j¨ve‡iUwii wbivc` e¨envi BDwbU

Safe Use of Laboratory 8

f~wgKv (Introduction)

mKj Avwe®‹v‡ii g~‡jB i‡q‡Q MVbg~jK ˆeÁvwbK wPšÍv I DbœZgv‡bi M‡elYv| j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z gvbm¤§Z, ÎæwUgy³ I
wbfz©j ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYvjä djvd‡ji wfwˇZB mwVK wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nIqv hvq| j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z cÖwZwU cixÿvi
mgq cixÿvmswkøó h‡š¿i e¨enviwewa m¤ú‡K© cwic~Y© Ávb _vKv Avek¨K| ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i msiÿY I e¨env‡ii
mZK©Zvg~jK e¨e¯’v Rvbv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| e¨eüZ ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i SzuwK I SzuwKi gvÎv wKiƒc, Dcv`vb welv³,
we‡ùviK bv `vn¨ †m wel‡q Aek¨B c~Y©v½ aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y `yN©Ubv NU‡j Zv
cÖwZ‡iva Kivi g‡Zv cÖ‡qvRbxq wbivcËv mvgMÖx ivLvi e¨e¯’v wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Gme wbivcËv mvgMÖxi
e¨enviwewa m¤ú‡K© cwic~Y© Ávb I e¨env‡ii `ÿZv I †KŠkj Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i h_vh_
e¨enviwewa, cwi‡e‡ki Dci e¨eüZ ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ I Zvi e‡R©¨i cÖfve m¤ú‡K© j¨ve‡iUwi e¨enviKvix‡`i c~Y©
m‡PZbZv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 4 mßvn

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV-8.1 : j¨ve‡iUwi e¨envi wewa : †cvlvK, wbivc` M¨vm, gv¯‹ I n¨vÛ Mvfm
cvV-8.2 : j¨ve‡iUwi, hš¿cvwZ I MøvmmvgMÖx cwi®‹vi Ges e¨env‡ii wbivc` †KŠkj
cvV-8.3 : e¨v‡jÝ
cvV-8.4 : K‡qKwU Møvm mvgMÖx e¨env‡ii †ÿÎ, wewa I e¨env‡ii †KŠkj
cvV-8.5 : w¯úwiU j¨v¤ú e¨env‡ii †KŠkj
cvV-8.6 : ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ msiÿY I e¨env‡ii mZK©Zv
cvV-8.7 : cwi‡e‡ki Dci j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z e¨eüZ ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i cÖfve I cwiwgZ
e¨env‡ii ¸iæZ¡
cvV-8.8 : j¨ve‡iUwi wbivcËv mvgMÖx I e¨envi wewa
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-8.1 j¨ve‡iUwi e¨envi wewa :

†cvlvK, wbivc` M¨vm, gv¯‹ I n¨vÛ Mvfm
D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-

 j¨ve‡iUwii e¨envi wewa eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z †cvkvK cwiav‡bi mwVK wbqg eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z Møvm, gv¯‹ I n¨vÛ Møvfm e¨envi wewa e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã Bw›`ªq, `vn¨, welv³, we‡ùviK, A¨vcÖb, wbivcËv, gv¯‹, Møvfm|

1. †cvkvK : j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z KL‡bvB wX‡jXvjv RvgvKvco e¨envi Kiv DwPZ bq|

j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki Av‡M QvÎQvÎx‡`i mv`v A¨vcÖb (Apron) ci‡Z n‡e| ivmvqwbK
`ªe¨ Øviv hv‡Z RvgvKvco bó bv nq †mRb¨ A¨vcÖb civ Riæwi| GQvovI A¨vcÖb
cwiav‡b j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z KvR Kivi Rb¨ wkÿv_©xiv gvbwmK cÖ¯‘wZ jvf K‡i| QvÎxiv cÖ‡qvR‡b
Pzj †eu‡a gv_vq ¯‹vd© ci‡Z cv‡i| wPÎ-1.1 : A¨vcÖb
2. wbivc` Møvm : †PvL gvby‡li g~j¨evb m¤ú`| ZvB †Pv‡Li myiÿvi Rb¨ j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z wbivc` Møvm
e¨envi Kiv DwPZ| weKviK ev wiqv‡R›U †U÷wUD‡e wb‡q DËß Kivi mgq A‡bK mgq Zxeª †e‡M
†U÷wUDe †_‡K †ewi‡q Av‡m| DËß Ges Zxeª †e‡M †ewi‡q Avmv wiqv‡R›U †Kv‡bvfv‡e †Pv‡L
co‡j gvivZ¥K ÿwZi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î †Pv‡L Møvm e¨envi Ki‡j Giƒc `yN©Ubv †_‡K †invB
cvIqv hvq| Møv‡mi duvK w`‡q †hb M¨vmxq c`v_© cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z bv cv‡i GRb¨ Møv‡mi cvk¦© w`‡q wPÎ-1.2 : wbivc` Møvm
cøvw÷K jvMv‡bv wbivcËv Møvm e¨envi Kiv DËg|
3. gv¯‹ : j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cixÿvq gvivZ¥K welv³ I `yM©Ühy³ M¨vm wbM©Z nq|
†Kv‡bvfv‡e Gme M¨vm bvwmKv Øviv wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡j gv_ve¨_v, ewg nIqv, k¦vmKó, †Pv‡L
cvwb Avmv, †PvL jvj nIqv GgbwK wkÿv_©x A‡bK mgq Ávb nvwi‡q †dj‡Z cv‡i| Gme
`yN©Ubv Gov‡bvi Rb¨ gv¯‹ e¨envi Kiv LyeB cÖ‡qvRb| j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z cixÿv Kvh© cwiPvjbvi
mgq mvaviYZ H2S, SO2, NO2, CO2, NH3, Cl2 cÖf„wZ M¨vm Drcbœ nq| G M¨vm¸‡jvi
ÿwZKi cÖfve we`¨gvb|
wPÎ-1.3 : gv¯‹
gv¯‹ e¨envi Ki‡j Gme M¨v‡mi ÿwZi nvZ †_‡K iÿv cvIqv hvq|
4. n¨vÛ Møvfm : j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z e¨eüZ ivmvqwbK c`v_©¸‡jvi †ewki fvMB nv‡Z, Mv‡q ev Pvgovq
jvM‡j ÿwZmvab K‡i| Gme ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ Lvwj nv‡Z ¯úk© Kiv wVK bv| GRb¨
j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z KvR Kivi mgq n¨vÛ Møvfm e¨envi Kiv `iKvi| GQvov wiqv‡R›U †evZ‡ji
wQwc Lyj‡Z ev AvUKv‡bvi †ÿ‡Î nv‡Z Møvfm c‡i wb‡Z n‡e| fvOv Kv‡Pi UzKiv, e¨eüZ
wPÎ-1.4 : n¨vÛ Møvfm
wdëvi †ccvi, ey¨‡iU, wc‡cU, BZ¨vw` Lvwj nv‡Z bv a‡i Møvfm civ Ae¯’vq e¨envi Kiv
DËg|
Møvf‡m †Kv‡bv wQ`ª ev †Quov Av‡Q wK bv Zv †`‡L e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| nvZ †_‡K Møvfm †Lvjvi mgq nv‡Zi KewRi w`K
†_‡K †U‡b Lyj‡Z nq| Møvfm †Lvjvi mgq ev e¨env‡ii mgq Møvf‡m †j‡M _vKv ivmvqwbK e¯‘ †hb kix‡ii Z¡‡Ki
ms¯ú‡k© bv Av‡m Zv †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e| e¨envi Abyc‡hvMx ev msµwgZ Møvfm wba©vwiZ eR©¨ cv‡Î †dj‡Z n‡e| Møvfm
†Lvjvi ci fv‡jvfv‡e nvZ ay‡q wb‡Z n‡e|

314 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 8

g„`y ÿqKvix c`v_©, A¯^w¯ÍKi R¡vjv m„wóKvix c`v_©, ˆe`y¨wZK kK& †_‡K iÿvi Rb¨ PVC Møvfm ev j¨v‡U· Møvfm ev wbIwcÖb
Møvfm e¨envi Kiv nq| wkLv cixÿvi g‡Zv †QvULv‡Uv R¡jšÍ e¯‘ wb‡q KvR Kivi mgq wR‡U· Møvfm e¨envi Kiv fv‡jv|
G‡ÿ‡Î K¨vÝvi m„wói ˆewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y A¨vm‡e÷‡mi Møvfm eZ©gv‡b j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq bv|
GQvovI QvÎQvÎx‡`i wbgœwjwLZ welqmg~n Rvbv Riæwi
(K) wec¾bK e¯‘ (Mvp H2SO4, Mvp HNO3, TNT, Zxeª ÿvi), `vn¨ e¯‘ (†ebwRb, †c‡Uªvj, w¯úwiU), welv³ M¨vm (H2S,
HCN, Hg, NH3, Cl2) cÖf„wZ wb‡q KvR Kivi mgq wkÿ‡Ki civgk© ev Dcw¯’wZ Riæwi|
(L) Av¸b w`‡q Zvc †`Iqvi mgq DØvqx, `vn¨ e¯‘mg~n †mLvb †_‡K mwi‡q †dj‡Z n‡e| Gme ivmvqwbK e¯‘ wb‡q KvR
Kivi mgq Av¸‡bi e¨envi wec¾bK Ges `yN©Ubv NUvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
(M) j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z KvR Kivi mgq †gvevBj †dv‡b K_v ejv, †bU Pvjv‡bv, Mí Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vKv DwPZ| Zv bv n‡j
Ag‡bv‡hvwMZv ev AmveavbZvi Kvi‡Y `yN©Ubv NU‡Z cv‡i|
(N) AwMœwbe©vcK h‡š¿i Ae¯’vb I e¨envi cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki †R‡b ivL‡Z n‡e|
(O) dv÷ GBW e‡·i Ae¯’vb I e¨envi †R‡b ivL‡Z n‡e|
(P) wkÿ‡Ki civgk© I wb‡`©kbv e¨wZ‡i‡K Ah_v †Lqv‡ji e‡k †Kv‡bv cixÿv Kiv, wewµqv NUv‡bv, †j‡ej Qvov †Kv‡bv
weKvi‡Ki AvbygvwbK e¨envi †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z n‡e|
(Q) msiwÿZ weKviK †evZj cÖ‡qvRbxq KvR †k‡l wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| weKviK †evZj
†_‡K AwZwi³ weKviK wb‡q c‡i Ae¨eüZ weKviK cybivq †evZ‡j †X‡j ivLv ev cwiZ¨vM Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡e|
j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z wb‡Riv Kiæb :
wkÿv_©xi KvR j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i †cvkvK Ges wbivcËvi Rb¨ †hme DcKiY `iKvi †m¸‡jvi
mwVK e¨envi n‡q‡Q wK bv Zvi GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi K‡i wkÿ‡Ki wbKU Rgv w`b|

mvi-ms‡ÿc :
 j¨ve‡iUwii e¨w³MZ wbivcËv mvgMÖx : j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z KvR Kivi mgq †h †Kv‡bv AbvKvw•ÿZ `yN©Ubv Gov‡Z KwZcq
e¨w³MZ wbivcËv mvgMÖx cwiavb Avek¨K| Gme e¨w³MZ mvgMÖx n‡jv A¨v‡cÖvb, wbivc` Møvm, gv¯‹ I n¨vÛ Møvfm|
 j¨ve‡iUwi wbivcËv : ivmvqwbK cixÿvMv‡i KvR Ki‡Z †M‡j A¨v‡cÖvb, wbivc` Pkgv Ges RyZv c‡i KvR Kiv,
wX‡jXvjv †cvkvK cwiavb bv Kiv, KvR †k‡l j¨ve‡iUwi Z¨vM Kivi c~‡e© evwZwbfvb, d¨vb eÜ Kiv, M¨vm ms‡hvM eÜ
Kiv, `iRv-Rvbvjv eÜ Kiv BZ¨vw`|
 A¨v‡cÖvb : j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z KL‡bvB wX‡jXvjv RvgvKvco e¨envi Kiv DwPZ bq| j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki Av‡M
QvÎQvÎx‡`i mv`v A¨v‡cÖvb (Apron) ci‡Z n‡e| ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ Øviv hv‡Z RvgvKvco bó bv nq †mRb¨ A¨vcÖb civ
Riæwi|
 wbivc` Møvm : j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z KvR Kivi mgq †Pv‡L Møvm e¨envi Ki‡j wewfbœ `yN©Ubv †_‡K †invB cvIqv hvq| Møv‡mi
duvK w`‡q †hb M¨vmxq c`v_© cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z bv cv‡i GRb¨ Møv‡mi cvk¦© w`‡q cøvw÷K jvMv‡bv wbivcËv Møvm e¨envi Kiv
DËg|
 n¨vÛ Møvfm : j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z e¨eüZ ivmvqwbK c`v_©¸‡jvi †ewki fvMB nv‡Z, Mv‡q ev Pvgovq jvM‡j ÿwZmvab K‡i|
Gme ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ Lvwj nv‡Z ¯úk© Kiv DwPZ bq| GRb¨ j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z KvR Kivi mgq n¨vÛ Møvfm e¨envi Kiv
`iKvi|
 cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv I dv÷© GBW e· : j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z †Kv‡bv AbvKvw•ÿZ `yN©Ubv NU‡j AvµvšÍ e¨w³‡K cÖv_wgK
wPwKrmv cÖ`vb Kiv nq| dv÷© GBW e· e¨envi K‡i G ai‡bi cÖv_wgK wPwKrmvi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq|
 j¨ve‡iUwii wbivcËv mvgMÖx : imvqb j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z mK‡ji e¨env‡ii Rb¨ KwZcq wbivcËv mvgMÖxi e¨e¯’v _v‡K|
Gme wbivcËv mvgMÖxi g‡a¨ wdDg ûW, AwMœ wbe©vcK, wbivcËv Rjvavi, †PvL †aŠZKiY U¨vc, AwMœ K¤^j, dv÷ GBW
e·, M¨vm-eÜKiY fvj¦, Riæwi †Uwj‡dvb e¨e¯’v Ab¨Zg|
 AvBK¨vc : wkÿv_©x ev Ab¨ Kv‡iv †Pv‡L ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ jvM‡j †PvL fv‡jvfv‡e ay‡q 45 wgwbU cici cvwb AcmviY
K‡i AvBK¨vc e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|

j¨ve‡iUwii wbivc` e¨envi 315

I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.1

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1| j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z KvR Kivi mgq †Kvb i‡Oi A¨v‡cÖvb civ DwPZ?
(K) mv`v
(L) Kv‡jv
(M) L‡qix
(N) bxj
2| j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z †Pv‡Li wbivcËvi Rb¨ Kx cwiavb Kiv DwPZ?
(K) mvb Møvm
(L) bigvj Møvm
(M) †ev‡iv wmwj‡KU Møvm
(N) †mdwU Møvm
3| j¨ve gv¯‹ Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i?
(K) M¨vmxq c`v‡_©i †kvl‡Yi gva¨‡g
(L) M¨vmxq c`v_©‡K weKl©Y Kivi gva¨‡g
(M) welv³ M¨vm †kvl‡Yi gva¨‡g
(N) mvbMøvm wn‡m‡e e¨envi‡hvM¨
4| KwVb ivmvqwbK e¯‘ †bIqvi Rb¨ Kx e¨eüZ nq?
(K) KvPbj
(L) nvZ
(M) Wªcvi
(N) ¯ú¨vPzjv

