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Consolidation Test - (Oedometer Test)

The document describes the consolidation test (oedometer test) which is used to determine the soil void ratio and time required for settling and consolidation. It involves compressing a soil sample in a consolidometer apparatus and measuring how quickly pore water is expelled from the soil as pressure increases. Parameters like coefficient of consolidation, compression index, and void ratio are calculated at different pressures. The test is important for understanding the settlement behavior of fine-grained soils over long periods of time.

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saleem raza
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288 views8 pages

Consolidation Test - (Oedometer Test)

The document describes the consolidation test (oedometer test) which is used to determine the soil void ratio and time required for settling and consolidation. It involves compressing a soil sample in a consolidometer apparatus and measuring how quickly pore water is expelled from the soil as pressure increases. Parameters like coefficient of consolidation, compression index, and void ratio are calculated at different pressures. The test is important for understanding the settlement behavior of fine-grained soils over long periods of time.

Uploaded by

saleem raza
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CONSOLIDATION TEST- (OEDOMETER TEST)

Abstract:
The purpose of this research is to determine the soil void ratio and the time required for settling and
consolidation..
Introduction:
Compaction occurs when the volume of soil mass is reduced under stress; this is known as
compression and the attribute of soil mass related to its propensity to shrink in volume under
pressure is known as compressibility. When water is sucked out of the cavities in a saturated
soil mass, it might cause a reduction in volume or compression due to the incompressibility of
the water. Consolidation is the word used to describe a long-term static stress that causes pore
water to be expelled. To begin with, pore water is responsible for carrying the full weight of
the load.
Objectives
The hydrostatic pressure in water eventually dissipates as the water escapes from the voids,
shifting the load to the soil particles, increasing the effective stress on them and decreasing the
volume of the soil mass. The permeability of the soil affects the pace at which water may be
ejected from the ground. Generally, this procedure may be completed in a short period of time
on coarse-grained soils with high permeability. Nevertheless, in soils with limited permeability
(Fine-grained soils, notably clay), the process takes a long time to finish.

Body:
To execute the consolidation test stop, two kinds of consolidometer are typically used: the floating
ring and the fixed ring consolidometer. Types of consolidation are measured in one dimension
(typically vertical).
When compression occurs from both the top and bottom of a sample, the friction between the
specimen and ring wall is reduced, compared to the fixed ring device. Because of this, the floating-
ring apparatus is not suitable for measuring permeability. It is becoming increasingly common to
employ the fixturing consolidometer metre.

Findings & Achievements in test:


It is used to assess whether or not the soil has settled as a result of primary consolidation.
a) Consolidation rate in normal conditions.
b) Any level of consolidation may occur at any moment.
c) The link between pressure and emptiness.
d) Different pressures have a different coefficient of condensation.
e) Indicator of compressed air.
apparatus required:
1. Two porous stones, each with a diameter of 60mm and a height of 20mm, form the core
of the consolidometer.
There are several different types of guidance rings available.
 The outer ring.
 Water jacket with a base.
 Pad of pressure.
2. Frame, lever system, yoke dial gauge mounting mechanism, and weights make up the
loading device.
3. Temperature-controlled oven,(accuracy of 0.01 mm) Stopwatch, sample extraction,
balance, spatulas, filter sheets, and sample containers are all included.
Calculations:
1. Height of solids (HS) is calculated from the equation HS = WS/ (GS.γwA)
2 . Void ratio. At the conclusion of varying pressures, the voids ratio.
calculated fromequation e = (H – HS)/HS
3. Coefficient of consolidation. The following formulae are used to compute the
Coefficient of Consolidation for each pressure increase:
Cv = 0.197 d2/t50 (Log fitting method)
Cv = 0.848 d2/t90 (Square fitting method)
In the log fitting approach, a plot is drawn between the dial readings and the logarithmic of time, and the
moment at which 50% consolidation occurs is identified.
Dial readings and square root time are correlated in the square root fitting technique, and the
point at which 90% consolidation occurs is identified.
4. Compression Index. Vslog (t) Vslog (e) is plotted to calculate the compression index. The
slope of the virgin compression curve would provide the compression index Cc, which would be
a straight line.
Graphs:
a) To view the time in VSlog, you may either.
b) Time vs. the square root of the dial reading.
c) The ratio of voids to logarithmic average pressure with an increase.
Discussion & Conclusion:
It is essential that the soil layers in the consolidation apparatus be oriented in the same direction
throughout specimen preparation. Trimming should be done with the soil specimen being
handled with the least amount of pressure possible. Soft soils need a more gradual approach to
successive loading.
For the design of a structure, the Hene consolidation test gives us information on the qualities of
the soil mass. The foregoing data may be utilised to forecast the settlement rate and extent of
fine-grained soil-based constructions. It's also useful for tracing soil stress patterns.

