 90% at 500 cycles.

Whereas RCA made from no air-entrained concrete performed poorly, the relative
dynamic modulus of elasticity dropped below 60% at 90 F/T cycles [Gokce 2004].
Microscopic examination showed that the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) cracking
ratio was significantly higher for all no air-entrained concretes [Gokce 2004]. Micro-
crack development and propagation was due to the no air-entrained adherent mortar
[Gokce 2004].

RCA concrete had a greater weight gain compared to virgin concrete. This is due to
having a higher level of absorption and permeability [Salem 2003]. Use of SCMs can
improve the F/T resistance of the RCA since it decreases permeability [Gokce 2004].

Increasing fly ash content significantly improved F/T resistance [Salem 1998].
Adding other SCM’s, such as silica fume and 10% metakolin, to no air-entrained
concrete improved the F/T resistance.

Only the metakolin was able to improve the durability enough to exceed 300 cycles
[Gokce 2004]. There are several other factors that have been identified as affecting
F/T resistance. First, reducing the amount of adherent mortar on the RCA results in a
limited benefit [Gokce 2004]. Second, RCA made from high performancy concrete
resulted in improved F/T resistance for the RCA concrete [Ajdukiewicz 2002]. Third,
decreasing the w/c ratio also improves F/T results [Salem 2003].

Finally, presoaking the RCA had a negative effect on F/T resistance of the RCA
concrete. The best F/T resistance was in concrete made with only coarse RCA and
virgin fines, followed by not presoaked, full RCA concrete and last full RCA concrete
that was presoaked [Zaharieva 2004].

2.5.9. Drying Shrinkage

Coarse RCA concrete and virgin aggregate concrete both display similar trends with
regard to rate of shrinkage. However, the coarse RCA concrete has typical published
values of drying shrinkage that are 30-70 percent higher than virgin aggregate
concrete (Sagoe-Crentsilet al.,2001).

2.5.10. Abrasion Resistance

In one study, white fused aluminum oxide was used as an abrasive material and
dispensed at a constant rate between an abrasive disc and the concrete specimen.
Concrete made with coarse RCA had a 12% higher abraded volume when compared
to virgin aggregate concrete using basalt as its coarse aggregate (Sagoe-Crentsilet
al.,2001).

2.5.11. Hardness

The hardness of concrete is tested by checking at the surface for concrete uniformity.
This correlates to compressive strength and stiffness [CAC 2002]. The Schmidt
hardness concrete values decreased from 21.3 MPa for virgin aggregate to 11.6 MPa
for 100% RCA concrete [Topcu 1997]. This decline in hardness usually corresponds
to a decrease in compressive strength [Topcu 1997].

2.6. Hardened Concrete

2.6.1. Compressive strength

A number of studies have investigated the strengths of concrete made with recycled
aggregates. Most found reductions in strengths from approximately 5% to 24% using
recycled aggregates [Hansen, 1986]. Hansen and Narud [Hansen and Narud, 1983]
found that recycled aggregate concrete obtained approximately the same strengths as
the original concrete from they were made.
Bernier [Bernier et al. 1978] found similar results, except that in the case of high
strength concrete produced from low-strength recycled coarse aggregates, they found
that the compressive strength was 39% lower than the high-strength concrete
produced from high strength recycled aggregates.

Hansen and Narud [Hansen and Narud, 1983]concluded that the compressive strength
of recycled concrete depends on the strength of the original concrete and it is largely
controlled by a combination of the water-cement ratio (w/c) of the original concrete
and the w/c of the recycled concrete. Reports by Hansen and Narud [Hansen and
Narud, 1983] and Buck [Buck, 1976] concluded that higher strength concrete could be
made from recycled aggregates from lower-strength concrete.