316 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 8

cvV-8.2 j¨ve‡iUwi, hš¿cvwZ I MøvmmvgMÖx cwi®‹vi Ges e¨env‡ii

wbivc` †KŠkj
D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-

 j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z Kv‡Pi hš¿cvwZ cwi¯‹v‡ii †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z Møvm mvgwMÖ e¨env‡ii wbivc` †KŠkj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã ‡U÷wUDe, weKvi, ey¨‡iU, wc‡cU, KwjK¨vj d¬v¯‹, †MvjZjx d¬v¯‹, µzwgej, †cv‡m©wjb,
wibm, †mw›UªwdDm, IqvUvi ev_|

j¨ve‡iUwi, hš¿cvwZ I MøvmmvgMÖx cwi®‹vi Kivi †KŠkj

(Methods of Cleaning Laboratory, Apparatus and Glassware)
imvqb j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z cixÿvKvh© wbfy©jfv‡e m¤úbœ Ki‡Z e¨eüZ hš¿cvwZ, †U÷wUDe, KwbK¨vj d¬v¯‹, ey¨‡iU, wc‡cU, gvcb
d¬v¯‹ BZ¨vw` cwi®‹vi nIqv Avek¨K| G‡ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó cixÿvKvh© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ msMÖn K‡i cÖ_‡g
cwi®‹vi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| Z‡e j¨ve‡iUwii mKj hš¿cvwZ GKB c×wZ‡Z GKB cwi®‹viK Øviv cwi®‹vi Kiv m¤¢e bq| GRb¨
gqjv ivmvqwbK e¯‘i cÖK…wZi Dci wfwË K‡i `ªveK I cwi®‹viK wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq| †hgb cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq gqjv mvaviY cvwb
I wWRvi‡R›U w`‡q ay‡q cwi®‹vi Kiv nq| cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq gqjv e¯‘ †hgb wMÖR, †Zj RvZxq c`v_©, A¨vwm‡Uvb ev B_vbj
w`‡q ay‡q c‡i cvwb w`‡q ay‡q †dj‡Z nq| cÖ‡qvRbxq †ÿ‡Î Kv‡Pi ˆZwi ey¨‡iU †µvwgK GwmW `ªeY (Mvp H2SO4 I K2Cr2O7
Gi `ªeY) e¨envi Kiv nq| Z‡e cÖ‡Z¨K QvÎQvÎx cixÿv KvR †kl Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ hš¿cvwZ cwi®‹vi Ki‡j mn‡R cwi®‹vi
n‡e| cyi‡bv Acwi®‹vi hš¿cvwZ‡Z gqjv ïwK‡q †M‡j ev R‡g †M‡j †m¸‡jv `~i Kivi Rb¨ hš¿cvwZ Mig cvwb‡Z dzwU‡q wb‡Z
nq| KvP mvgMÖx †_‡K jyweª‡K›U wMÖR AcmviY Kv‡R †mvwWqvg Kve©‡b‡Ui jNy `ªe‡Y KvP mvgMÖx‡K Wywe‡q wKQzÿY DËß Kiv
nq| wmwjKb wMÖR `~i Ki‡Z KvP mvgMÖx‡K †WKvnvB‡Wªv b¨vd_vwj‡b Wywe‡q `yB NÈv nvjKv Zvc w`‡Z nq| GQvovI AvjKvZiv
RvZxq c`v_©, wMÖR, wmwj‡Kvb †Zj `~i Ki‡Z †WKb-90 wWUvi‡R›U AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki| †jW mvj‡dU Ae‡kl A¨v‡gvwbqvg
A¨vwm‡UU `ªe‡Y Wywe‡q †i‡L cwi®‹vi Kiv nq|
j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z KvR †kl n‡q †M‡j †UwejwU GKwU Kvc‡oi Wv÷vi Øviv gy‡Q cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e| e¨eüZ Kv‡Pi `ªe¨
†hgb weKvi, †U÷wUDe, KwbK¨vj d¬v¯‹ BZ¨vw` eªv‡ki mvnv‡h¨ cÖ_‡g cvwb I c‡i wWUvi‡R›U e¨envi K‡i †k‡l cybivq
cwi®‹vi cvwb w`‡q ay‡q ivL‡Z n‡e| ïKv‡bvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j I‡f‡b (40–50C ZvcgvÎvq) ivL‡Z n‡e| ey¨‡iU cwi®‹v‡ii
Rb¨ j¤^v eªvk cvIqv hvq| Gi mvnv‡h¨ A¨vwm‡Uvb ev A¨vj‡Kvnj w`‡q cwi®‹vi (Rinse) Ki‡Z n‡e Ges ey¨‡iU ÷¨v‡Û
Lvovfv‡e K¬v‡¤úi mv‡_ AvUwK‡q ivL‡Z n‡e| wc‡cU cwi®‹vi cvwb w`‡q evi evi ay‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b A¨vwm‡Uvb w`‡q
wib&m (Rinse) Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨vb¨ hš¿cvwZ †hgb †mw›UªwdDwRs †gwkb, IqvUvi ev_ ev Ab¨vb¨ hš¿cvwZ‡Z †Kv‡bv
gqjv ev ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ co‡j Zv Wv÷vi/Kvco w`‡q cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e|

wPÎ-2.1 : I‡fb wPÎ-2.2 : †mw›UªwdDMvj hš¿

j¨ve‡iUwii wbivc` e¨envi 317

I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

MøvmmvgMÖx e¨env‡ii wbivc` †KŠkj (Safe Use of Glass Apparatus)

imvqb cixÿvMv‡i eû ai‡bi MøvmmvgMÖx e¨envi Kiv nq| Gi g‡a¨ weKvi, ey¨‡iU, wc‡cU, KwbK¨vj d¬v¯‹, †MvjZwj d¬v¯‹,
cixÿvbj BZ¨vw` cÖavb| G¸‡jvi e¨envi m¤^‡Ü GB Aa¨v‡qi Ab¨vb¨ As‡k Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Møvm wbwg©Z hš¿cvwZ
AZ¨šÍ f½yi Ges †f‡O †M‡j Qzwii g‡Zv aviv‡jv UzKivq cwiYZ nq| ZvB j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z wbivc‡` MøvmmvgMÖx e¨env‡ii mgq
wbgœwjwLZ mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e|
1. Kv‡Pi ˆZwi MøvmmvgMÖx me mgq cwi®‹vi ivL‡Z nq|
2. Mig Ae¯’vq Lvwj nv‡Z KL‡bv †Kv‡bv MøvmmvgMÖx aiv DwPZ bq|
3. †hw`‡K cvwbi U¨vc ev †ewmb/wm¼ _v‡K †mw`‡K †Kv‡bv Mig Kv‡Pi cvÎ ivLv wVK bq| KviY Mig Kv‡Pi cv‡Î cvwb
co‡j †d‡U hvIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
4. ey¨‡iU ev wc‡c‡U KL‡bv Zvc w`‡Z nq bv| KviY G `y‡Uvi mvnv‡h¨ gvwÎK we‡kølY Kiv nq| Zvc †`Iqvi d‡j G‡`i
AvqZ‡bi cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i|
5. wm›UvW© Møvm µwmej, †cv‡m©wjb †ewmb, cÖ‡qvR‡b jNy nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW Øviv cwi®‹vi K‡i cieZ©x‡Z cwi®‹vi cvwb
Øviv ay‡q I‡f‡b ïKv‡bvi Rb¨ ivLv nq| †Uwe‡ji Dci ivLvi mgq †hb GKUvi mv‡_ GKUvi av°v †j‡M †f‡O bv hvq
G e¨vcv‡i mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e|
6. GK ¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨ ¯’v‡b †bIqvi mgq mveavbZv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †f‡O bv hvq|
7. fvix †evZj ev Gwm‡Wi †evZ‡ji ïay Mjv bv a‡i wb‡P nvZ w`‡q ai‡Z nq| b‡Pr †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y c‡o †f‡O †M‡j eo
ai‡bi `yN©Ubv NU‡Z cv‡i|
8. KvP cv‡Î †Kv‡bv wRwbm Mig Ki‡Z †M‡j cÖ_‡g g„`y Zv‡c Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í I c‡i ZvcgvÎv evwo‡q D”PZv‡c Zvc w`‡j
cvÎwU †d‡U hvIqvi m¤¢vebv K‡g hvq|
9. †Wwm‡KU‡ii g‡a¨ ivmvqwbK `ªe¨vw` _v‡K Ges GwU A‡cÿvK…Z fvix nq| hvi Rb¨ GK ¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨ ¯’v‡b mveav‡b
wb‡Z nq Ges Gi gy‡L wMÖR jvwM‡q fv‡jvfv‡e eÜ Ki‡Z nq|
10. GQvov Ab¨ KvPcvÎ †hgb dv‡bj, we›`ycvwZ dv‡bj, w_mj dv‡bj, cvZb d¬v¯‹, gvcb d¬v¯‹ BZ¨vw` Lye Vyb‡Kv
ai‡bi| GUv Lye mveav‡b e¨envi bv Ki‡j †f‡O hvIqvi m¤¢vebv Lye †ewk _v‡K|
11. MøvmmvgMÖx †avqvi mgq cvwbi U¨v‡c ev †ewm‡b †hb AvNvZ bv jv‡M|
12. †U÷wUDe e¨env‡ii mgq †nvìvi e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| †nvìv‡i †U÷wUDe wdwUsKv‡j †ewk Pvc †`Iqv hv‡e bv|
13. KvP mvgMÖx cøvw÷K ev ivevi wUDwes †XvKv‡Z n‡j wUD‡ei cÖvšÍ‡K wMÖR ev wMømvwib Øviv wcw”Qj K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| GQvov
†MvjZwj d¬v‡¯‹i gy‡Li AvKv‡ii mv‡_ msMwZc~Y© kxZK, ÷cvi jvMv‡Z n‡e Ges KvR †k‡l Ly‡j gy‡Q ev ay‡q ivL‡Z
n‡e| Zv bv n‡j kxZK d¬v‡¯‹i gy‡L ¯’vwqfv‡e †j‡M †h‡Z cv‡i|
14. ÷¨v‡Û ey¨‡iU AvUKv‡bvi mgq Avj‡Zvfv‡e K¬¨v‡¤úi mv‡_ Ggbfv‡e jvMv‡Z n‡e †hb ey¨‡iU DVvbvgv bv K‡i|

weKvi dv‡bj KwbK¨vj d¬v¯‹ †gRvwis wmwjÛvi

wPÎ-2.3 : j¨ve‡iUwi MøvmmvgMÖx

318 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 8

j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z wM‡q wewfbœ Kuv‡Pi hš¿cvwZ †hgb weKvi, dv‡bj, KwbK¨vj d¬v¯‹, Iqvm
wkÿv_©xi KvR †evZj, wi‡q‡R›U †evZj wb‡q †m¸‡jv fv‡jvfv‡e ch©‡eÿY Kiæb| cÖ‡qvRbxq wjKzBW
Iqvwks `ªe¨ wb‡q cÖwZwU Kv‡Pi hš¿cvwZ‡K Lye mveav‡b cwi®‹vi K‡i cvwb Øviv ‡aŠZ
K‡i †W‡¯‹i Dci ivLyb| AZ:ci †kÖwY wkÿK‡K †W‡K †`Lvb|

mvi-ms‡ÿc :
 Møvm mvgMÖx cwi®‹viKiY : cixÿvMv‡i e¨envi Dc‡hvMx cwi®‹viK e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| G cwi®‹viK N‡i e¨eüZ wWk
Iqvwks cwi®‹viK A‡cÿv Dc‡hvMx|
 Møvm mvgMÖx e¨envi : DËß Ges kxZj KvP †`L‡Z GKB iKg g‡b n‡e| GwU wbwðZ nI †h, Aci cÖvšÍ gm„Y Kivi
KvR ïiæ Kivi c~‡e©B GK cÖvšÍ kxZj n‡q †M‡Q|
 KwbK¨vj d¬v· e¨envi : UvB‡Uªkb Kivi mgqUvBUvi †bIqvi Rb¨ KwbK¨vj d¬v· e¨envi Kiv nq| G¸‡jv ey¨‡i‡Ui
wb‡P ivLv nq| wewfbœ cwigv‡ci KwbK¨vj d¬v· _v‡K|
 Iqvk †evZj e¨envi : †Kv‡bv wKQz‡K †aŠZ Kivi Kv‡R ev Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i cvwb ev `ªveK cÖej †e‡M wQwU‡q wb‡Z
Iqvk †evZj e¨eüZ nq|
 wiqv‡R›U †evZj : wiqv‡R›U †evZj KvP, cøvw÷K ev †ev‡iv wmwj‡KU ev Giƒc †Kv‡bv c`v_© w`‡q ˆZwi Ges we‡kl
ai‡bi XvKbv ev ÷cvihy³ Ges Zij ev KwVb ivmvqwbK c`v_© msiÿY Kivi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.2

