5 States of Matter

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND THERMAL ENERGY Intermolecular Forces Vs Thermal Energy

Intermolecular Forces: Intermolecular forces tend to keep molecules together while thermal
These are the forces of attraction and repulsion between energy tends to keep them apart. The three states of matter are the
interacting particles. (The term does not include electrostatic forces result of balance between intermolecular forces and thermal energy
or forces between covalent bonds). of molecules. The predominance of thermal energy and molecular
interaction energy of a substance in the three states is depicted as
Attractive intermolecular forces are called van der Waals forces.
follows:
The different types of van der Waals forces are discussed below:
(i) Dispersion forces or London forces: The forces of attraction Gas Liquid Solid
Intermolecular interaction increases ®
between induced momentary dipoles are called London forces. ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
These forces arise when the electron cloud of the molecule is
Thermal energy decreases
distorted momentarily, thus generating a momentary dipole ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾®
which in turn induces dipole in the neighbouring molecules. GASEOUS STATE
These are then attracted to each other. They are important
The gaseous state is characterized by the following physical
only at short distances and their magnitude depends on the
properties:
polarisability of the particle.
· Gases are highly compressible.
(ii) Dipole-Dipole forces : These forces act between molecules
· They exert pressure equally in all the directions.
possessing permanent dipole. The positive pole of one
molecule is attracted towards the negative pole of the other · Gases have much lower density than solids and liquids.
molecule. · The volume and shape of gases are not fixed. They assume
volume and shape of the container.
The magnitude of these forces depends on the polarity of
molecules which, in turn, depends on the electronegativities · Gases mix evenly and completely in all proportions.
of the atoms present in the molecule. The attractive forces Gas Laws
decreases with increase of distance between dipoles. Boyle’s law: According to this law, at constant temperature, the
(iii) Dipole-Induced dipole forces : They operate between pressure of a fixed amount of gas varies inversely with its volume.
molecules having permanent dipole and molecules lacking Mathematically.
permanent dipole. Permanent dipole of the polar molecule 1
induces dipole on electrically neutral molecule by deforming Pµ (at constant T and n)
V
its electronic cloud.
(iv) Hydrogen bond : It is a special case of dipole - dipole k
ÞP= (k ® constant of proportionality)
interactions. It arises in molecules in which highly polar N-H, V
O-H or H-F bonds are present. Þ PV = k
Strength of the H-bond depends on the coulombic interaction If a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature T occupying
between lone pair of electrons of electronegative atom of volume V1 at pressure P1 undergoes expansion, so that
one molecule and H-atom of the other molecule. volume becomes V2 and pressure becomes P2, then according
to Boyle’s law :
Thermal Energy
P1V1 = P2V2 = constant
It is the energy of a body arising from motion of its atoms or
molecules. It is directly proportional to temperature of substance. P1 V2
Þ =
It is a measure of average KE of particles. P2 V1
 EBD_7753
102 CHEMISTRY

Graphically, Boyle’s law can be represented as: P1

P1 < P2
P2

V
P
T2
T1 – ve 0 +ve
T
V – 273.15
Gay lussac’s law : It states that at constant volume, pressure of a
fixed amount of a gas varies directly with the temperature, i.e.
PµT
P P
or, = constant = k
T
Hence, if the pressure of a gas P1 at temperature T1 changes
to P2 at T2, volume remaining constant, we have
P1 P2
PV = = constant
T1 T2
or, log P – log T = constant
æ t ö
T2 Pt = P0 ç1 + ÷
è 273.15 ø
T1 Graphically,
P
V1
V2

1/V V1 < V2
P
Charle’s law : According to this law, pressure remaining constant,
the volume of a fixed mass of a gas is directly proportional to its
absolute temperature, i.,e.
V µ T or V = kT T
Other way of representing it is following: Avogadro law : It states that equal volumes of all gases under the
same conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number
For each degree change of temperature, the volume of sample of a
of molecules.
gas changes by the fraction of 1/273.15 of its volume at 0ºC.
i.e. V µ n, where n ® Number of molecules of gas
t V = kn
Vt = V0 + V0
273.15 Thus, one mole of each gas at standard temperature and pressure
will have same volume. Standard temperature and pressure means
æ t ö æ 273.15 + t ö 273.5 K (0°C) temperature and 1 bar (105 Pa) pressure.
Þ Vt = V0 ç1 + ÷ = V0 ç 273.15 ÷
è 273.15 ø è ø m
As n = where, m ® given mass, M ® molar mass
M
æT ö V T
Þ Vt = V0 ç t ÷ Þ t = t m m
T
è 0ø V0 T0 \ V =k Þ M =k =k d
M V
Where T0 = 273.15 and is called Kelvin temperature or Þ Vµd where, d ® density of gas
Absolute temperature
Ideal gas equation : A gas that follows Boyle’s law, Charle’s law
\ 0°C = 273.15K and Avogadro law strictly is called an ideal gas. Combining the
three laws, we can get the ideal gas equation as discussed below:
At – 273.15°C, volume of a gas will be zero. This means that
the gas will not exist. This temperature at which gases are 1
Boyle’s law : Vµ at constant T and n
supposed to occupy zero volume is called Absolute zero. P
Graphically, it is represented as: Charle’s law : V µ T at constant P and n
 States of Matter 103

Avogadro law : V µ n at constant P and T P

Rate of diffusion (r) µ
nT d
\ Vµ
P
r1 p1 d2
=
RnT r2 p2 d1
ÞV=
P As pressure is constant
or, PV = nRT Ideal Gas equation or Equation of State. r1 d2
=
R=Universal gas constant r2 d1

R= =
5
( )(
PV 10 Pa 22.71´10 m
-3 3
) Where r1 & r2 are rates of diffusion of two gases and d1 & d2
are densities.
nT (1 mol ) ( 273.15 K ) \ 2 × vapour density = Molecular mass
= 8.314 Pa m3 K–1 mol–1. \
r1 M2
=
= 8.314 × 10–2 bar L K–1 mol–1. r2 M1
= 8.314 J K–1 mol–1.
Where M1 & M2 are the molecular masses of two gases.
If T, P and V of a fixed amount of gas vary from T1, V1 and P1
to T2, V2 and P2, then Volume of gas diffused
Rate of diffusion =
Time taken for diffusion
P1 V1 P V
= nR and 2 2 = nR
T1 T2 KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF GASES
This theory attempts to elucidate the behaviour of gases. The
P1 V1 P2 V2 assumptions or postulates of this theory are:
or = combined gas Law
T1 T2 (i) Gases consist of large number of identical particles which are
very small and far apart so that the actual volume of molecules
Density and Molar Mass of Gaseous Substance from Ideal Gas is negligible in comparison to empty space between them.
Equation, This explains the compressibility of gases.
n P (ii) There is no force of attraction between the particles of a gas
= at ordinary T and P. This is why gases can expand and occupy
V RT
all the space available to them.
m P æ mö (iii) Particles of a gas are always in constant and random motion.
= çQ n = ÷ If the particles were at rest and occupied fixed position, a gas
MV RT è Mø
would have had a fixed shape, which is not so.
d P (iv) Particles of a gas move in all possible directions in straight
=
M RT lines. During their random motion, they collide with each
other and with the walls of the container. Pressure is exerted
dRT by the gas as a result of collision of the particles with the
M= walls of the container.
P
(v) Collisions of gas molecules are perfectly elastic. This means
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures : According to this law, the that total energy of molecules before and after collision remains
total pressure exerted by a mixture of non-reactive gases is equal the same. There may be exchange of energy between colliding
to the sum of partial pressures of individual gases, i.e. molecules, their individual energies may change, but the sum
PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + ------------- (at constant T and V) of their energies remains constant.
Pressure exerted by saturated water vapour is called aqueous (vi) At any particular time, the different particles of the gas have
tension. different speeds and hence different kinetic energies.
\ Pdry gas = PTotal – Aq. tension (vii) The average KE of gas molecules is directly proportional to
the absolute temperature.
Partial pressure in terms of mole fraction
P1 = x1 PTotal. MAXWELL’S DISTRIBUTION OF MOLECULAR
P2 = x2 PTotal. SPEEDS/ENERGIES
In general, P = x PTotal. Maxwell and Boltzmann, however, showed that as a result of
where x ® mole fraction; P ® partial pressure collisions, though some molecules are speeded up, some others
are slowed down and hence the fractions of molecules possessing
Graham’s Law of Diffusion or Effusion : According to this law, at particular speed remains constant at constant temperature. This
constant temperature and pressure, the rate of diffusion or effusion is called Maxwell-Boltzmann distributions.
of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its density Maxwell gave distribution curves of molecular speeds for CO2 at
and is directly proportional to its pressure. different temperatures.
 EBD_7753
104 CHEMISTRY

Special features of the curve are : DEVIATION FROM IDEAL GAS BEHAVIOUR : REAL
(i) Fraction of molecules with too high or too low speeds is very GASES
small. A gas that follows Boyle’s law, Charle’s law and Avogadro law
(ii) No molecules has zero velocity. strictly is called an ideal gas. Such a gas is hypothetical. Real
(iii) Initially the fraction of molecules increases with velocity till gases follow these laws only under certain specific conditions
the peak of the curve which pertains to most probable velocity when forces of interaction are practically negligible. This is
and thereafter it falls with increase in velocity. discussed as follows:
Two questions arise :
(i) Why do gases deviate from ideality?
Ump
(ii) Under what conditions gases deviate from ideality?
300 K ( T1) T1< T2< T3 Gases deviate from ideality because two assumptions of kinetic
Ump theory do not hold good:
Fraction of molecules

Uav (i) There is no force of attraction between molecules of a gas.