Concrete manufactured from both coarse and fine recycled aggregates has been
investigated. The majority of researchers found that the compressive strengths for
concrete manufactured from recycled coarse and fine aggregates were lower by 15%
to 40% of strengths of concrete made with all naturally occurring materials.
Rasheeduzzafar. [Rasheeduzzafar, 1984] found that the low strength and
corresponding high water absorption for recycled concrete could be offset by
lowering the w/c of the recycled concrete by 0.05 to 0.10 Blends of 50% natural and
50% recycled sands produced strengths 10% to 20% less than recycled concrete made
with all natural sands.

Further examination reveals that certain portions of the fine recycled aggregates
appear to inhibit recycled concrete performance. Studies indicate that the majority of
strength loss is brought about by that portion of the recycled aggregate smaller than 2
mm. Therefore, the use of any recycled fines in concrete production may be
prohibited [Hansen,1986]. The degree to which RCA reduces compressive strength
has been a point of disagreement in a number of studies.

A 2012 investigation concluded that compressive strength is relatively unaffected by

the replacement of NA with coarse RCA, theorizing that strength is maintained
because the RCA has better interfacial transition zone with new cement paste as well
the possible presence of unhydrated cement on the RCA (Amorim, de Brito, &
Evangelista, 2012).

A different study found that, in general, compressive strengths were slightly reduced
with greater levels of RCA replacement, noting that results were often inconsistent as
a result of the RCA’s inherent inconsistency (Limbachiya, Meddah, & Ouchagour,
2012).
 Figure 2.11 Compressive Strength

2.6. 2. Tensile Strength

In a study conducted by Sagoe-Crentsil, Brown and Taylor (2001), tensile strength of

coarse RCA concrete was found to be very similar to the tensile strength of concrete
using all virgin aggregate. The absence of any detrimental effects of RCA concrete is
indicative of good bond characteristics between the aggregate and mortar mix. Also,
the splitting-tensile to compressive strength ratio for RCA concrete is close to

typically accepted values for virgin aggregate concrete (Sagoe-Crentsilet al.,2001).

Tabsh and Abdelfatah (2008) performed this same test using the same mix designs
described above. Their conclusions were similar to the conclusions drawn from the
compressive strength. In the case of the 7,250 psi (50 MPa) coarse RCA, the tensile
strength for both mixture designs were practically the same.

For the 4,350 psi (30 MPa) mixture design, the tensile strength dropped 25-30% for
the 4,350 psi (30 MPa) coarse RCA and the unknown source. This trend continued
for the 7,250 psi (50 MPa) mix design, but with ales significant drop of only 10-15%.
Gull (2011) performed the tensile test as using the criteria described above, but using
only one mix design. His results showed that the drop in tensile strength was 37%
when comparing RCA coarse aggregate concrete to virgin aggregate concrete and 0%
when comparing the RCA coarse aggregate concrete with polymer to the virgin
aggregate concrete at 28 days.

These studies concluded that tensile strength properties of RCA coarse aggregate
concrete show similar trends to compressive strength properties, and that the
differences can be reduced or eliminated with admixtures.

2.6.3. Flexural Strength

Flexural strength or modulus of rupture is the ability to resist tension resulting from
bending [CAC 2002]. There are conflicting results about how RCA use affects
flexural strength. The results range from RCA decreasing flexural strength
[Zaharieva 2004, Katz 2003, Salem 2003] to RCA increasing flexural strength [Poon
2002]. One study showed a decrease in flexural strength between 10-20% [Zaharieva
2004]. Other studies found comparable flexural strength results between RCA
concrete and the control [Tavakoli 1996a, Abou-Zeid 2005]. And yet another study
showed that flexural strength increased with the amount of RCA used. Virgin
concrete had a flexural strength of 3.31 MPa, and RCA concrete ranged from 3.74 to
3.89 MPa with 100% RCA concrete having higher values than 50% RCA concrete
[Poon 2002]. The parameters that influence flexural strength are not completely clear.
However, minor decreases in strength can be attributed to material smaller than 2 mm
resulting from natural sand having greater strength than RCA fines [ACPA 1993].
One study suggested that flexural strength was comparable to the w/c ratio [Tavakoli
1996a].