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1| DËß weKvi‡K mivmwi VvÐv cvwb †Z kxZjxK…Z Kiv nq bv †Kb?
(K) weKv‡ii KvP Li cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i (L) weKvi †eu‡K †h‡Z cv‡i
(M) weKvi †d‡U †h‡Z cv‡i (N) weKvi M‡j †h‡Z cv‡i
2| wi‡q‡R›U †evZj wK‡mi ˆZwi?
(K) ‡mvwWqvg I K¨vjwmqvg wmwj‡K‡Ui (L) Kuv‡Pi
(M) cøvw÷‡Ki (N) Kv‡Vi
3| KvR Kivi c~‡e© hš¿cvwZ cwi®‹vi Kiv nq †Kb?
(K) mwVK djvdj cvIqvi Rb¨ (L) wbivcËv eRvq ivLvi Rb¨
(M) hš¿cvwZ my›`i ivLvi Rb¨ (N) evw¤ús bv nIqvi Rb¨
4| j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z mvaviYZ †Kvb ai‡bi cwi®‹viK e¨eüZ nq?
(K) cUvwmqvg mvevb (L) Li cvwb‡Z Kvh©Kix
(M) `v‡g AZ¨šÍ m¯Ív (N) mn‡R †dbv †Zv‡j
5| ÷cK‡K©i †fZ‡i Xz‡K hvIqv wMÖR Acmvi‡Y †KvbwU e¨eüZ nq?
(K) eªvk (L) wWUvi‡R›U
(M) ‡µvwgK GwmW (N) miæ Zvi

j¨ve‡iUwii wbivc` e¨envi 319

I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-8.3 e¨v‡jÝ

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-

 cyj-eyw½ e¨v‡jÝ m¤ú‡K© mwVK aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wWwRUvj e¨v‡jÝ m¤ú‡K© eYvbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã weg, †KvivÛvg, Av‡ivnx, IRb ev·, ivBWvi aªæeK, cÖvBgvix ÷¨vÛvW© c`v_©|

cj-eyw½ e¨v‡jÝ (Paul-Bunge Balance)

gvwÎK we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ m~² I mwVK IRb wbY©q GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| GRb¨ GB ivmvqwbK wbw³ (Balance) e¨envi Kiv
nq|
MVb : GKwU AvqZvKvi †ew`i Dci cj-eyw½ e¨v‡jÝ emv‡bv _v‡K Ges wbw³wU GKwU Kv‡Vi †d«‡g AvUKv‡bv Møvm e‡·i
g‡a¨ Ave× ivLv nq| GB e‡·i wb‡Pi w`‡K w¯úwiU †j‡f‡ji wZbwU †j‡fwjs ¯Œz _v‡K| GB wbw³‡Z A¨vjywgwbqvg avZzi
msK‡ii ˆZwi `vM KvUv GKwU weg (Beam) _v‡K| GB we‡gi `yB cÖv‡šÍ `ywU mgš^qKvix ¯Œy _v‡K| Gi mvnv‡h¨ cvjøvq †Kv‡bv
IRb ev c`v_© bv †i‡L cÖ‡qvR‡b ¯Œz Nywi‡q Zzjv`‡Ði wb‡`©kK †¯‹‡ji k~b¨ ev †i÷ we›`y‡Z ¯’vcb Kiv nq| we‡gi gvSLv‡b
GKwU Ges ga¨¯’j n‡Z `yB cÖv‡šÍi w`‡K mgvb `~i‡Z¡ AviI `ywU wcÖRgvK…wZi djK _v‡K| we‡gi cÖv‡šÍ djK n‡q GKwU
K‡i †gvU `y‡Uv cvjøv Szjv‡bv _v‡K| GB djK¸‡jv A¨v‡MU (agate) ev †KvivÛvg Øviv ˆZwi| G Kvi‡Y G‡Z gwiPv c‡o bv|
we‡gi gvSLv‡bi djKwU GKwU A¨v‡MU ‡cøU‡Ui Dci cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv nq| A¨v‡MU ‡cøUUwU GKwU `‡Ði mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| Gi
mvnv‡h¨ wegwU DuPzwbPz Kiv hvq, KviY `ÐwU duvcv Ges Gi ga¨ w`‡q IVvbvgv Ki‡Z cv‡i Giƒc GKwU mPj `Ð hy³ _v‡K|
duvcv `‡Ði †Mvovi w`‡K GKwU †¯‹j _v‡K| wbw³i we‡gi mv‡_ hy³ GKwU wb‡`©kK GB †¯‹‡ji Dci w`‡q PjvPj Ki‡Z
cv‡i| †¯‹jwUi gvSLv‡bi `yB w`‡K `kwU K‡i `vM KvUv _v‡K| cÖ‡qvR‡b GKwU nvZ‡ji mvnv‡h¨ A¨v‡MU ‡cøUU‡K IVvbvgv
Kiv‡bv hvq| wbw³wU‡K GKwU Kv‡Pi ev‡·i g‡a¨ ivLv nq, hv‡Z evZvm Øviv IRb Kg‡ewk bv nq| GB ev‡·i mvg‡bi
w`‡K `iRv _v‡K| †hwU Ly‡j cvjøvq IRb ev †h e¯‘i IRb wb‡Z n‡e †mwU emv‡bv hvq| mvaviYZ `iRv eÜ K‡i IRb wb‡Z
nq| wbw³i wb‡Pi Z‡j w¯úwiU †j‡fj _v‡K hvi mvnv‡h¨ wbw³‡K mgvb Z‡j Avbv hvq| we‡gi †h‡Kv‡bv `v‡Mi Dci
ivBWvi ev Av‡ivnx emv‡bvi e¨e¯’v _v‡K| Av‡ivnx GKwU miæ euvKv‡bv Zvi| †h avZe `‡Ði mvnv‡h¨ Zzjv`‡Ði †¯‹‡ji Dci
w`‡q ivBWvi‡K Wv‡b ev ev‡g PjvPj Kiv‡bv nq Zv‡K Av‡ivnx evnK e‡j| Av‡ivnx e¨envi K‡i cj-eyw½ e¨v‡j‡Ýi mvnv‡h¨
Pvi `kwgK ¯’vb ch©šÍ c`v‡_©i fi wbY©q Kiv hvq|
†K›`ªxq djK
ivBWvi `vM KvUv A¶ ivBWvi evnK
mgš^qKvix ¯Œz mgš^qKvix ¯Œz
djK djK

cvjv aviK cvjv aviK

weg D‡ËvjK nvZj
†j‡fwjs ¯Œz
wPÎ-3.1 : cj-eyw½ e¨v‡jÝ wPÎ-3.2 : IRb ev·

320 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 8

IRb ev· (Weight Box) : mwVKfv‡e IRb †bIqvi Rb¨ IRb ev· e¨envi Kiv nq| Gi g‡a¨ 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100
MÖv‡gi IRb _v‡K| GQvov 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 wgwjMÖv‡gi IRb- IRb ev‡· iwÿZ wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b emv‡bv _v‡K| GQvov
5 A_ev 10 wgwjMÖvg IR‡bi ivBWvi _v‡K|

ivBWvi aªæeK wbY©q : cj-eyw½ e¨v‡j‡Ýi evg w`‡Ki cÖv‡šÍ 0 Ges Wvb cÖv‡šÍ 10 †jLv _v‡K| Gi g‡a¨ me©‡gvU 100wU fvM
_v‡K| IRb †bIqvi mgq 10 wgwjMÖvg ivBWviwU k~‡b¨ †i‡L mgš^q ¯Œzi mvnv‡h¨ wb‡`©kKwU †¯‹‡ji ga¨¯’‡j Avbv nq|
Gici ivBWviwU we‡gi Wvb w`‡K 100Zg N‡i †i‡L IRb evg cvjøvq †bIqv nq| †`Lv hvq Gi mgfvi Kivi Rb¨ 20
wgwjMÖvg IRb †j‡M‡Q|
AZGe, 100 N‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb 20 wgwjMÖvg = 002 MÖvg
0020
 1 N‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb 100 wgwjMÖvg = 00002 MÖvg

 ivBWvi aªæeK = 00002 MÖvg

IRb MÖnY : †h e¯‘i IRb wb‡Z n‡e †mwU‡K GKwU IRb †evZ‡j wb‡q wbw³i evg cvjøvq ivL‡Z n‡e| Wvb cvjøvq
cÖ‡qvRbxq IRb ivLv nq Ges `ªe¨mn †evZjwUi IRb †bIqv nq| GLb †h cwigvY `ªe¨ cÖ‡qvRb, Zv Aí Aí K‡i weKvi ev
AvqZbwgwZK d¬v‡¯‹ wb‡Z nq| cieZ©x‡Z Aewkó `ªe¨mn †evZ‡ji IRb †ei Kiv nq| GLb cÖ_g I †kl IR‡bi cv_©K¨B
e¯‘i IRb|

IRb gvcvi c×wZ : cÖ_‡g wbw³wU‡K ¯Œzi mvnv‡h¨ †j‡fj Ki‡Z n‡e| Gici ivBWvi aªæeK wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e| Gici †h
e¯‘i IRb wb‡Z n‡e †mwU evg cvjøvq †i‡L Wvb cvjøvq IRb †i‡L Abo wb‡`©kKwU‡K gy³ Ae¯’vq Avb‡Z n‡e hv‡Z
wb‡`©kKwU †¯‹j eivei Dfq w`‡K `yj‡Z cv‡i Ges mgfvi nIqvi KvQvKvwQ n‡j ivBWvi e¨envi K‡i IRb MÖnY Ki‡Z
n‡e| cieZ©x‡Z †h cwigvY e¯‘i IRb wb‡Z n‡e †mB cwigvY e¯‘ Ab¨ cv‡Î †X‡j wb‡q cybivq IRb I ivBWvi e¨envi
K‡i IRb †evZ‡ji IRb wb‡Z n‡e| GB `yB IR‡bi cv_©K¨B e¯‘i cÖK…Z IRb| GKUv welq †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †h IRb
†bIqvi mgq hw` cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq mvgvb¨ †ewk ev Kg e¯‘ IRb †evZj n‡Z †ei K‡i †bIqv nq Z‡e †Kv‡bv Amyw eav
†bB| IRbwU mwVKfv‡e wb‡Z n‡e| Wvb cvjøvq iwÿZ wewfbœ IRb †hvM K‡i Zvi mv‡_ ivBWv‡ii gvb †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
wb‡P GKUv D`vniY Øviv †evSv‡bv n‡jv|
aiv hvK, GKwU e¯‘i IRb wb‡Z 50, 20, 2, 1 MÖvg Ges 500, 100 wgwjMÖvg IRb e¨envi Kiv n‡jv Ges ivBWvi 20 `vM
ch©šÍ n‡jv| Zvn‡j wb‡Y©q IRb n‡eÑ
(50 + 20 + 2 + 1) MÖvg + (500 + 100) wgwjMÖvg + (20  00002) MÖvg
= 73 MÖvg + 0600 MÖvg + 00040 MÖvg
= 736040 MÖvg

wWwRUvj e¨v‡jÝ (Digital Balance)

mwVK I m~² fi cwigv‡ci Rb¨ imvqb j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z wWwRUvj e¨v‡jÝ e¨envi Kiv nq| GwU GKwU GKK cvjøvwewkó
(Single pan) e¨v‡jÝ| wWwRUvj e¨v‡jÝ PZz‡®‹vY ev †MvjvKvi n‡Z cv‡i| GB e¨v‡j‡Ýi mvnv‡h¨ AwaKZi mn‡R I
m~²fv‡e `ªe¨ cwigvc Kiv hvq| wWwRUvj e¨v‡j‡Ý e¯‘i IRb gwbU‡i ev c`©vq A‡¼ (Digit) †f‡m I‡V ev `„k¨gvb nq| GB
e¨v‡jÝ AZ¨šÍ ms‡e`bkxj nIqvq Gi c¨v‡bi Pviw`‡K Kv‡Pi `iRv w`‡q XvKv _v‡K| Gi g‡a¨ Wvb, evg I Dc‡ii `iRv
wZbwU ¯øvBW (Slide) K‡i †Lvjv hvq| d‡j c¨v‡bi Dci e¯‘ ivLv I †ei Kiv mnR nq|
`yB ai‡bi wWwRUvj e¨v‡jÝ j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq| h_v 2-wWwRU e¨v‡jÝ I 4-wWwRU e¨v‡jÝ|
2-wWwRU e¨v‡jÝ : mvaviY cwigv‡ci Rb¨ `kwg‡Ki ci 2-wWwRU msewjZ e¨v‡jÝ e¨envi Kiv nq| GB ai‡bi e¨v‡j‡Ýi
mvnv‡h¨ 010001 g ch©šÍ m~² ev wbfy©jfv‡e fi cwigvc Kiv hvq| †m‡KÛvwi ÷¨vÛvW© c`v‡_©i (KMnO4, H2C2O4,

j¨ve‡iUwii wbivc` e¨envi 321

I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

KNO3, NaOH BZ¨vw`) fi †g‡c `ªeY cÖ¯‘wZ I mvaviY weKviK (AgNO3 `ªeY, †dnwjs `ªeY, U‡jb weKviK BZ¨vw`)
cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z †h‡ÿ‡Î m~² cwigv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb nq bv †m‡ÿ‡Î G e¨v‡jÝ e¨eüZ nq|
Kvh©c×wZ : cÖ_‡g e¨v‡jÝwU‡K cwi®‹vi I mgZj RvqMvq ewm‡q mvg‡bi Kv‡Pi Rvbvjv ev wWm‡cø (Display) Rvbvjv Dc‡i
DVv‡bv nq| e¨v‡j‡Ýi myBP Ab K‡i e¯‘ aviK cvÎ (weKvi, gm„Y KvMR, IRb †evZj BZ¨vw`) †i‡L Tare myBP ev
Calibarate switch Pvc w`‡j wWm‡cø‡Z 000 †`Lvq| Gici cv‡Î cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv e¯‘ wb‡q fi gvcv nq|
4-wWwRU e¨v‡jÝ : †hme †ÿ‡Î Lye Aí cwigvY ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb cwigv‡ci †ÿ‡Î
AwZ ms‡e`bkxj 4-wWwRU e¨v‡jÝ e¨envi Kiv nq| GB ai‡bi gvB‡µv
A¨vbvwjwUK¨vj e¨v‡j‡Ýi mvnv‡h¨ 00001 g ev 10 mg Gi `k fv‡Mi GK fvM m~² Kv‡Pi e·
ch©šÍ fi m~² ev wbfy©jfv‡e cwigvc Kiv hvq| cÖvBgvwi ÷¨vÛvW© c`v_© (Na2CO3
(ﮋ), K2Cr2O7, H2C2O42H2O BZ¨vw`) cwigvc K‡i cÖgvY `ªeY cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z GB e¯‘ ivLvi ¯’vb
e¨v‡j‡Ý, fi †bIqv nq| GB e¨v‡j‡Ýi Kvh©c×wZ 2-wWwRU e¨v‡j‡Ýi Abyiƒc|
G‡ÿ‡Î wWm‡cø Rvbvjv Aek¨ eÜ ivL‡Z nq, hv‡Z evqycÖevn ev aywjKYv G‡ÿ‡Î wWm‡c-
†hb weNœ m„wó bv K‡i|
wPÎ-3.3 : wWwRUvj e¨v‡jÝ
wWwRUvj e¨v‡jÝ e¨env‡ii myweav n‡”Q †h †KD G e¨v‡j‡Ýi mvnv‡h¨ mwVK I wbfy©jfv‡e fi cwigvc Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hLv‡b
evZvm PjvP‡j Ab¨ wbw³i mvnv‡h¨ fi gvc‡j ÎæwU nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K †mLv‡b wWwRUvj e¨v‡j‡Ýi Pviw`‡K Møvm Øviv †Niv
_vKvq G ai‡bi ÎæwU nq bv|

