CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR SURVEYING SCIENCE AND GEOMATICS

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING

LAB REPORT:

“Ground Control Points”

Programme : AP220 - Bachelor of Surveying Science and Geomatics (Honors)

Course : GLS615 – ADVANCED PHOTOGRAMMETRY

Name of Group 1. Ausa Ramadhan Agustawijaya (2021653296)

Members : 2. Simon Irvine Saga (2019485286)

Group : AP2205A - GROUP

Supervisor’s
Name : Dr. KHAIRUL NIZAM TAHAR, PHD

Start Date : 9 NOVEMBER 2021

Sumission Date : 30 NOVEMBER 2021

 Table of Content

No Contents Pages

1 Introduction 1

2 Objective 2

3 Aim 2

4 Methodology 3

5 Result & Discussion 4 - 13

6 Individual Comment 14
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Photogrammetry is the scientific method of obtaining reliable information of physical

objects and environment through the process of recording, measuring and interpreting
photographic images and patterns of electromagnetic radiant imagery and other phenomena.
Photogrammetry is used in the surveying industry and mapping by using photography. In
order to measure distance between any objects, we can use photogrammetry.
Aerial photogrammetry is often used in topographical mappings with the help of digital
photographs or video recorded from a camera fixed on the bottom of an aircraft or any other
flying vehicle. There are several platforms for aerial photogrammetry like fixed wing
aircrafts, balloons, helicopters, rockets, drones etc.
Some of the types of aerial photographs such as oblique, vertical, combination and
orthophotos. In oblique aerial photography, the photographs are captured at an angle. If they
are taken from a low angle to earth surface then they are classified as low oblique. Iff the
photographs are taken from a high angle then they are classified as high or steep oblique.
Photographs captured straight down are classified as vertical photographs. These
photographs are mainly used in photogrammetry and image interpretation. Photos for
photogrammetry purposes are normally captured with special large format cameras with
standard and documented geometric properties Combinations are photos taken depending
on their purposes aerial photographs can be combined, and can be done in many ways like
panoramas, stereo photography, picometre etc. For example, panoramas can be made by
combining several photographs captured in different angles from one spot or from different
spots at the same angle.

Photogrammetry estimations are utilized to progress horizontal and vertical control, which
is why Ground Control Point are needed in photogrammetry works. Ground Control Points
(GCP) are points on the ground with known coordinates in the spatial coordinate system
(i.e. both coordinates defining horizontal position and the altitude coordinate). Their
coordinates are obtained with traditional surveying methods in the field (tachymetry,
GNSS-measurement) or from other available sources.

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2.0 OBJECTIVE
1. To understand the concept and utilization of Ground Control Points
2. To relate the use of Ground Control Point to Photogrammetry
3. Perform and complete Lab 2

3.0 AIM
1. To amalgamate the pictures provided, and;
2. To establish Ground Control Points in the images provide
3. To fill in the Perihal Titik Kawalan Foto Udara for each GCPs established in the overview
overlapped photo

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4.0 METHODOLOGY
4.1 Equipments
- A pair of Overlap Aerial Photographs
- Pocket or Mirror Stereoscope or a Digital Image Software
4.2 Procedure and Workflow
Photo control should be designed by considering the following characteristics:
- Location: Photo Control Points must be placed on the proper location to create an accurate
reference for the photogrammetry solution.
- Identification: The identification of the photo control points on the aerial photographs is
very important. It needs to be accurate for the sake of easy identification, so it must be
done precisely. By using the pocket or mirror stereoscope, the surveyor can inspect the
photos closely and make accurate points.
- Control Point distribution : Deciding the number of control points needed to inspect the
image. For the geometric amount of photo control for each stereomodel is four points
- Types of objects selected: Objects that are included in photographs can be Natural objects
or Human-made objects. the objects that are in the photograph must be clearly visible so it
can be identified on the ground easily.
Workflow :
- By using Microsoft Word as the processing software for us to overlap the pictures/images.
Image number that used are, 20 19 18 29 30 and 31 for the overlapping.
- The picture was located in UiTM Kuala Terengganu Area, and was obtained from the
Google Drive provided by the lecturer.
- After that we layout the control point, which must be in the precise geometrical place and
shape, such as the intersection of roads and buildings, corners of buildings or road, and so
on. By doing this step, we can improve the accuracy of photogrammetry reference
solutions.
- We create the ground control point based on the recruitment, which is by creating 9
ground control points, using the symbol consisting of triangles and red dots. This must be
located with a minimum of 2 images that overlap.
- Fill the form given and include the photo into the form per GCP points, which is named
“Borang Perihal Titik Kawal Foto Udara”.
- Lastly, we create the report for the GCPs determination in aerial photos.

