UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY

New Site Campus, Balzain, Tuguegarao City

SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY

FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIME INVESTIGATION

PRELIM COVERAGE

ETYMOLOGY OF INVESTIGATION

1. The term came from the Latin word INVESTIGARE (vestigare in some books) which

means “to track or to look into for traces”.

2. Fundamentally, it may have been derived from VESTIGIUM, another Latin word

which means footprint.

3. Criminal Investigation came from the Latin term Investigat, which means “to inquire

or to discover” during the 5th century

DEFINITION OF TERMS

INVESTIGATION

- refers to the process of carrying out a detailed examination or inquiry usually in official

manner, to discover something or somebody.

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

-is a logical process of collection and analysis of facts about persons, things and places

relative to a crime. It includes: a. Identification of the guilty party b. The location of the
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SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY

whereabouts of the guilty party, and c. Providing admissible evidence to establish the

guilt of the parties involved in the crime.

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

- is an undertaking that seeks, collects, and gathers evidence of a crime for a case or

specific purpose

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION AS

1. an art based on intuition and sometimes by chance.

2. a science because it involves the application of knowledge of forensic sciences.

3. a process because it involves systematic procedure.

THE CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR

-Criminal investigator is the superstar in the process of investigation.

-He must be capable of observation and a rational thinker. Many times, a police

investigator is being tested with his discretion.

ROLES OF INVESTIGATOR

1. Determine whether a crime has been committed

2. Identify the victim/s and the offender

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3. Locate and apprehend the accused

4. Present evidence of guilt for the suspect/s

5. Assist in case follow-up

QUALITIES OF A CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR

1. Perseverance - bring the desired conclusion in spite of obstacles

2. Endurance is the ability to last physically and mentally.

3. Incorruptible Honesty and Integrity.

4. The intelligence and Wisdom of Solomon. Investigator could easily decipher falsehood

from truth and separate the gain from the chaff.

5. Acting Ability is the ability to go down to the level of different types of individuals.

6. Mastery of the Oral and Written Communication

7. The Keen Power of Observation and Description

8. Courage is the moral fortitude to tell the truth no matter who will be hurt.

9. Working Knowledge of laws

10. The power to “read between the lines.” This is the ability of the investigator to

interpret the words or phrases encountered in the process of investigation.

11. Working knowledge of martial arts and firearms proficiency

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SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY

DESIRABLE TRAITS OF THE INVESTIGATOR

1. Superior Reasoning Ability is the ability to analyze logically a multitude of facts and

determine how they interrelate is basic to the investigative process.

Elements from the foundation of the critical thinking process:

a. Differentiating between fact and opinion.

b. Determining cause-and-effect relationships

c. Determining the accuracy and completeness of information presented.

d. Recognizing logical fallacies and faulty reasoning.

e. Developing inferential skills through deductive or inductive reasoning

2. Imagination and Curiosity

a. Imagination means forming mental images of what is not present.

b. Curiosity is the desire to learn by being inquisitive.

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SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY

3. Intuition

- This is the immediate apprehension or cognition – quick and ready insight without the

conscious use of reasoning.

4. Observational Ability

- Under most circumstances, the investigator will use the sense of seeing and hearing, the

former being the more significant

5. Organizational Ability

- The police investigator is continually processing various types of information.

6. Legal Knowledge

-Today’s investigator must possess a solid grounding in criminal and to a lesser degree,

in civil law.

7. Cultural Understanding and a Wide Range of Interest

- An awareness and understanding of cultures different from the investigator’s own can

be of great advantage.
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8. Persistence

- Continuing in the face of opposition, or refusing to give up when faced with an adverse

situation.

GOALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

1. To determine whether a crime has been committed;

2. To legally obtain information or evidence;

3. . To identify persons involved in the crime;

4. To arrest suspects ;

5. To recover stolen properties;

6. To present the best possible case to the prosecutor.

KINDS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

1. Investigation while the suspect is under arrest and detention; and

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2. Investigation while the suspect is “at large”. It means that the suspect is not under

arrest or detention, as distinguished from fugitive from justice.