1| 10.6 g Na2CO3 †K wb‡q mwVK fv‡e 2 wWwRU e¨v‡j‡Ýi mvnv‡h¨ cwigvc K‡i
†kÖwY wkÿK‡K †`Lvb| AZci G‡K 4 wWwRU e¨v‡j‡Ý IRb K‡i fz‡ji nvi
wba©viY Kiæb|
wkÿv_©xi KvR
2| cj-eyw½ e¨v‡jÝ e¨envi K‡i 5025 g Lvevi jeY Kxfv‡e †g‡c wb‡e? †g‡c
wkÿK‡K †`LvI|
2| †Zvgvi j¨ve‡iUwii cj-eyw½ e¨v‡j‡Ýi ivBWvi aªæeK wbY©q Ki|

mvi-ms‡ÿc :

 gvcb : wewfbœ ai‡bi ivmvqwbK c`v_© cwigv‡ci Rb¨ cj-eyw½ e¨v‡jÝ, wWwRUvj e¨v‡jÝ, †gRvwis wmwjÛvi, ey¨‡iU,
AvqZbwgwZK d¬v¯‹ I wc‡cU e¨envi Kiv nq|
 e¨v‡jÝ : j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z mvaviYZ `yB ai‡bi e¨v‡jÝ e¨envi Kiv nq| cj-eyw½ e¨v‡jÝ I wWwRUvj e¨v‡jÝ| wWwRUvj
e¨v‡jÝ e¨envi Lye mnR Ges Gi ms‡e`bkxjZv 2 I 4-wWwRU ch©šÍ nIqvqG ai‡bi e¨v‡jÝ e¨vcK RbwcÖqZv jvf
K‡i‡Q| G ai‡bi ms‡e`bkxj e¨v‡jÝ e¨env‡i mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e|
 wWwRUvj e¨v‡jÝ : j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z †h‡Kv‡bv ivmvqwbK Dcv`v‡b Lye `ªæZ Irb cwigv‡ci †ÿ‡Î wWwRUvj e¨v‡jÝ
e¨envi Kiv nq| wWwRUvj e¨v‡jÝ AZ¨šÍ my‡eax Ges Gi mvnv‡h¨ AZ¨šÍ Kg mg‡q m~²fv‡e cwigvc Kiv hvq| G
ai‡bi e¨v‡j‡Ýi Dc‡i GK ai‡bi cvjøv _v‡K hvi Dci IRb †bqvi ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb‡K Zvi cÖK…wZ I aib
Abymv‡i †bqv nq|
 cj-eyw½ e¨v‡jÝ : j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z ivmvqwbK we‡køl‡Yi cÖ‡qvR‡b A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB Aí cwigvYDcv`v‡bi IRb cwigvc
Kiv Avek¨K n‡q c‡o| Giƒc IRb cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ †h hš¿ e¨envi Kiv nq Zvi bvg cj-eyw½ ivmvqwbK
e¨v‡jÝ| G e¨v‡j‡Ýi mvnv‡h¨ 0.0001 g IRb cwigvc Kiv m¤¢e|
 ivBWvi aªæeK : ˆe‡kølwYK imvq‡b ivmvqwbK wbw³‡Z GKwU AwZ m~ÿ¥ avZe Zv‡ii euvKv‡bv UzKiv _v‡K hv wbw³i

322 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 8

ex‡gi Dci w`‡q PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zv‡K ivBWvi ejv nq| cÖwZwU ivBWv‡ii †ÿ‡Î GKwU wbw`©ó f‡ii w¯’i
msL¨vm PK gvb MYbv Kiv hvq| G w¯’i gvb‡K H ivBWv‡ii †ÿ‡Î ÔivBWvi aªæeKÕ ejv nq| wbw³i ex‡gi gvS
eivei '0' `vM Ges evgw`‡K ivBWv‡ii †ÿ‡Î ivBWvi aªæe‡Ki gvb n‡e (2  10 mg)  100 = 00002 g.
 5 mg ivBWvi n‡j ivBWvi aªæe‡Ki gvb = (2  5 mg)  100 = 00001 g.
 Av‡ivnx : cj eyw½ e¨v‡j‡Ý Zyjv`‡Ði †¯‹‡ji Dci w¯’i miæ euvKv‡bv cøvwUbvg Zvi‡K Av‡ivnx ejv nq| G‡K GKwU
avZe kjvKvi mvnv‡h¨ Zyjv`‡Ði Dci mÂvjb Kiv nq| Dcv`v‡bi mwVK fi cwigv‡ci †ÿ‡Î GwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv
iv‡L|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.3

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1| cj-eyw½ e¨v‡jÝ cÖavbZ KqwU As‡k wef³?
(K) `yB (L) wZb (M) Pvi (N) cuvP
2| cj-eyw½ e¨v‡j‡Ýi †e`x‡Z KqwU ¯Œz _v‡K?
(K) `yBwU (L) wZbwU (M) PviwU (N) cuvPwU
3| cj-eyw½ e¨v‡j‡Ýi mvg‡bi w`‡K KqwU †j‡fwjs ¯Œz _v‡K?
(K) `yBwU (L) wZbwU (M) PviwU (N) cuvPwU
4| †j‡ewjs ¯Œz-Gi KvR Kx?
(K) wbw³i mgZv eRvq ivLv (L) D”PZv wbqš¿Y (M) mPjZv wbqš¿Y (N) w¯’iZv wbqš¿Y
5| Zzjv`‡Ði MvVwbK Dcv`vb Kx?
(K) cvjøv (L) nvZj (M) Av‡ivnx evnK (N) wbqš¿K ¯Œz
6| Av‡ivnx‡K †Kv_vq ivLv nq?
(K) cvjøvi Dci (L) ¯Œz-Gi Dci (M) ÿziav‡ii Dci (N) Zzjv`Я’ †¯‹‡ji Dci
7| cyj-eyw½ wbw³‡Z e¨eüZ IRb e‡·i me©vwaK f‡ii evULvivi fi
(K) 1 g (L) 50 g (M) 100 g (N) 500 g

j¨ve‡iUwii wbivc` e¨envi 323

I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-8.4 K‡qKwU Møvm mvgMÖx e¨env‡ii †ÿÎ, wewa I e¨env‡ii †KŠkj

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-

 †gRvwis wmwjÛvi I AvqZbwgwZK d¬v‡¯‹i e¨envi †ÿÎ, wewa I e¨env‡ii †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ey¨‡iU I wc‡cU e¨env‡ii †ÿÎ, wewa I e¨env‡ii †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã Abygvcb, †µvwgK GwmW, gvB‡µv Wªcvi|

†gRvwis wmwjÛvi (Measuring Cylinder)

GwU GKwU †MvjvK…wZ j¤^v duvcv Kv‡Pi ˆZwi bj hvi Mv‡q 00 n‡Z 20, 25, 50, 100
BZ¨vw` wg.wj. ch©šÍ `vM KvUv _v‡K Ges wb‡Pi w`K eÜ| m~² gv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb bv n‡j
GB wmwjÛvi w`‡q ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ ev Zij c`v_© †g‡c †bIqv hvq| Z‡e AvqZb hZ
†ewk nq wmwjÛv‡ii AvKvi ZZ eo nq Ges cwigv‡ci m~²Zv ZZ K‡g hvq| AvqZb
cwigv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx †gRvwis wmwjÛvi wbe©vPb Kiv nq| Gici cwi®‹vi I ﮋ
†gRvwis wmwjÛv‡i dv‡b‡ji mvnv‡h¨ ax‡i ax‡i Zij c`v_©‡K wbw`©ó `vM ch©šÍ †bIqv
nq| G‡ÿ‡Î Zi‡j AeZ‡ji wbgœZj fvM †hb wmwjÛv‡ii wbw`©ó `vM‡K ¯úk© K‡i|
c‡i dv‡b‡ji mvnv‡h¨ Zij c`v_©‡K cixÿv m¤úv`‡bi cv‡Î †X‡j †bIqv nq| wPÎ-4.1 : †gRvwis wmwjÛvi
AvqZbwgwZK d¬v¯‹ (Volumetric Flask)
j¤^v Mjvwewkó Ges P¨vÞv Zjwewkó Kv‡Pi d¬v¯‹‡K AvqZbwgwZK d¬v¯‹ e‡j|
AvqZbgvwÎK we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î G d¬v¯‹wU e¨eüZ nq ZvB Gi bvg †`Iqv n‡q‡Q
AvqZbwgwZK d¬v¯‹| 100 mL, 250 mL, 500 mL Ges 1000 mL aviY ÿgZvwewkó G
d¬v¯‹wU n‡q _v‡K| j¤^v b‡ji g‡a¨ wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b GKwU `vM _v‡K hv G d¬v‡¯‹i TC
250 mL
AvqZ‡bi mxgv‡iLv wb‡`©k K‡i| d¬v¯‹wUi Mv‡q Gi aviY ÿgZv wjwce× Kiv _v‡K| 25C
Gi gyLwU KvP wbwg©Z GKwU ÷cvi Øviv eÜ Kivi e¨e¯’v _v‡K| wbw`©ó AvqZ‡bi cÖgvY
`ªeY cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z G d¬v¯‹wU e¨eüZ nq| wPÎ-4.2 : AvqZbwgwZK d¬v¯‹
ey¨‡iU I ey¨‡i‡Ui e¨envi †KŠkj (Burette and Technique of Using Burette)
AvqZbwgwZK c×wZ‡Z Dchy³ wb‡`©k‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv cÖgvY `ªe‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ Aci †Kv‡bv ARvbv NbgvÎvi `ªe‡Yi
NbgvÎv ev cwigvY wbY©‡qi c×wZ‡K Abygvcb (Titration) e‡j| GwmW-ÿvi UvB‡Uªkb cÖwµqvi †h we›`y‡Z GwmW ÿvi Øviv
cÖkwgZ nq Zv‡K cÖkgb we›`y ev Zzj¨ we›`y e‡j| Zzj¨ we›`y‡Z wb‡`©kK Zvi eY© cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g wewµqvi mgvwß wb‡`©k K‡i|
UvB‡Uªkb cÖwµqvq ey¨‡iU, wc‡cU, KwbK¨vj d¬v¯‹ BZ¨vw`
e¨envi Kiv nq| ey¨‡iU n‡”Q GKwU `xN© KvPbj hvi eµZj
wbgœcÖv‡šÍ GKwU U¨vc ev ÷cKK© mshy³ _v‡K| U¨v‡ci
wb‡Pi As‡ki KvPbj A‡cÿvK…Z miæ nq| mvaviYZ GwmW-
ÿvi UvB‡Uªk‡b ey¨‡iU GwmW w`‡q c~Y© Ki‡Z nq| KwbK¨vj
d¬v‡¯‹i ÿvi wb‡q wb‡`©kKhy³ ey¨‡iU †_‡K Wªc AvKv‡i
GwmWhy³ Ki‡Z Ki‡Z mgvcbx we›`y‡Z is cwieZ©b n‡j
eyS‡Z wPÎ-4.3 : ey¨‡iU

324 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 8

n‡e UvB‡Uªkb m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q| UvB‡Uªk‡bi mgq evg nv‡Zi Av½yj w`‡q ey¨‡i‡Ui U¨vc (hv c~e© n‡Z ey¨‡iU ÷¨v‡Û AvUKv‡bv
_v‡K) ai‡Z nq Ges KwbK¨vj d¬v¯‹ Wvb nvZ w`‡q a‡i ey¨‡i‡Ui wb‡P G‡b Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í bvov‡Z nq, ey¨‡iU †_‡K GwmW †duvUvq
†duvUvq KwbK¨vj d¬v‡¯‹ wb‡q UvB‡Uªkb m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq| mvaviY ey¨‡iU¸‡jv 00 mL n‡Z 5000 mL ch©šÍ `vM KvUv _v‡K|
Gfv‡e wZbwU cvV wb‡Z nq| wZbwU cv‡Vi g‡a¨ m‡e©v”P cv_©K¨ _vK‡e 02 mL Gi †ewk †hb bv nq| GQvov gvB‡µv ey¨‡iU
wewfbœ M‡elYv KvR I wbw`©ó cixÿv Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq| G¸‡jv 100 ev 005 wg.wj. n‡Z wewfbœ gv‡ci nq Ges G¸‡jvI
`vMvw¼Z _v‡K| ey¨‡iU cvV †bIqvi mgq Zi‡ji wbgœ AeZj †h `vM‡K ¯úk© K‡i †mB cvV wb‡Z nq|

wc‡cU I wc‡c‡Ui e¨envi †KŠkj (Pipette and Technique of Using Pipette)

wc‡cU GKwU `xN© KvPbj hvi gvSLvbUv GKUz ùxZ| GwU mvaviYZ 5 n‡Z 25 wg.wj. ch©šÍ gv‡ci nq| Gi wb‡Pi Ask
ey¨‡i‡Ui g‡Zv A‡cÿvK…Z miæ| ùxZ As‡ki Dc‡i fwZ© jvB‡b GKwU `vM w`‡q wPwýZ Kiv _v‡K
†m ¯’v‡b wbw`©ó AvqZb AweKj gvcv hvq| wc‡c‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ KwbK¨vj
d¬v¯‹ ev weKv‡ii `ªeY n‡Z gyL w`‡q †U‡b fwZ© jvBb ch©šÍ wb‡Z nq|
Gici nv‡Zi ey‡ov Av½yj w`‡q wc‡c‡Ui Dci gyLwU eÜ Ki‡Z nq| †h
d¬v‡¯‹i `ªeY‡K UvB‡Uªkb Ki‡Z n‡e †mB d¬v‡¯‹i Zj‡`‡k wc‡c‡Ui
wb‡Pi Ask †VwK‡q Dc‡ii ey‡ov Av½yjwU mwi‡q wb‡Z nq| Gfv‡e
wc‡cU n‡Z mg¯Í `ªeY weKv‡ii/KwbK¨vj d¬v‡¯‹i g‡a¨ ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq|
gyL w`‡q `ªeY †U‡b †Zvjvi mgq `ªeY gy‡L †h‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ GwmW ev
Zxeª ÿvixq `ªeY Zzj‡Z wc‡cU Wªcvi e¨envi Kiv nq| GQvov `vMvw¼Z
gvB‡µv wc‡cUI cvIqv hvq hv M‡elYv ev we‡kl Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq|
wPÎ-4.4 : wc‡cU
1| 5 mL, 10 mL, 20 mL wc‡cU w`‡q cvwb †g‡c wkÿK‡K †`Lvb|
wkÿv_©xi KvR 2| Kxfv‡e ey¨‡iU cvV wb‡Z nq?
3| †gRvwis wmwjÛvi w`‡q 20 I 100 mL cvwb Kxfv‡e gvc‡Z nq? †g‡c wkÿK‡K †`Lvb|

mvi-ms‡ÿc :