Urms
Ump (ii) Volume of molecules of a gas is negligible compared to volume
of the gas.
1500 K(T 2)
1800 K(T 3)
Equation of State for Real Gases (Van der Waals
Equation)
Molecular speed
Correction for pressure : Real gases show deviations from ideal
gas law because molecules interact with each other. At high
pressures, molecules of gas are very close to each other. Molecular
Speed Related to Gaseous State interactions start operating. As a result, pressure exerted by the
gas is lower than the pressure exerted by the ideal gas.
(a) Root mean square speed (RMS speed) -
Hence, corrected pressure :
u12 + u22 + u32 + ......un2
u= an 2
n Pideal = Preal + a ® constant
V2
3PV 3RT 3P Volume correction : The volume occupied by the molecules also
C= = =
M M d becomes significant at high pressure when the molecules are quite
close together because instead of moving in volume V, these are
(b) Average speed (AVS) :
now restricted to volume (V – nb) where nb is approximately the
8RT volume occupied by molecules themselves.
Average speed = i.e., corrected volume = (V – nb)
pm
Thus, taking into account the corrections for P and V, we have
Average speed = .9213 × RMS speed
RMS speed = 1.085 × Average speed
æ an 2 ö
(c) Most probable speed (MPS) : çP + 2 ÷ ( V - nb ) = nRT
ç V ÷
è ø
2RT
Most probable speed = van der Waals equation a, b ® van der Waals constants
M
units of ‘a’ ® atm. litre2 mole–2
MPS = .816 × RMS ; RMS = 1.224 MPS
units of ‘b’ ® litres mole–1
Relation between the three types of velocities
Value of ‘a’ is a measure of magnitude of intermolecular attractive
a :v :u forces within the gas and is independent of temperature and
2 RT 8RT 3RT pressure.
: : Also, at very low temperature, intermolecular forces become
M pM M
significant. Thus, real gases show ideal behaviour when conditions
8
of temperature and pressure are such that the intermolecular forces
2: : 3 are practically negligible.
p
As b is the effective volume of the gas molecules, the constant
1.414 : 1.595 : 1.732 value of b for any gas over a wide range of temperature and pressure
1 : 1.128 : 1.234 i.e., a < v < u. indicates that the gas molecules are incompressible.
 States of Matter 105

Study of Deviation Their molecules are held together by attractive intermolecular

The deviation from ideal behaviour can be measured in terms of forces. They have definite volume and the molecules can move
compressibility factor Z which is given by past one another freely and thus liquids can flow, can be poured
and can assume the shape of the container.
PV
Z= Some physical properties of liquids are:
nRT
(i) Vapour Pressure
For ideal gas, Z = 1 at all temperatures and pressures.
It is the pressure exerted by the vapours in equilibrium with
At very low pressure, all gases have Z = 1 and behave ideally. At
the liquid. The temperature at which vapour pressure of liquid
high pressure, all gases have Z > 1. They are difficult to compress.
is equal to external pressure is called boiling point of the
At intermediate pressure, most gases have Z < 1.
liquid.
The temperature at which a real gas obeys ideal gas law over an
At 1 atm, it is the normal boiling point and at 1 bar, it is
appreciable range of pressure is called Boyle temperature or Boyle
standard boiling point. At high altitudes, atmospheric
point. At low pressure and high temperature, gases show ideal
pressure is low. Therefore, liquids at high altitudes boil at
behaviour.
lower temperatures in comparison to that at sea level. Since
The temperature at which a real gas obeys ideal gas laws over an water boils at lower temperature on hills, pressure cooker is
appreciable range of pressure is called Boyle temperature or Boyle used for cooking food.
point TB. TB and two van der Waal’s constants are related as
below (ii) Surface Tension
a A molecule in the bulk of the liquid experiences equal
TB = intermolecular forces from all sides but the molecule on the
bR
surface experiences a net attractive force towards the interior
Liquifaction of Gases of the liquid. This phenomena is called surface tension.
Critical temperature (Tc) of a gas is the highest temperature at It is defined as the force acting at right angles to the surface
which liquifaction of the gas first occurs. along 1 cm length of the surface. Thus, the units of surface
Liquifaction of gas requires cooling as well as considerable tension are dynes per cm (or Nm–1 in SI system).
compression. Compression brings the molecules in close vicinity Due to net downward force at the surface, liquids tend to
and cooling slows down the movement of molecules. Therefore, have minimum number of molecules at their surface. If surface
intermolecular interactions may hold the closely and slowly moving of liquid is increased by pulling a molecule from the bulk,
molecules together and the gas liquifies. attractive forces will have to be overcome. The energy required
Critical Constants to increase the surface area of the liquid by one unit is called
(i) Critical temperature (Tc) : The temperature above which surface energy.
gas cannot be liquefied whatever pressure is applied is called Magnitude of surface tension of a liquid depends on
8a attractive forces between molecules. As temperature
critical temperature Tc = increases, attractive forces decreases and thus, surface
27bR
tension also decreases.
(ii) Critical pressure (Pc) : The minimum pressure required to
liquefy a gas at its critical temperature is called critical Since a sphere has minimum surface area and lowest energy
a state of a liquid is when surface area is minimum, therefore,
pressure. Pc = mercury drops are spherical in shape. Liquid tends to rise (or
27b 2 fall) in capillary because of surface tension.
(iii) Critical volume (Vc) : The volume occupied by one mole of
a gas at the critical temperature and critical pressure is called (iii) Viscosity
critical volume. It is a measure of resistance to flow which arises due to internal
Vc = 3b friction between layers of fluid as they slip past one another
while liquid flows.
There is continuity between gaseous and liquid state. The term
fluid is used for either a liquid or a gas to recognise this continuity. A force is required to maintain the flow of layers. It is given
A liquid can be viewed as a very dense gas. Liquid and gas can be du du
distinguished only when the fluid is below its critical temperature, by: F = h A where A ® area of contact ® velocity
dz dz
since in that case liquid and gas are in equilibrium and a surface gradient h ® coefficient of viscosity.
separating the two phases is visible. At critical temperature, liquid
SI unit of h is 1 N sm–2 and its cgs unit is poise
passes into gaseous state imperceptibly and continuously, the
surface separating two phases disappears. A gas below T c can be Viscosity of liquids decreases as temperature increases
liquified by applying pressure, and is called vapour of the because at high temperature, molecules have high KE and
substance. can overcome intermolecular forces to slip past one another
between the layers.
LIQUID STATE Greater viscosity, more slowly the liquid flows. H-bonding
Molecules in liquids are so close that there is very little empty and van der Waals forces are strong enough to cause high
space between them and under normal conditions, liquids are viscosity. Glass is an extremely viscous liquid. It is so viscous
denser than gases. that many of its properties resemble solids.
 106

CONCEPT MAP
CHEMISTRY

EBD_7753
 States of Matter 107

1. Correct gas equation is : 10. Select one correct statement. In the gas equation, PV = nRT
PV (a) n is the number of molecules of a gas
V1T2 V2T1 1 1 = T1
(a) = (b) (b) V denotes volume of one mole of the gas
P1 P2 P2V2 T2
(c) n moles of the gas have a volume V
PT
1 2 = P2V2 V1V2
(c) (d) = P1P2 (d) P is the pressure of the gas when only one mole of gas
V1 T2 T1T2 is present.
2. A gas of volume of 15 ml at 300 K and 740 mm of Hg. Find 11. 500 ml of nitrogen at 27°C is cooled to –5°C at the same
the temperature if volume becomes 10 ml at 760 mm pressure. The new volume becomes
pressure of Hg. (a) 326.32 ml (b) 446.66 ml
(a) 209 K (b) 200 K (c) 205 K (d) 275 K
(c) 546.32 ml (d) 771.56 ml
3. The K.E. for 14 g of nitrogen gas at 127°C is nearly
(molecular mass of nitrogen is 28 g/mole) and gas constant 12. 600 c.c. of a gas at a pressure of 750 mm of Hg is compressed
is 8.31 J/mol K) to 500 c.c. Taking the temperature to remain constant, the
(a) 8.3 kJ (b) 4.15 kJ (c) 2.5 kJ (d) 3.3 kJ increase in pressure, is
4. At constant temperature, for a given mass of an ideal gas (a) 150 mm of Hg (b) 250 mm of Hg
(a) the ratio of pressure and volume always remains (c) 350 mm of Hg (d) 450 mm of Hg
constant. 13. From a heated mixture of nitrogen, oxygen and carbon, two
(b) volume always remains constant. compounds (out of the many obtained) are isolated. The
(c) pressure always remains constant. rates of diffusion of the two isolated compounds are almost
(d) the product of pressure and volume always remains identical. The two compounds are
constant. (a) N2O and CO2 (b) CO and NO
5. The molecular weight of two gases are 100 and 81 (c) CO2 and NO2 (d) N2O and CO
respectively. Their rates of diffusions are in the ratio: 14. The ratio of the rate of diffusion of helium and methane
(a) 81 : 100 (b) 100 : 81 under identical condition of pressure and temperature will
(c) 10 : 9 (d) 9 : 10 be
6. Which is not true in case of an ideal gas ? (a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0.5
(a) It cannot be converted into a liquid 15. Gas equation PV = nRT is obeyed by
(b) There is no interaction between the molecules (a) Only isothermal process (b) Only adiabatic process
(c) All molecules of the gas move with same speed (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
(d) At a given temperature, PV is proportional to the 16. Densities of two gases are in the ratio 1:2 and their
amount of the gas temperatures are in the ratio 2:1 then the ratio of their
7. The correct value of the gas constant ‘R’ is close to : respective pressures is
(a) 0.082 litre-atmosphere K (a) 1:1 (b) 1:2 (c) 2:1 (d) 4:1
(b) 0.082 litre-atmosphere K–1 mol–1 17. A cylinder of 5 L capacity, filled with air at NTP is connected
(c) 0.082 litre – atmosphere–1 K mol–1 with another evacuated cylinder of 30 L of capacity. The
(d) 0.082 litre –1 atmosphere – 1 K mol resultant air pressure in both the cylinders will
8. In two separate bulbs containing ideal gases A and B (a) 10.8 cm of Hg (b) 14.9 cm of Hg
respectively, the density of gas A is twice of that of gas B, (c) 21.8 cm of Hg (d) 38.8 cm of Hg
while mol wt. of gas A is half of that of gas B at the same 18. Volume occupied by a gas at one atmospheric pressure and
temperature, pressure. PA/PB will be: 0°C is V mL. Its volume at 273 K will be
(a) 1 (b) 4 (a) Vml (b) V/2 ml
(c) 1/4 (d) 1/2 (c) 2 V (d) None of these
9. Under what conditions will a pure sample of ideal gas not
19. Van der Waal’s equation
only exhibit a pressure of 1 atm, but also a concentration of
2 moles per litre? é a ù
(a) At STP ê P + 2 ú (V - b ) = nRT is applicable for :
(b) When volume is 22.41litre ë V û
(c) At 6.1 K (a) Ideal gas (b) Non-ideal gas
(d) When R has no unit (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
 EBD_7753
108 CHEMISTRY