THE FOUR PHASES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

1. The identification of criminal.

2. The criminal is traced, located and arrested.

3. The facts or evidence to prove the guilt of the accused are gathered.

4. . Pieces of evidence are presented in court.

COMPONENTS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

1. PATTERN Refers to a series of similarities that may link particular cases or indicate

that the same person is committing a series of crimes.

2. LEADS These are clues or pieces of information that aid in the progress of an

investigation.

3. TIPS Specifically refer to leads provided by the citizens that aid in the progress of an

investigation.

4. THEORIES Beliefs regarding the based on the evidence, patterns, leads, tips and

other information developed and uncover in the case.

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TRICHOTOMY OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

1. Training Being a critical factor in developing good and competent investigator, is the

key to freedom from bandage of ignorance.

2. Tools To establish facts and develop evidence, a criminal investigator must use these

tools-information, interview, interrogation, and instrumentation.

3. Technique Essence of tactical strategy in investigation.

IMPORTANCE OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

1. The problem on crimes and criminals should be carefully studied and provided with

solutions.

2. It helps the five pillars of the Criminal Justice system in recognizing and identifying

criminal and provides clues or information in promoting social justice.

3. An aid in enforcing the laws and the protection of lives and properties.
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SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY

FORMS OF INVESTIGATION

1. FORMAL INVESTIGATION

- It refers to official inquiry conducted by a government agency in an effort to uncover

facts and determine the truth.

-It is usually considered as some form of inquiry concerning of criminal activity.

2. . INQUEST

-It is an effort to search the basic cause of an incident such as the commission of a crime.

3. INQUISITION

- A more historical description than a current usage to describe any penetrating

investigation concerning a religious issue.

4. PROBE

- Similar to formal investigation, is an extensive, searching inquiry conducted by a

government agency.

5. RESEARCH
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-It is the most employed type of investigation refers to the careful, patient investigation

done by scientist or scholars in their efforts to identify original sources of data or causes

of problem.

6. INVESTIGATIVE REPORTING

-Relatively speaking, is a recent type of investigation pursued by the members of the

press on their own initiative. It is designed to satisfy two purposes.

✔ To attract readers/viewers

✔ To get to the roots of the problem

CATEGORIES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION ACCORDING TO JOHN

DEMPSEY

1. Criminal Investigation vs Non-Criminal Investigation

 Criminal Investigation - carried out by the police.

 Non-Criminal Investigation - involves on non-criminal incidents or events.

2. Reactive Investigation vs Proactive Investigation

 Reactive Investigation - initiated on the basis of a complaint.

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SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY

Categories of Reactive Investigation

a. Walk-through - Suspect is easily determined and located.

b. Where-are-they -Suspect has been tentatively identified but has not been located. c.

Whodunit - This is a case in which no suspects are initially identified.

 Proactive Investigation - these are designed to catch a criminal in the act of

committing a crime.

a. Decoy operations are of blending and decoy types to catch criminals in flagrante

delicto.

b. Undercover operations usually in the form of buy-bust and entrapment.

c. Buy-bust operation - Entrapment

3. Overt Investigation vs Covert Investigation

a. Overt Investigation - openly.

b. . Covert Investigation - in secret.

BASIC STEPS IN CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION

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1. Recognition- involves the efforts of identifying data, including physical things that

may provide relevant information regarding the criminal case being investigated.

2. Collection- refers to the act of gathering those identified data or facts, or physical

things that are significant to the case under investigation.

3. Preservation- includes act of keeping the collected evidences in their true and

original for, preventing contamination or destruction of its substantive value.

4. Evaluation- the process of determining the probative value of the evidence.

5. Presentation- it is the function that is primarily manifested inside the courtroom.

STARTING POINTS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

1. State the problem

2. Form hypotheses

3. Observe and experiment

4. Interpret data

5. Draw conclusions

THE SIX (6) CARDINAL POINTS OF INVESTIGATION

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1. WHO QUESTIONS: These are questions used to inquire on the identity of the victims

or offended party, name of suspect, accomplices, accessories and witnesses of the crime.

2. WHAT QUESTIONS: The purpose of these types of questions is to find out what

happened or what took place before, during and immediately after the commission of the

offense.

