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PARTNERSHIP - by the contract of partnership, 2 or more persons bind themselves to
contribute money, property or industry to a common fund, with the intention of dividing the
profits among themselves

ESSENTIAL FEATURES:

1.    There must be a valid contract

2.    The parties must have legal capacity to enter into the contract

3.    There must be a mutual contribution of money, property, or industry to a common fund

4.    The object must be lawful

5.    The purpose or primary purpose must be to obtain profits and divide the same among the
parties
                                     

PARTNERSHIP DISTINGUISHED FROM CO-OWNERSHIP AND CORPORATION

PARTNERSHIP

CO-OWNERSHIP

CORPORATION

Creation Created by a contract, my mere agreement of the parties

Created by law

Created by law

Juridical personality

Has a juridical personality separate and distinct from that of each partner

None

Has a juridical personality separate and distinct from that of each partner

Purpose Realization of profits

Common enjoyment of a thing or right

Depends on AOI
Duration/ Term of existence

No limitation

10 years maximum

50 years maximum, extendible to not more than 50 years in any one instance

Disposal/

Transferability of interest

Partner may not dispose of his individual interest unless agreed upon by all partners

Co-owner may freely do so

Stockholder has a right to transfer shares without prior consent of other stockholders

Power to act with 3rd persons

In absence of stipulation to contrary, a partner may bind partnership (each partner is agent of
partnership)

Co-owner cannot represent the co-ownership

Management is vested with the Board of Directors

Effect of death Death of partner results in dissolution of partnership

Death of co-owner does not necessarily dissolve co-ownership

Death of stockholder does not dissolve corporation

Dissolution May be dissolved at any time by the will of any or all of the partners
May be dissolved anytime by the will of any or all of the co-owners

Can only be dissolved with the consent of the state

No. of incorporators

Minimum of 2 persons

Minimum of 2 persons

Minimum of 5 incorporators

Commence-ment of juridical personality

From the moment of execution of contract of partnership

From date of issuance of certificate of incorporation by the SEC

NO PRESUMPTION OF PARTNERSHIP FROM RECEIPT OF PROFITS:

1.    As debt by installment

2.    As wages or rent

 

3.    As annuity

4.    As interest on loan

5.    As consideration for sale of goodwill of business/other property by installments

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN A PARTNERSHIP AND A CORPORATION

1.    Both have juridical personality separate and distinct from that of the individuals composing it

2.    Both can only act through agents

3.    Both organizations are composed of an aggregate of individuals (except corporation sole)

4.    Both distribute profits to those who contribute capital to the business

5.    Both can only be organized when there is a law authorizing their organization
 

6.    Both are taxable as a corporation

EFFECTS OF UNLAWFUL PARTNERSHIP

1.    The contract is void ab initio and the partnership never existed in the eyes of the law

2.    The profits shall be confiscated in favor of the government

3.    The instruments or tools and proceeds of the crime shall also be forfeited in favor of the
government

4.    The contributions of the partners shall not be confiscated unless they fall under no. 3

FORM OF PARTNERSHIP CONTRACT  

GENERAL RULE: No special form is required for the validity of the contract

EXCEPTIONS:
1.        Where immovable property/real rights are contributed

a.    Public instrument is necessary

b.    Inventory of the property contributed must be made, signed by the parties and attached to
the public instrument otherwise it is VOID

2.        Where capital is P3,000 or more, in money or property

a.    Public instrument is necessary

b.    Must be registered with SEC

CLASSIFICATIONS OF PARTNERSHIP  

1.    As to extent of its subject matter

1. UNIVERSAL PARTNERSHIP

i.      UNIVERSAL PARTNERSHIP OF ALL PRESENT PROPERTY - comprises the following:

a)    Property which belonged to each of the partners at the time of the constitution of the
partnership
 

b)    Profits which they may acquire from all property contributed

ii.    UNIVERSAL PARTNERSHIP OF PROFITS - comprises all that the partners may acquire by
their industry or work during the existence of the partnership

Note: Persons who are prohibited from giving donations or advantage to each other
cannot enter into a universal partnership

1. PARTICULAR PARTNERSHIP - has for its objects:

i.      Determinate things

ii.     Their use or fruits

iii.    Specific undertaking

iv.   Exercise of profession or vocation

 

2.    As to liability of partners

1. GENERAL PARTNERSHIP - consists of general partners who are liable pro rata and
subsidiarily and sometimes solidarily with their separate property for partnership debts