20. Which one of the following indicates the value of the gas 30. Equal weights of methane and hydrogen are mixed in an
constant R? empty container at 25ºC. The fraction of the total pressure
(a) 1.987 cal K–1 mol–1 (b) 8.3 cal K–1 mol–1 exerted by hydrogen is :
–1
(c) 0.0821lit K mol –1 (d) 1.987 Joules K–1 mol–1 1 8 1 16
21. 16 g of oxygen and 3 g of hydrogen are mixed and kept at 760 (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 9 9 17
mm of Hg pressure and 0° C. The total volume occupied by
31. The rate of diffusion of methane at a given temperature is
the mixture will be nearly
twice that of a gas X. The molecular weight of X is
(a) 22.4 litres (b) 33.6 litres (c) 448 litres (d) 44800 ml
(a) 64.0 (b) 32.0 (c) 4.0 (d) 8.0
22. If P is pressure and r is density of a gas, then P and r are
32. X mL of H2 gas effuses through a hole in a container in 5
related as
seconds. The time taken for the effusion of the same volume
(a) P µ r (b) P µ (1/r)
of the gas specified below under identical conditions is :
(c) P µ r2 (d) P µ (1/r2)
(a) 10 seconds : He (b) 20 seconds : O2
23. Pure hydrogen sulphide is stored in a tank of 100 litre capacity
at 20° C and 2 atm pressure. The mass of the gas will be (c) 25 seconds : CO (d) 55 seconds : CO2
(a) 34 g (b) 340 g (c) 282.68 g (d) 28.24 g 33. The inversion temperature Ti (K) of hydrogen is (given van
der Waal’s constants a and b are 0.244 atm L2 mol–2 and
24. If three unreactive gases having partial pressures PA, PB
0.027 L mol–1 respectively)
and PC and their moles are 1, 2 and 3 respectively then their
(a) 440 (b) 220 (c) 110 (d) 330
total pressure will be
34. The ratio between most probable velocity, mean velocity
P + PB + PC and r.m.s velocity is :
(a) P = PA + PB + PC (b) P= A
6
(a) 2 : 8/p : 3 (b) 2 : 3 : 8/ p
PA + PB + PC
(c) P= (d) None of these (c) 1 : 2 : 3 (d) 1 : 2 : 3
3
25. When a substance is dissolved in a solvent, the vapour 35. Root mean square velocity of a gas molecule is proportional
pressure of solvent decreases. It brings: to
(a) a decrease in boiling point of solution (a) m1/2 (b) m0 (c) m–1/2 (d) m
(b) an increase in boiling point of the solution 36. Which of the following is not a property of liquid state?
(c) a decrease in freezing point of the solution (a) Intermolecular force of attraction in a liquid is quite
(d) an increase in freezing point of the solution large
26. Dalton’s law of partial pressure will not apply to which of (b) All liquids accompanied by cooling on evaporation
the following mixture of gases (c) Lower the boiling point of a liquid, greater is its vapour
(a) H2 and SO2 (b) H2 and Cl2 pressure at room temperature
(c) H2 and CO2 (d) CO2 and Cl2 (d) A liquid boils at high temperature at the top of a mountain
than at the sea level
27. A gas diffuse1/5 times as fast as hydrogen. Its molecular
37. In a closed flask of 5 litres, 1.0 g of H2 is heated from 300 to
weight is
600 K. Which statement is not correct?
(a) 50 (b) 25 (c) 25 2 (d) 50 2 (a) Pressure of the gas increases
28. Dominance of strong repulsive forces among the molecules (b) The rate of collision increases
of the gas (Z = compressibility factor): (c) The number of moles of gas increases
(a) Depends on Z and indicated by Z = 1 (d) The energy of gaseous molecules increases
(b) Depends on Z and indicated by Z > 1 38. Internal energy and pressure of a gas per unit volume are
(c) Depends on Z and indicated by Z < 1 related as :
(d) Is independent of Z.
29. The volume-temperature graphs of a given mass of an ideal (a) P = 2 E (b) P = 3 E (c) P = 1 E (d) P = 2 E
gas at constant pressure are shown below. 3 2 2
39. Which of the following gases will have highest rate of
p2 p diffusion?
3
V p1 (a) CO2 (b) NH3
(c) O2 (d) N2
40. The temperature of the gas is raised from 27°C to 927°C, the
root mean square velocity is

O 273 T(K) (a) 927 / 27 time the earlier value

What is the correct order of pressures ? (b) same as before

(a) p1 > p3 > p2 (b) p1 > p2 > p3 (c) halved
(c) p2 > p3 > p1 (d) p2 > p1 > p3 (d) doubled
 States of Matter 109

41. Which of the following expressions correctly represents the 51. The ratio between the root mean square speed of H2 at 50 K
relationship between the average molar kinetic energy, KE , and that of O2 at 800 K is,
of CO and N2 molecules at the same temperature ? (a) 4 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) 1/4
(a) KE CO < KE N 52. The root mean square velocity of an ideal gas at constant
2
pressure varies with density (d) as
(b) KE CO > KE N
2
(a) d 2 (b) d (c) d (d) 1/ d
(c) KE CO = KE N 53. The root mean square velocity of one mole of a monoatomic
2
(d) cannot be predicted unless volumes of the gases are gas having molar mass M is ur.m.s.. The relation between the
given average kinetic energy (E) of the gas and ur.m.s. is
42. The inversion temperature for van der Waal's gas is :
3E 2E
a æ 2a ö (a) ur.m.s. = (b) ur.m.s. =
(a) Ti = (b) Ti = ç ÷ 2M 3M
(Rb) è Rb ø
2E E
a (c) ur.m.s. = (d) ur.m.s. =
(c) Ti = 0.5 T (d) Ti = M 3M
2( R / b)
54. The total pressure of a mixture of two gases is :
43. Root mean square velocity of a molecule is 1000 m/s. The (a) The sum of the partial pressures
average velocity of the molecule is : (b) The difference between the partial pressures
(a) 455.55 m/s (b) 675.55 m/s
(c) The product of the partial pressures
(c) 921.58 m/s (d) 1221.58 m/s
(d) The ratio of the partial pressures.
44. According to the kinetic theory of gases, in an ideal gas,
between two successive collisions a gas molecule travels 55. An ideal gas can’t be liquefied because
(a) in a wavy path (a) its critical temperature is always above 0°C
(b) in a straight line path (b) Its molecules are relatively smaller in size
(c) with an accelerated velocity (c) it solidifies before becoming a liquid
(d) in a circular path (d) forces between its molecules are negligible
45. As the temperature is raised from 20ºC to 40ºC, the average
56. When is deviation more in the behaviour of a gas from the
kinetic energy of neon atoms changes by a factor of which
ideal gas equation PV = nRT ?
of the following ?
(a) At high temperature and low pressure
(a) 313 293 (b) (313 / 293) (b) At low temperature and high pressure
(c) 1 2 (d) 2 (c) At high temperature and high pressure
(d) At low temperature and low pressure
46. When universal gas constant (R) is divided by Avogadro
no. (N0), then the value of R / N0 is equivalent to 57. Some moles of O2 diffuse through a small opening in 18 s.
(a) Rydberg's constant Same number of moles of an unknown gas diffuse through
(b) Boltzmann's constant the same opening in 45 s. molecular weight of the unknown
(c) Planck's constant gas is :
(d) Van der waal's constant
47. The ratio of root mean square velocity to average velocity 452 18 2
(a) 32 ´ (b) 32 ´
of a gas molecule at a particular temperature is 18 2 452
(a) 1.086 : 1 (b) 1 : 1.086 (c) 2 : 1.086 (d) 1.086 : 2
48. The rms speed at NTP of a gas can be calculated from the 45 18
(c) 32 ´ (d) 32 2 ´
expression : 18 45
(a) 3P / d (b) 3PV / M 58. At which one of the following temperature-pressure
conditions the deviation of a gas from ideal behaviour is
(c) 3RT / M (d) All of these
expected to be minimum?
4 (a) 350 K and 3 atm. (b) 550 K and 1 atm.
49. Ratio of molecular weights of A and B is then ratio of
25 (c) 250 K and 4 atm. (d) 450 K and 2 atm.
rates of diffusion will be : 59. In van der Waal’s equation of state of the gas law, the
(a) 5 : 1 (b) 5 : 2 constant ‘b’ is a measure of
(c) 25 : 3 (d) 25 : 4 (a) volume occupied by the molecules
50. When the temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 27ºC
(b) intermolecular attraction
to 927ºC, the kinetic energy will be :
(a) same (b) eight times (c) intermolecular repulsions
(c) four times (d) twice (d) intermolecular collisions per unit volume
 EBD_7753
110 CHEMISTRY