 †gRvwis wmwjÛvi : cwigvcK wmwjÛvi Øviv mvaviYZ AwaK cwigv‡Yi Zi‡ji AvqZb cwigvcY Kiv nq| we‡køl‡Yi
wbfz©jZvq AvqZ‡bi †Kv‡bv f~wgKv bv _vK‡jcwigvcb wmwjÛvi e¨envi Kiv nq|
 ey¨‡iU : ey¨‡iU GKwU we‡kl ai‡bi hš¿ hvi mvnv‡h¨ wbw`©ó cwigvY Zij Ab¨ cv‡Î mieivn Kiv hvq|
 wc‡cU : wc‡cU e¨envi Kiv mywbw`©ó AvqZ‡bi Zij, UvB‡Uªkbev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv D‡Ï‡k¨ e¨env‡ii Rb¨, cwigvc Kiv
nq| `yB ai‡bi wc‡cU e¨envi Kiv nq, GKwU AvqZwbK wc‡cU Ges AciwU `vMvw¼Z wc‡cU|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| UvB‡Uªk‡bi mgq wb‡Pi †KvbwU‡K nvZ Øviv bvov‡Z nq?
(K) KwbK¨vj d¬v¯‹ (L) ey¨‡iU (M) wc‡cU (N) Iqvk †evZj
2| UvB‡Uªk‡b e¨eüZ KwbK¨vj d¬v¯‹‡K Kx e‡j?
(K) UvBUvi cvÎ (L) A¨vbvjvBU cvÎ (M) UvB‡UªwUs cvÎ (N) UvB‡Uª›U cvÎ
3| ey¨‡i‡Ui Mv‡q †Kvb †¯‹‡ji `vM KvUv _v‡K?
(K) mL (L) L (M) cm3 (N) dm3
4| ey¨‡i‡Ui ÷cKK© Kx Øviv Nyiv‡bv nq?
(K) Wvb nv‡Zi AvOzj (L) evg nv‡Zi AvOzj (M) wK¬c Øviv (N) K¬¨v¤ú Øviv
5| ey¨‡i‡Ui cvV †bIqvi mgq Zi‡ji †Kvb Zj‡K we‡ePbv Kiv nq?
(K) Dc‡ii Zj (L) wb‡Pi Zj (M) gv‡Si Zj (N) cvkvcvwk Z‡j

j¨ve‡iUwii wbivc` e¨envi 325

I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-8.5 w¯úwiU j¨v¤ú e¨env‡ii †KŠkj

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-

 w¯§wiU j¨v¤ú Ges eyb‡mb evb©v‡ii e¨envi I ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 eyb‡mb evb©vi Øviv Møvm mvgwMÖ Zvc †`qvi †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã cÖR¡wjZ, ˆe`y¨wZK wnUvi, evb©vi, DØvqx, evqy wbqš¿K, D¾¡j wgLv, Aby¾¡j,
†cv‡m©wjb evwU|

w¯úwiU j¨v¤ú (Spirit Lamp)

cixÿvMv‡i Zvc †`Iqvi Rb¨ mvaviYZ w¯úwiU j¨v¤ú ev eyb‡mb evb©vi e¨envi Kiv
nq| w¯úwiU j¨v‡¤úi mvnv‡h¨ h‡_ó ev †ewk Zvc †`Iqv hvq bv| Gi mvnv‡h¨ me ai‡bi KvR
Kiv hvq bv Z‡e Ab¨ e¨e¯’v bv _vK‡j GB j¨v‡¤úi mvnv‡h¨ †gvUvgywUfv‡e KvR Pvjv‡bv hvq|
eZ©gv‡b A‡bK DbœZ j¨v‡e wewfbœ ai‡bi ˆe`y¨wZK wnUvi (heater) e¨envi K‡i| Z‡e G ai‡bi
wnUvi mvaviYZ M‡elYvi †ÿ‡Î mswkøó j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq| w¯úwiU j¨v¤ú ev eyb‡mb
evb©v‡ii mvnv‡h¨ mivmwi Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j cixÿvbj ev weKvi †d‡U hvIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
GRb¨ wÎc`x ÷¨v‡Ûi Dci Zv‡ii Rvwj ¯’vcb K‡i Zvi Dci weKvi †i‡L ev cixÿvbj a‡i Zvc
w`‡j †d‡U hvIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv| wPÎ-5.1 : w¯úwiU j¨v¤ú
eyb‡mb evb©vi GKwU †QvU M¨vm evb©vi hv Mig, bxj wkLv Drcbœ K‡i Ges imvqb cixÿvMv‡i e¨envi Kiv nq| GUv GKwU
duvcv †MvjKvK…wZ avZzi ˆZwi, hvi wb‡Pi w`‡K evZvm †XvKvi Rb¨ GK ev GKvwaK wQ`ª _v‡K| GB evZvm M¨v‡mi mv‡_
wgwkªZ nIqvi ci G‡K cÖR¡wjZ Kiv nq| Rvwj ¯’vcb K‡i Zvi Dci weKvi †i‡L ev cixÿvbj a‡i Zvc w`‡j †d‡U hvIqvi
m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv| wkLv R¡vjvevi c~‡e© DØvqx c`v_©mg~n wbivc` ¯’v‡b ivL‡Z n‡e| B_vi, †ebwRb, A¨vj‡Kvnj mivmwi
wkLv‡Z DËß Ki‡j Av¸b ai‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ IqvUvi ev_ e¨envi Kiv nq|
eyb‡mb evb©vi (Bunsen Burner)
weÁvbx ievU© DBj‡ng eyb‡m‡bi (Robert Wilhelm Bunsen) bvg Abymv‡i
GB evb©v‡ii bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q, KviY wZwbB GB evb©v‡ii Avwe®‹viK| GB evb©vi cÖvK…wZK M¨vm
ev †c‡Uªvwjqvg RvZxq M¨vm e¨envi K‡i R¡vjv‡bv nq|
Avgv‡`i †`‡ki †ewki fvM j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z GB evb©vi e¨envi Kiv nq| Gi wZbwU Ask : wfwË,
evb©vi bj ev Dc‡ii Ask Ges evqy wbqš¿K|
wfwË : GwU evb©v‡ii wb‡Pi Ask| GLv‡b avZzi ˆZwi GKwU cvk¦©bj hy³ _v‡K| GB b‡ji mvnv‡h¨
M¨vm cÖ‡ek K‡i m~² †R‡Ui g‡Zv wQ`ª c‡_ Dc‡i D‡V hvq| GB wfwËi wKQy Dc‡i GKwU ÷c
KK© _v‡K hvi mvnv‡h¨ b‡ji g‡a¨ M¨v‡mi cÖ‡ek wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq| wPÎ-5.2 : eyb‡mb evb©vi
evb©vi bj ev Dc‡ii Ask : G AskwUI avZzi ˆZwi, GLv‡b GK ev GKvwaK evqy cÖ‡e‡ki wQ`ª _v‡K| wfwË Ges evb©vi b‡ji
wb‡Pi As‡k cu¨vP _v‡K| GB cu¨v‡Pi mvnv‡h¨ Nywi‡q bjwU‡K wfwËi mv‡_ hy³ Kiv nq| evqy cÖ‡e‡ki c‡_ cÖweó evqyi mv‡_
wfwËi cvk¦©bj n‡Z AvMZ M¨vm wgwkªZ n‡q Dc‡i D‡V hvq|
GB M¨v‡m AwMœ ms‡hvM Ki‡j bjgy‡L wkLvmn cÖR¡wjZ nq|

326 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 8

evqy wbqš¿K : GUv GKwU GK ev GKvwaK wQ`ª hy³ avZzi ˆZwi Kjvi hv evqy c_‡K wN‡i iv‡L| cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv KjviwU‡K
Nywi‡q evZvm cÖ‡e‡ki cwigvY Kg‡ewk Kiv hvq (mvaviYZ wZb fvM evZvm I GK fvM M¨vm e¨envi Kiv nq)| GB M¨vm I
evZv‡mi wgkªY M¨v‡mi Pv‡c b‡ji Dc‡ii w`‡K P‡j Av‡m †mLv‡b GUv‡K cÖR¡wjZ Kiv nq|
eyb‡mb evb©v‡ii wkLv (Flame of Bunsen Burner)
evb©v‡ii M¨vm cÖev‡ni c_ †Lvjv †i‡L evqy cÖ‡e‡ki c_ eÜ K‡i evb©vi cÖR¡wjZ Ki‡j †h wkLv Drcbœ nq Zv‡K D¾¡j wkLv
e‡j| evqyi Aw·‡Rb bv _vKvq M¨vm m¤ú~Y©fv‡e `» nq bv| G wkLvq wKQy Kve©b KYv _v‡K| cixÿvMv‡i mvaviYZ GB wkLv
e¨envi Kiv nq bv|
cixÿvMv‡i eyb‡mb evb©v‡ii evqyc_ †Lvjv †i‡L Aw·‡Rb wgwkªZ (evqy n‡Z cÖvß) M¨vm e¨envi K‡i †h wkLv Drcbœ Kiv nq
Zv‡K Aby¾¡j wkLv e‡j| d‡j G wkLvq †Kv‡bv Kve©b KYv _v‡K bv| G wkLv‡K RviY wkLvI ejv nq|
cÖweó evqyi cwigvY Kg‡ewk K‡i cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi wkLv Drcbœ Kiv hvq :
(1) D¾¡j wkLv : (K) wbgœ¯’ D¾¡j bxj AÂj (L) †K›`ª¯’ Aby¾¡j AÂj
(M) g‡a¨i Am¤ú~Y© `nb AÂj (N) ewn¯’ c~Y© `nb AÂj
(2) Aby¾¡j wkLv : (K) †K›`ª¯’ bxj AÂj (L) ewn¯’ Aby¾¡j AÂj
(M) D¾¡j wUc

wPÎ-5.3 : D¾¡j wkLv wPÎ-5.4 : Aby¾¡j wkLv

w¯úwiU j¨v¤ú ev eyb‡mb evb©vi Øviv †U÷wUDe, weKvi, †MvjZwj d¬v¯‹, KwbK¨vj d¬v¯‹, †cv‡m©wjb evwU Zvc †`Iqvi mgq
mZK©Zvi mv‡_ Ges †KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i Zvc w`‡Z nq| bZzev AmveavbZv, AbwfÁZvi Kvi‡Y `yN©Ubv NU‡Z cv‡i| `yN©Ubv
Gov‡bvi Rb¨ Zvc †`Iqvi mgq wb‡Pi †KŠkj¸‡jv Aej¤^b Kiv nq
(K) KvP cv‡Î Zvc †`Iqvi mgq cv‡Îi evB‡ii w`KUv †hb Aek¨B ﮋ _v‡K| cÖ‡qvR‡b SzU Kvco ev eªvk w`‡q cv‡Îi
evB‡ii w`K gy‡Q w`‡Z n‡e|
(L) wbivcËvi Rb¨ evb©vi wbivc` `~i‡Z¡ †i‡L cÖ_‡g wkLvi ˆ`N©¨ wVK Ki‡Z n‡e| AZtci Aby¾¡j wkLv e¨envi Ki‡Z
n‡e|
(M) †U÷wUDe‡K Zvc †`Iqvi mgq †nvìvi w`‡q a‡i KvZ K‡i ai‡Z n‡e| †U÷wUD‡ei gyL †hb wb‡Ri w`‡K ev mncvVxi
w`‡K bv _v‡K †mw`‡K jÿ ivL‡Z n‡e|
(N) Zvc †`Iqvi mgq DËß Zij c`v_© nVvr †dbvmn cv‡Îi evB‡i Dc‡P c‡o| G‡K evw¤ús e‡j| evw¤ús †iv‡ai Rb¨
†U÷wUD‡e ax‡i ax‡i Zvc w`‡Z nq Ges gv‡S gv‡S SuvKv‡Z nq| evw¤ús †iv‡ai Rb¨ d¬v‡¯‹i Zi‡j K‡qK UzKiv KvP
ev wPcm †hvM Kiv nq|
(O) `vn¨ Zij c`v_© mivmwi Db¥y³ wkLvq Zvc bv w`‡q cvwb ev‡_ ev BU‡Lvjv ev DËß evwji Dc‡i †i‡L Zvc w`‡Z n‡e|
(P) †U÷wUD‡ei Zjvq mivmwi Zvc bv w`‡q Nywi‡q Nywi‡q cv‡k Zvc w`‡Z n‡e|
(Q) KwbK¨vj d¬v¯‹, †MvjZwj d¬v¯‹, †cv‡m©wjb evwU, weKvi BZ¨vw`‡Z Zvc †`Iqvi Rb¨ wÎc`x ÷¨v‡Ûi Dci ZviRvwj †i‡L
Zvi Dci cvÎ †i‡L mylgfv‡e cÖ_‡g ax‡i I DËß wkLvq Zvc w`‡Z n‡e| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î wÎc`x ÷¨v‡Ûi cwie‡Z© IqvUvi
ev_, DËß evwj ev BU‡Lvjvq Gme cvÎ ewm‡q DËß Kiv nq|

j¨ve‡iUwii wbivc` e¨envi 327

I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ mvwR‡q GKwU weKv‡ii g‡a¨ Lv`¨ je‡Yi `ªeY‡K wb‡q Zvc †`qvi
wkÿv_©xi KvR †KŠkj †kÖwY wkÿK‡K †`Lvb| hš¿cvwZ h_vh_ mw¾¡Z n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv cixÿv K‡i
†`Lyb| Zvc †`qvi †ÿ‡Î eyb‡mb evb©vi A_ev w¯úwiU j¨v¤ú e¨envi Ki‡eb|

mvi-ms‡ÿc :

 evb©vi : eyb‡mb evb©vi Ges wUwij evb©vi cixÿvMv‡i e¨envi Kiv nq| Dfq evb©v‡iB evqycÖevn wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨
GKwU evqy wQ`ª _v‡K| wUwij evb©v‡ii wfwË g~‡j M¨vm cÖevn wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨I GKwU evj¦ _v‡K|
 †cv‡m©wjb evwU : j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z ivmvqwbK `ªe¨‡K DËß Kivi Kv‡R G‡K e¨envi Kiv nq| †hme ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb
`xN© mgq DËß Ae¯’vq cv‡Î Ae¯’vb Ki‡e †mme †ÿ‡Î G‡K e¨envi Kiv nq| †cv‡m©wj‡bi evwU‡Z m‡e©v”P 1500C
ch©šÍ Zvc †`qv hvq| e¨v‡j‡Ý ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i IRb †bIqvi †ÿ‡Î †cv‡m©wjb evwU e¨envi Kiv nq| Z‡e HF
GwmW‡K †cv‡m©wjb evwU‡Z ivLv hv‡e bv|
 cvwb Mvn (Water Bath) : j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq ivmvqwbK wewµqv m¤•bœ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ cvwb Mvn
e¨envi Kiv nq| mvaviYfv‡e 100 †m. ZvcgvÎvi wb‡P msNwUZ wewµqv‡K cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ G‡K e¨envi Kiv
nq| cvwb Mv‡ni mvnv‡h¨ wewµq‡Ki ZvcgvÎv‡K wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq wbqš¿Y Kiv nq| †MvjZwj d¬v¯‹ ev KwbK¨vj
d¬v‡¯‹i g‡a¨ wewµq‡Ki Zij wgkÖY ev `ªeY‡K wb‡q cvwb Mv‡ni g‡a¨ †i‡L Zvc †`Iqv nq| cixÿv PjvKvjxb mg‡q
ZvcgvÎv mwVKfv‡e wbqwš¿Z n‡”Q wKbv Zv Av‡_©vwgUv‡ii gva¨‡g cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv nq| cÖwZwU cvwb Mv‡n ZvcgvÎv
wbqš¿‡Yi c~Y© e¨e¯’v _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.5