2.6.4. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) quantifies a relationship between length

change and temperature variation. Aggregate properties have the greatest effect of
many influencing factors in a concrete mixture on the coefficient of thermal
expansion (Portland Cement Association, 2002). Thus, it is likely that RCA
replacement will have some relationship with coefficient of thermal expansion.
According to one report, RCA will reduce the CTE of concrete (Smith & Tighe,
2009). This would results in a performance increase of concrete because there would
be less expansion and shrinkage with temperature change.

2.7. PREVIOUS RESEARCH STUDIES

Some of the related research of the recycled concrete and fiber concrete are as
follows;

 Yanweerasak et al.[1] studied the effect of recycled aggregate quality on the

bond behavior and shear strength of reinforced concrete members. They
concluded that the bond strength of both natural and recycled concrete
increased with a decrease in water-to-cement ratio but not for the full spectrum
of ratio values. Furthermore, the shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams
with natural and recycled concrete is very similar, but the results depend on
the size of the beams.
 In their research, Kim et al. [2] performed a study on the properties of recycled
aggregate concrete and its production facilities. Equipment was developed to
improve the quality of recycled aggregate to increase the use of that aggregate
for environmental improvement purposes. The results showed improvements
in the air volume, slump, compressive strength, freezing and thawing
resistance, and drying shrinkage.
 An investigation on the use of recycled concrete aggregates originating from a
single ready-mix concrete plant was performed by Anastasiou et al.[3] Crushed
hardened concrete from test specimens (HR) and from returned concrete (CR)
were tested for their suitability as Concrete aggregates, and cement sludge
fines (CSF) originating from the washing of concrete trucks were tested as
filler. Both HR and CR can be considered good-quality recycled aggregates,
especially when the coarse fraction is used. Furthermore, HR performs
considerably better than CR both as coarse and as fine aggregate. CSF seems
to be a fine material with good properties as a filler, provided that it is properly
crushed and sieved through a 75 µm sieve.
 Yang [4]
analyzed the effect of different types of recycled concrete aggregates
(RCAs) on the equivalent concrete strength and drying shrinkage properties. A
total of six mixes were proportioned using the modified equivalent mortar
volume (EMV) method with three RCAs. The test results show that the
concrete with RCAs produced from concrete sleepers exhibited compressive
strength, Young’s modulus, and flexural strength values equivalent, within 2%
variation, to those values of the companion natural aggregate concrete. In
other mixes, compressive strength was found to decrease to 11–20%. For
100% replacement, the Young’s modulus increased up to 10% and the drying
 shrinkage increased up to 8%, while for 50% replacement, the Young’s
modulus decreased up to 8% and the drying shrinkage dropped up to 4%.
 Duan et al.[5] used artificial neural networks (ANNs) to determine the
significance of aggregate characteristics on the mechanical properties of
recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). The results show that water absorption
has the most important effect on aggregate characteristics, further affecting the
compressive strength of RAC, and that combined factors including concrete
mixes, curing age, specific gravity, water absorption, and impurity content can
reduce the prediction error of ANNs to 5.43%. Moreover, for elastic modulus,
water absorption, and specific gravity, they are the most influential, and the
network error with a combination of mixes, curing age, specific gravity, and
water absorption is only 3.89%.
 Wang et al.[6] presented a material characterization for sustainable concrete
paving blocks. Five types of waste materials were used in this project,
including recycled concrete coarse aggregate (RCCA), recycled concrete fine
aggregate (RCFA), crushed glass (CG), crumb rubber (CB), and ground
granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS). Using either RCCA or RCFA can
decrease the blocks’ strength and increase their water absorption. The
suggested incorporation levels of RCCA and RCFA are 60% and 20%,
respectively. Adding CG to the concrete paving blocks as a type of coarse
aggregate can improve their strength and decrease their water absorption.
 Khaldoum Rahal and el (2005)[7] The experimental study on some of the
mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) as compared to
those of the conventional normal aggregate concrete (NAC). Studies waste
concrete was obtained from two building under demolition. The concrete with
cylinder compressive strengths between 25 and 50 Mpa, the modulus of
elasticity of RAC was only 3% lower than that of NAC. The coefficient of
variation ranged from 2.16% to 3.27% with an average of 2.73% for RAC and
between 1.87% and 4.18% with an average of 2.60 for NAC. The 28 days
compressive strength for all five mixes were achieved except for the 40 and
50Mpa RAC where the observed strength was slightly lower than the target
strength.
 Yogesh Iyer Murthy and el (2012) [8] carried out study on the compressive
strength, flexural strength and workability of concrete containing varying
proportions of glass fiber as replacement of fine aggregate. 25 micrometer in
 diameter and 5cm long are used for the preparation of standard M30 grade
concrete by replacing fine aggregate by fiber up to 1.5%. The increase in
compressive strength is nominal while the flexural strength increased
significantly as expected with the increase in percentage of glass fiber. The
reduction in slump with the increase in glass fiber content. The flexural
strength of beam with 1.5% glass fiber shows almost 30% increase in the
strength compared to the beam with 0% glass fiber. In this research concrete
with glass fiber is made cost effective and solve the problem of disposal, to
make environment greener.