60. At what centigrade temperature will the volume of gas 68. Gas deviates from ideal gas nature because molecules
becomes 2x, if the volume of this gas is ‘x’ at 0° C at constant (a) are colouress
pressure? (b) attaract each other
(a) 0°C (b) 237°C
(c) contain covalent bond
(c) 273°C (d) 546 ºC
(d) show Brownian movement.
61. Value of universal gas constant (R) depends upon
(a) Number of moles of gas 69. The van der Waal’s constant ‘a’ for four gases P, Q, R and S
(b) Volume of gas are 4.17, 3.59, 6.71 and 3.8 atm L2 mol–2 respectively.
(c) Temperature of gas Therefore, the ascending order of their liquefaction is
(d) None of these (a) R < P < S < Q (b) Q < S < R < P
62. The temperature at which a real gas obeys the ideal gas laws (c) Q < S < P < R (d) R < P < Q < S
over a wide range of pressure is 70. At low pressure the van der Waal’s equation is reduced to
(a) critical temperature (b) Boyle temperature
pVm ap pVm b
(c) inversion temperature (d) reduced temperature (a) Z= =1- (b) Z= = 1+ p
RT RT RT RT
63. In van der Waal’s equation of state for a non-ideal gas, the
term that accounts for intermolecular forces is pVm a
(c) pVm = RT (d) Z= =1-
(a) (V – b) (b) RT RT RT
æ a ö 71. Same mass of CH4 and H2 is taken in container, The partial
(c) çè P + 2 ÷ø (d) (RT)–1
V pressure caused by H2 is
64. The compressibility factor for an ideal gas is 8 1
(a) 1.5 (b) 1.0 (c) 2.0 (d) ¥ (a) (b)
9 9
65. Graph between P and V at constant temperature is
1
(a) straight (c) (d) 1
(b) curved increasing 2
(c) straight line with slope 72. In which molecule the van der Waal’s force is likely to be the
(d) none of these most important in determining the m.pt. and b.pt.?
(a) H2S (b) Br2
66. A gas described by van der Waal’s equation
(c) HCl (d) CO
(i) behaves similar to an ideal gas in the limit of large molar 73. Soap helps in cleaning clothes, because
volume (a) chemical of soap change
(ii) behaves similar to an ideal gas in the limit of large (b) it increases the surface tension of the solution
pressure (c) it absorbs the dirt
(iii) is characterised by van der Waal's coefficients that are (d) it lowers the surface tension of the solution
dependent on the identity of the gas but are
74. The r.m.s Velocity of hydrogen is 7 times the r.m.s velocity
independent of the temperature
of nitrogen. If T is the temperature of the gas , than
(iv) has the pressure that is lower than the pressure exerted
by the same gas behaving ideally (a) T (H 2 ) = T ( N 2 ) (b) T (H 2 ) > T ( N 2 )
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iii) (c) T (H 2 ) < T ( N 2 ) (d)T (H 2 ) = 7 T ( N 2 )
(c) (i), (ii) and (iii) (d) (ii) and (iv)
75. If temperature increases, the surface tension of a liquid
67. Rate of diffusion of NH3 is twice that of X. What is the (a) increases
molecular mass of X? (b) decreases
(a) 68 (b) 48 (c) remains the same
(c) 12 (d) 8 (d) increases then decreases

1. The molecular velocities of two gases at the same temperature 2. Reducing the pressure from 1.0 atm to 0.5 atm would change
are u1 and u2. Their masses are m1 and m2 respectively . the number of molecules in one mole of ammonia to
Which of the following expression is correct. (a) 25% of its initial value (b) 50% of its initial value
(a) m1 / u12 = m 2 / u 2 2 (b) m1u1 = m 2 u 2 (c) 75% of its initial value (d) None of the above
3. Under what conditions will a pure sample of an ideal gas not
(c) m1 / u1 = m 2 / u 2 (d) m1u12 = m 2u 2 2 only exhibit a pressure of 1 atm but also a concentration of
1 mole litre–1 ? (R = 0.082 litre atm mol–1deg–1)
 States of Matter 111

(a) At STP 14. Calculate the total pressure in a 10.0 L cylinder which contains
(b) When V = 22.4 litres 0.4g helium, 1.6 g oxygen and 1.4 g nitrogen at 27°C.
(c) When T = 12 K (a) 0.492 atm (b) 49.2 atm
(d) Impossible under any conditions (c) 4.52 atm (d) 0.0492 atm
4. The average kinetic energy of 28 g CO at, 300 K is E kcal. The 15. When helium is allowed to expand into vacuum, heating effect
average kinetic energy of 2 g H2 at the same temperature is observed. Its reason is that
would be..... k cal. (a) helium is an ideal gas
(a) E (b) 14 E (b) helium is an inert gas
(c) 1/14 E (c) 28 E (c) the inversion temperature of helium is very low
5. Cyclopropane and oxygen at partial pressures 170 torr and (d) the boiling point of helium is the lowest amongst the
570 torr respectively are mixed in a gas cylinder. What is the
elements
ratio of the number of moles of cyclopropane to the number
of moles of oxygen (nC3H6/nO2)? 16. Diffusion of helium gas is four times faster than
(a) CO2 (b) SO2 (c) NO2 (d) O2
170 ´ 42 170 æ 170 570 ö 17. A bottle of dry ammonia and a bottle of dry hydrogen chloride
(a) = 0.39 (b) ç + ÷ » 0.19
570 ´ 32 42 è 42 32 ø connected through a long tube are opened simultaneously
170 170 at both ends the white ammonium chloride ring first formed
(c) = 0.23 (d) = 0.30
740 570 will be
6. 14 g of N2 and 36 g of ozone are at the same pressure and (a) at the centre of the tube.
temperature . Their volumes will be related as (b) near the hydrogen chloride bottle.
(a) 2VN = 3VO3 (b) 3VN = 2VO3 (c) near the ammonia bottle.
2 2
(d) throughout the length of the tube.
(c) 3VN = 4VO (d) 4VN = 3VO3
2 3 2 a
7. If 500 ml of gas A at 400 torr and 666.6 ml of B at 600 torr are 18. The ratio (a and b being the van der Waal’s constants of
b
placed in a 3 litre flask, the pressure of the system will be
(a) 200 torr (b) 100 torr (c) 550 torr (d) 366 torr real gases) has the dimensions of
8. The beans are cooked earlier in pressure cooker, because (a) atm mol -1 (b) L mol -1
(a) boiling point increases with increasing pressure
(c) atm L mol -1 (d) atm L mol - 2
(b) boiling point decreases with increasing pressure
19. At 100°C and 1 atm, if the density of liquid water is 1.0 g cm–3
(c) internal energy is not lost while cooking in pressure
and that of water vapour is 0.0006 g cm–3, then the volume
cooker
(d) extra pressure of pressure cooker, softens the beans occupied by water molecules in 1 litre of steam at that
9. When an ideal gas undergoes unrestrained expansion, no temperature is
cooling occurs because the molecules (a) 6 cm3 (b) 60 cm3 (c) 0.6 cm3 (d) 0.06 cm3
(a) are above the inversion temperature 20. It V is the volume of one molecule of gas under given
(b) exert no attractive forces on each other conditions, the van der Waal’s constant b is
(c) do work equal to loss in kinetic energy 4V
(d) collide without loss of energy (a) 4 V (b)
N0
10. The reciprocal of compressibility factor of a real gas in the
critical state is N0
(c) (d) 4VN 0
3 3 8 1 4V
(a) (b) (c) (d) 21. Which of the following volume (V) - temperature (T) plots
8 4 3 3
11. Use of hot air balloons in sports and meteorological represents the behaviour of one mole of an ideal gas at one
observations is an application of atmospheric pressure ?
(a) Boyle’s law (b) Charle’s law
(c) Kelvin’s law (d) Gay-Lussac’s law V(L) (38.8L, 373K)
12. Air at sea level is dense. This is a practical application of
(a) (22.4L,
(a) Boyle’s law (b) Charle’s law 273K)
(c) Kelvin’s law (d) Brown’s law
T(K)
13. Consider a real gas placed in a container. If the intermolecular
attractions are supposed to disappear suddenly which of the
following would happen? V(L)
(28.6L, 373K)
(a) The pressure decreases
(b) The pressure increases (b) (22.4L,
273K)
(c) The pressure remains unchanged
(d) The gas collapses T(K)
 EBD_7753
112 CHEMISTRY