3. . WHERE QUESTIONS: These are questions that localize the place of the incident-

the city or town, the district or barangay, the street or road, the number of the house or

building. Where questions are necessary in specifically pinpointing the particular location

of the crime scene.

4. WHEN QUESTIONS: These are questions needed to determine and fix the time, day,

month and year when the crime was committed. When questions should be specified and

as accurate as possible.

5. WHY QUESTIONS: These are questions that endeavor to ascertain the motives,

causes, antecedents, previous, incidents, related facts, background occurrences that might

help explain the commission of the offense.

6. HOW QUESTIONS: These are designed to help the investigator determine how the

crime was committed, the means/tools are employed, the crime was discovered, and the

culprit enters the building/room.

MIDTERM COVERAGE
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THE GOLDEN RULE IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

“Do not touch, alter, move, or transfer any object at the crime scene unless it is properly

marked, measured, sketched and/or photographed.”

-The purpose of this rule is to avoid the mutilation, alteration and contamination (MAC)

of the physical evidences found at the crime scene.

1. TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION: INTERVIEW

INTERVIEW

A. Interview is the simple questioning of a person who cooperates with the investigator.

B. Cognitive Interview conduct of interview upon willing and cooperative witnesses, to

narrate their accounts without interruption.

C. Question and Answer interview style whereby after each question by the investigator,

the interviewee is required to answer.

D. The Golden Rule in Interview

“Never conduct or let anyone conduct an interview if the interviewer has not gone to the

crime scene.”

E. Qualities of a Good Interviewer

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1. Rapport - very good relationship in the suspect, victim

2. Forceful Personality

3. Knowledge of Human Behavior

4. Conversational Tone of Voice

5. Acting Qualities

6. Humility

A. Interview Format (IRONIC)

1. Identity

a. The investigator should identify himself to the witness by name, rank and

agency.

2. Rapport

3. Opening Statement

4. Narration -Allowing the witness to present in a narrative form without injecting

questions.

5. Inquiry-After the witness has told the story, the investigator can make clarifying

inquiries.

6. Conclusion- The interview should be concluded when the witness has nothing

pertinent to offer.
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F. REASONS WHY WITNESSES REFUSE TO TALK OR TESTIFY

1. Fear of Reprisal

2. Great Inconvenience

3. Hatred Against the Police

4. Bias of the Witness

5. Avoidance of Publicity

6. Family Restriction

G. STAGES OF HANDLING THE INTERVIEW

● Preparation – investigator should review the facts in order that he would be ready for

the questioning.

● Approach – investigator must carefully select his kind of approach.

● Warming Up –clear the atmosphere, promote a conducive ground for cordiality, respect

and trust for each other.

● Cognitive Interview

H. RULES IN QUESTIONING A PERSON INVOLVED IN A CRIME

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1. Ask Question at a Time

2. Avoid Implied Answers

3. Questions should be clearly stated

4. Saving Faces

5. Yes and No Answers are not Allowed

I. Types of Witnesses According To Their Attitude

1. Know-nothing Type

2. Disinterested Type

3. The Drunken Type

4. Talkative Type

5. Honest Witnesses

6. Timid Witnesses

7. Witnesses who refuse to answer

2.TOOLS IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION: INSTRUMENTATION

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INSTRUMENTATION

 It is sometimes called Criminalistics

 It is the process of applying instruments or tools of the police sciences in criminal

investigation and detection.

 This is the use of the Police Laboratory in the examination of physical evidences.

The different divisions of forensic science include:

1. POLYGRAPHY OR LIE DETECTION TEST – focused in detecting deception.

2. POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY – division of forensic science focused in providing

pictorial record of the crime scene.

3. FORENSIC CHEMISTRY. It involves the use of the science of chemistry in the

examination of fibers, hairs, powder burns, blood, stain, paints, poisonous substances and

other matters in their relevance to the investigation. 4. FORENSIC MEDICINE – used to

determine the cause of death as one of the elements of corpus delicti and it could also

approximate the time of death and other pertinent and relevant matters in the

investigation.