 Investigating the failure mechanism of RAC, The compressive strength

reduction of RAC quoted by Tabsh & Abdelfatah (2009)[9] is 10-25%,
Casuccio et al (2008)[15] quantified a reduction in compressive strength (1-
15%), lower modulus of elasticity (13-18%) and significant reduction in
energy of fracture (27-45%) and consequently in the size of the fracture zone,
when compared with NAC.

 Xiao et al (2005)[10] determined the mechanical properties of RAC under

uniaxial loading and indicated a reduction in compressive strength, elastic
modulus and ductility while an increase in peak strain of RAC with increasing
the replacement level of recycled aggregates.

 One of the major factors affecting the properties of RAC is the source concrete
from which recycled aggregates are prepared. Padmini et al (2009)[11]
investigated the influence of parent concrete on properties of RAC. They
concluded that the water absorption of recycled aggregates increases with an
increase in strength of parent concrete of recycled aggregate, while it
decreases with an increase in maximum size of aggregate. The ratio of mortar
pieces in recycled aggregate significantly affects the properties of RAC and it
has an inverse relation with the achieved strength.

 Recently, the fatigue behavior of RAC under compression and tensile strength
has been ascertained by Xiao et al (2013)[12]. They reported that under
compression cyclic loading; there exists no obvious difference in the overall
fatigue behavior of RAC and NAC, whereas under cyclic bend loading, the
fatigue life of RAC is lower than that of NAC for the same stress level.

 In his research paper focused on the properties of concrete made with recycled
aggregates from partially hydrated old concrete, Amnon Katz (2003)[13]
 reported a significant difference between properties of RAC made of
aggregates of different particle size groups while the crushing age had almost
no effect.

 Xiao et al (2012)[14] have presented a state of the art review on the relevant
researches and findings on the mechanical properties, durability and
performance of RAC in China from 1996 to 2011 year. Results of all
researches reveal that with proper design and construction, it is safe and
feasible to apply RAC as a structural material in civil engineering.
2.8. Uses of Recycled Concrete Aggregate
RCA can be used as an aggregate in new concrete production, as an aggregate
in new asphalt production, as a road or pavement base, as embankment fill, as
a railway ballast, and as a drainage material. RCA can come from many
different sources and be exposed to many different conditions throughout its
service life. For this reason, the final product in its new applications may have
properties with great variability. The reasons for this must be addressed in an
attempt to eliminate any question of the quality of the new product.