(ii) The gas A has minimum departure from the ideal behavior
V(L) (iii) The gas C has largest molecular volume
(30.6L, 373K)
(a) (i) (b) (i) and (ii)
(c) (22.4L, (c) (ii) and (iii) (d) all the three
273K)
28. The pressure of 11gm of a gas which is placed in a 4 litres
T(K) container at 127°C is 2 atm, then the gas would be
(Take : R = 0.08 litre atm K–1 mol–1)
V(L) (a) N2O (b) CO2
(c) NO2 (d) Both (a) and (b) possible
(d) (22.4L, 29. A mixture of two gases A and B in the mole ratio 2 : 3 is kept
273K) in a 2 litre vessel. A second 3L vessel has the same two gases
(14.2L, 373K) in the mole ratio 3 : 5. Both gas mixtures have the same tem-
T(K)
perature and same total pressure. They are allowed to inter-
22. If for two gases of molecular masses MA and MB at mix and the final temperature and the total pressure are the
temperatures TA and TB, TA MB = TB MA, then which of the same as the initial values, the final volume being 5 litres.
Given that the molar masses are MA and MB. What is the
following properties has the same magnitude for both the
mean molar mass of the final mixture?
gases
5M A + 8M B 77 M A + 123M B
(a) Pressure (b) Density (a) (b)
(c) Molar K.E. (d) rms velocity 13 200
23. Positive deviation from ideal behaviour takes place because of 123M A + 77 M B 123M A + 77 M B
(c) (d)
(a) molecular interaction between atoms and PV/nRT > 1 250 150
(b) molecular interaction between atoms and PV/nRT < 1 30. Two flasks A and B of equal volumes maintained at
(c) finite size of atoms and PV/nRT > 1 temperatures 300K and 600K contain equal mass of H2 and
(d) finite size of atoms and PV/nRT < 1
CH4 respectively. The ratio of total translational kinetic
24. At what temperature the average speed of helium molecule
will be the same as that of oxygen molecule at 527°C energy of gas in flask A to that in flask B is
(a) 100 K (b) 200 K (c) 273 K (d) 400 K (a) unity (b) 2 (c) 4 (c) 0.25
25. There are three closed containers in which equal amount of 31. By what factor does the average velocity of a gaseous
the gas are filled. molecule increase when the temperature (in Kelvin) is
doubled ?
(a) 2.0 (b) 2.8 (c) 4.0 (d) 1.4
32. A bubble of air is underwater at temperature 15°C and the
10cm R=10cm pressure 1.5 bar. If the bubble rises to the surface where the
temperature is 25°C and the pressure is 1.0 bar, what will
Sphere happen to the volume of the bubble ?
10cm (hollow) (a) Volume will become greater by a factor of 1.6.
(Cube) 10cm
(I) (II) (III) (b) Volume will become greater by a factor of 1.1.
If all the containers are placed at the same temperatures, then (c ) Volume will become smaller by a factor of 0.70.
find the incorrect options – (d) Volume will become greater by a factor of 2.5.
(a) Pressure of the gas is minimum in (III) container 33. 50 mL of each gas A and of gas B takes 150 and 200 seconds
(b) Pressure of the gas is equal in I and II container respectively for effusing through a pin hole under the similar
(c) Pressure of the gas is maximum in (I) condition. If molecular mass of gas B is 36, the molecular
(d) The ratio of pressure in II and III container is 4 : 3 mass of gas A will be :
(a) 96 (b) 128 (c) 20.25 (d) 64
PV 34. When r, P and M represent rate of diffusion, pressure and
26. The compressibility factor Z = for 1 mol of a real gas is
RT molecular mass, respectively, then the ratio of the rates of
greater than unity at a pressure of 1 atm and 273 .15 K. The
molar volume of the gas at STP will be diffusion (rA / rB ) of two gases A and B, is given as :
(a) less than 22.4 L (b) greater than 22.4 L
(a) ( PA / PB ) ( M B / M A )1/ 2 (b) ( PA / PB )1/ 2 ( M B / M A )
(c) equal to 22.4 L (d) none of these
27. The van der Waals’s constants for gases A, B and C are as follows (c) ( PA / PB ) ( M A / M B )1/ 2 (d) ( PA / PB )1/ 2 ( M A / M B )
Gas a (L2 atm mol–2) b (L mol–1)
35. The compressibility factor for a real gas at high pressure is :
A 0.024 0.027
B 4.17 0.037 RT
(a) 1 + (b) 1
C 3.59 0.043 pb
Based upon the above data, which of the following statements pb pb
is correct? (c) 1 + (d) 1 –
(i) The gas B has the highest critical temperature RT RT
 States of Matter 113

36. At constant volume and temperature conditions, the rate of 41. For gaseous state, if most probable speed is denoted by C*,
diffusion DA and DB of gases A and B having densities rA average speed by C and mean square speed by C, then for a
and rB are related by the expression. large number of molecules the ratios of these speeds are :
12 12 (a) C* : C : C = 1.225 : 1.128 : 1
é r ù é r ù (b) C* : C : C = 1.128 : 1.225 : 1
(a) DA = ê DB A ú (b) DA = ê DB B ú
ë rB û ë rA û (c) C* : C : C = 1 : 1.128 : 1.225
12 12
æ rA ö æ rB ö (d) C* : C : C = 1 : 1.225 : 1.128
(c) DA = D B (d) D A = D B ç ÷
çè r ÷ø è rA ø 42. Small droplets of a liquid are usually more spherical in shape
B
37. The compression factor (compressibility factor) for 1 mole of than larger drops of the same liquid because
a van der Waal’s gas at 0°C and 100 atm pressure if found to (a) force of surface tension is equal and opposite to the
be 0.5. Assuming that the volume of gas molecules is force of gravity
negligible, calculate the van der Waal’s constant 'a'. (b) force of surface tension predominates the force of gravity
(a) 0.253 L2 mol–2 atm (b) 0.53 L2 mol–2 atm (c) force of gravity predominates the force of surface tension
2 –2
(c) 1.853 L mol atm (d) 1.253 L2 mol–2 atm (d) force of gravity and force of surface tension act in the
38. The given graph represents the variation of Z
same direction and are equal
PV
(compressibility factor = ) versus P, for three real gases 43. A weather ballon filled with hydrogen at 1 atm and 27°C has
nRT volume equal to 12000 litres. On ascending it reaches a place
A, B and C. Identify the only incorrect statement
C where the temperature is –23°C and pressure is 0.5 atm. The
volume of the balloon is
A
(a) 24000 litres (b) 20000 litres
(c) 10000 litres (d) 12000 litres
1 44. The pressure exerted by 6.0g of methane gas in a 0.03 m3
vessel at 129°C is (Atomic masses : C = 12.01, H = 1.01 and
R = 8.314 Kpa dm3K–1 mol –1)
Z

B
0 (a) 31684 Pa (b) 215216 Pa
P (atm) (c) 13409 Pa (d) 41777 Pa
(a) For the gas A, a = 0 and its dependence on P is linear at 45. Two gases A and B having the same volume diffuse through
all pressure. a porous partition in 20 and 10 seconds respectively. The
(b) For the gas B, b = 0 and its dependence on P is linear at molecular mass of A is 49 u. Molecular mass of B will be :
all pressure (a) 50.00 u (b) 12.25 u (c) 6.50 u (d) 25.00 u
(c) For the gas C, which is typical real gas for which neither 46. A gaseous mixture was prepared by taking equal mole of CO
a nor b = 0. By knowing the minima and the point of and N2. If the total pressure of the mixture was found 1
intersection, with Z = 1, a and b can be calculated atmosphere, the partial pressure of the nitrogen (N2) in the
(d) At high pressure, the slope is positive for all real gases mixture is :
39. The term that corrects for the attractive forces present in a (a) 0.5 atm (b) 0.8 atm (c) 0.9 atm (d) 1 atm
real gas in the van der Waals equation is
47. Which one of the following statements is NOT true about
an2 an2 the effect of an increase in temperature on the distribution
(a) nb (b)
(c) –
(d) – nb of molecular speeds in a gas?
V2 V2
40. For one mole of a van der Waals gas when b = 0 and (a) The area under the distribution curve remains the same
T = 300 K, the PV vs, 1/V plot is shown below. The value of the as under the lower temperature
van der Waals constant a (atm. liter2 mol–2) is : (b) The distribution becomes broader
(c) The fraction of the molecules with the most probable
24.6
speed increases
PV(litre atm mol )
–1

23.1
(d) The most probable speed increases
21.6
DIRECTIONS for Qs. 48 to 50 : These are Assertion-Reason
20.1 type questions. Each of these question contains two statements:
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason). Answer these
questions from the following four options.
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true, Statement-2 is a
correct explanation for Statement -1
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True ; Statement-2 is NOT
0 2.0 3.0 a correct explanation for Statement-1
–1
1/V(mol litre ) (c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(a) 1.0 (b) 4.5 (c) 1.5 (d) 3.0
(d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True
 EBD_7753
114 CHEMISTRY

48. Statement-1 : Jet aeroplane flying at high altitude need Statement-2 : Molar volume for all gases at the same
pressurization of the cabin. temperature and pressure has the same volume.
Statement-2 : Oxygen is not present at higher altitude. 50. Statement-1 : Greater the value of van der Waal’s constant
49. Statement-1 : 1 mol of H2 and O2 each occupy 22.4 L of ‘a’ greater is the liquefaction of gas.
volume at 0°C and 1 bar pressure. Statement-2 : ‘a’ indirectly measures the magnitude of
attractive forces between the molecules.

Exemplar Questions 7. As the temperature increases average kinetic energy of

1. A person living in shimla observed that cooking food without molecules increases. What would be the effect of increase
using pressure cooker takes more time. The reason for this of temperature on pressure provided the volume is constant?
observation is that at high altitude (a) Increases (b) Decreases
(a) pressure increases (b) temperature decreases (c) Remains same (d) Becomes half
(c) pressure decreases (d) temperature increases 8. Gases possess characteristic critical temperature which
2. Which of the following property of water can be used to depends upon the magnitude of intermolecular forces
explain the spherical shape of rain droplets? between the particles. Following are the critical temperatures
(a) Viscosity (b) Surface tension of some gases.
(c) Critical phenomena (d) Pressure
Gases H 2 He O 2 N2
3. A plot of volume (V) versus temperature (T) for a gas at
constant pressure is a straight line passing through the Critical temperature in Kelvin 33.2 5.3 154.3 126
origin. The plots at different values of pressure are shown in From the above data what would be the order of liquefaction
figure. Which of the following order of pressure is correct of these gases? Start writing the order from the gas liquefying
for this gas? first
(a) H2, He, O2, N2 (b) He, O2, H2, N2
P1
P2
Volume (ml) ®

P3 (c) N2, O2, He, H2 (d) O2, N2, H2, He

P4 9. What is SI unit of viscosity coefficient (h)?
(a) Pascal (b) Nsm–2
(c) km–2s (d) Nm–2
10. Atmospheric pressures recorded in different cities are as
follows
Temperature (K) ®
(a) P1 > P2 > P3 > P4 (b) P1 = P2 = P3 = P4 Cities Shimla Bengaluru Delhi Mumbai
(c) P1 < P2 < P3 < P4 (d) P1 < P2 = P3 < P4 2 5 5 5
4. The interaction energy of London force is inversely p in N/m 1.01 ´ 10 1.2 ´ 10 1.02 ´ 10 1.21 ´ 105
proportional to sixth power of the distance between two Consider the above data and mark the place at which liquid
interacting particles but their magnitude depends upon will boil first.
(a) charge of interacting particles (a) Shimla (b) Bengaluru
(b) mass of interacting particles (c) Delhi (d) Mumbai
(c) polarisability of interacting particles 11. Which curve in figure represents the curve of ideal gas?
(d) strength of permanent dipoles in the particles
5. Dipole-dipole forces act between the molecules possessing
F
permanent dipole. Ends of dipoles possess 'partial charges'. E D
The partial charge is
C A
(a) more than unit electronic charge
PV ®

