Scribd
Upload
21 views

Mathongo - Formula Sheet - Limits: V U V U

The document is a formula sheet on limits that contains: 1) Common indeterminate forms like 0/0, ∞ - ∞, etc. and laws for limits. 2) Important expansions for functions like e^x, a^x, log(1+x), sinx, etc. 3) Some important limits like limits of sinx/x as x approaches 0 and limits involving exponentials and logarithms. 4) L'Hospital's rule for evaluating limits of indeterminate forms like 0/0 and ∞/∞ by taking derivatives.

Uploaded by

Damon Stark
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
21 views

Mathongo - Formula Sheet - Limits: V U V U

The document is a formula sheet on limits that contains: 1) Common indeterminate forms like 0/0, ∞ - ∞, etc. and laws for limits. 2) Important expansions for functions like e^x, a^x, log(1+x), sinx, etc. 3) Some important limits like limits of sinx/x as x approaches 0 and limits involving exponentials and logarithms. 4) L'Hospital's rule for evaluating limits of indeterminate forms like 0/0 and ∞/∞ by taking derivatives.

Uploaded by

Damon Stark
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

MATHONGO – formula SHEET – LIMITS

Indeterminate forms

0 
, , 0  ,   , 0, 1 , 0
0 
Laws on limits

If u and v are functions of x,

(a) limu  v   lim u  lim v


xa xa xa

(b) limu  v   lim u  lim v


xa xa xa

(c) lim cu  c lim u , where c is a constant.


xa xa

(d) lim uv   lim u lim v


xa xa xa

 u  lim u
(e) lim    xa , provided lim v  0
x a  v  lim v xa
x a

(f)
x a
 
limu v  lim u xlim
x a
a
v

Some important expansions

x x2 x3
(i) e x  1     ........
1! 2 ! 3 !

x log a x 2 (loga)2
(ii) a x  1    ....
1! 2!

x2 x3
(iii) log (1  x )  x    ....
2 3
 x 11x 2 
(iv) (1  x )1 / x  e 1    ...
 2 24 

x3 x5 x7
(v) sin x  x    ......
3! 5! 7!

x2 x4 x6
(vi) cos x  1     ......
2! 4! 6!

x3 2 5
(vii) tan x  x   x  ..........
3 15

For more such resources and video lecture download the MathonGo App now. http://bit.ly/2CoRpC9
MATHONGO – formula SHEET – LIMITS
12 3 12 32 5
(viii) sin1 x  x  x  x ....
3! 5!

x3 x5
(ix) tan1 x  x    .........
3 5

Some important limits

x n  an
(a) lim  nan1
x a x  a

sin x tan x
(b) lim  1, lim 1
x 0 x x 0 x

sinf ( x )
Also lim  1, provided lim f ( x)  0
x a f ( x ) x a

x
 1
(c) lim 1    e, lim1  x 1 x  e
x   x x 0

ex 1
(d) lim  1,
x0 x

ln(1 x) ax 1
lim  1, lim  ln a
x 0 x x 0 x

sin1 x tan1 x
(e) lim  1, lim 1
x 0 x x 0 x
L’ Hospital’s Rule

f x  f a
, when f a  0, a  0
0
(a) form: lim 
0 x a x  a

f a
= when f a  0, a  0 and so on.
a

 f x  f a
(b) form: lim  when f a  , a  
 x a x  a

f a
= when f a  , a   and so on.
a

0 
(c) Forms 0   and    can be reduced to the form or .
0 

0 
(d) Forms 00 , 0 , 1 can be reduced to the form or to by taking logarithms.
0 

For more such resources and video lecture download the MathonGo App now. http://bit.ly/2CoRpC9

You might also like