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1| evb©v‡ii gy‡L AwMœ ms‡hvM †Kvb wkLv R¡‡j?
(K) jvj (L) meyR
(M) bxjvf (N) ev`vwg
2| †U÷wUD‡e Zvc †`Iqvi mgq RviY wkLvi †Kv_vq ai‡Z nq?
(K) AMÖfv‡e (L) ga¨fv‡M
(M) wb¤œ fv‡e (N) GK-Z…Zxqvs‡k

328 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 8

cvV-8.6 ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ msiÿY I e¨env‡ii mZK©Zv

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-

 j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ wbivc` msiÿY c×wZ m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î Kx Kx mZK©Zv AbymiY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã mZK©Zv, SzuwK, †j‡ej, †ZRw¯Œq, ÿKviK, RviK, wbD‡gwiK †KvW, ÿqKvix `ªe¨|

ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ msiÿY I e¨env‡i mZK©Zv

(Caution in storing and using chemical reagents)
cixÿvMv‡i ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ msiÿY I e¨envi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| †Zvgiv A‡b‡KB Rvb bv †h, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv ivmvqwbK
c`v_©¸‡jv ¯^v¯’¨ I cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ ÿwZKi | wKš‘ imvqb M‡elYvMv‡i †M‡j †Zvgiv †`L‡e A‡bK ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i
†evZ‡ji Mv‡qi †j‡e‡j wewfbœ mvs‡KwZK wPý †`Iqv Av‡Q|
G mvs‡KwZK wPý¸‡jv †_‡K †Zvgiv Rvb‡Z cvi‡e †Kvb ivmvqwbK c`v_©wU we‡ùviK, †KvbwU welv³ I wec¾bK, †KvbwU
cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ ÿwZKi, †KvbwU †ZRw¯Œq c`v_© BZ¨vw`|
g~jZ ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i e¨envi w`b w`b e¨vcK nv‡i e„w× cvIqvq G‡`i msiÿY I e¨env‡i mZK©Zvg~jK e¨e¯’v Riæwi n‡q
c‡o| G msµvšÍ GKwU me©Rbxb wbqg Pvjyi Rb¨ 1992 mv‡j RvwZms‡Ni D‡`¨v‡M cwi‡ek I Dbœqb bv‡g GKwU m‡¤§jb
AbywôZ nq| D³ m‡¤§j‡bi cÖwZcv`¨ welq¸‡jv n‡”QÑ
1| ivmvqwbK c`v_©‡K SuywK I SuywKi gvÎvi wfwˇZ wef³ Kiv|
2| SuywKi mZK©Zv msµvšÍ Z_¨ DcvË ˆZwi Kiv|
3| SuywK I SuywKi gvÎv †evSvevi Rb¨ me©Rbxb mvs‡KwZK wPý wba©viY I e¨envi Kiv|
Zxeª GwmW I Zxeª ÿviK c`v_© Mv‡q †Pv‡L gy‡L co‡j cy‡o hvq| ZvB G‡`i †evZ‡ji Mv‡q wec¾bK mvs‡KwZK wPý e¨envi
Kiv nq| GiKg we‡ùviK c`v_©, RviK c`v_©, `vn¨ c`v_©, †ZRw¯Œq c`v_© BZ¨vw` cv‡Îi Mv‡q †j‡ej jvwM‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq
mvs‡KwZK wPý cÖ`vb Kiv Avek¨K| Zvn‡j QvÎQvÎx ev e¨enviKvix mn‡RB †Kv‡bv ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i cv‡Îi Mv‡qi †j‡ej †`‡L
SuywKi gvÎv gv_vq †i‡L mveavbZvi mv‡_ c`v_© e¨envi I msiÿY Ki‡Z cvi‡e| †Kvb ivmvqwbK c`v_© †Kv_vq Kxfv‡e msiÿY
Ki‡j ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i gvb wVK _vK‡e I AbvKvw•ÿZ `yN©Ubv Gov‡bv hv‡e †mme aviYv cv‡e| GQvov †Kvb ivmvqwbK c`v_©wU
cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ ÿwZKi, †Kvb c`v_©wU wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z ¯^v¯’¨SuywK i‡q‡Q, †KvbwU `vn¨ c`v_© BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hv‡e|
wb‡P KZK¸‡jv ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i mvs‡KwZK wPý I SuywKi gvÎv I mveavbZv QK AvKv‡i †`Iqv n‡jv :
mvs‡KwZK wPý SuywK I SuywKi gvÎv mveavbZv
GB mvs‡KwZK wPýwewkó ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ G ai‡bi c`v_© Aek¨B Zvjve× ¯’v‡b
wec¾bK gvivZ¥K welv³ hv wbtk¦v‡m ev Z¡‡Ki gva¨‡g msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| e¨env‡ii mgq
wfZ‡i †M‡j gvivZ¥K welwµqv m„wó n‡Z Møvfm, Pkgv, gv¯‹, A¨vcÖb e¨envi
cv‡i| GgbwK †L‡j g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| Ki‡Z n‡e| cixÿvi ci cixÿY wgkªY
†hgb mvqvbvBW, A¨vwbwjb, CCl4, R – h_vh_ cwi‡kvab Ki‡Z n‡e|
X, †K¬v‡ivdg© (CHCl3) |
we‡ùviK wPýwU Øviv we‡ùviK `ªe¨ †evSvq| G wPýhy³ Ggbfv‡e msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e †hb w¯’i
†hŠM¸‡jv Aw¯’Z Ges wb‡R wb‡RB wewµqv Ki‡Z _v‡K| mveav‡b bvovPvov Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨
cv‡i| †hgbÑ ˆRe cvi A·vBW, A¨vwmUvjvBW, †Kv‡bv c`v‡_©i mv‡_ ax‡i ax‡i hy³ Ki‡Z
A¨vRvBW, bvB‡Uªv‡mv I bvB‡Uªv †hŠM, I‡RvbvBW| n‡e|

j¨ve‡iUwii wbivc` e¨envi 329

I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mvs‡KwZK wPý SuywK I SuywKi gvÎv mveavbZv

†ZRw¯Œq GwU Øviv ÿwZKi Av‡jvKiwk¥ wPwýZ Kiv iwk¥ †ei n‡Z cv‡i bv Ggb cv‡Î msiÿY
nq| Gme iwk¥i cÖfv‡e †`‡ni weKjv½Zv, Ki‡Z n‡e| e¨env‡ii mgq we‡kl Møvfm,
K¨vbmvi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ †ZRw¯Œq A¨vcÖb I gv¯‹ e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
avZzmg~n †h¸‡jv kix‡ii Rb¨ ÿwZKi|

RviK I ms‡e`bkxj c`v_© †evSv‡Z GB RviY wewµqv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Ggb cv‡Î
RviK wPý e¨eüZ nq| wbtk¦v‡m †M‡j k¦vmKó, ivL‡Z n‡e| Møvfm, Pkgv, gv¯‹, A¨vcÖb
Z¡‡K jvM‡j ÿZ n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ †K¬vwib BZ¨vw` e¨env‡ii mgq cwiavb Ki‡Z n‡e|
M¨vm, H2O2, †µvwgK GwmW, cvi‡K¬vwiK
GwmW, †dwiK †K¬vivBW, Av‡qvwWb, †eªvwgb|
cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ ÿwZKi GB ms‡KwZK wPýhy³ c`v_© RjR Rxe I G ai‡bi c`v_© b`xbvjvi cvwb‡Z †hb
cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ ÿwZKi| †hgbÑ gvK©vwi, wgk‡Z bv cv‡i †mRb¨ cixÿY wgkªY
mvqvbvBW, †K¬vwib, †d¬vwib, HCl, cwi‡kvab K‡i wbivc` ¯’v‡b †dj‡Z n‡i|
†K¬v‡iv‡d¬v‡iv Kve©b †hŠM, wWwWwU BZ¨vw`|

GB wPýhy³ c`v‡_© mn‡RB Av¸b ai‡Z cv‡i| †mvwWqvg, cUvwmqvg, dmdivm †K‡ivwm‡bi
`vn¨ c`v_© GgbwK evZv‡mi Rjxq ev®ú, Aw·‡R‡bi mv‡_ wb‡P A_ev evqyk~b¨ cv‡Î msiÿY Ki‡Z
wewµqvq Av¸b ai‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ †mvwWqvg n‡e| Av¸b I Zvc †_‡K `~‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|
I cUvwmqvg avZz, dmdivm, A¨v‡ivmj, `vn¨ c`v_© †g‡S‡Z msiÿY Kiv hv‡e bv|
†ebwRb, B_vbj, B_vi, A¨vwm‡Uvb, UjyBb,
wjw_qvg, NaH, LiAlH4 BZ¨vw`|
GB wPýhy³ c`v_©¸‡jv AZ¨šÍ ÿqKviK| nvZ Kv‡Pi cv‡Î msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| e¨env‡ii
ÿqKviK ev kix‡ii Ab¨vb¨ A‡½i Z¡‡K jvM‡j ÿ‡Zi mgq Møvfm A¨vcÖb e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
m„wó nq| †hgbÑ Zxeª GwmW I ÿviK| G‡`i
g‡a¨ Mvp H2SO4, HNO3, H2Cr2O7, HF,
NaOH, KOH BZ¨vw`|
welv³, ÿqKvix c`v_©mg~n †h¸‡jv GB c`v_©¸‡jvi Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î di‡mf,
¯úk© wbwl× †Kv‡bvfv‡eB nvZ w`‡q aiv hv‡e bv Zv‡`i PvgP, Qywi e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| e¨eüZ e¯‘
†ÿ‡Î GB wPý e¨eüZ nq| †hgbÑ cvi`, wbivc` ¯’v‡b h_vh_ cwi‡kva‡bi ci
K¨vWwgqvg, †mvwWqvg, cUvwmqvg, †jW avZz †dj‡Z n‡e|
BZ¨vw` nvZ w`‡q ai‡j cy‡o †h‡Z cv‡i ev
kix‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i welwµqv m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
†Kv‡bv ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i cv‡Îi †j‡ej ev Avjv`vfv‡e mieivnK…Z ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i wbivc` Z_¨ wkU (Material Safty Data
Sheet-MSDS) Gi wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx H ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| MSDS G ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i e¨envi †ÿÎ, e¨envi
wewa ev cÖwµqv, e¨envi wb‡la BZ¨vw` Z_¨ e¨enviKvixi Rb¨ †`Iqv _v‡K| GQvov ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i †fŠZ I ivmvqwbK ag©,
cwi‡ek I ¯^v¯’¨SuywK, msiÿY mZK©Zv, `vn¨Zv, †ZRw¯ŒqZv, mwµqZv BZ¨vw` Z_¨ †`Iqv _v‡K|
M‡elYvMv‡i msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i †evZj ev cv‡Îi Mv‡q A‡bK †ÿ‡Î wbD‡gwiK (numeric) †KvW I Kvjvi
(Colour) †KvW e¨envi Kiv nq| wb‡P G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
we‡kl mZK©Zv : OX Øviv RviK c`v_©, W Øviv evZv‡mi Rjxq ev®ú ev cvwbi ms¯ú‡k© ÿwZKi n‡Z cv‡i I X Øviv Ab¨
c`v‡_©i ms¯ú‡k© ÿwZKi wb‡`©k Kiv nq|

330 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 8

¯^v¯’¨SuywKi gvÎv I SuywK

SuywKi gvÎv SuywK
0 mvaviY `nb‡hvM¨ c`v_©| ÿwZKi w`K †bB|
1 AvµvšÍ nIqvi ci wPwKrmv bv w`‡j R¡vjv Ki‡Z cv‡i ev mvgvb¨ (minor) ÿ‡Zi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
2 DbœZ wPwKrmv bv wb‡j A¯’vqx ev ¯’vqx ÿ‡Zi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|
3 DbœZ wPwKrmv wb‡j I AvµvšÍ nIqvi ci gvivZ¥K A¯’vqx ev ¯’vqx ÿ‡Zi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|
4 AvµvšÍ n‡j g„Zy¨ n‡Z cv‡i A_ev DbœZ wPwKrmvi ciI gvivZ¥K ¯’vqx ÿ‡Zi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|
ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i `n‡b (burning) SuywKi gvÎv I SuywK :
SuywKi gvÎv SuywK
0 `nb‡hvM¨ bq| SuywK †bB|
1 cÖR¡j‡bi (Ignition) c~‡e© mvgvb¨ Zvc w`‡q wb‡j `n‡b SuywK †bB|
2 cÖR¡j‡bi c~‡e© D”P A¨vgwe‡q›U (Ambient) ZvcgvÎvq Aek¨B DËß K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
3 †h‡Kv‡bv A¨vgwe‡q›U ZvcgvÎv k‡Z© cÖR¡wjZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| `n‡bi mgq mveavbZv Aej¤^b bv Ki‡j
mvgvb¨ SuywK _v‡K|
4 mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq Ges Pv‡c ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ `ªæZ Ges m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c ev‡®ú cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi c`v_©
evZv‡m Qwo‡q covi mgq Av¸b jvM‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ mveav‡b `nb KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ msiÿ‡Y e¨eüZ Kvjvi †KvW :
jvj (Red, R) : `nb‡hvM¨ c`v_©, GRb¨ Zvc I Av¸b †_‡K `~‡i msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
bxj (Blue, B) : ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ ÿwZKi| k¦v‡mi mv‡_ MÖn‡Y, Z¡K Øviv †kvwlZ n‡j welwµqv m„wó nq| wbivc` ¯’v‡b msiÿY
Ki‡Z n‡e|
njy` (Yellow, Y) : mwµq (Reactive) Ges RviK c`v_©| evqy, cvwb I Ab¨vb¨ c`v‡_©i
mv‡_ Zxeªfv‡e wewµqv Ki‡Z cv‡i| `nb‡hvM¨ I wkLv DrcbœKvix c`v_© †_‡K `~‡i msiÿY 2
Ki‡Z n‡e|
mv`v (White, W ) : ÿqKvix c`v_©, Z¡K, †PvL I wgDKvm c`©vi Rb¨ ÿwZKi| jvj, njy`
1
I bxj i‡Oi †KvWK…Z `ªe¨ †_‡K `~‡i msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
a~mi (Gray, G ) : ga¨g ÿwZKi c`v_©, mvaviY ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ wn‡m‡e msiÿY Kiv hvq|
wPÎ-6.1 : Kvjvi †KvW
j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ msiÿ‡Y KZK¸‡jv mvaviY wbqg AbymiY Kiv nq| †hgb
(i) ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ KL‡bv †Lvjv Ae¯’vq ivLv hv‡e bv| weKviK †evZ‡j weKviK †i‡L wQwc ev KK© jvwM‡q ivL‡Z n‡e|
(ii) GwmW I ÿvi me©`v wfbœ †Uwe‡j mvwR‡q ivL‡Z n‡e| a~gvwqZ ev Mvp GwmW wfbœ †Uwe‡j mvwR‡q ivL‡Z n‡e|
(iii) GKBfv‡e RviK I weRviK c`v_© GKB †Uwe‡j ev Zv‡K ivLv hv‡e bv|
(iv) cixÿvi Rb¨ weKviK wfbœ †Uwe‡j e‡Y©i µgvbymv‡i mvwR‡q ivL‡Z n‡e|
(v) weKviK †evZ‡j ¯’vwqfv‡e ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i bvg, mswkøó SzuwK I mZK© ms‡KZ hy³ †j‡ej ev MSDS jvMv‡Z n‡e|
e„n`vKv‡ii cvθ‡jv †kj‡di wb‡P ivL‡Z n‡e|
(vi) `vn¨ c`v_©¸‡jv c„_Kfv‡e msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
(vii) D”P welv³ c`v_©, Mvp Zxeª GwmW I ÿvi Zvjve× Ae¯’vq msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
(viii) Av‡jvK ms‡e`bkxj c`v_©‡K iwOb †evZ‡j ivL‡Z n‡e|
(ix) e¨envi gvÎv I cwigv‡Yi Dci wfwË K‡i AwaK e¨envi‡hvM¨ ivmvqwbK c`v_© e¨envwiK †W‡¯‹i Zv‡K mvwR‡q ivL‡Z
n‡e| ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb‡K web¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î Bs‡iwR Av`¨ÿ‡ii µgvbymv‡i msiÿY evÃbxq bq| G‡Z ci¯úi
wecixZag©x c`v_©¸‡jv cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
(x) ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i msiÿ‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †iKW© LvZvq †÷viiƒ‡c msiwÿZ c`v‡_©i cwigvY, Avqy®‹vj, Drcv`b ZvwiL, cÖ_g
c¨v‡KU/KK© Ly‡j e¨env‡ii ZvwiL, msiÿ‡Yi ZvwiL BZ¨vw` wjwce× Ki‡Z n‡e|

