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8th L. (Sampling)

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39 views

8th L. (Sampling)

Uploaded by

Ahmed Mohammed Salama
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Population

and
Sampling

Dr. Sameh Elhabashy


On completion of this lecture, you
will be prepared to:

1. Define population and sample.


2. Distinguish between target and accessible populations.
3. Discuss probability and nonprobability sampling
procedures.
4. Compare four methods of probability sampling.
5. Compare four methods of nonprobability sampling
6. Identify sampling error and sampling bias
Glossary:
Introduction

– Researchers usually cannot make direct observations of every

individual in the population they are studying. Instead, they

collect data from a subset of individuals ‘a sample’ and use those

observations to make inferences about the entire population.


Population

– Population is all set of persons or subjects that have


characteristics of interest to the researcher.

– Example:
Effect of Online learning on nursing students’ achievement.

– The population will be ………………….


–The population classified into:

1. Target population.
The target population consists of people or subjects that
researcher wants or wishes to study.

2. Accessible population.
People or subjects that researcher can actually reach to study.

some restrictions such as budget constraints, geographical


location and time contribute to limit to reach all targeted
population.
Samples and Sampling

– Sampling is the process of selecting a part of the population to represent

the entire population “because of study all the population is quite difficult”.

– A sample, is a selected elements from population. The element is the

most basic unit of sample or a single member of a population. Elements or

are selected from a sampling frame, which is a listing of all elements of a

population.
Sampling Cycle

Representative

Proper Sampling
method

Generalization of result
Sampling process
Types of sampling methods

– Sampling methods are classified as either;


1- Probability sampling.
2- Nonprobability sampling
Probability sampling.

– Probability sampling, or random sampling, involves the use of a random


selection process to obtain a sample from members or elements of a
population. The goal of probability sampling is to obtain representative
elements of populations.

– In Probability sampling every element usually have the same chance to


participate in the study.
Non-Probability sampling.

– In nonprobability sampling, the sample elements are chosen from the


population by nonrandom methods.

– In Non-probability sampling every element usually does not have the same
chance to participate in the study.
Types of Sampling

Probability sampling:
1- Simple Random Sampling
2- Stratified sampling
3- Cluster sampling
4- Systematic sampling

Non-Probability sampling:
1- convenience
2- quota
3- purposive
4- Snowball Sampling
Simple random sampling:

Steps:
1. Define the population.
2. Determine sample size.
3. List all members of the population (sampling frame).
4. Random method must be selected to choose the
sample e.g. lottery method, use of table of random
numbers, or use of computer.
Stratified Random Sampling

– Population is divided into subgroups, or strata according to


some variable(s) of importance to the research study e.g. (Male –
Female) ( students’ academic levels 1,2,3,4th level).
– a simple random sample is taken from each of these subgroups.
Cluster Random Sampling

– Used In large-scale studies in which the


population is geographically spread out, and
difficult to get a total listing of some
populations.
– Steps:
1. Population is divided into subgroups, or clusters.
2. A simple random sample of a few clusters is
selected.
3. All or some randomly chosen units in the selected
clusters are studied.
Cluster Random Sampling (Cont.)
Example:
– The researcher wanted to interview 100 nurses in the United States.
– To obtain the sample of nurse administrators,
1- The first clusters to be sampled would be acquired by drawing a simple
random sample or stratified random sample of states in the United States.
2- Cities would be chosen from these states.
3- Hospitals from within those cities would be selected,
4- Departments from within those Hospitals would be selected,
4- Finally, all the nurse from some of these departments would be interviewed.
Population divided into homogeneous subsets Population divided into heterogeneous subsets
Systematic sampling

The process of selecting individuals within the defined population from a list by taking
every K th name.
1. Identify and define the population.
2. Determine the desired sample size.
3. Obtain a list of the population.
4. Determine what K is equal to by dividing the size of the population by the desired
sample size (K = N/n ).
Number of population (N)
K= Size of sample (n)
5- Start at some random place in the population list.
6- Starting at that point, take every Kth name on the list until the desired sample size is reached
Non-probability sampling method

– Despite the limitations of nonprobability sampling,


reasons for the use of nonprobability samples is the
difficulty of randomization and the needs to involve
available subjects.
Convenience Sampling

– Convenience sampling is also referred to as accidental or incidental and


involves choosing readily available people or objects for a study.

– the most common of all sampling techniques because it is fast,


inexpensive, and easy.
Purposive Sampling

– Purposive sampling
involves handpicking of
subjects who meet certain
pre-determined
characteristics. This method
is also called judgmental
sampling.
Quota Sampling

– Quota sampling is similar to stratified random sampling in that the first


step involves dividing the population into homogeneous strata or
subgroups and selecting sample elements from each of these strata.

– While, in quota sampling obtains members through convenience samples.


Snowball sampling

– Snowball sampling, also called network sampling. This term is used to


describe a method of sampling that involves the assistance of study
subjects to help obtain other potential subjects and continues in the same
way until obtaining sufficient number of subjects.

– This type is helpful in finding people who are

dislike to make their identity known, such as addict.


Sampling error and sampling bias

– Sampling error may be defined as the difference between data obtained


from a random sample and the data that would be obtained if an entire
population were measured.

– Sampling error is not under the researcher’s control

– sampling bias is caused by the researcher. Sampling bias occurs when


samples are not carefully selected. sources of sampling bias may be
include the use of volunteers and available groups.

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