Chapter No. 3

Experimental Program
An experimental program was planned and implemented in order to achieve the
objectives of research study. The focus will be on preparation of test specimens,
specification of test specimen normal concrete along with FRC cubes which were
used to strengthen these cubes in flexure and shear and methodology to perform test
concrete cube specimens.

3.1 METHODOLOGY

Experimental work carried out for the research study is divided into following stages:
  The standard practical size of cubes 150 x 150 x 150 mm is used considering
the lab facility.
 36 specimens were casted which include 9 sample of normal concrete and 27
cubes of fiber concrete at different ratios like 3%, 6% and 10% accordingly.
 To check material properties of concrete, different tests were performed in the
lab which included compressive strength and water absorption tests.
 Compression testing machine for testing the sample of concrete cubes was
held in university of Sargodha at a loading rate of 200 Kpa/s.
 Test observations in terms of force and failure mode were observed.
 Numerical value is done to check their failure pattern of both concrete cube
specimens in the form of bar chart.
 Cost comparison of normal recycled concrete & fiber recycled concrete and to
check the strength of both concrete as well as properties of RAC with glass fiber
addition.

3.2 PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMENS

Concrete were prepared from the materials according to the specified ratio derived
from the mix design and cast were done in the concrete lab as shown in the figure.1
below. First of all the recycled concrete were crushed to desired size and shape and
then placed fine aggregate as sand above the aggregate at the end cement were placed.
After this, all ingredients were mixed to each other by thrice times and then add the
water according to w/c ratio. The water to cement ratio 0.5 were used in the mix
design. Before poured the concrete, cubes were oiled from inner side. To achieve the
strength of cubes better poured the concrete in the cubes in 3 layers and each layer
were compacted by 25 strokes of rod as shown in the figure.2.(due to unavailability of
vibrating table or compacting machine). 36 cubes of other cubes were also prepared as
follow same procedure of above described. 9 cubes of normal concrete and 27 cubes
of fiber reinforced concrete were prepared at different ratio like 3,6,10% of 9 each
cubes as shown in the table 1.
Figure 3.1 Preparation of Test Specimen

Figure 3.2 Preparation of Test Specimen

Figure 3.3 un molding of specimen

Figure 3.4 curing of cubes

 Table.1 Combinations

Sr Type of Fibers Cemen Fine Recycled

no Concrete Percentage t Aggregate Aggregate

1 Normal Concrete 0% 100% 100% 100%

2 Fiber Concrete 3% 97% 100% 100%

3 Fiber Concrete 6% 94% 100% 100%

4 Fiber Concrete 10% 90% 100% 100%

3.2 Materials
3.2.1. Cement
Portland cement were used in the project which is considered well in the Sargodha
region named Pak cement. Pak cement has ability to withstand with the alkali surfaces
and acidic surfaces as well. Pak cement were prepared in the Chakwal cement factory.
3.2.2. Fine Aggregate
We used the Chenab sand river as fine aggregate. We used the Chenab river sand in
the mix design according to ACI code. The quantity and quality of Chenab river were
easily available in the Sargodha region. The cost of sand is also cheap.
3.2.3. Water
The quality of potable water for the Portland cement ranges from the 6 to 8 ppm and
easily available in the university. The quality of water in the university is soft and
colorless.
3.2.4. Recycled Coarse Aggregate
We obtained the recycled coarse aggregate from the mall of Sargodha, Bhalwal and
different cities of the district Sargodha. These concrete aggregate were crushed
manually and mechanically. These were considered as demolition waste as well as
refused by the site engineer during construction of different projects like mall,
hospital, plazas, etc.
3.2.5. Glass Fiber
Glass fiber were used to increase the tensile and compressive strength of concrete
cubes. Fiber is also used to reduce the hair cracking in the concrete , bleeding and also
different properties of concrete with the help of this fiber. This fiber is added in the
concrete as partial replacement of cement at different ratios and also as the admixture
in the concrete.