4. FORENSIC MEDICINE – used to determine the cause of death as one of the

elements of corpus delicti and it could also approximate the time of death and other

pertinent and relevant matters in the investigation

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5. FORENSIC BALLISTICS or FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION. This is the science

of firearms identification

6. DACTYLOSCOPY or PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION. This is otherwise known

as the science of fingerprint identification.

7. QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS EXAMINATION - establish if there is alteration,

superimposition, or erasures, either mutually or chemically of a document.

8. FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY. The remove of dentures are of paramount importance

in the identification of unknown bodies especially when other means of identification is

lost.

9. FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY. This is a very recent science in the field of criminal

investigation and detection.

10. FORENSIC COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY. This is the age of advanced

information technology. Modern discoveries of instrumentation

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1. DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID) = DNA Fingerprinting is considered to be

the ultimate identification test in the conduct of criminal investigation. It provides 100

percent positive identification of a suspect whose blood, semen and/or other DNA-

bearing body tissues of fluids were found at the crime scene or with the victim.

2. Hair Examination. The roots of the hair when examined under this new technology

will determine the presence of drugs taken by the person two years prior to the said

examination.

3. Automated fingerprint identification system. A questioned fingerprint is feed into

the AFIS machine which will automatically search the files of fingerprints and renders

report in matters of seconds.

4. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS). This is for the effective identification

on the location of criminals and objects thru modern and special gadgets. It points out the

exact location of the subject or the person who committed the crime.
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3.. TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION: INTERROGATION

INTERROGATION

A. Definition of Terms

1. Interrogation is the vigorous and confrontational questioning of a reluctant suspect

about his participation in a crime.

2. Custodial Interrogation or Investigation is the investigation conducted by the

investigator on the suspect who is under police custody.

3. Debriefing is the interrogation of a friendly interrogation who has information at the

direction of or under the control of friendly unintelligent service.

4.Interrogation Report is an oral or written statement of information by the questioning

of an interrogator.

5.Interrogator is a person who does the questioning.

6.Interrogee refers to any person subjected to the interrogation process.

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7. Screening is the initial examination of an interrogee to determine the extent of his

knowledge.

8. Source refers to any person who for any reason submits information of intelligence

interest usually on a voluntary basis.

9. Suspect refers to any person believed to be associated with prohibited activity.

10. Witness refers to any person who has directs knowledge of facts concerning an event

or activity.

B. FORMS OF INTERROGATION

1. Direct – the subject is aware but he may not learn the true objectives of the

interrogation

2. Indirect – the subject is aware.

TYPES OF INTERROGATION

1. Screening. This is usually applied immediately after capture to obtain background

information about the interrogee (subject).

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2. Formal interrogation (detailed). This is the systematic attempt to exploit to an

appropriate depth those areas of the interrogee’s knowledge.

3. Debriefing. It is generally used when the area of knowledge ability of the interrogation

is known.

4. Interview. Similar to debriefing although it is less formal.

5. Interrogation of lay personnel (special type). In this type, the techniques

are similar to interrogation but special effort must be made.

6. Tactical interrogation. The level of interrogation where the source has

specific and detailed information that requires a trained expert in the

subject matter to be explored.

PHASES OF INTERROGATION

1. Planning of Interrogation
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2. Approach (Meeting the Interrogee). The first meeting in which it is extremely

critical because the outcome may depend on the initial impression created by the

interrogator.

3. Questioning. This is the heart of the interrogation.

4. Termination. The termination of the interrogation will depend on various factors such

as the physical condition of the subject.

5. Recording. The interrogator should take notes in cryptic if possible.

6. Reporting. The end product of an interrogation is the Tactical Interrogation Report

containing the information gained. Report must be made orally or in written form.

E. The Techniques of Interrogation

1. Emotional Appeal

2. Sympathetic Approach

3. Friendliness

4. Tricks And Bluff Techniques:

a. The Pretense Of Solid Evidence Against The Accused

b. The Weakest Link

c. Drama

d. Feigning Contact with Family Members

e. The Line Up
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f. Reverse Line Up

5. Stern Approach – The investigator displays a stern (demands immediate

response) personality towards the suspect by using the following

methods:

a. Jolting –investigator selects the right moment to shout to the subject

with a pertinent question in an apparent righteous outrage.

b. Opportunity to Lie – The suspect is given all the opportunities to lie.