(b) equal to unit electronic charge B

(c) less than unit electronic charge
(d) double the unit electronic charge
6. The pressure of a 1 : 4 mixture of dihydrogen and dioxygen
enclosed in a vessel is one atmosphere. What would be the 0 P®
partial pressure of dioxygen? (a) Only B (b) C and D
(a) 0.8 × 105 atm (b) 0.008 Nm–2 (c) E and F (d) A and B
4
(c) 8 × 10 Nm –2 (d) 0.25 atm
 States of Matter 115

12. Increase in kinetic energy can overcome intermolecular forces 16. What is the density of N2 gas at 227°C and 5.00 atm pressure?
of attraction. How will the viscosity of liquid be affected by (R = 0.0821 atm K–1 mol–1) [NEET Kar. 2013]
the increase in temperature? (a) 0.29 g/ml (b) 1.40 g/ml
(a) Increase (c) 2.81 g/ml (d) 3.41 g/ml
(b) No effect 17. Equal masses of H2,O2 and methane have been taken in a
(c) Decrease container of volume V at temperature 27°C in identical
(d) No regular pattern will be followed
conditions. The ratio of the volumes of gases H2 : O2 :
13. How does the surface tension of a liquid vary with increase
methane would be : [2014]
in temperature?
(a) Remains same (a) 8 : 16 : 1 (b) 16 : 8 : 1
(b) Decreases (c) 16 : 1 : 2 (d) 8 : 1 : 2
(c) Increases 18. A gas such as carbon monoxide would be most likely to
(d) No regular pattern is followed obey the ideal gas law at : [2015 RS]
NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions (a) high temperatures and low pressures.
14. Maximum deviation from ideal gas is expected from : (b) low temperatures and high pressures.
(a) N2(g) (b) CH4(g) [2013] (c) high temperatures and low pressures.
(d) low temperatures and low pressures.
(c) NH3 (g) (d) H2(g)
19. Equal moles of hydrogen and oxygen gases are placed in a
15. Dipole-induced dipole interactions are present in which of
container with a pin-hole through which both can escape.
the following pairs : [2013]
What fraction of the oxygen escapes in the time required for
(a) Cl2 and CCl4 one-half of the hydrogen to escape ? [2016]
(b) HCl and He atoms (a) 1/8 (b) 1/4
(c) SiF4 and He atoms (c) 3/8 (d) 1/2
(d) H2O and alcohol
 EBD_7753
116 CHEMISTRY

Hints & Solutions

EXERCISE - 1 Let at T K the given sample will exhibit pressure of 1 atm
and a concentration of 2M.
PV P V
1. (b) PV = constant or 1 1 = 2 2 For an ideal gas, PV = nRT
T T1 T2 Þ (1 atm) (1 L)
PV = (2 mol) (0.0821 mol–1 L atm K–1)T
1 1 = T1
Þ
P2V2 T2 1
Þ T= K = 6.0901 K » 6.1 K
2. (c) Given: P1 = 740 mm of Hg; V1 = 15 mL; T1 = 300 K and P2 2(0.0821)
= 760 mm of Hg; V2 = 10 mL; T2 = ? So, T = 6.1 K is the required condition.
Using gas equation, 10. (c) In the equation PV = nRT, n moles of the gas have
P1V1 P2 V2 volume V.
= 11. (b) Given initial volume (V1) = 500 ml ; Initial temperature
T1 T2
(T1) = 27ºC = 300 K and final temperature (T2) = –5ºC
740 ´ 15 760 ´10 = 268 K.
Þ =
300 T2 V V 500 V2
From Charle’s law : 1 = 2 or =
T1 T2 300 268
760 ´10 ´ 300
Þ T2 = = 205.405 » 205 K Where V2 = New volume of gas
740 ´15
500
3 V2 = ´ 268 = 446.66ml.
3. (c) K. E of n moles of N2 gas = nRT 300
2 12. (a) Given initial volume (V1) = 600 c.c.; Initial pressure
(P1) = 750 mm of Hg and final volume (V2) = 500 c.c.
14 1
Here n = = moles according to Boyle’s law,
28 2 P1V1 = P2V2
R = 8.31 J/mol/K
T = 127°C = 400K or 750 × 600 = P2 × 500
3 1
[ KE= ´ ´ 8.31´ 400J
or P2 = 750 ´ 600 = 900 mm of Hg
2 2
= 2493.0 J = 2.493 kJ » 2.5 kJ 500
Therefore increase of pressure = (900 – 750) = 150 mm of
4. (d) According to Boyle’s law at constant temperature, Hg
1 13. (a) Rate of diffusion depend upon molecular weight
Vµ or PV = constant
P r1 M2
5. (d) According to Graham’s law of diffusion, = Þ r1 = r2 if M1 = M2
r2 M1
1 Hence, compounds are N2O and CO2 as both have same
rµ
M molar mass.
where r is rate of diffusion of gas and M is its molcular 14. (b) Use Grahams’ law of diffusion
weight M CH 4
rHe 16
= = =2
r M2 r 81 9 rCH 4 M He 4
So, 1 = Þ 1 = =
r2 M1 r2 100 10 15. (c) PV = nRT is for an ideal gas which follows both isothermal
Þ r1 : r2 = 9 : 10 and adiabatic processes.
6. (c) Molecules in an ideal gas move with different speeds. P1 d1 T1 1 2
16. (a) P µ d and T, = = ´ Þ P1 : P2 = 1:1
7. (b) R = 0.082 litre atm K–1 mole–1 . P2 d2 T2 2 1
8. (b) For an ideal gas, PV = nRT
17. (a) The gas inside the cylinder of 5L capacity has pressure
n mRT dRT æ m ö 76 cm of Hg (NTP)
Þ P = RT = = ç = density(say d) ÷ The new volume for the gas = (30 + 5)L = 35 L.
V MV M èV ø
According to Boyle's law: P1V1 = P2V2
PA dA M B (2d B ) ´ M B 76 × 5 = P2 × 35
So, = = =4
PB dB M A d B (M B / 2) 76 ´ 5
\ P2 = = 10.85 » 10.8cm of Hg
9. (c) Given P = 1atm, n = 2 mole, V = 1L 35
 States of Matter 117

18. (a) 0°C is equivalent to 273° K i.e., conditions are same so

r1 M2
volume will be V ml. 32. (b) Under identical conditions, =
19. (b) Vandar Waal’s equation is applicable for real (non-ideal) r2 M1
gases. As rate of diffusion is also inversely proportional to time,
20. (a) 8.31 J.K–1 mol–1 t2 M2
1 cal = 4.2 J. we will have, =
t1 M1
8.31
\ cal.K –1mol –1 = 1.987calK –1mol –1 4
4.2 (a) Thus, For He, t2 = (5 s) = 5 2 s ¹ 10 s ;
2
16 1
21. (d) n of O2 = = 32
32 2 (b) For O2, t 2 = (5 s ) = 20 s
2
3
n of H2 = 28
2 (c) For CO, t 2 = (5s) ¹ 25s ;
2
3 1
Total no. of moles = + =2 44
2 2 (d) For CO2, t2 = (5s ) ¹ 55s
2
nRT 2 ´ .082 ´ 273 33. (b) Gases become cooler during Joule Thomson’s expansion only
V= = = 44.8lit = 44800 ml if they are below a certain temperature known as inversion
P 1
temperature (Ti). The inversion temperature is characteristic of
1 m 1 r each gas and is given by
22. (a) P µ and = r; =
V V V m 2a
Ti = , where R is gas constant
r bR
So, P µ i.e. Pressure µ r Given a = 0.244 atm L2 mol–2
m b = 0.027 L mol–1
PV m R = 0.0821 L atm deg–1 mol–1
23. (c) n = =
RT M 2 ´ 0.244
\ Ti = = 220 K
MPV 34 ´ 2 ´ 100 0.027 ´ 0.0821
m= = = 282.68gm
RT 0.082 ´ 293 2RT
24. (a) 34. (a) Most probable velocity =
M
25. (a) When vapour pressure decreases, boiling point increases
correspondingly. 8RT
Average velocity =
26. (b) Because H2 & Cl2 gases may react with each other to pM
produce HCl gas hence Dalton’s law is not applicable.
Root mean square velocity = 3RT
1 M
27. (a) rg = .rH 2
5 \ Most probable : Average : Root mean square
2
velocity velocity velocity
Mg é rH ù 2
= ê 2 ú = ( 5 ) = 25; M g = 2 ´ 25 = 50 2RT 8RT 3RT 8
M H 2 ëê rg ûú = : : = 2: : 3
M pM M p
28. (b) Repulsive force will decrease the compressibility factor 35. (c) According to kinetic gas equation
i.e. so, value of Z > 1as 1
PV = mNu 2, u = root mean square velocity
PV 3
Z=
RT 1
Due to repulsion value of PV will be greater than RT 23PV 1 -
so Z > 1. Þ u = or u µ i.e u µ m 2
mN m
29. (a) From the graph we can see the correct order of pressures 36. (d) A liquid boils at lower temperature at the top of a
p1 > p3 > p2 mountain.
30. (b) Pressure exerted by hydrogen will be proportional to its 37. (c) Here volume is constant. Again the mass of H2 is fixed so the
mole fraction. number of moles of the gas do not change. As temperature
w increases the pressure also increases. The rate of collision
2 8 among the gas molecules and their energy also increases.
Mole fraction of H2 = =
w w 9
+ 1 2 1 2
16 2 38. (a) PV = mnu = Mu
3 3
rCH 4 Mx Mx 2 1 2 2
31. (a) =2= = , or Mx = 64 = . M u 2 = E or P = E per unit vol.
rx M CH 4 16 3 2 3 3
 EBD_7753
118 CHEMISTRY