Following are the types of glass fiber :

 E glass (Polyethylene glass fiber)
 P glass (Polypropylene glass fiber)
 O glass (Woven roving glass fiber)
 AR glass (Alkali Resistance glass fiber)

3.3. Concrete Mixing

This section describes the proportioning of concrete mixtures, the procedures used to
produce the concrete mixtures, and the molding and preparation of concrete
specimens for testing.

3.3.1. Concrete Mixing Procedure

The mixing procedure began after all materials were gathered by first using a cement
and water mixture to prepare the mixer. The cement and water mixture was used to
coat the sides and blades of the mixer drum and prevent the loss of a mixture’s
materials to the mixer surfaces.

The excess cement and water mixture was poured from the mixer drum once full
coating had been achieved. All aggregates were then added to the mixing drum. The
mixer was then turned on and lowered while a portion of mix water was added to the
aggregates. This amount was subjective, with the goal of providing enough water for
aggregates to approach a saturated condition. The aggregates were then mixed for
approximately 3-5 minutes so that they were well blended.

Once the aggregates had been mixed, and with the mixer still running, all
cementitious materials and the majority of the mixture’s remaining water were added.
Approximately 2-5 pounds of water was withheld to prevent the mixture from
exceeding WSDOT’s provided target of a 1-3 in. slump. After approximately 1-2
minutes of mixing, the mixer was turned off so that the sides of the mixing drum
could be scraped to remove any materials that had adhered to the sides and were not
mixing with the rest of the concrete mixture. The mixer was then turned back on until
the mixture had mixed for a total of five minutes. During this time, additional water
from the remaining 2-5 pounds was added until the mixture had the qualitative
appearance of having reached the minimum slump limit of 1 in. The mixer was
stopped after having mixed for five minutes, and a slump test was performed. Slump
was tested in accordance with ASTM C 143, “Standard Test method for Slump of
Hydraulic-Cement Concrete.

If the minimum slump limitation was achieved, the mixing process proceeded. If the
minimum slump was not achieved, additional mixing water was added and the
mixture was mixed for an additional 2-3 minutes prior to a second slump test. If all
mix water had been added, then WRA was added at the same time as AEA. If the
minimum slump had been achieved, no admixture was added. Any remaining mix
water was eighed and subtracted from the reference mix water amount in order to
accurately characterize the effective water and water-cementitious products ratio of a
mixture.

Following the preliminary slump tests, the next step was to add all needed admixtures.
After the admixtures were added, the mixture was again mixed for five minutes and
then turned off. At this time the slump and air content of the mixture were measured.
Air content was measured using ASTM C231, “Stand Test Method for Air Content of
Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method.” If both slump and air content were
within the provided limits, the density of the mixture was then measured.

The slump and air content were measured again to ensure acceptable levels of each
had been obtained, and then the density was measure. No mixture in this study
required additional mixing periods beyond the second admixture mixing period. After
the density had been measured, the mixed concrete was transported from the mixer to
the sample molding area.

3.4.2. Sample Preparation

Samples were prepared in accordance with AASHTO T R 39, “Making and Curing

Concrete Test Specimens in a Laboratory.” A total of 20 main batches were prepared

along with unique freeze-thaw test sample batches. For each of the main batches, the
samples prepared included 36cubes for compressive strength tests. No drying
shrinkage samples were prepared for batches incorporating RCA . In addition, cube
specimens were rodded 25 times between three equal-height lifts prior to being
smoothed with a trowel and then covered with a plastic cap.