Determination of Shear Strength parameters of a soil using the quick


Untrained Triaxial test
Taking a soil sample from the bulk removes all horizontal and vertical pressures from the soil.
The soil should be examined in the laboratory to evaluate its strength under circumstances that
are as similar to those in the field as feasible. When performing a triaxial compression test, soil
samples are subjected to several loads in the horizontal and vertical planes at the same time.
Essentially, the idea of the triaxial compression test is that an all-around pressure is given to the
soil. A compressive force is applied to the fluid around the soil specimen in order to acquire the
confining pressure.
Oil, glycerine, and water are the most widely utilised fluids. In addition, compressed air is
commonly used. Chamber pressure is the technical term for what we refer to as confining or
confining pressure (sigma3). Soil often experiences a significant shift in vertical tension as a
result of the construction of a structure on top of it (such as a building or roadway).
This means that evaluating the soil sample under conditions that are as close to those found in
nature as possible would seem to be the most obvious course of action. A vertical force is
applied to the specimen in the triaxial test to see how the soil performs.
Body
The soil specimen is allowed to solidify under cell pressure in this experiment. Both sides of the
soil specimen are covered with filter papers and discs, and the drainage valve is left open to
enable pore water to flow out while cell pressure is applied.
In order to monitor the volume change during consolidation, a burette or a volume change gauge
are used. The drainage valve is closed and an extra axial (deviator) force is supplied after the
specimen has fully consolidated under cell pressure, as evidenced by a minimal rate of volume
change. It fails in shear at a failure deviator loading when the earth is dry.

Issues in Triaxial Test:


 The equipment is complex, cumbersome, and expensive.
 Second, the triaxial cell is laborious to put together.
 The test must be carried out by trained persons.
 More than one week is required to complete the drained tests.
 Because the assumption that the soil specimen is cylindrical does not hold true, it is
impossible to estimate the cross-sectional area at high stresses.
 When testing soil specimens in a lab, they are consolidated in a straight line, unlike
when they are tested in nature.
Apparatus required:
Calculations:
1. Height of solids (HS) is calculated from the equation HS = WS/ (GS.γwA)
2. Void ratio. Equation is used to compute the voids ratio at different pressures. e = (H –
HS)/HS
3. Coefficient of consolidation. The following formulae are used to compute the Coefficient
of Consolidation for each pressure increase:
1. Cv = 0.197 d2/t50(Log fitting method)
2. Cv = 0.848 d2/t90(Square fitting method)
A plot is drawn between dial readings and the logarithmic of time, and the moment at which 50 percent
consolidation occurs is computed using the log fitting technique. It is calculated by plotting dial readings
against the square root of time, then determining the time corresponding to 90percentage consolidation. 
When using the square root fitting technique, dial readings and square root of time are plotted,
and the moment at which 90% consolidation occurs is computed.
Compression Index. A plot of voids ratio (e) Vslog (t) is used to calculate the compression
index. If the virgin compression curve were a straight line, the compression index Cc, which is
the slope of this straight line, would equal the Cc.
Discussion & Conclusion:
Due to the time required to conduct CD testing, they are not often used in routine examinations.
When testing the long-term stability of an earth dam, embankment, or retaining wall on clay
soils, drained experiments may be utilised. Drainage channels buried in clay embankments may
also be assessed using this method.
Appendix:

For triaxial compression test for soil


References:
1. https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:8(770)
2. https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001259
3. https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/t65-010
4. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038080612000844
5. https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/t66-023

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