1. LIMITED PARTNERSHIP - one formed by 2 or more persons having as members one or

more general partners and one or more limited partners, the latter not being personally
liable for the obligations of the partnership

3.    As to duration

1. PARTNERSHIP AT WILL - one in which no time is specified and is not formed for a
particular undertaking or venture which may be terminated anytime by mutual agreement

 
 1. PARTNERSHIP WITH A FIXED TERM - the term for which the partnership is to exist is
fixed or agreed upon or one formed for a particular undertaking

4.    As to legality of existence

1. DE JURE PARTNERSHIP - one which has complied with all the legal requirements for
its establishment

1. DE FACTO - one which has failed to comply with all the legal requirements for its
establishment

5.    As to representation to others

1. ORDINARY OR REAL PARTNERSHIP - one which actually exists among the partners
and also as to 3rd persons

 
 1. OSTENSIBLE OR PARTNERSHIP BY ESTOPPEL - one which in reality is not a
partnership but is considered a partnership only in relation to those who, by their conduct
or omission, are precluded to deny or disprove its existence

6.    As to publicity

1. SECRET PARTNERSHIP - one wherein the existence of certain persons as partners is

not avowed or made known to the public by any of the partners

1. OPEN OF NOTORIOUS PARTNERSHIP - one whose existence is avowed or made

known to the public by the members of the firm

7.    As to purpose

 
 1. COMMERCIAL OR TRADING PARTNERSHIP - one formed for the transaction
of business

1. PROFESSIONAL OR NON TRADING PARTNERSHIP - one formed for the exercise of

a profession

KINDS OF PARTNERS  

1.    CAPITALIST - one who contributes money or property to the common fund

2.    INDUSTRIAL - one who contributes only his industry or personal service

3.    GENERAL - one whose liability to 3rd persons extends to his separate property

4.    LIMITED - one whose liability to 3rd persons is limited to his capital contribution

5.    MANAGING - one who manages the affairs or business of the partnership

 
6.    LIQUIDATING - one who takes charge of the winding up of partnership affairs upon
dissolution

7.    PARTNERS BY ESTOPPEL - one who is not really a partner but is liable as a partner for the
protection of innocent 3rd persons

8.    CONTINUING PARTNER - one who continues the business of a partnership after it has
been dissolved by reason of the admission of a new partner, retirement, death or expulsion of
one of the partners

9.    SURVIVING PARTNER - one who remains after a partnership has been dissolved by death
of any partner

10.  SUBPARTNER - one who is not a member of the partnership who contracts with a partner
with reference to the latter's share in the partnership

11.  OSTENSIBLE - one who takes active part and known to the public as partner in the
business

12.  SECRET - one who takes active part in the business but is not known to be a partner by
outside parties
 

13.  SILENT - one who does not take any active part in the business although he may be known
to be a partner

14.  DORMANT - one who does not take active part in the business and is not known or held out
as a partner

RELATIONS CREATED BY A CONTRACT OF PARTNERSHIP

1.    Relations among the partners themselves

2.    Relations of the partners with the partnership

3.    Relations of the partnership with 3rd persons with whom it contracts

4.    Relations of the partners with such 3rd persons

   
  OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTNERS  

A. OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTNERS AMONG THEMSELVES

Obligations with respect to contribution of property:

1.    To contribute at the beginning of the partnership or at the stipulated time the money,
property or industry which he may have promised to contribute

2.    To answer for eviction in case the partnership is deprived of the determinate property
contributed

3.    To answer to the partnership for the fruits of the property the contribution of which he
delayed, from the date they should have been contributed up to the time of actual delivery

4.    To preserve said property with the diligence of a good father of a family pending delivery to
partnership

5.    To indemnify partnership for any damage caused to it by the retention of the same or by the
delay in its contribution

 
Effect of Failure to contribute property promised:

1.    Partners becomes ipso jure a debtor of the partnership even in the absence of any demand

2.    Remedy of the other partner is not rescission but specific performance with damages from
defaulting partner

Obligations with respect to contribution of money and money converted to personal use

1.    To contribute on the date fixed the amount he has undertaken to contribute to the
partnership

2.    To reimburse any amount he may have taken from the partnership coffers and converted to
his own use

3.    To pay for the agreed or legal interest, if he fails to pay his contribution on time or in case he
takes any amount from the common fund and converts it to his own use