Beam molds were vibrated and rodded, and then covered with a damp towel and a
sheet of plastic. All samples were then allowed to cure for 24 hours. Following the
initial 24-hour curing period, samples were de-molded and transferred into tubs
containing lime-saturated water as shown in Figure.
3.4. TESTING PERFORMED
The objective of this research study was to obtain failure load and observation of
failure mode. So, in order to know about the failure load and failure mode in the
compression testing machine of concrete cubes of normal and fiber reinforced
concretes. Compression testing machine also shown in the figure After 24 hours of
casting the cubes were demolded and properly cured for different days in curing tank
due to design mix.. On the 14th,21st and 28d days of curing the cubes were dragged out
of the curing tank and allowed to dry for 24 hours to make them ready for testing.
After that, the cubes were tested in the compressive testing machine of 3000 kN
Capacity.
The machine was manually set to apply the load at the rate of 200 Kpa/s while the
area of the cube was 22500 mm2 as shown in the Fig . The compressive strength of
the cubes was found to be on 3 specimens of each groups according to design mix and
curing of cubes in the curing tank.

Normal Concrete Specimen

 Figure 3.5 Crushing time

Figure 3.6 Computer value

Fiber concrete specimen

Figure 3.7 fiber crushing specimen

Figure 3.8 computer value

 Chapter No. 4

Test Results and Discussion

Keeping in view the objectives of research study, the results obtained after performing
experiments on the test specimens are presented in this chapter. The main focus is on
compressive strength, force and failure mode of the test specimens. These include the
results from tests to determine properties of the RCA, fresh concrete tests, and
hardened concrete tests.

4.1 Experimental Observations:

Recorded data in terms of loads was used to plot bar chart to represent the values of
compressive strength which is shown in Fig.5, where it is obvious that the maximum
load in compression carried by the concrete cube was 321.1 kN in case of normal
concrete and in case of fiber reinforced concrete was 200 kN. Moreover, the behavior
of concrete cube up to failure was noticed to be almost linear. As well as the failure
mode of concrete cubes is concerned, it was due to de-bonding of the cement mortar
and aggregate as shown in Fig which resulted in the brittle failure of the concrete
cube.
Normal Concrete Results.

Table 4.1 Normal concrete

Curing Days
Type of Compressive
Concrete Strength 14 21 28

Normal sample 1 10.6 10.5 14.1

Normal sample 2 10.9 12.2 13.8

Normal sample 3 10.5 10.8 14.2

Compressive Strength Mpa

16
14.1 14.2
13.8
14
12.2
12
10.6 10.9 10.8
10.5 10.5
10

0
14 21 28

Figure 4.1 Normal Concrete

Fiber Concrete Results.

Table 4.2 Fiber concrete

Type Of Curing Days

Concrete Compressive
Strength 14 21 28

Fiber 3% Sample 1 6.7 6.1 8.2

 Fiber 3% Sample 2 6.3 6.1 8.4

Fiber 3% Sample 3 6.9 6.4 8.4

Compressive Strength Mpa

9 8.2 8.4 8.4

8
6.7 6.9
7 6.3 6.4
6.1 6.1

0
14 21 28

Figure 4.2 Fiber concrete

Table 4.3 Fiber concrete

Curing Days
Type Of Concrete Compressive
Strength 14 21 28

Fiber 6% Sample 1 5.3 4 6.4

Fiber 6% Sample 2 5.1 5.6 6.4

Fiber 6% Sample 3 6.3 5.9 7

 Compressive Strength Mpa
7
7 6.3 6.4 6.4
5.9
5.6
6 5.3
5.1

5
4
4

0
14 21 28

Figure 4.3 Fiber concrete

Table 4.4 Fiber concrete

Curing Days
Compressive
Type Of Concrete Strength 14 21 28
Fiber 10% Sample 1 5.2 5.2 5.4

Fiber 10% Sample 2 4.9 4.5 5

Fiber 10% Sample 3 4.2 4 4.8

 Compressive Strength Mpa
6
5.4
5.2 5.2
4.9 5
5 4.8
4.5
4.2
4
4

0
14 21 28

Figure 4.4 Fiber concrete

4.2. FAILURE MODE

The failure of normal concrete cubes and fiber concrete cubes showed that concrete
specimen were tested with compression testing machine under the uniform loading of
200 kpa/s on the unit area of cube specimen. The cubes were sudden and brittle
material failure. The cubes were failed in the shear and flexure direction have not
fully bonded and engaged properly.