j¨ve‡iUwii wbivc` e¨envi 331

I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

wPÎ-6.2 : ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ msiÿY

j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z wM‡q wZbwU wi‡q‡R›U †evZ‡ji g‡a¨ h_vµ‡g H2SO4, B_vbj I cUvwkqvg
wkÿv_©xi KvR †K¬v‡iU wb‡q wi‡q‡R›U †evZ‡ji Mv‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq n¨vRvW© wm¤^j I cÖ‡qvRbxq bvg,
msiÿ‡Yi ZvwiL I Dcv`v‡bi ms‡KZ wjLyb|

mvi-ms‡ÿc :

 ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ msiÿY : j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ msiÿ‡Yi GKwU me©Rb¯^xK…Z bxwZgvjv i‡q‡Q| GB bxwZgvjv
Abyhvqx ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ msiÿY Ki‡j j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z †h‡Kv‡bv AbvKvw•ÿZ `yN©Ubv Gov‡bv nq| ivmvqwbK Dcv`v‡bi
msiÿ‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †iKW© LvZv AbymiY K‡i Pj‡Z n‡e| msiÿ‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †÷vi iæg e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZwU
ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb msiÿ‡Yi c~‡e© Zvi wec‡`i gvÎv KZ †m m¤ú‡K© c~e© aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|
 e¨eüZ ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i wbivc` AcmviY : e¨eüZ ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ Øviv m„ó e‡R©¨i myô AcmviY GKwU wbw`©ó
bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx m¤úbœ Kiv Avek¨K|
 ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ e¨env‡i mZK©Zv : ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ e¨env‡i cÖPwjZ wbqgmg~n h_vh_fv‡e cvjb Ki‡j j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z
†h †Kv‡bv `yN©Ubvi SzuwK Gov‡bv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î me©cÖ_g ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i cÖK…wZ †hgb ÿqKviK, Zxeª RviK, welv³
ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb, we‡ùviK

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.6

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1| MSDS Abymv‡i ivmvqwbK Dcv`v‡bi Rb¨ Kx Ki‡Z nq?
(K) bvg †j‡e‡ji Mv‡q wjL‡Z nq (L) ivmvqwbK dgy©jv †j‡e‡ji Mv‡q wjL‡Z nq
(M) Dcv`v‡bi cwigvY KZ LvZv †iKW© Ki‡Z nq (N) Dc‡ii meKwU
2| ivmvqwbK Dcv`v‡bi e¨env‡ii c~‡e©B Kx ¯§iY ivL‡Z n‡e?
(K) web¨vm (L) msiÿY (M) e¨envi (N) AmsiÿY
3| ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb msiÿ‡Yi c~‡e„ Kx aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb?
(K) wec‡`i gvÎv (L) Dcv`v‡bi cwigvY (M) Dcv`v‡bi MVb (N) †Kv‡bv Áv‡bi `iKvi †bB
4| wec¾bK ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i Rb¨ cÖZxK e¨envi Kiv‡K Kx e‡j?
(K) n¨vRvW© wm¤^j (L) n¨vwc wm¤^j (M) ‡WÄvi wm¤^j (N) ‡iW wm¤^j
5| j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z †Kvb A¨vbvjvBwUK¨vj c×wZ e¨eüZ nq
(K) gvB‡µv (L) †mwggvB‡µv (M) g¨v‡µv (N) †mwgg¨v‡µv

332 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 8

cvV-8.7 cwi‡e‡ki Dci j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z e¨eüZ ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i cÖfve

I cwiwgZ e¨env‡ii ¸iæZ¡
D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-

 j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i cwiwgZ e¨env‡ii ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cwi‡e‡ki Dci j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z e¨eüZ ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i cÖfve e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †mwg gvB‡µv I gvB‡µv A¨vbvwjwUK¨vj c×wZi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã ÿwZKi eR©¨, msiÿY, we‡kvab, cybiæ×vi, cÖkgb, mZK© wPý, Lv`¨k„•Lj, gvB‡µv,
†mwggvB‡µv|
ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î wbgœwjwLZ wbqg¸‡jv AbymiY
(i) ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ wb‡q KvR Kivi mgq wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ wb‡Z n‡e ev hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq †ewk wb‡j wewµqvq mgm¨vi m„wó n‡e, weKvi‡Ki AcPq n‡e I AwZwi³ eR©¨ m„wó n‡e| Avevi
cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq Kg wb‡j wewµqv m¤ú~Y© n‡e bv|
(ii) cixÿvMv‡i e¨env‡ii Rb¨ K¬vm ïiæi Av‡M wkÿK ev M‡elYvMv‡ii cwiPvjK g~j †evZj n‡Z ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ weKv‡i
ev †Kv‡bv cv‡Î †X‡j †`‡e|
(iii) †Kv‡bv ivmvqwbK c`v_© e¨env‡ii c~‡e© Zvi MSDS †_‡K H c`v‡_©i Drcv`b ZvwiL, †gqv`, SzuwK I SzuwKi gvÎv,
n¨vRvW© wPý BZ¨vw` fv‡jvfv‡e †`‡L wb‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b †kªwYwkÿK ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i SzuwK m¤ú‡K© weªwds †`‡eb|
(iv) cÖwZwU ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb mZK©Zvi mv‡_ e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kv‡bv ivmvqwbK c`v_© nvZ w`‡q ¯úk© Kiv, ¯^v` MÖnY
ev MÜ †bIqv hv‡e bv|
(v) †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i Rb¨ Av‡M †_‡K wbw`©ó Kiv †¯úPzjv/wc‡cU/Wªcvi/ MøvmiW e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| GK
weKvi‡K e¨eüZ †¯úPzjv/ wc‡cU/ Wªcvi /MøvmiW Ab¨ weKvi‡K e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv|
(vi) hLbB †Kv‡bv ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ †evZj ev cvÎ †_‡K e¨envi Ki‡e Zvi ci ciB wQwc ev KK© w`‡q gyL eÜ K‡i w`‡Z
n‡e|
(vii) e¨env‡ii c~‡e© mwVK ivmvqwbK `ªe¨, `ª‡e¨i mwVK gvb I NbgvÎv wbwðZ n‡q e¨envi Ki‡e|
(viii) e¨eüZ ivmvqwbK c`v_© I Drcvw`Z ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i ÿwZKi cÖfve, SzuwKi gvÎv, SzuwK, mZK© ms‡KZ BZ¨vw`
we‡ePbv K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq wbivcËv e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
(ix) ÷K †evZj †_‡K †X‡j †bIqvi ci AwZwi³ Ae¨eüZ ivmvqwbK c`v_© cybivq ÷K †evZ‡j ivLv hv‡e bv|
(x) welv³, ivmvqwbKfv‡e mwµq, Awbivc`, we‡ùviY ev nVvr wbM©Z n‡q `yN©Ubv NUvi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q, Av¸b ai‡Z cv‡i,
cwi‡ek I cÖvYxi ÿwZmvab K‡i GiKg ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i e¨envi hZ`~i m¤¢e Gwo‡q †h‡Z n‡e|

e¨eüZ ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i wbivc` msiÿY I cwiZ¨vM

(Safe storage and disposal of chemicals used in laboratory)
j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z ivmvqwbK c`v_© wb‡q KvR Kivi mgq †hgb `yN©Ubv Gov‡bvi Rb¨ mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †Zgwb KvR †kl
Kivi ci e¨eüZ ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ ev e‡R©¨i msiÿY I cwiZ¨v‡M mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| bZzev welv³ eR©¨ mivmwi
cqtwb®‹vkb cÖYvwj‡Z †Q‡o w`‡j cwi‡ek I cÖvYxi gvivZ¥K ÿwZmvab Ki‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ e¨eüZ ivmvqwbK c`v_©mg~n I e‡R©¨i
SzuwKi gvÎv we‡ePbv K‡i e‡R©¨i †kªwYKiY, msiÿY, we‡kvab, `ªveK cybiæ×vi I wbivc` cwiZ¨v‡Mi Rb¨ weÁvbm¤§Z Dcvq
Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e|
e¨eüZ ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

j¨ve‡iUwii wbivc` e¨envi 333

I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

1. Drcbœ eR©¨‡K cybiæ×vi‡hvM¨ eR©¨, ÿwZKi eR©¨, mvaviY eR©¨, cÖkgb‡hvM¨ eR©¨ BZ¨vw` †kªwYKiY K‡i wewfbœ cv‡Î
msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| cv‡Îi Mv‡q cÖ‡qvR‡b SzuwK, SzuwKi gvÎv, mZK© wPý, msiÿ‡Yi ZvwiL BZ¨vw` D‡jøL K‡i MSDS
jvwM‡q w`‡Z n‡e|
2. cybiæ×vi‡hvM¨ e‡R©¨i ˆRe `ªveK I Ab¨vb¨ ivmvqwbK c`v_© cybiæ×vi K‡i c‡i m„ó eR©¨‡K cwiZ¨v‡Mi Rb¨ msiÿY
Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. ey¨‡i‡Ui Ae¨eüZ ivmvqwbK c`v_© (†hgb NaOH, Na2CO3, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, HCl BZ¨vw`) cybivq e¨env‡ii Rb¨
weKv‡i msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. ci¯úi wecixZag©x eR©¨ c„_K cv‡Î msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| RviK c`v‡_©i mv‡_ KL‡bv `vn¨ Zij wgwkªZ Kiv hv‡e bv|
KviY G‡Z Av¸b a‡i †h‡Z cv‡i| †Kv‡bv Ae¯’vB GKB cv‡Î wewfbœ ivmvqwbK e¯‘ wgwkªZ K‡i msiÿY Kiv hv‡e bv|
G‡Z cwiZ¨vM‡hvM¨ wewfbœ e¯‘i wewµqvq welv³ M¨vm Drcbœ ev we‡ùviY NU‡Z cv‡i|
5. Na, K, Li BZ¨vw` mwµq avZz eR©¨ wn‡m‡e Drcbœ n‡j Gme eR©¨ A¨vj‡Kvnj †hv‡M msiÿY cv‡Î ivL‡Z n‡e| eR©¨
cvθ‡jv‡K ch©‡eÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v ivL‡Z n‡e|
ivmvqwbK eR©¨ cwiZ¨v‡Mi cÖwµqv RwUj, e¨qeûj I SzuwKc~Y©| ZvB ivmvqwbK cÖwµqv m¤úv`‡bi mgq †hb Kg cwigv‡Y eR©¨
m„wó nq Zvi Dci ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e| ivmvqwbK eR©¨ cwiZ¨v‡Mi Rb¨ wb‡Pi wbqg¸‡jv AbymiY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
1. mvaviY wbivc` I Kg SzuwKc~Y© KwVb eR©¨‡K `ªæZZg mg‡q cwiZ¨vM Ki‡Z n‡e| GQvov mvaviY Zij eR©¨‡K ch©vß
cvwb w`‡q ay‡q wms‡K cwiZ¨vM Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. GwmWxq eR©¨‡K Na2CO3 ev Pzb Øviv cÖkwgZ K‡i Ges ÿvixq eR©¨‡K NaHSO4 Øviv cÖkwgZ K‡i wms‡K AwZwi³ cvwb
cÖev‡n cwiZ¨vM Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. cybiæ×vi‡hvM¨ e‡R©¨i ˆRe `ªveK cvZb cÖwµqvq cybiæ×vi K‡i eR©¨ cwiZ¨vM Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨vb¨ cybiæ×vi‡hvM¨
ivmvqwbK c`v_© cybiæ×v‡ii ci eR©¨ cwiZ¨v‡Mi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. welv³, ¯^v¯’¨ I cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ ÿwZKi eR©¨ f~Mf©¯’ ev f~c„‡ôi cvwbi Dr‡m ev dmwj Rwg‡Z cwiZ¨vM Kiv hv‡e bv|
cÖ‡qvR‡b Avjv`v MZ© K‡i gvwU w`‡q cwjw_‡b f‡i eR©¨‡K †X‡K w`‡Z n‡e|
5. aviK cvÎ cwiZ¨v‡Mi c~‡e© K‡qKevi ay‡q wb‡Z n‡e|
6. Li, Na, K BZ¨vw` mwµq avZz A¨vj‡Kvn‡j (wg_vbj ev B_vbj) wewµqv NwU‡q bó K‡i cwiZ¨vM Kiv nq| welv³ avZzi
Rjxq `ªeY †mvwWqvg mvjdvBW †hv‡M Aatwÿß K‡i, H2O2 †K A¤øxq FeSO4 †hv‡M, LiAlH4 †K aŸsm Ki‡Z Na2SO4 ev
MgSO4 e¨envi Kiv nq| SO2, CO2, NO2 M¨vm‡K Pz‡bi cvwb‡Z †kvlY K‡i cÖkwgZ Kiv nq| Ab¨vb¨ welv³ c`v_©‡K
ÿwZKi bq Ggb c`v‡_© iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i cwiZ¨vM Kiv nq|