39. (b) Rate of diffusion By substituting T in eq. (i) we get

1 1 3RPM 3P
µ µ . = =
density molality dRM d
NH3 has the highest rate of diffusion as it is the lightest 1
molecule. 49. (b) Rate of diffusion µ
molecular weight
40. (d) u a T or u1 / u2 = T1 / T2
25 5
27 + 273 300 1 So, ratio of rate of diffusion = =
= = = 4 2
927 + 273 1200 2
50. (c) K.E. µ T [K.E. of one molecule of monoatomic gas =
u2 = 2u1
3
3 RT ]
41. (c) Average molar kinetic energy = kT 2
2
As temperature increases to
As temeprature is same hence average kinetic energy of
CO and N2 is same. 927 + 273 1200
= = 4 times
42. (b) The inversion temp is the temp below which the gas 27 + 273 300
warms up on expansion therefore, Kinetic engergy will be increased to 4 times.
æ 2a ö 51. (c) The expression of root mean square speed is
for, Vander Waal’s gas, Ti = ç ÷.
è Rb ø 3RT
u rms =
M
3RT Hence,
43. (c) R.M.S. velocity =
M 1/ 2
Average velocity u rms (H 2 ) é 3R(50K) /(2g mol -1) ù
=ê ú =1
u rms (O2 ) ëê 3R(800K) /(32g mol -1) ûú
8RT 8 3RT
= = ´
pM 3p M 3RT
52. (d) urms = Using ideal gas equation,
8 M
= ´ R.M.S. velocity
3p w RT PV p
PV = nRT = RTT; = = where d is the
= 0.921 ´ 1000 = 921m / sec M M w d
44. (b) According to kinetic theory the gas molecules are in a density of the gas
state of constant rapid motion in all possible directions 3P 1
colloiding in a random manner with one another and with \ urms = at constant pressure, u rms µ
d d
the walls of the container and between two successive
collisions molecules travel in a straight line path but show 1 2
53. (c) Average KE = E = M u rms
haphazard motion due to collisions. 2
3
K ´ 313 2 2E 2E
K .E of neon at 40 °C 313 \ u rms = or urms =
45. (a) = 2 = M M
K.E of neon at 20°C 3 K ´ 293 293
2 54. (a) By Dalton’s law of partial pressures, the total pressure
of a mixture of two gases is the sum of the partial
R pressures.
46. (b) is also known as Boltz mann’s constant. 55. (d) In the ideal gas, the intermolecular forces of attraction
No
are negligible and hence it cannot be liquefied.
3RT 8RT 8 56. (b) At low temperature and high pressure.
47. (a) urms : uav = : or 3 : = 1.086 : 1
M pM p V V V V
57. (a) r1 = = , r2 = =
3RT t1 18 t 2 45
48. (d) urms = (As PV = RT ) .......... (i)
M V
By putting this value in eq. (i) we get r1 M2 18 x
= Þ =
3PV r2 M1 V 32
= 45
M
PVM PM x 45 452
Now, = RT = PM = dRT = T = Þ = Þ x = 32 ´ 2
M dR 32 18 18
 States of Matter 119

58. (b) At low pressure and high temperature real gas nearly 68. (b) Due to intermolecular interactions appreciable at high P
behave like ideal gas. Hence deviation is minimum from and low T, the ideal gas deviates from ideal behaviour.
ideal behaviour. 69. (c) Easily liquefiable gases have greater intermolecular forces
59. (a) In van der waals equation ‘b’ is for volume correction which is represented by high value of 'a'. The greater the
60. (c) By ideal gas equation value of 'a' more will be liquefiability.
P1V1 P V So, the order is Q < S < P < R.
= 2 2 70. (a) When pressure is low ‘b’ can be neglected, thus
T1 T2
Given that, æ a ö
ç P + 2 ÷V = RT
P1 = P2 , V1 = x, V2 = 2x, è V ø
T1 = 273 K , T2 = ? a
PV + = RT
On putting value V
P2 x P 2x a
= 2 PV = RT -
273 T2 V
T2 = 2 × 273 = 546 K or 273ºC PV RT a
= -
Hence, option (d) is correct. RT RT VRT
61. (d) Value of gas constant depends only upon units of
measurement. PV a
Z= = 1-
62. (b) The temperature at which a real gas behaves like an ideal RT VRT
gas is called Boyle’s temperature or Boyle’s point.
x x
æ a ö æ a ö 71. (a) Let the mass be x, then moles of CH4 and H2 are & ;
63. (c) ç P + 16 2
è ÷ (V – b) = RT
T; Here çè P + 2 ÷ø represents the
V2ø V
9x
intermolecular forces. Total moles =
64. (b) The compressibility factor of a gas is defined as 16

pVm x/2 8
Z= pH 2 = mole Fraction ´ P = .P = P
RT 9 x / 16 9
For an ideal gas, pVm = RT. Hence Z = 1 72. (b)
1 73. (d) Soap helps to lower the surface tension of solution, thus
65. (d) P µ (at constant T) soap get stick to the dust particles and grease and these
V
are removed by action of water.
\ PV = constant.
66. (b) U H2 TH 2 28 TH2
(i) At very large molar volume 1
74. (c) = = 7 Þ =
U N2 TN 2 ´ 2 TN 2 2
a
P+ » P and Vm - b = Vm
Vm2 Þ TN 2 = 2TH 2
(iii) According to van der Waals equation 'a' and 'b' are
independent of temperature. \ TN 2 > TH 2
67. (a) r1 = rate of diffusion of NH3 = 2R 75. (b)
r2 = rate of diffusion of X = R
M1 = Molecular mass of NH3 EXERCISE - 2
= 14 + 1 × 3 = 17
M2 = ? 1 1 1 u12 m 2
1. (d) u rms a M : u1a m ,u 2a m \ 2 = m
1 2 u2 1
r1 M2
= 2. (d) One mole of a substance contains the number of
r2 M1 molecules which is independent of pressure.
n
2R M2 3. (c) PV = nRT or P = RT T = CRT.
or = V
R 17 1
Hence 1 = 1 × 0.082 × T is T = = 12K
0.082
M2
or 2 = 28 2
17 4. (a) 28g of CO = = 1 mole; 2g H2 = = 1 mole
28 2
\ M 2 = 17 ´ 4 = 68
 EBD_7753
120 CHEMISTRY

Since the temperature and moles are the same, the is observed.
average kinetic energy will also be the same. 1
16. (b) rate of diffusion µ
molecular mass
5. (d) By Ideal gas equation
Let the molecular mass of the gas X = Mx
1 = n1RT
PV
rHe Mx
n1 µ P1 and n2 µ P2 Thus =4=
rx M He
n1 P1 n 170
= Þ 1 = = 0.30 Mx M
n2 P2 n2 570
or 4= or 16 = x
6. (b) At the same conditions of T and P, V a n 4 4
or Mx = 64
14 1 1 36 3 3 The molecular masses of given gases are 44, 64, 46 and
nN 2 = = ; VN 2 a nO 3 = = ; VO 3 a
28 2 2 48 4 4 32 respectively. Thus (b) is correct option.
1
Hence , VN / VO = 2 , 3VN = 2VO 17. (b) Rate of diffusion µ
2 3 3 2 3 Molecular mass
7. (a) Applying Boyle's law P1V1 = P2V2 for both gases Q Molecular mass of HCl > Molecular mass of NH3
500 200 \ HCl diffuses at slower rate and white ammonium
´ 400 = P ´ 3 Þ P = chloride is first formed near HCl bottle.
1000 3
2
666.6 400 PV
600 ´ = P¢ ´ 3 Þ P¢ = 18. (c) a = ( atm L2 mol - 2 ) ; b = L mol -1 ;
1000 3 2
n
200 400 600
Þ PT = P + P¢ = + = = 200 torr a æ atm L2 mol - 2 ö
3 3 3 Hence, =ç ÷ -1
8. (a) The beans are cooked earlier in pressure cooker because b ç L mol -1 ÷ = atm L mol
è ø
boiling point increases with increasing pressure. 19. (c) Mass of 1 L of vapour = volume × density
9. (b) No work is required to tear apart the molecules due to = 1000 × 0.0006 = 0.6 g
the absence of attractive forces in an ideal gas. mass 0.6
PcVc V of liquid water = = = 0.6 cm3
density 1
10. (c) Critical compressibility factor Z =
RTc 20. (d) van der Waals’s constant b = 4 times the actual volume
of 1 mole molecules = 4 VN 0
a 2 8a
Pc = b ; Vc = 3b, Tc = 21. (c) Find the volume by either
27 Rb V = RT/P (PV = RT) or P1V1 = P2V2 and and match it with
3 1 8 the values given in graph to find correct answer.
Hence, Z = or = Volume of 1 mole of an ideal gas at 273 K and 1 atm
8 Z 3
pressure is 22.4 L and that at 373 K and 1 atm pressure is
11. (b) Hot air is lighter due to less density (Charle’s law)
calculated as ;
æ MP ö
çd = ÷
è RT ø RT 0.082 ´ 373
V= = = 30.58L ; 30.6 L
æ MP ö P 1
12. (a) d µ P, Boyle’s law, ç d = ÷ . At sea level pressure is
è RT ø 22. (d)
more, hence density of air is more. 23. (c) For positive deviation: PV = nRT + nPb
13. (b) PV Pb
Þ = 1+
14. (a) Given T = 27°C = 27 + 273 = 300 K nRT RT
V = 10.0 L Thus, the factor nPb is responsible for increasing the
Mass of He = 0.4 g PV value, above ideal value. b is actually the effective
Mass of oxygen = 1.6 g volume of molecules. So, it is the finite size of molecules
Mass of nitrogen = 1.4 g that leads to the origin of b and hence positive deviation
n He = 0.4/4 = 0.1 at high pressure.
n O2 = 1.6/32 = 0.05 24. (a) For equal average speeds of two of gases,
n N2 = 1.4/28 = 0.05
T1 T2
n total = n He + n O2 + n N2 = 0.1 + 0.05 + 0.05 = 0.2 =
M1 M2
n RT 0.2 ´ 0.082 ´ 300
P= = = 0.492 atm
V 10 T1 = ?; M1 = 4; T2 = 273 + 527 = 800K; M 2 = 32
15. (c) Since the inversion temperature of helium is very low, 1
hence during the expansion into vacuum, heating effect 25. (b) n, T same hence P µ ,
V
V1 = 1000 cm3
 States of Matter 121