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 5.0 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

(Figure 1: Final Product from Overlapping Aerial Photos)

After using Microsoft Word and compiling and overlapping the aerial photographs
provided, Figure 1 is the result obtained. From the figure above, it can be deduced that a proper
software should be used for compiling and overlapping aerial photographs. The result above
would suffice, but better and much more accurate results for a complete overlap photo would be
preferable as it can be much more reliable for photogrammetry works. Regardless, the result
above allows the investigator to perform the designations of GCPs around the subjected area. A
total of 9 GCPs has been assigned, each placed over an object that is overlapping from a
minimum of 2 photos. From this activity, the GCPs mainly consist of corners of buildings or
drains, which is ideal for permanency and ease of back-tracking in the case that the investigator
needs to re-visit these GCPs again on a later date. Below are the borang Perihal Titik Kawalan
Foto Udara, with a total of 9 forms, 1 form for each points.

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 PERIHAL TITIK KAWALAN FOTO UDARA (GCP)
LAB 2

Nama Rancangan :……Aerial Survey of UiTM Kuala Terengganu……………

Lokasi :……UiTM Kuala Terengganu………………….

Diukur Oleh :…Simon Irvine Saga & Ausa Ramadhan Agustawijaya

Tarikh : 25/11/2021……No. Foto:..29 & 30..

Pemilihan T. Kawalan : ...Post-mark…Tarikh:…25/11/2021…… Skala foto:……………....

Dihitung Oleh :…………………Tarikh:……25/11/2021………

Syit Rujukan :…………………Rujukan BKL………………….

PELAN LAKARAN LOKASI LAKARAN PENANDAAN T.K

Perihal Titik Planimetri :………Corner of road…………………………

Prihal Ketinggian Titik :……Road surface…………………………………

Cara Penentuan Planimetri :……GPS Method………………………………………

Cara Penentuan Ketinggian :…Levelling Method………………………

Koordinat Muktamad Titik Kawalan:

U/S:………………………………T/B……………………..Aras……………………..

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 PERIHAL TITIK KAWALAN FOTO UDARA (GCP)
LAB 2

Nama Rancangan :……Aerial Survey of UiTM Kuala Terengganu……………

Lokasi :……UiTM Kuala Terengganu………………….

Diukur Oleh :…Simon Irvine Saga & Ausa Ramadhan Agustawijaya

Tarikh : 25/11/2021……No. Foto:…30 & 19..

Pemilihan T. Kawalan : ...Post-mark…Tarikh:…25/11/2021…… Skala foto:……………....

Dihitung Oleh :…………………Tarikh:……25/11/2021………

Syit Rujukan :…………………Rujukan BKL………………….

PELAN LAKARAN LOKASI LAKARAN PENANDAAN T.K

Perihal Titik Planimetri :………Corner of building…………………………

Prihal Ketinggian Titik :……Ground surface…………………………………

Cara Penentuan Planimetri :……GPS Method………………………………………

Cara Penentuan Ketinggian :…Levelling Method……………………………………

Koordinat Muktamad Titik Kawalan:

U/S:………………………………T/B……………………..Aras……………………..

6
 PERIHAL TITIK KAWALAN FOTO UDARA (GCP)
LAB 2

Nama Rancangan :……Aerial Survey of UiTM Kuala Terengganu……………

Lokasi :……UiTM Kuala Terengganu………………….

Diukur Oleh :…Simon Irvine Saga & Ausa Ramadhan Agustawijaya

Tarikh : 25/11/2021……No. Foto:…30 & 31..

Pemilihan T. Kawalan : ...Post-mark…Tarikh:…25/11/2021…… Skala foto:……………....