4.    To indemnify the partnership for the damages caused to it by delay in the contribution or
conversion of any sum for his personal benefits

 
 

PROHIBITION AGAINST ENGAGING IN BUSINESS

INDUSTRIAL PARTNER

CAPITALIST PARTNER

PROHIBITION Industrial partner cannot engage in business (w/n same line of business with the
partnership) unless partnership expressly permits him to do so

Capitalist partner cannot engage in business (with same kind of business with the partnership)
for his own account, unless there is a stipulation to the contrary

REMEDY Capitalist partners may:

1.    Exclude him from the firm, or

2.    Avail themselves of the benefits which he may have obtained

3.    Damages, in either case

Note: It is believed that industrial partners are also entitled to the remedy granted since
they are equally prejudiced

Capitalist partner in violation shall:

1.    Bring to common fund any profits accruing to him from said transaction, and
2.    Bear all losses

Obligations with respect to contribution to partnership capital  

1.    Partners must contribute equal shares to the capital of the partnership unless there is
stipulation to contrary

2.    Partners (capitalist) must contribute additional capital In case of imminent loss to the
business of the partnership and there is no stipulation otherwise; refusal to do so shall create an
obligation on his part to sell his interest to the other partners

Requisites:

a.    There is an imminent loss of the business of the partnership

b.    The majority of the capitalist partners are of the opinion that an additional contribution to the
common fund would save the business

c.    The capitalist partner refuses deliberately to contribute (not due to financial inability)
 

d.    There is no agreement to the contrary

Obligation of managing partners who collects debt from person who also owed the
partnership

1.    Apply sum collected to 2 credits in proportion to their amounts

2.    If he received it for the account of partnership, the whole sum shall be applied to partnership
credit

Requisites:

a.    There exist at least 2 debts, one where the collecting partner is creditor and the other, where
the partnership is the creditor

b.    Both debts are demandable

 
c.    The partner who collects is authorized to manage and actually manages the partnership

Obligation of partner who receives share of partnership credit  

1.    Obliged to bring to the partnership capital what he has received even though he may have
given receipt for his share only

Requisites:

a.    A partner has received in whole or in part, his share of the partnership credit

b.    The other partners have not collected their shares

c.    The partnership debtor has become insolvent

RISK OF LOSS OF THINGS CONTRIBUTED  

Specific and determinate things which are not fungible where only the use is contributed

Risk is borne by partner

Specific and determinate things the ownership of which is transferred to the partnership

Risk is borne by partnership

Fungible things (consumable)

Risk is borne by partnership

Things contributed to be sold

Risk is borne by partnership

Things brought and appraised in the inventory

Risk is borne by partnership

RULES FOR DISTRIBUTION OF PROFITS AND LOSSES

DISTRIBUTION OF PROFITS

DISTRIBUTION OF LOSSES

With agreement According to agreement

According to agreement

Without agreement

1.    Share of capitalist partner is in proportion to his capital contribution

2.    Share of industrial partner is not fixed - as may be just and equitable under the
circumstances

1.     If sharing of profits is stipulated - apply to sharing of losses

2.     If no profit sharing stipulated - losses shall be borne according to capital contribution

3.     Purely industrial partner not liable for losses

RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS WITH RESPECT TO MANAGEMENT

Partner is appointed manager in the articles of partnership

Power of managing partner is irrevocable without just/lawful cause; Revocable only when in bad
faith

Vote of partners representing controlling interest necessary to revoke power

Partner is appointed manager after constitution of partnership

Power is revocable any time for any cause

2 or more persons entrusted with management of partnership without specification of

duties/stipulation that each shall not act w/o the other's consent
Each may execute all acts of administration

In case of opposition, decision of majority shall prevail; In case of tie, decision of partners
owning controlling interest shall prevail

Stipulated that none of the managing partners shall act w/o the consent of others

Concurrence of all necessary for the validity of acts

Absence or disability of any one cannot be alleged unless there is imminent danger of grave or
irreparable injury to partnership

Manner of management not agreed upon

1.    All partners are agents of the partnership

2.    Unanimous consent required for alteration of immovable property

If refusal of partner is manifestly prejudicial to interest of partnership, court's intervention may be

sought

Other rights and obligations of partners:

1.    Right to associate another person with him in his share without consent of other partners
(subpartnership)
 

2.    Right to inspect and copy partnership books at any reasonable hour

3.    Right to a formal account as to partnership affairs (even during existence of partnership):

a.    If he is wrongfully excluded from partnership business or possession of its property by his
copartners

b.    If right exists under the terms of any agreement

c.    As provided by art 1807

d.    Whenever other circumstances render it just and reasonable

4.    Duty to render on demand true and full information affecting partnership to any partner or
legal representative of any deceased partner or of any partner under legal disability

5.    Duty to account to the partnership as fiduciary

 

B. PROPERTY RIGHTS OF A PARTNER

1.    His rights in specific partnership property

2.    His interest in the partnership

3.    His right to participate in the management

Nature of partner's right in specific partnership property      

1.    Equal right to possession

2.    Right not assignable

3.    Right limited to share of what remains after partnership debts have been paid

 
Nature of partner's right in the partnership  

1.    Share of profits and surplus

C. OBLIGATION OF PARTNERS WITH REGARD TO 3RD PERSONS

1.    Every partnership shall operate under a firm name. Persons who include their names in the
partnership name even if they are not members shall be liable as a partner

2.    All partners shall be liable for contractual obligations of the partnership with their property,
after all partnership assets have been exhausted

a.    Pro rata

b.    Subsidiary

3.    Admission or representation made by any partner concerning partnership affairs within

scope of his authority is evidence against the partnership

4.        Notice to partner of any matter relating to partnership affairs operates as notice to
partnership except in case of fraud:

a.    Knowledge of partner acting in the particular matter acquired while a partner

 

b.    Knowledge of the partner acting in the particular matter then present to his mind

c.    Knowledge of any other partner who reasonably could and should have communicated it to
the acting partner

5.    Partners and the partnership are solidary liable to 3rd persons for the partner's tort or breach
of trust

6.        Liability of incoming partner is limited to:

a.    His share in the partnership property for existing obligations

b.    His separate property for subsequent obligations

7.    Creditors of partnership preferred in partnership property & may attach partner's share in
partnership assets

8.    Every partner is an agent of the partnership

 

POWER OF PARTNER AS AGENT OF PARTNERSHIP

Acts for carrying on in the usual way the business of the partnership

Every partner is an agent and may execute acts with binding effect even if he has no authority

Except: when 3rd person has knowledge of lack of authority

1.    Act w/c is not apparently for the carrying of business in the usual way

2.        Acts of strict dominion or ownership:

a.       Assign partnership property in trust for creditors

b.       Dispose of good-will of business

c.       Do an act w/c would make it impossible to carry on ordinary business of partnership

d.       Confess a judgement

 
e.       Enter into compromise concerning a partnership claim or liability

f.        Submit partnership claim or liability to arbitration

g.       Renounce claim of partnership

Does not bind partnership unless authorized by other partners

Acts in contravention of a restriction on authority

Partnership not liable to 3rd persons having actual or presumptive knowledge of the restrictions

EFFECTS OF CONVEYANCE OF REAL PROPERTY BELONGING TO PARTNERSHIP

Title in partnership name, Conveyance in partnership name

Conveyance passes title but partnership can recover if:

1.    Conveyance was not in the usual way of business, or

2.    Buyer had knowledge of lack of authority

Title in partnership name, Conveyance in partner's name

Conveyance does not pass title but only equitable interest, unless:

1.    Conveyance was not in the usual way of business, or

2.   Buyer had knowledge of lack of authority

Title in name of 1/ more partners, Conveyance in name if partner/partners in whose name title
stands

Conveyance passes title but partnership can recover if:

1.    Conveyance was not in the usual way of business, or

2.    Buyer had knowledge of lack of authority

Title in name of 1/more/all partners or 3rd person in trust for partnership, Conveyance executed
in partnership name of in name of partners

Conveyance will only pass equitable interest

Title in name of all partners, Conveyance in name of all partners

Conveyance will pass title

 
 

PARTNER BY ESTOPPEL; PARTNERSHIP BY ESTOPPEL

Partner by estoppel - by words or conduct, he does any of the ff.:

1.    Directly represents himself to anyone as a partner in an existing partnership or in a non-

existing partnership

2.    Indirectly represents himself by consenting to another representing him as a partner in an

existing partnership or in a non existing partnership

Elements to establish liability as a partner on ground of estoppel:

1.    Defendant represented himself as partner/represented by others as such and not

denied/refuted by defendant

2.    Plaintiff relied on such representation

 
3.    Statement of defendant not refuted

Liabilities in estoppel All partners consented to representation

Partnership is liable

No existing partnership & all those represented consented;

Not all partners of existing partnership consents to representation

Person who represented himself & all those who made representation liable pro-rata/jointly

No existing partnership & not all represented consented;

None of partners in existing partnership consented

Person who represented himself liable & those who made/consented to representation
separately liable

D. RESPONSIBILITY OF PARTNERSHIP TO PARTNERS

1.    To refund the amounts disbursed by partner in behalf of the partnership + corresponding
interest from the time the expenses are made (loans and advances made by a partner to the
partnership aside from capital contribution)

2.    To answer for obligations partner may have contracted in good faith in the interest of the
partnership business
 

3.    To answer for risks in consequence of its management

DISSOLUTION AND WINDING UP  

DISSOLUTION - change in the relation of the partners caused by any partner ceasing to be
associated in the carrying on of the business; partnership is not terminated but continues until
the winding up of partnership affairs is completed

WINDING UP - process of settling the business or partnership affairs after dissolution

CAUSES OF DISSOLUTION:

1.        Without violation of the agreement between the partners

a.    By termination of the definite term/ particular undertaking specified in the agreement

b.    By the express will of any partner, who must act in good faith, when no definite term or
particular undertaking is specified

 
c.    By the express will of all the partners who have not assigned their interest/ charged them for
their separate debts, either before or after the termination of any specified term or particular
undertaking

d.    By the expulsion of any partner from the business bonafide in accordance with power
conferred by the agreement

2.    In contravention of the agreement between the partners, where the circumstances do not
permit a dissolution under any other provision of this article, by the express will of any partner at
any time

3.    By any event which makes it unlawful for business to be carried on/for the members to carry
it on for the partnership

4.    Loss of specific thing promised by partner before its delivery

5.    Death of any partner

6.    Insolvency of a partner/partnership

 
7.    Civil interdiction of any partner

8.    Decree of court under art 1831

GROUNDS FOR DISSOLUTION BY DECREE OF COURT (art 1831)

1.    Partner declared insane in any judicial proceeding or shown to be of unsound mind

2.    Incapacity of partner to perform his part of the partnership contract

3.    Partner guilty of conduct prejudicial to business of partnership

4.    Willful or persistent breach of partnership agreement or conduct which makes it reasonably

impracticable to carry on partnership with him

5.    Business can only be carried on at a loss

 
6.    Other circumstances which render dissolution equitable

Upon application by purchaser of partner's interest:

1. After termination of specified term/particular undertaking

1. Anytime if partnership at will when interest was assigned/charging order issued

EFFECTS OF DISSOLUTION:

A. AUTHORITY OF PARTNER TO BIND PARTNERSHIP

General Rule: Authority of partners to bind partnership is terminated

Exception:

1.    Wind up partnership affairs

 

2.    Complete transactions not finished

Qualifications:

1.    With respect to partners -

a.    Authority of partners to bind partnership by new contract is immediately terminated when

dissolution is not due to ACT, DEATH or INSOLVENCY (ADI) of a partner (art 1833);

b.        If due to ADI, partners are liable as if partnership not dissolved, when the ff. concur:

i.      If cause is ACT of partner, acting partner must have knowledge of such dissolution

ii.     If cause is DEATH or INSOLVENCY, acting partner must have knowledge/ notice

2.    With respect to persons not partners (art 1834) -

 

a.        Partner continues to bind partnership even after dissolution in ff. cases:

(1)   Transactions in connection to winding up partnership affairs/completing transactions

unfinished

(2)      Transactions which would bind partnership if not dissolved, when the other party/obligee:

(a)    Situation 1 -

i.     Had extended credit to partnership prior to dissolution &

ii.    Had no knowledge/notice of dissolution, or

(b)    Situation 2 -

i.   Did not extend credit to partnership

ii.    Had known partnership prior to dissolution

iii.   Had no knowledge/notice of dissolution/fact of dissolution not advertised in a newspaper of

general circulation in the place where partnership is regularly carried on
b.        Partner cannot bind the partnership anymore after dissolution:

(1)  Where dissolution is due to unlawfulness to carry on with business (except: winding up of

partnership affairs)

(2)  Where partner has become insolvent

(3)    Where partner unauthorized to wind up partnership affairs, except by transaction with one
who:

(a)  Situation 1 -

i.    Had extended credit to partnership prior to dissolution &

ii.  Had no knowledge/notice of dissolution, or

(b)  Situation 2 -

i.    Did not extend credit to partnership prior to dissolution

 
ii.    Had known partnership prior to dissolution

iii.   Had no knowledge/notice of dissolution/fact of dissolution not advertised in a newspaper of

general circulation in the place where partnership is regularly carried on

B. DISCHARGE OF LIABILITY–

Dissolution does not discharge existing liability of partner, except by agreement between:

(1) partner himself

(2) person/partnership continuing the business

(3) partnership creditors

Rights of partner where dissolution not in contravention of agreement

1.    Apply partnership property to discharge liabilities of partnership

 

2.    Apply surplus, if any to pay in cash the net amount owed to partners

Rights of partner where dissolution in contravention of agreement

1.        Partner who did not cause dissolution wrongfully:

a.    Apply partnership property to discharge liabilities of partnership

b.    Apply surplus, if any to pay in cash the net amount owed to partners

c.    Indemnity for damages caused by partner guilty of wrongful dissolution

d.    Continue business in same name during agreed term

e.    Posses partnership property if business is continued

 
2.        Partner who wrongly caused dissolution:

a.    If business not continued by others - apply partnership property to discharge liabilities of
partnership & receive in cash his share of surplus less damages caused by his wrongful
dissolution

b.    If business continued by others - have the value of his interest at time of dissolution
ascertained and paid in cash/secured by bond & be released from all existing/future partnership
liabilities

Rights of injured partner where partnership contract is rescinded on ground of fraud/misrepresentation

by 1 party:

1.    Right to lien on surplus of partnership property after satisfying partnership liabilities

2.    Right to subrogation in place of creditors after payment of partnership liabilities

3.    Right of indemnification by guilty partner against all partnership debts & liabilities

C. SETTLEMENT OF ACCOUNTS BETWEEN PARTNERS

 

Assets of the partnership:

1.    Partnership property (including goodwill)

2.    Contributions of the partners

Order of Application of Assets:

1.    Partnership creditors

2.    Partners as creditors

3.    Partners as investors - return of capital contribution

4.    Partners as investors - share of profits if any

 
D. WHEN BUSINESS OF DISSOLVED PARTNERSHIP IS CONTINUED:

1.    Creditors of old partnership are also creditors of the new partnership which continues the
business of the old one w/o liquidation of the partnership affairs

2.    Creditors have an equitable lien on the consideration paid to the retiring /deceased partner
by the purchaser when retiring/deceased partner sold his interest w/o final settlement with
creditors

3.        Rights if retiring/estate of deceased partner:

a.    To have the value of his interest ascertained as of the date of dissolution

b.    To receive as ordinary creditor the value of his share in the dissolved partnership with
interest or profits attributable to use of his right, at his option

Right to Account - may be exercised by:

1.    Winding up partner
 

2.    Surviving partner

3.    Person/partnership continuing the business

Manner of Winding Up

1.    Judicially

2.    Extrajudicially

Persons Authorized to Wind Up

1.    Partners designated by the agreement

2.    In absence of agreement, all partners who have not wrongfully dissolved the partnership
 

3.    Legal representative of last surviving partner

LIMITED PARTNERSHIP  

CHARACTERISTICS  

1.    Formed by compliance with statutory requirements

2.    One or more general partners control the business

3.    One or more general partners contribute to the capital and share in the profits but do not
participate in the management of the business and are not personally liable for partnership
obligations beyond their capital contributions

4.    May ask for the return of their capital contributions under conditions prescribed by law

5.    Partnership debts are paid out of common fund and the individual properties of general
partners

 
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GENERAL AND LIMiTED PARTNER/PARTNERSHIP

GENERAL

LIMITED

Personally liable for partnership obligations

Liability extends only to his capital contributions

When manner of mgt. not agreed upon, all gen partners have an equal right in the mgt. of the
business

No participation in management

Contribute cash, property or industry

Contribute cash or property only, not industry

Proper party to proceedings by/against partnership

Not proper party to proceedings by/against partnership

Interest not assignable w/o consent of other partners

Interest is freely assignable

Name may appear in firm name

The firm name must be appended w/ “Ltd”