V2 = p (10)2 × 10 = 1000 p cm3

200 36 4 36
4 4 Þ = Þ =
V3 = p (10)3 = p 1000 cm3 150 MA 3 MA
3 3
\ Pressure of the gas is minimum in (III) container, pres- 16 36 81
Þ = Þ MA = = 20.25
sure of the gas is maximum in (I), 9 MA 4
The ratio of pressure in II and III container is 4 : 3 p
34. (a) r µ
26. (b) The gas is less compressible than ideal gas. Hence, m
Vm > 22.4L
27. (d) (i) Greater is the van der Waals’s constant a, higher rA p A MB
=
would be Tc (easier liquefaction of the gas). rB PB MA
(ii) Smaller the constants a and b, lesser departure from
ideal behaviour. æ a ö a
35. (c) ç P + 2 ÷ø
(V - b) = RT at high pressure can be
(iii) Greater the constant b, larger is the molecular è V V2
volume. neglected
28. (d) Calculate molar mass M, PV – Pb = RT and PV = RT + Pb
mRT 11 ´ 0.08 ´ 400 PV Pb
M= = = 44 = 1+
PV 2´ 4 RT RT
Pb
29. (b) 2L 3L Z = 1+ ; Z > 1 at high pressure
RT
12 12
DA rB é r B ù ær ö
36. (d) = =ê ú ; \ DA = DB ç B ÷
DB rA ër A û è rA ø
nA 2 n'A 3 37. (d) We know that
= =
nB 3 n'B 5
PV 100 ´ V
Z= Þ 0.5 = Þ V = 0.112 lit.
(n A + n¢A ) M A + (nB + nB¢ ) M B nRT 1´ 0.0821´ 273
Mean molar mass = According to van der Waals equation
nA + n¢A + nB + nB¢
æ an2 ö
3 3 w ç P + 2 ÷ (V - nb) = nRT
30. (c) K.E. = nRT ; K.E(H 2 ) = ´ ´ R ´ 300; ç V ÷ø
2 2 2 è
3 w æ a ö
K.E.(CH 4 ) = ´ ´ R ´ 600; çç 100 + (0.112 - 0) = 0.0821´ 273
2 16 2 ÷÷
è (0.112) ø
K.E.(H 2 ) a = 1.253 L2 mol–2 atm
Hence =4 38. (b)
K.E.(CH 4 )
39. (b) Correction factor for attractive force for n moles of real
gas is given by the term mentioned in (b).
8RT
31. (d) Average velocity = 40. (c)
pM
24.6
i.e., v µ T
v2 2T
\ = = 1.41 21.6
v1 T PV
32. (a) Given 20.1
P1 = 1.5 bar T1 = 273 + 15 = 288 K V1 = V
P2 = 1.0 bar T1 = 273 + 25 = 298K V2 = ?
PV
1 1 = P2V2 3.0
T1 T2 2.0 1/V
0
1.5 ´V 1´V2
=
288 298 æ a ö
V2 = 1.55 V i.e., volume of bubble will be almost 1.6 time ç P + 2 ÷ (V ) = RT
è V ø
to initial volume of bubble. PV + a/V = RT
VA VB MB a
33. (c) = PV = RT -
tA tB MA V
y = RT – a(x)
 EBD_7753
122 CHEMISTRY

So, slope = – a =
21.6 - 20.1
= – a = – 1.5
EXERCISE - 3
2-3 Exemplar Questions
a = 1.5
2RT 1. (c) At high altitude pressure is low hence boiling point is
41. (c) Most probable speed (C*) = low due to which things take more time to cook.
M
However, in a pressure cooker, pressure is increased
8RT and hence, boiling point increases. Thus, in a pressure
Average Speed (C) = cooker food get cook faster i.e. a less period of time.
pM
2. (b) The property of surface tension explain the spherical
3RT shape of rain droplets. Surface tension tries to decrease
Root mean square velocity (C) = the surface area of the liquid to the minimum. The rain
M
droplets are spherical because for a given volume, a
2RT 8RT 3RT sphere has minimum surface area.
C*: C : C = : :
M pM M 3. (c) According to Boyle’s law at a particular temperature,
PV = constant
4 3 Thus, P1V1 = P2V2 = P3V3 = P4V4
= 1: : = 1:1.128 :1.225
p 2 As V1 > V2 > V3 > V4
42. (b) Therefore, P1 < P2 < P3 < P4
P T 1 250 4. (c) London dispersion force is a temporary attractive force
43. (b) V2 = 1 2 .V1 = ´ ´12000 lit. = 20000 lit. that results when the electrons in two adjacent atom
P2 T1 0.5 300
occupy position that makes the atoms form temporary
nRT 6 ´ 8.314´ 402 dipoles. The energy of interaction varies as
44. (d) P = < ; 41777 Pa
V 16 0.03´103 1
.
rA MB ( distance between two interacting particles ) 6
45. (b) =
rB MA Larger or more complex are the molecules, greater is
the magnitude of London forces. This is obviously due
V
MB to the fact that the large electron clouds are easily
20 = M B Þ 1 = distorted or polarised. Hence, greater the polarisability
V 49 2 49
of the interacting particles, greater is the magnitude of
10 the interaction energy.
1 5. (c) Dipole-dipole forces act between the molecules
MB = ´ 49 = 12.25
4 possessing permanent dipole and ends of dipoles
possess 'partial charges'. Partial charges present on
46. (a) Given n CO = n N2
ends of a dipole are always less than the unit electronic
PCO + PN2 = 1 atm charge.
Partial pressure of a gas 6. (c) Let the number of moles of dihydrogen and dioxygen
= mole fraction of gas × total pressure be 1 and 4.

n N2 n N2 4
1 Mole fraction of O2 =
\ PN2 = ´ 1 = 2n ´ 1 = = 0.5 atm. 5
n CO + n N2 N2 2
Partial pressure of O2 = Mole fraction of O2 × total
47. (c) As temperature rises the most probable speed increases pressure of mixture
and the fraction of molecules possessing most probable
speed decreases. 4
= ´ 1 atm
48. (c) The air pressure decreases with increase in altitude. So 5
the partial pressure of oxygen is not sufficient for = 0.8 atm = 0.8 × 105 Nm–2 = 8 × 104 Nm–2
breathing at higher altitude and thus pressurization is 7. (a) From Gay-Lussac's law, at constant volume, as the
needed to increase the concentration of oxygen. temperature is increased, pressure increases.
49. (a) At STP one mole of each gas occupies 22.4L 8. (d) Higher the critical temperature, more easily is the gas
50. (a) Considering the attractive forces between gas molecules get liquified. Hence, order of liquefaction starting with
pressure in ideal gas equation (PV = nRT) is corrected by the gas liquefying first will be : O2, N2, H2, He.
an 2 9. (b) The SI unit of viscosity coefficient (h) in Nm–2 s or
introducing a factor of 2 where ‘a’ is a van der Waal’ss Nsm–2.
V
constant. dv
As we know that, f = hA
dx
 States of Matter 123

where, f = force 15. (b) This type of attractive force operates between the polar
h = viscosity coefficient molecules having permanent dipole and the molecules
lacking permanent dipole.
dv HCl is polar (m ¹ 0) and He is non polar (m = 0), thus
= velocity gradient
dx gives dipole-induced dipole interaction.
Substitute SI units of f = N, dx = m, A = m2 and v = ms–1 PM 5 ´ 28
in above equation, we get, 16. (d) Density = = = 3.41g/ml
RT 0.0821´ 500
N´m 17. (c) According to Avogadro’s law "At same temperature
h= = Nm -2s
m ´ ms -1
2
and pressure
Hence, the SI unit of h is Nsm–2 Volume µ no. of moles"
10. (a) Among all the four cities Shimla has the lowest w w w
n H2 = ; n O 2 = ; n CH 4 =
atmospheric pressure. Since lower the atmospheric 2 32 16
pressure, lower is the boiling point. Thus, at Shimla Q VH : VO : VCH = n H 2 : n O 2 : n CH 4
liquid will boil first. 2 2 4

11. (a) For ideal gas PV = constant at all pressures. Therefore, w w w

= : : = 16 : 1 : 2
only B represents ideal gas. 2 32 16
12. (c) Kinetic energy of the molecules of liquid increases with 18. (a) At high temperature and low pressure.
increase of temperature, which can overcome the 19. (a) Given, n H 2 = n O 2 and t H 2 = t O2
intermolecular forces. Hence, the liquid starts flowing. According to Graham's law of diffusion for two different
In other words the viscosity of a liquid decrease with gases.
increase in temperature.
rH 2 v /t MO 2 32
13. (b) The surface tension of liquids generally decreases with = 1 1 Þ =
increase of temperature and becomes zero at the critical rO2 v 2 / t 2 MH 2 2
temperature. This is due to the fact that with increase 1/ 2
of temperature, the kinetic energy of the molecules = 16 = 4
1/ x
increases and therefore, the intermolecular attraction
decreases. x
=4
2
NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions \x=8
14. (c) Higher the critical temperature more easily will be the \ Fraction of O2 = 1/8
gas liquify. Now since most easily liquifiable gas show
larger deviation, NH3 will show maximum deviation from
ideal behaviour.