The failure showed that cube specimen were fully compacted bear the load until
reached their ultimate strength where cubes specimen were broken and failed. the
normal cubes showed good resistance against applied load and have ultimate strength
at the end. The fiber concrete cube specimens ere showed less resistance as compared
to normal concrete specimens because the fiber specimens were segregated during
compacting of concrete. The figure showed the failure mode of the concrete
specimen.

Normal Concrete Specimen

 Figure 4.5 Crushing time

Figure 4.6 Computer value

Fiber concrete specimen

Figure 4.7 fiber crushing specimen

Figure 4.8 computer value

4.3. COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

The failure load of normal concrete cube specimens were recorded that maximum
load applied was 321.1 KN under the area of 22500mm. The cube specimens of fiber
concrete were recorded that maximum load applied by 3% fiber was 200 KN under
the same area of cube specimens. It can be noticed that normal cube had maximum
compressive strength of 15 Mpa recorded. The fiber cube had maximum compressive
strength of 8.89 Mpa recoded. Both concrete cubes have same area specimen but had
different compressive strengths as shown in the figure and chart below.

Table 4.5 Comparison of both concretes

Type Of Compressive Curing Days

Concrete Strength 14 21 28
Normal Sample 10.67 11.17 14.03
Fiber 3% Sample 6.63 6.2 8.33
Fiber 6% Sample 6.63 5.17 6.6
Fiber 10% Sample 4.77 4.57 5.07

Compressive Strength Mpa

16

14

12

10

0
Normal Fiber 3% Fiber 6% Fiber 10%

Figure 2.9 comparison of both concretes

4.4. COST COMPARISON

The cube specimens of both concrete had detailed cost comparison between normal
concrete and fiber concrete for same application was carried out. While comparing the
cost, not only cost of the materials was taken into consideration but also different
constructional aspects like labor required and also supports of the adjoining structures
were also considered. The comparison in Pakistani rupees is given in Table . It can be
noticed that for same loadings and same areas, normal cubes is more economical.

Table 4.5 Cost of concrete

Normal concrete Fiber concrete

Cement 600/50 kg Cement 600/50 kg
Sand 1000/100 Cft Sand 1000/100 Cft
Aggregate 4000 Aggregate 4000
Cost of labor 1400 Fiber 1000
Total expenses 7000 Cost of labor 1400
Total expenses 8000

Chapter No. 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the findings of the experimental study reported in this research study,
following conclusions are drawn:

5.1 CONCLUSIONS

 Addition of glass fiber decreases the workability of concrete.

 The recycled coarse aggregate based Glass fiber reinforced concrete gives
higher flexural and split tensile than conventional concrete.
 All recycled coarse aggregate based Glass fiber reinforced concrete specimen
indicated the low permeability as compared to normal concrete.
 High quantity of glass fiber caused segregation in the concrete.
 Placement of the concrete in the cube is also difficult due to fiber
 The Glass fiber decrease cracking and bleeding in the concrete. Use of fiber
produces more closely spaced cracks and reduces crack width. Fibers bridge
cracks to resist deformation
 The finishing of concrete surface required a more time and not maintain its
surface smoothly.
 Lab conditions were not ideal because of the weather of the Sargodha the
temperature was 30oC at the time of casting and testing of concrete cubes.
 Manual handling required more time than normal concrete and very difficult.
 The size of glass fiber should be minimum as possible because mixed easily.

5.2 RECOMMENDED FUTURE WORK

 For the future work The same experiment can be carried for different grades of
concrete for other w/c ratios.
 Effect of different admixtures glass fiber needs to be studied in the future
work.
 Glass fiber should be used not more than 2%
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