1| wec¾bK c`v_© msiÿY I e¨envi †KŠkj eY©bv Kiæb| Gme c`v_© wb‡q Kv‡Ri mgq
Kx Kx SzuwK _v‡K?
2| NaOH, H2SO4, LiAlH4, A¨vj‡Kvnj BZ¨vw` c`v‡_©i SuywK I SzuwKi gvÎv wjLyb|
wkÿv_©xi KvR G‡`i msiÿY I e¨envi †KŠkj eY©bv Kiæb|
3| cixÿvMv‡i e¨eüZ ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i wbivc` msiÿY I cwiZ¨v‡Mi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv
Kiæb|
4| cixÿvMv‡i e¨eüZ ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i wbivc` msiÿY I cwiZ¨v‡Mi cÖwZeÜKZv
Kx Kx? eY©bv Kiæb|

mvi-ms‡ÿc :

 †mwggvB‡µv A¨vbvjvBwUK¨vj c×wZ : ivmvqwbK we‡køl‡Y g¨v‡µv c×wZi †P‡q Kgcwigv‡Y weKviK e¨envi K‡i
we‡kølY m¤úv`b Kiv nq, G‡Z ivmvqwbK eR©¨ Ges cwi‡ek `~lY K‡g|
 gvB‡µv A¨vbvjvBwUK¨vj c×wZ : AZ¨šÍ ¯^ígvÎvq bgybv e¨env‡i we‡kølYxq Kvh©µg m¤úbœ Kiv n‡jv gvB‡µv
A¨vbvjvBwUK¨vj c×wZ| G c×wZ‡K hvwš¿K c×wZI ejv nq|

334 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 8

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.7

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1| LiAlH †K aŸsm Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi †KvcbwU e¨eüZ nq
(K) MgSO4 (L) CaSO4 (M) K2SO4 (N) Li2SO4
2| H2S †hgb `yM©Ühy³ †Zgwb
(K) welv³ (L) Awelv³ (M) myMwÜ hy³ (N) MÜnxb
3| ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i cwiwgZ e¨envi m¤ú‡K© Kx Ki‡Z n‡e?
(K) m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e (L) Am‡PZb n‡Z n‡e
(M) cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc †bIqvi `iKvi †bB (N) †Kv‡bv wKQzB Ki‡Z n‡e bv
4| 10 mg Gi †P‡q Kg cwigvY ivmvqwbK Dcv`v‡bi we‡kølY c×wZ n‡jv
(K) gvB‡µv A¨vbvjvBwmm (L) ‡mwg gvB‡µv A¨vbvjvBwmm
(M) g¨v‡µv A¨vbvjvBwmm (N) ‡µvgv‡UvMÖvwd
5| †mwg gvB‡µv A¨vbvjvBwm‡mi Amyweav n‡jv
i. Drcvw`Z ivmvqwbK e‡R©¨i cwigvY †ewk
ii. GwU cwi‡ekevÜe bq
iii. G‡Z `xN© mgq e¨q nq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

j¨ve‡iUwii wbivc` e¨envi 335

I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-8.8 j¨ve‡iUwi wbivcËv mvgMÖx I e¨envi wewa

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-

 j¨ve‡iUwii wbivcËvi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ DcKi‡Yi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z dv÷© GBW e‡·i e¨venvi wewa e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã Rv¤ú, `yN©Ubv, K¤^j, e¨v‡ÛR, wUsPvi Av‡qvwWb, †dvi‡md, †evwiK GwmW|

j¨ve‡iUwi wbivcËv mvgMÖx I e¨envi wewa

(Laboratory safety tools and its safe use)
j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z KvR Kievi mgq wewfbœ ai‡bi `yN©Ubv NU‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ Kvc‡o ev kix‡i GwmW jvMv, gyLgЇj
ev †Pv‡L GwmW co‡Z cv‡i, Av¸‡b cy‡o hvIqv, Kv‡Pi cvÎ †f‡O †K‡U hvIqv, cixÿvb‡j Zvc †`Iqvi mgq Rv¤ú K‡i
ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ Mv‡q ev †Pv‡L gy‡L cov, M‡elYvMv‡i Av¸b †j‡M hvIqv BZ¨vw`| G RvZxq `yN©Ubv NU‡j wbgœwjwLZ e¨e¯’v
ZvrÿwYKfv‡e wb‡Z n‡e :
(1) cÖ_gZ GwmW ev ÿvi co‡j m‡½ m‡½ †mB ¯’vb mvaviY cvwb w`‡q ay‡q †dj‡Z n‡e| †Pv‡L gy‡L co‡j cÖPzi cvwb w`‡q
ay‡Z n‡e|
(2) †Kv‡bv ¯’vb †K‡U †M‡j †mB Ask cvwb w`‡q ay‡q cwi®‹vi K‡i ïKbv Zzjv ev Kvco w`‡q gy‡Q Gw›U‡mcwUK RvZxq wKQy
jvMv‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b e¨vÛ GBW jvMv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|
(3) j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z e¨eüZ M¨v‡mi †auvqvq (†hgbÑ HCl, H2S BZ¨vw`) k¦vmKó ev A¯^w¯Í †eva Ki‡j Db¥y³ ¯’v‡b AvµvšÍ
e¨w³‡K wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e A_ev d¨v‡bi evZv‡mi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
(4) †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y GwmW ev ÿvi gy‡Li ga¨ w`‡q †c‡U †M‡j cÖPzi cvwb cvb
Kiv‡Z n‡e| †jeyi imI cvb Kiv‡bv hvq|
(5) †Kej GwmW †c‡U †M‡j MgCO3 Pz‡bi cvwbi mv‡_ wgwkªZ K‡i cvb Kiv‡j
AvµvšÍ e¨w³ wKQyUv ¯^w¯Í †eva Ki‡e|
DwjøwLZ †Kv‡bv `yN©Ubv NU‡j m‡½ m‡½ e¨e¯’v wb‡q wkÿK‡K Rvbv‡Z n‡e
Ges Gi ci ciB Wv³v‡ii mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
(6) cixÿvMv‡i Av¸b †j‡M †M‡j AwMœwbe©vcK hš¿ e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges G
hš¿ j¨ve‡iUwii g‡a¨ †`qv‡j ev j¨ve‡iUwii evB‡ii †`qv‡j iwÿZ ivL‡Z
n‡e| G e¨vcv‡i QvÎ-wkÿK, M‡elYvMvi cwiPvjK‡`i cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v
c~‡e©B Ki‡Z n‡e| Av¸b †ewk n‡j `gKj evwnbx‡K Lei w`‡Z n‡e|
(7) AwMœwbe©vcK hš¿ K‡qK ai‡bi ivLv DwPZ| †hgbÑ
(K) R¡jbkxj avZzi (Mg, Ti, Na, Li, K) gva¨‡g Av¸b jvM‡j|
(L) R¡jbkxj Zij, †Zj, †cB›U ev w_bvi BZ¨vw`‡Z Av¸b jvM‡j|
(M) R¡jbkxj KvV, Kvco, KvMR, ievi, cøvw÷K BZ¨vw`‡Z Av¸b jvM‡j| wPÎ-8.1 : AwMœwbe©vcK hš¿
GQvov Z¡K ev †`n‡K Av¸b n‡Z euvPv‡bvi Rb¨ dvqvi K¤^jI e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv I dv÷© GBW e· e¨envi wewa (First Aid and Use of First Aid Box)
cixÿvMv‡i e¨envwiK K¬vm Kivi mgq †QvULv‡Uv `yN©Ubv NU‡ZB cv‡i| j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z ÿwZKi ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ Ges wewfbœ
Kv‡Pi hš¿cvwZ n‡Z `yN©Ubv N‡U _v‡K| Gme `yN©Ubv NUvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Wv³v‡ii civgk© †bIqvi Av‡MB ÿqÿwZ n«v‡mi Rb¨
ZvrÿwYK †h e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv nq Zv‡K cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv e‡j|

336 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 8

j¨ve‡iUwii Rb¨ dv÷© GBW e‡· (cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv ev·) wbgœwjwLZ `ªe¨¸‡jv _vKv Avek¨Kxq :
(1) ïKbv Zzjv I e¨v‡ÛR, wKQy e¨vÛ GBW, µm‡Uc|
(2) Gw›U‡mcwUK RvZxq, †hgbÑ m¨vfjb ev †WUj, wUsPvi Av‡qvwWb|
(3) `yB wZb ai‡bi †dvi‡md|
(4) ÿZ cwi®‹vi Kivi Rb¨ A¨vj‡Kvnj ev G RvZxq Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cwi®‹viK|
(5) †QvU KuvwP Ges PvKz|
(6) Bb‡njvi (inhaler)|
(7) e¨_v I R¡i Dckg RvZxq Jla, †hgbÑ c¨vivwmUvgj, Gmwcwib BZ¨vw`|
(8) †cvwf‡WvbAv‡qvwWb `ªeY (Povidone iodine Solution)|
(9) A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK cvDWvi ev wµg, †hgbÑ †bevbj cvDWvi ev wµg|
(10) evb©j (Burnol), †evwiK GwmW, †fmwjb BZ¨vw`|
wPÎ-8.2 : dv÷© GBW e·
e¨envi wewa
1) Kv‡P ev Ab¨ wKQy‡Z nvZ ev cv †K‡U †M‡j ÿZ¯’vbwU cwi®‹vi cvwb ev A¨vj‡Kvnj w`‡q cwi®‹vi K‡i ïKbv Kvco w`‡q
gy‡Q e¨vÛ GBW jvMv‡bv hvq A_ev m¨vfjb w`‡q e¨v‡ÛR K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| ÿZ †ewk n‡j A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK cvDWvi ev
wµg w`‡q e¨v‡ÛR Ki‡Z n‡e|
2) ÿZ¯’v‡b Kv‡Pi UzKiv Xy‡K †M‡j Zv †dvi‡md w`‡q †ei K‡i G‡b cwi®‹vi K‡i gy‡Q A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK cvDWvi ev wµg
jvwM‡q e¨v‡ÛR Ki‡Z n‡e|
3) †Kv‡bv ¯’vb cy‡o †M‡j A¨vj‡Kvnj w`‡q cwi®‹vi K‡i wcKwiK GwmW `ªeY e¨envi Kiv hvq A_ev evb©j jvMv‡bv hvq|
eZ©gv‡b Mig cvwb‡Z cy‡o †M‡j cÖPzi cwigv‡Y VvÐv cvwb w`‡q †aŠZ Kivi Rb¨ civgk© †`Iqv nq|
4) mvgvb¨ †K‡U †M‡j †n·v‡mvj ev †cvwf‡Wvb-Av‡qvwWb `ªe‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ cwi®‹vi K‡i e¨vÛ GBW jvwM‡q †`Iqv hvq|

1| j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z Kx Kx wbivcËv mvgMÖx e¨envi Kiv nq? wjwce× Kiæb|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
2| j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z Av¸b jvM‡j Avcwb Kx Ki‡e? LvZvq wjLyb|

mvi-ms‡ÿc :
 e¨eüZ ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i wbivc` msiÿY I cwiZ¨vM : ïaygvÎv weï×cvwbB wm‡¼i gva¨‡g AcmvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i|
Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ivmvqwbK c`v_©B wm‡¼i gva¨‡g †djv hv‡e bv| eR©¨ Acmvi‡Yi Rb¨ we‡kl wb‡`©wkKv †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e|
†Kv‡bv ivmvqwbK eR©¨ wm‡¼i gva¨‡g ev mvaviY AveR©bvi mv‡_ †djv hv‡e bv|
 j¨ve‡iUwii wbivcËv mvgMÖx : imvqb j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z mK‡ji e¨env‡ii Rb¨ KwZcq wbivcËv mvgMÖxi e¨e¯’v _v‡K|
Gme wbivcËv mvgMÖxi g‡a¨ wdDg ûW, AwMœ wbe©vcK, wbivcËv Rjvavi, †PvL †aŠZKiY U¨vc, AwMœ K¤^j, cÖ_g
mnvqK e·, M¨vm-eÜKiY fvj¦, Riæwi †Uwj‡dvb e¨e¯’v Ab¨Zg|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.8
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| j¨ve‡iUwii cÖavb myiÿv n‡jv
(K) wbicv` Pkgv (L) A¨v‡cÖvb (M) n¨vÛ Møvfm (N) cvwb
2| AvBK¨vc e¨eüZ nq
(K) ‡Pv‡L GjvwRs n‡j (L) ‡Pv‡L cvwb co‡j
(M) ‡PvL‡K `yN©Ubv †_‡K evPv‡bvi Rb¨ (N) ‡Pv‡L ivmvqwbK co‡j
3| kix‡ii me‡P‡q ¯úk©KvZi A½ †KvbwU?
(K) nvZ (L) Pvgov (M) Kvb (N) †PvL

j¨ve‡iUwii wbivc` e¨envi 337

I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

4| e¨_vbvkK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq

(K) AvBey cÖ‡db (L) b¨vci‡·b (M) c¨vivwmUvgj (N) c¨v‡›UvcÖ‡Rj
5| RvgvKvc‡o Av¸b jvM‡j
i. w¯’i _vK‡Z n‡e
ii. ‡ebwRb I A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji `ªeY Xvj‡Z n‡e
iii. ‡Lvjv Sibvi wb‡P `vov‡Z n‡e
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖk-œ 1

A B C D
K. weKviK (Reagent) Kx? 1
L. Mvp H2SO4 G mivmwi cvwb †hvM Kiv wbivc` bq †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki A, B, C, D wm¤^j¸‡jvi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki wm¤^j¸‡jv †h SzuwK cÖKvk K‡i Zv †_‡K Kxfv‡e cwiÎvY cv‡eb? 4

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ-2

1bs wPÎ 2bs wPÎ 3bs wPÎ

K. j¨ve‡iUwi wKU Kx? 1
L. wbivc` j¨ve‡iUwi ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki 1bs, 2bs I 3bs wP‡Î j¨ve‡iUwii †Kvb †Kvb ixwZ‡K AbymiY Kiv nq bvB e‡j Zywg g‡b Kiæb| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki NaCl Gi weï× †Kjvm cÖ¯ÍywZ‡Z fzj c×wZ¸‡jvi mwVK c×wZi wb‡`©kbv `vI| 4

DËigvjv

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.1 : 1| K 2| M 3| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.2 : 1| M 2| L 3| K 4| M 5| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.3 : 1| M 2| L 3| K 4| K 5| K 6| N 7| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.4 : 1| K 2| M 3| K 4| L 5| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.5 : 1| M 2| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.6 : 1| N 2| L 3| K 4| K 5| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.7 : 1| K 2| K 3| K 4| K 5| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.8 : 1| N 2| N 3| N 4| M 5| L

338 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq