Energy

• is defined as the system’s ability to do work

• is transferred or transformed whenever work is done

• is a scalar quantity

• can exist in many different forms either kinetic or potential

The S.I. unit for energy is same to the unit of work (joule, J @
Nm)
3
4
Table 1 summarizes some common types of energy.

5
Kinetic Energy.
 energy of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion

 defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from

rest to its stated velocity
E.g. : A moving hammer does work on a nail it drives into wood

 In this case, a moving object exerts a force on a second object which

undergoes a displacement.

 Thus, the object in motion has the ability to do work and hence can be
said to have energy.

 This energy of motion is called ‘Kinetic Energy’!

6
 To obtain a quantitative definition for kinetic
energy, consider a rigid object moving in a straight
line with an initial speed vi :

 To accelerate it uniformly to speed vf, a constant

net force Fnet is exerted on it parallel to its
motion/displacement.
7
 Then, net work done on the object:
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑑
Apply Newton′s second law: 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣𝑖2
and from kinematic equation : 𝑣𝑓2 = 𝑣𝑖2 + 2𝑎𝑑 𝑎=
2𝑑
𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣𝑖2 1 1
∴ 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚 ӏ
𝑑 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖2
2
2𝑑ӏ 2 2

 The quantity is defined as the translational

kinetic energy of an object.

8
 Rewrite equation as:
1 1
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = Δ𝐾𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸𝑓 − 𝐾𝐸𝑖 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖2 Work -energy
2 2
Principle

The net work done on an object is equal to the change

in the object's kinetic energy.

 This principle is valid only if W is the net work done

on an object ( i.e. work done by all the forces acting
on the object).

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 If positive net work is done on an
object, the KE of the object
increase by an amount W.

 It is also true for reverse situation :

if the net work done on an object
is negative, the KE decreases by
W. ( net force oppose the motion
direction decreases its speed and
hence KE ).

 Example: Hammer - nail 10

  The net work done on the
hammer :
𝑊ℎ = (𝐹)(𝑑)(cos 1 80°) = −𝐹𝑑

 The hammer, as its slow

down, does positive work on
the nail:
𝑊𝑛 = (𝐹)(𝑑)(cos 0 °) = 𝐹𝑑

▪ Thus, the decrease in the KE of the hammer is equal

to the work done by hammer on the nail.
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 This translational KE is directly proportional to the
mass, and also to the square of the speed.
( Thus, the KE is doubled when the mass is doubled,
and 4 times larger is the v2 is doubled)

 Because of direct connection between W and KE,

energy is measured in the same unit : J (SI unit).

12
A 145 g baseball is thrown so that it acquires a speed
of 25 m/s.
(a) What is its kinetic energy?
(b) What was the net work done on the ball to make
it reach this speed, if it started from rest?

13
(a) Kinetic energy of the ball
1 1
𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 = 145 × 10−3 kg 25 m/s2 = 45 J
2
2 2

(b) Net work done on the ball

1 1
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣22 − 𝑚𝑣12 since 𝑣1 = 0
2 2
= 45 J

14
 How much net work is required to accelerate a
1000-kg car from 20 m/s to 30 m/s?

Answer: The net work is

equal to increase in
1 1 KE .
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑣2 − 𝑚𝑣12
2
W=∆K
2 2
1 1
= (1000 kg)(30 m/s) − (1000 kg)(20 m/s)2
2
2 2
5
= 2.5 × 10 J

15
What average force F is necessary to stop a 16 g
bullet travelling at 260 m/s as it penetrates into a
block of wood for a distance of 12 cm?

16
The net work needed is equal to the increase in KE:
𝑊 = 𝐾2 − 𝐾1
1 1
= 𝑚𝑣22 − 𝑚𝑣12
2 2
1
= 0 − (16 × 10−3 kg)(260 m/s)2
2
= −541 J

Then, 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑑 cos 𝜃

− 541 J = 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 12 × 10−2 m cos 0
∴ 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = −4580 N
Force directed opposite
to displacement
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A horizontal spring has spring constant k = 360 N/m.
(a) How much work is required to compress it from
its uncompressed length (x = 0) to x = 11.0 cm?
(b) If a 1.85-kg block is placed against the spring and
the spring is released, what will be the speed of the
block when it separates from the spring at x = 0?
Ignore friction.

18
(a) How much work is required to compress it from
its uncompressed length (x = 0) to x = 11.0 cm?
1 2 1
𝑊= 𝑘𝑥 = 360 N/m −11 × 10−2m 2
= 2.18 J
2 2

19
(b) speed of the block
1 2
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡= 𝑘𝑥
2
1 1
𝑚 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 2 = 𝑘𝑥 2
2 2
1.85 kg 𝑣2 = 360 N/m −11 × 10−2m
2 2

∴ 𝑣2 = 1.54 m/s

20
Repeat part (b) of the previous example but assume
that the block is moving on a table and that some
kind of constant drag force FD = 7.0 N is acting to
slow it down, such as friction (or perhaps your
finger).

21
 1 2
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐹𝐷 cos 𝜃
2
1
1.85 kg 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 2
2
1
= 360 N/m −11 × 10−2m 2
+ 7 N 11 × 10−2m cos 1 80°
2
∴ 𝑣2 = 1.23 m/s

22
1. A 0.6 kg hammer head is moving at 30 m/s just
before striking the head of a spike. Find the initial
kinetic energy. What work can be done by the
hammer’s head?
2. A worker lift a 20 kg bucket from a well at constant
speed and does 8 kJ of work. How deep is the well?

𝐴𝑛𝑠: 1) 270 kJ 2) 40.8 m

23
3. A mass less spring located on smooth surface is
compressed by a force of 63.5 N, which results in a
displacement of 4.35 cm from the equilibrium
position. A steel ball of mass 0.075 kg is then
placed in front of the spring and the spring is
released. What is the speed of the steel ball when
it shot of the spring?

𝐴𝑛𝑠: 6.1 m/s

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Potential energy
• is about the position of an objects, not their motion.

• is defined as the energy stored in a body or system because of its position, shape
and state.

➢ Gravitational energy, U is energy associated with gravity.

➢ It is the potential energy stored by an object because of its higher position

compared to a lower position

➢ The gravitational potential energy depends only on the height of the object
above the surface of the Earth.
U = Gravitational potential energy
m = mass of body
g = acceleration due to gravity
h = height of a body from initial position
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 Work-gravitational potential energy theorem

 Consider a book with mass, mis dropped from height, h1 to

height, h2 as shown in the Figure.

 The work done by the gravitational force (weight) is

states “the change in gravitational potential energy as the

negative of the work done by the gravitational force”. 26
 Negative sign in the equation indicates that

▪ When the body moves down, h decreases, the

gravitational force does positive work because ΔU <0
▪ When the body moves up, h increases, the work done by
gravitational force is negative because ΔU >0.

Uf = final gravitational potential energy

Ui = initial gravitational potential energy
W = work done by a gravitational force

27
Examples of gravitational potential energy

•Raised weights
•Water that is stored in a dam
•A vehicle at the top of a hill
•Water at the top of a waterfall
•Fruit before it falls from the tree

28
1. An object of mass 30 kgs is placed on a hill top of height 80m. What is the
potential energy possessed by the object?
PE = m x g x h
= 30 x 9.8 x 80
= 23520 J

2. A fruit hangs from a tree and is about to fall to the ground of 10 meters
height. It has a potential energy of 22.5 J. Calculate the mass of the fruit
m = PE / (g x h)
= 22.5 / (9.8 x 10)
= 0.229 kg
3. 5 kg weighing cat climbing at the top of the tree has a potential energy of
1176 kg. Find the height of the tree?

h = PE / (m x g)
= 1176 / (9.8 x 5)
= 24 cm
29
1. A cart is loaded with a brick and pulled at constant speed along an
inclined plane to the height of a seat-top. If the mass of the loaded cart is
3.0 kg and the height of the seat top is 0.45 meters, then what is the
potential energy of the loaded cart at the height of the seat-top?

2. A box has a mass of 5.8kg. The box is lifted from the garage floor and placed on
a shelf. If the box gains 145J of Potential Energy (Ep), how high is the shelf?

3. A man climbs on to a wall that is 3.6m high and gains 2268J of potential energy.
What is the mass of the man?

4. A 800g ball is pulled up a slope as shown in the diagram. Calculate the potential
energy it gains.

30
Elastic potential energy, Us
 is defined as the energy stored in elastic materials as the result of
their stretching or compressing.
 Springs are a special instance of device which can store elastic
potential energy due to its compression or stretching
 Hooke’s Law states “the restoring force, Fs of spring is directly
proportional to the amount of stretch or compression (extension or
elongation), x if the limit of proportionality is not exceeded”

Fs : the restoring force of spring

x : the amount of stretch or compression (xf - xi)
k : the spring constant or force constant

31
 Negative sign in the equation indicates that the direction of Fs
is always opposite to the direction of the amount of stretch or
compression (extension), x.
Case 1:
 The spring is hung vertically and its is stretched by a
suspended object with mass, m as shown in Figure.

The spring is in equilibrium

32
Case 2:

 The spring is attached to an object and it is stretched and

compressed by a force, F as shown in Figure.

33
 For calculation, use :
Fs = kx = F where F = applied force
▪ The unit of k is kgs-2 or Nm-1
 From the Hooke’s law (without “-” sign), a restoring
force, Fs
 against extension of the spring, x graph is shown in
Figure

34
 The equation of elastic potential energy, Us for compressing
or stretching a spring is

 The work-elastic potential energy theorem,

 Work-energy theorem states the work done by the net force

on a body equals the change in the body’s total energy”

35
 The law of conservation of energy states that energy can
neither be created nor be destroyed.

 Although, it may be transformed from one form to another.

If you take all forms of energy into account, the total energy
of an isolated system always remains constant.

 All the forms of energy follow the law of conservation of

energy.

 In brief, the law of conservation of energy states that

In a closed system, i.e., a system that is isolated from its
surroundings, the total energy of the system is conserved.
36
 states “in an isolated (closed) system, the total energy of that
system is constant”.

 According to the principle of conservation of energy, we get

▪ The initial of total energy = the final of total energy

 Conservation of mechanical energy

▪ In an isolated system, the mechanical energy of a system is the sum of
its potential energy, U and the kinetic energy, K of the objects are
constant
𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸 + 𝑈 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 → 𝐾𝐸𝑖 + 𝑈𝑖 = 𝐾𝐸𝑓 + 𝑈𝑓

37
We drop this 0.1 kg apple 1 m. What speed does it hit the
ground with?
𝑈 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
= 0.1𝑘𝑔 × 9.8𝑚𝑠 −2 × 1𝑚
= 0.98𝐽

𝐸𝑖= 𝐸𝑓
U = KE
1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
1
𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑃𝐸
2

2×0.98𝐽
=
0.1𝑘𝑔
=4.427 𝑚𝑠 −1 38
A cart travels along a frictionless roller coaster track. At point A, the cart is 10
m above the ground and traveling at 2 m/s.
a) What is the velocity at point B when the cart reaches the ground?
b) What is the velocity of the cart at point C when the cart reaches a height
of 3 m?
c) What is the maximum height the cart can reach before the cart stops?

39
(a)
Total E at A = Total Energy at B
KE + U = KE + U
½ m v + m g h = ½ m v2 + m g h
2

½ m (2 ms-1)2 + m (9.8 ms-2)(10 m) = ½ m v2 + m g (0 m)

m (100 m2s-2) = ½ m v2
v = 14.1 ms-1

(b) At point C, we know only a value for h (h = 3 m).

Total E = KE + U
Total E = ½mv2 + mgh
Total E = ½mv2 + mg(3 m)

As before, the total energy is conserved. Total energy at A = total energy at C.

m (100 m2s-2) = ½ m v2 + m (9.8 ms-2)(3 m)

m (100 m2s-2) = ½ m v2 + m (29.4 m2s-2)
100 m2s-2 = ½ v2 + 29.4 m2s-2
½ v2 = (100 – 29.4) m2s-2
½ v2 = 70.6 m2s-2
v2 = 141.2 m2s-2
v = 11.9 ms-1 40
(c)

The cart will reach its maximum height when the cart stops or v = 0 ms-1
Total E = ½mv2 + mgh
Total E = ½m(0 ms-1)2 + mgh
Total E = mgh

Since total energy is conserved, the total energy at point A is the same as the total
energy at point D.
m(100 m2s-2) = mgh
Divide both sides by m
100 m2s-2 = gh
100 m2s-2 = (9.8 ms-2) h
h = 10.2 m

41
 Power is defined as the rate at which work is done.

 The average power, equals to work done divided by

the time it takes to do it: 𝑃 = 𝑊
𝑡

𝑊 𝐹𝑑
 Rewrite: 𝑃=
𝑡
=
𝑡
= 𝐹𝑣

42
 𝑑𝑊
 The instantaneous power is: 𝑃=
𝑑𝑡

 The work done in a process is equal to the energy

transferred from one object to another. Hence we
can also say that power is the rate at which energy is
transformed: 𝑃 = 𝑑𝐸
𝑑𝑡

 SI unit: Watt (W) where 1 W = 1 J/s

43
44
45
46
47
 Rani puts 7500 joules of work into pushing a box up
a ramp, but only 6700 joules of work actually go into
moving the box. The rest of the work overcomes
friction between the box and the ramp. What is the
efficiency of the ramp?

48
A 60-kg jogger runs up a long
flight of stairs in 4.0 s. The
vertical height of the stairs is
4.5 m.
(a) Estimate the jogger’s power
output .
(b) How much energy did this
require?

49
(a) The jogger’s power output
The work done by the jogger is against the gravity and equal to 𝑚𝑔ℎ

𝑊 𝑚𝑔ℎ (60 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(4.5 m)

𝑃= = = = 660 W
𝑡 𝑡 (4.0 s)

(b) How much energy did this require?

𝐸 = 𝑃𝑡 = (660 W)(4.0 s) = 2600 J

50
A loaded elevator has a total mass of 2800 kg and is
lifted to a height of 200 m in a time of 45 s. Express
the average power in SI unit.
Answer:

𝑚𝑔ℎ (2800 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(200 m)

𝑃= = = 1.22 × 105 W
𝑡 (45 s)

51
A 280 kg piano is lifted at a steady steep to an
apartment of 10 m above the ground. The crane
lifting the piano expends an average power of 600 W.
How much time is required?

Answer: 𝑃=
𝑚𝑔ℎ
𝑡
(280 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(10 m)
600 W =
𝑡
∴ 𝑡​ = 45.7 s

52
A load of bricks at a construction site has a mass of
85.0 k. A crane raises this load from the ground to a
height of 50.0 m in 60. 0 s at a low constant speed.
What is the average power of the crane?

𝐴𝑛𝑠: 694 W

53
Chapter 5 Work, Energy
& Power
Completed