Prohibition against engaging in business

No prohibition against engaging in business

Retirement, death, insolvency, insanity of gen partner dissolves partnership

Does not have same effect; rights transferred to legal representative

REQUIREMENTS FOR FORMATION OF LIMITED PARTNERSHIP  

1.        Certificate of articles of the limited partnership must state the ff. matters:

a.    Name of partnership + word "ltd."

b.    Character of business

c.    Location of principal place of business

d.    Name/place of residence of members

e.    Term for partnership is to exist

f.     Amount of cash/value of property contributed

g.    Additional contributions

h.    Time agreed upon to return contribution of limited partner

i.      Sharing of profits/other compensation

j.      Right of limited partner (if given) to substitute an assignee

k.    Right to admit additional partners

l.      Right of limited partners (if given) to priority for contributions

m.   Right of remaining gen partners (if given) or continue business in case of death, insanity,
retirement, civil interdiction, insolvency

n.    Right of limited partner (if given) to demand/receive property/cash in return for contribution

2.    Certificate must be filed with the SEC

WHEN GENERAL PARTNER NEEDS CONSENT/RATIFICATION OF ALL LTD PARTNERS:

1.    Do any act in contravention of the certificate

2.    Do any act which would make it impossible to carry on the ordinary business of the
partnership

3.    Confess judgement against partnership

4.    Possess partnership property/assign rights in specific partnership property other than for
partnership purposes
 

5.    Admit person as general partner

6.    Admit person as limited partner - unless authorized in certificate

7.    Continue business with partnership property on death, retirement, civil interdiction, insanity
or insolvency of gen partner unless authorized in certificate

SPECIFIC RIGHTS OF LIMITED PARTNERS:

1.    Right to have partnership books kept at principal place of business

2.    Right to inspect/copy books at reasonable hour

3.    Right to have on demand true and full info of all things affecting partnership

4.    Right to have formal account of partnership affairs whenever circumstances render it just
and reasonable
 

5.    Right to ask for dissolution and winding up by decree of court

6.    Right to receive share of profits/other compensation by way of income

7.    Right to receive return of contributions provided the partnership assets are in excess of all its
liabilities

LOAN AND OTHER BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS WITH LIMITED PARTNERSHIP

1.        Allowed

a.    Granting loans to partnership

b.    Transacting business with partnership

c.    Receiving pro rata share of partnership assets with general creditors if he is not also a
general partner

 
2.    Prohibited

a.    Receiving/holding partnership property as collateral security

b.    Receiving any payment, conveyance, release from liability if it will prejudice right of 3rd
persons

REQUITES FOR RETURN OF CONTRIBUTION OF LIMITED PARTNER:

1.    All liabilities of partnership have been paid/if not yet paid, at least sufficient to cover them

2.    Consent of all members has been obtained

3.    Certificate is cancelled/amended as to set forth withdrawal /reduction of contribution

LIABILITY OF LIMITED PARTNER

AS CREDITOR

AS TRUSTEE
1.  Deficiency in contribution

Specific property stated as contributed but not yet contributed/wrongfully returned

2.  Unpaid contribution

Money/other property wrongfully paid/ conveyed to him on account of his contribution

DISSOLUTION OF LIMITED PARTNERSHIP

Priority in Distribution of Assets:

1.    Those due to creditors, including limited partners

2.    Those due to limited partners in respect of their share in profits/compensation

3.    Those due to limited partners of return of capital contributed

4.    Those due to general partner other than capital & profits

5.    Those due to general partner in respect to profits

 

6.    Those due to general partner for return of capital contributed

AMENDMENT/CANCELLATION OF CERTIFICATE

      Cancelled:

1. Partnership is dissolved other than by reason of expiry of term

1. All limited partners cease to be such

Amended:

1. Change in name of partnership, amount/character of contribution of ltd. partner

1. Substitution of ltd. partner

 

1. Admission of additional ltd. partner

1. Admission of gen. partner

1. Death, insolvency, insanity, civil interdiction of gen. partner & business is continued

1. Change in character of business

1. False/erroneous statement in certificate

1. Change in time as stated in the certificate for dissolution of partnership/return of

contribution
 

1. Time is fixed for dissolution of partnership. Return of contribution if no orig. time

specified

1. Change in other statement in certificate

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Philippine Jurisprudence Case Digest, Law Subject Notes, Commentaries. civil law, political law, criminal law,
taxation, administrative law, election law, remedial law, Philippine constitution, case digest, law notes