6. The Mutt and Jeff or Sweet and Sour Method

7. Removing the Ethnic or Cultural Barrier

8. Searching for the Soft Spot

C. Additional Modern Techniques of Interrogation

1. Rationalization –use of reasons

2. Projection –putting the blame to other persons, not alone to the suspect.

3. Minimization – It is the act of minimizing the culpability of the suspect.

G. Physical Signs of Deceptions

1. Excessive Sweating

2. Face Color Change

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3. Dry Mouth

4. Excessive Breathing

5. Increase of Pulse Beat

6. Avoidance of Direct Eye

FINAL COVERAGE

4.TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION: INFORMATION

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INFORMATION

It is the knowledge or facts which the investigator had gathered or acquired from

persons or documents, which are pertinent or relevant concerning the commission

of the crime or criminal activities.

A. CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION AS TO ITS SOURCES

1. Regular Sources

2. Cultivated Sources

3. Grapevines sources

D. METHODS USED IN ACQUIRING INFORMATION

1. ELICITATION

-Obtain information through the process of direct communication.

-One or more of the parties to the communication is/are unaware of the

specific purpose of the conversation.

Phases:

a. Determination of the mission.

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b. Selection of the subject.

c. Accomplishment of the mission.

Devices in the conduct of elicitation

a. Approach is the process of setting people to start talking.

Types:

i. Flattery – people are susceptible to praise.

Variants:

● Teacher-pupil approach – subject is treated as an authority.

● Kindred Soul approach – subject is placed in a pedestal having some specialized

quality

● Good Samaritan approach – sincere and valid offers of help and assistance are made to

the subject.

● Partial disagreement approach –produce talking by the word “I’m sure” if I fully agree.

II. PROVOCATIVE APPROACH – utilization of conversational gambits.

Variants:

● Teaser Bait Approach – elicitor accumulates the sources of knowledge about a

particular subject.

● Manhattan from Missouri Approach – elicitor adapts an unbelievable attitude above

anything.
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● Joe Blow Approach – it is “I know the answer to everything” approach.

● National Pride Approach – defend their country and its policies.

b. Probe is the process to keep the person or subject talking incessantly.

Types:

i. Competition Probe –used in connection with the teacher-pupil approach.

ii. Clarity probe – used to elicit information in an area which the response is not clear.

iii. High Pressure probe – it serves to pin down a subject in a specific area

iv. Hypothetical probe – it presents hypothetical situation

2. CASING

● It literally means putting a thing or place in a case

● Methods:

a. Personal reconnaissance

b. Map reconnaissance

c. Research

d. Prior information

e. Hearsay

● Information desired in Casing

a. Area condition and habit

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b. Active opposition

c. Disposal plan – in case of possible compromise

d. Escape and evasion

3. SURVEILLANCE

● consist of keeping persons, place or other targets under physical

Observation

Definitions of Terms

a. Pre-surveillance Conference is a conference held before a surveillance is conducted.

b. Stake-out is the observation of places or areas from a fixed point.

c. Tailing or Shadowing is the observation of a person’s movement.

d. Undercover man is a person trained to observe and penetrate

certain organization suspected of illegal activities

e. Liaison Program is the assignment of trained intelligence personnel to

other agencies in order to obtain information

f. Safe house is a place, building, enclosed mobile, or an apartment,

where police undercover men meet his action agent.

g. Drop is a convenient, secured, and unsuspecting place where

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agents can leave notes, small package or envelope.

h. Convoy is an accomplice or associate of the subject.

i. Decoy any person almost similar to the subject used to avoid or

elude surveillance.

j. Contact refers to any person whom the subject picks or deals with

while he is under surveillance.

k. Made occurs the operation was compromised.

l. Lost happens when the agent do not know the whereabouts of their

subject.

m. Rabbit (Hare) is a term referring to the subject of shadowing and

tailing.

n. Test for tailing is the common trick of the subject when he becomes

conscious that he is being tailed.

TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE

a. According to Intensity and Sensitivity

● Discreet

● Close

● Loose
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b. According to Methods

● Stationary

● Moving

● Technical

● Shadowing, Tailing or Roping