Dihitung Oleh :…………………Tarikh:……25/11/2021………

Syit Rujukan :…………………Rujukan BKL………………….

PELAN LAKARAN LOKASI LAKARAN PENANDAAN T.K

Perihal Titik Planimetri :………Parking lot…………………………

Prihal Ketinggian Titik :……Road surface…………………………………

Cara Penentuan Planimetri :……GPS Method………………………………………

Cara Penentuan Ketinggian :…Levelling Method……………………………………

Koordinat Muktamad Titik Kawalan:

U/S:………………………………T/B……………………..Aras……………………..

7
 PERIHAL TITIK KAWALAN FOTO UDARA (GCP)
LAB 2

Nama Rancangan :……Aerial Survey of UiTM Kuala Terengganu……………

Lokasi :……UiTM Kuala Terengganu………………….

Diukur Oleh :…Simon Irvine Saga & Ausa Ramadhan Agustawijaya

Tarikh : 25/11/2021……No. Foto:…20 & 29...

Pemilihan T. Kawalan : ...Post-mark…Tarikh:…25/11/2021…… Skala foto:……………....

Dihitung Oleh :…………………Tarikh:……25/11/2021………

Syit Rujukan :…………………Rujukan BKL………………….

PELAN LAKARAN LOKASI LAKARAN PENANDAAN T.K

Perihal Titik Planimetri :………Parking lot…………………………

Prihal Ketinggian Titik :……Road surface…………………………………

Cara Penentuan Planimetri :……GPS Method………………………………………

Cara Penentuan Ketinggian :…Levelling Method…………………………

Koordinat Muktamad Titik Kawalan:

U/S:………………………………T/B……………………..Aras……………………..

8
 PERIHAL TITIK KAWALAN FOTO UDARA (GCP)
LAB 2

Nama Rancangan :……Aerial Survey of UiTM Kuala Terengganu……………

Lokasi :……UiTM Kuala Terengganu………………….

Diukur Oleh :…Simon Irvine Saga & Ausa Ramadhan Agustawijaya

Tarikh : 25/11/2021……No. Foto:…30 & 19...

Pemilihan T. Kawalan : ...Post-mark…Tarikh:…25/11/2021…… Skala foto:……………....

Dihitung Oleh :…………………Tarikh:……25/11/2021………

Syit Rujukan :…………………Rujukan BKL………………….

PELAN LAKARAN LOKASI LAKARAN PENANDAAN T.K

Perihal Titik Planimetri :………Corner of building…………………………

Prihal Ketinggian Titik :……Corner of empty cement area…………………………………

Cara Penentuan Planimetri :……Corner of empty cement area……………………………

Cara Penentuan Ketinggian :…Levelling Method……………………………………

Koordinat Muktamad Titik Kawalan:

U/S:………………………………T/B……………………..Aras……………………..

9
 PERIHAL TITIK KAWALAN FOTO UDARA (GCP)
LAB 2

Nama Rancangan :……Aerial Survey of UiTM Kuala Terengganu……………

Lokasi :……UiTM Kuala Terengganu………………….

Diukur Oleh :…Simon Irvine Saga & Ausa Ramadhan Agustawijaya

Tarikh : 25/11/2021……No. Foto:…30 & 19…..

Pemilihan T. Kawalan : ...Post-mark…Tarikh:…25/11/2021…… Skala foto:……………....

Dihitung Oleh :…………………Tarikh:……25/11/2021………

Syit Rujukan :…………………Rujukan BKL………………….

PELAN LAKARAN LOKASI LAKARAN PENANDAAN T.K

Perihal Titik Planimetri :………Corner of drain…………………………

Prihal Ketinggian Titik :……Cement corner…………………………………

Cara Penentuan Planimetri :……GPS Method………………………………………

Cara Penentuan Ketinggian :…Levelling Method…………………………

Koordinat Muktamad Titik Kawalan:

U/S:………………………………T/B……………………..Aras……………………..

10
 PERIHAL TITIK KAWALAN FOTO UDARA (GCP)
LAB 2

Nama Rancangan :……Aerial Survey of UiTM Kuala Terengganu……………

Lokasi :……UiTM Kuala Terengganu………………….

Diukur Oleh :…Simon Irvine Saga & Ausa Ramadhan Agustawijaya

Tarikh : 25/11/2021……No. Foto:…20 & 19…..

Pemilihan T. Kawalan : ...Post-mark…Tarikh:…25/11/2021…… Skala foto:……………....

Dihitung Oleh :…………………Tarikh:……25/11/2021………

Syit Rujukan :…………………Rujukan BKL………………….

PELAN LAKARAN LOKASI LAKARAN PENANDAAN T.K

Perihal Titik Planimetri :………Corner of parking area…………………………

Prihal Ketinggian Titik :……Cement corner…………………………………

Cara Penentuan Planimetri :……GPS Method………………………………………

Cara Penentuan Ketinggian :…Levelling Method……………………………………

Koordinat Muktamad Titik Kawalan:

U/S:………………………………T/B……………………..Aras……………………..

11
 PERIHAL TITIK KAWALAN FOTO UDARA (GCP)
LAB 2

Nama Rancangan :……Aerial Survey of UiTM Kuala Terengganu……………

Lokasi :……UiTM Kuala Terengganu………………….

Diukur Oleh :…Simon Irvine Saga & Ausa Ramadhan Agustawijaya

Tarikh : 25/11/2021……No. Foto:…19 & 18...

Pemilihan T. Kawalan : ...Post-mark…Tarikh:…25/11/2021…… Skala foto:……………....

Dihitung Oleh :…………………Tarikh:……25/11/2021………

Syit Rujukan :…………………Rujukan BKL………………….

PELAN LAKARAN LOKASI LAKARAN PENANDAAN T.K

Perihal Titik Planimetri :………Corner of basketball court…………………………

Prihal Ketinggian Titik :……Cement walkpath…………………………………

Cara Penentuan Planimetri :……GPS Method………………………………………

Cara Penentuan Ketinggian :…Levelling Method……………………………………

Koordinat Muktamad Titik Kawalan:

U/S:………………………………T/B……………………..Aras……………………..

12
 PERIHAL TITIK KAWALAN FOTO UDARA (GCP)
LAB 2

Nama Rancangan :……Aerial Survey of UiTM Kuala Terengganu……………

Lokasi :……UiTM Kuala Terengganu………………….

Diukur Oleh :…Simon Irvine Saga & Ausa Ramadhan Agustawijaya

Tarikh : 25/11/2021……No. Foto:…19 & 18…..

Pemilihan T. Kawalan : ...Post-mark…Tarikh:…25/11/2021…… Skala foto:……………....

Dihitung Oleh :…………………Tarikh:……25/11/2021………

Syit Rujukan :…………………Rujukan BKL………………….

PELAN LAKARAN LOKASI LAKARAN PENANDAAN T.K

Perihal Titik Planimetri :………Corner of building…………………………

Prihal Ketinggian Titik :……Road surface…………………………………

Cara Penentuan Planimetri :……GPS Method………………………………………

Cara Penentuan Ketinggian :…Levelling Method……………………………………

Koordinat Muktamad Titik Kawalan:

U/S:………………………………T/B……………………..Aras……………………..

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6. PERSONAL COMMENTS

Ausa Ramadhan Agustawijaya Based what i learned from this section of lab
(2021653296) report of GCPs, this is new insight for me and
add more knowledge about our majors that
can be used for our field of work in the future.
i think it’s very important to study this thing
because for taking an areal photography it’s
very expansive so we need to create a
planning so it we can create the areal
photography to be more efficient. and for
more detail result we need to analyze it
carefully so our work will get the best result.

Simon Irvine Saga From performing this task, I have understood

(2019485286) the concept and applications of GCPs in the
field of Photogrammtery. I personally think it
is a very important step in compiling large
numbers of photographs and an initial step in
clearing as much distortion as possible before
analyzing the photo. It also allows for
back-tracking with reference to the real world
object chosen in the photographs. This allows
for better workflow and higher efficiency in
the workfield. I personally had no problems
completing this task and my groupmate
communicated well with me and showed
immense cooperation and commitment in
completing this task.

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