1

COMPUTER

Inside The Course

1. Introducation to Computer.
2. History of Computer.
3. Computer Hardware.
4. Computer Software.
5. Computer Memory.
6. Computer Network.

Complete Soulution To All Courses

ADCA, DICPA, DCA, CTTC
DOEACC ‘O’ LEVEL & ‘CCC’.

UPCI COMPUTER EDUCATION

Lakhimpur-Kheri.
-www.upciss.com –www.youtube.com/upciss
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Syllabus
Introduction to computer ……..3

Generation of computer ……..8

Classification of computer ……..11

Computer Hardware ……..16

Input device ……..17

Output device ……..24

Introduction to Memory ……..29

Introduction to Software ……..37

Introduction to Network ……..45

Internet ……..48

Virus (Malware) ……..49

Full form ……..52

Glossary ……..57
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dEI;wVj dk ifjp; %& dEI;wVj ,d Electronic Machine gS] tks gekjs fn, x;s funsZ'kksa ij dk;Z djrh
gSA dEI;wVj gkMZfo;j vkSj lk¶Vfo;j ls feydj cuk gSA ;g ,d loZHkkSfed e”khu gSA
dEI;wVj “kCn dh mRifÙk dEI;wV (Comput) “kCn ls gqbZ gS ftldk vFkZ gS x.kuk djuk] dEI;wVj dks fgUnh
esa lax.kd dgrs gSaA
tc ge dEI;wVj dks Input Device ds ek/;e ls Instruction nsrs gSa rc og gekjs fn;s x;s Instruction
dks Process djrk gS] rFkk Output Device ds ek/;e ls gesa Information nsrk gSA

Input Process Output

(Instruction) (Information)

Storage

dEI;wVj dh fo”ks’krk,¡ %&

1. Speed¼xfr½%& dEI;wVj cgqr rhoz xfr ls dk;Z djrk gSA bldh xfr dks gV`Zl esa ukik tkrk gSA
2. Accuracy ('kq)rk):- dEI;wVj vius dk;Z dks cgqr “kq)rk ds lkFk djrk gSA ;fn ogh dk;Z ekuo
ds }kjk fd;k tk; rks mlesa error gks ldrh gSA ysfdu ogh dk;Z dEI;wVj ds }kjk fd;k tk; rks
cgqr rhozxfr ls “kq} dsydqys”ku dj nsxk A
3. Multitalented (loZHkkSfedrk) :- dEI;wVj ,d Multifunctional Machine gSA ftlls nqfu;k ds
fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks dj ldrs gSA vFkkZr~ ;g ,d loZHkkSfed e”khu gSA

4. Mamory :- dEI;wVj dh ;kn j[kus dh {kerk cgqr T;knk gSA dEI;wVj dh eseksjh dks vko”;drk
ds vuqlkj de ;k T;knk dj ldrs gSA tcfd ekuo dh eseksjh esa ;g fo”ks’krk ugha gSA ekuo dsoy
egRoiw.kZ ckrksa dks gh ;kn j[krk gSA vuko”;d ckrksa dks ;kn ugh j[krk gSA

5. Diligence ¼ifjJe”khyrk½ %& dEI;wVj fcuk Fkds dbZ fnuksa rd dk;Z djus dh {kerk j[krk gSA
tksfd ekuo ds vanj ugh gSA ;g dHkh Fkdrk ugh gSA tcfd ekuo dqN le; dk;Z djus ds ckn
Fkd tkrk gSA vkSj mldks vkjke dh t:jr gksrh gSA
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6. Honest (bZekunkjh):- dEI;wVj vius dk;Z dks bZekunkjh ds lkFk djrk gSA tcfd ekuo vius dk;Z
dks bZekunkjh ls ugh djrk gSA

7. UserFriendly :- dEI;wVj ;wtjÝUMyh gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ bls pykuk ljy gksrk gSA

Weakness (dfe;kW) :-
1. NO IQ :- dEI;wVj ds vUnj lkspus le>us dh {kerk ugh gksrh gSA tksfd ekuo ds vUnj gksrh gSA
;gh otg gS fd dEI;wVj ekuo dk xqyke gSA

2. No Feeling :- dEI;wVj ds vUnj Qhfyax ugh gksrh gSA tksfd ekuo ds vUnj gksrh gSA
Brief History of Development of Computer(dEI;wVj dk laf{kIr fodkl Øe):- dEI;wVj dk
fodkl Øe yxHkx 3000 o’kZ iqjkuk gSA lcls igys x.kuk ;a= vcsdl ¼fxurkjk½ dk vfo’dkj gqvk FkkA
bldk iz;ksx vadxf.krh; ifjpkyuksa dh O;ofLFkr x.kuk ds fy, fd;k x;k FkkA ftldk mi;ksx vkt Hkh
phu tkiku lfgr vU; ns”kksa esa fd;k tk jgk gSA vcsdl rkjksa dk ,d Ýse gksrk gSA bu rkjksa esa IykfLVd
;k /kkrq ds xksys fijks;s jgrs gSA blds ckn vU; e”khusa vadks dh x.kuk ds fy;s fodflr dh xbZA

17oha “krkCnh esa teZu xf.krK foYgse “khdkMZ us izFke ;kaf=d Calculator lu~ 1623 esa fodflr fd;k]
;g Calculator tksM+u]s ?kVkus] xq.kk] o Hkkx esa l{ke FkkA

Ýka”k ds xf.krK Cyst ikLdy us ,d ;kaf=d vadh; x.kuk ;a= lu~ 1642 esa fodflr fd;k A bl e”khu
dks ,fMax e”khu ;k ikLdykbu dgrs gSA ;g e”khu dsoy tksM ;k ?kVk ldrh FkhA

Abacus Paskline

tsdkM~Zl ywe (Jacquard Loom):- lu~ 1801 esa Ýkalhlh cqudj tkslsQ tsdkMZ us diM+s cquus ds ,sls
ywe dk vkfo’dkj fd;k tks diM+ks es Lor% gh fMtkbu ;k iSVuZ nsrk FkkA bl ywe dh fo”ks’krk ;g Fkh fd
;g diM+s ds fMtkbu dks dkMZcksMZ ds fNnz;qDr iapdMksZ ls fu;fU;= djrk Fkk A iapdkMZ ij fNnzksa dh
mifLFkfr vFkok vuqifLFkfr }kjk /kkxksa dks funZsf”kr fd;k tkrk Fkk A tsdkMZ ds bl ywe us nks fopkj/kkjk;sa
nha tks vkxs dEI;wVj ds fodkl esa mi;ksxh fl} gqbZA igyh ;g dh lwpukvksa dks iapdkMZ ij dksfMM fd;k
x;k A nwljh ;g dh iapdkMZ ij lax`ghr lwpuk funsZ’kksa dk lweg gSA ftlls iapdkMZ dks tc Hkh dke esa
fy;k tk;sxk rks funsZ’kksadk ;g lewg ,d iksxzke ds :Ik esa dk;Z djsXkkA
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Jacquard Loom

Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine:-

dEI;wVj ds bfrgkl esa mUuhloha “kkrkCnh dk izkjfEHkd le; Lof.kZe ;qx ekuk tkrk gSA vaxzst xf.krK
pkYlZ cScst us ,d ;kaf=d x.kuk e”khu fodflr djus dh vko”;drk rc eglwl dh tc x.kuk ds fy,
cuh gqbZ lkj.kh;ksa esa =qfV vkrh Fkh A pwafd ;s Vsfcy gLr fufeZr FkhaA blfy;s blesa =qfV vkrh FkhA pkYlZ
cScst us lu~ 1822 esa ,d e”khudk fuekZ.k fd;k ftldk O;; fczfV”k ljdkj us ogu fd;k A ml e”khu
dk uke fMQjsUl baftu j[kk x;kA bl e”khu esa fx;j vkSj “kk¶V yxs FksA vkSj ;g Hkki ls pyrh Fkh A
blds ckn lu~ 1833 esa pkYlZ cScst us fMQjsal baftu dk fodflr :Ik ,d ,ukfyfVdy baftu rS;kj fd;k
A ;g e”khu dbZ izdkj ds x.kuk dk;Z djus esa l{ke Fkh A blesa fuuZs”kksa dks laxzfgr djus dh {kerk Fkh A
vkSj blds }kjk Lopfyr :Ik esa ifj.kke Hkh Nkis tk ldrs FksA

CkScst dk dEI;wVj ds {kS= esa cgqr ;ksxnku jgk A cScst dk ,sukfyfVdy baftu vk/kqfud dEI;wVj dk vk/kkj
cuk vkSj ;gh dj.k jgk gS fd pkYlZ cSct s dks dEI;wVj dk firkeg dgk tkrk gSA cScst ds ,sukfyfVyd
baftu dks igys csdkj le>k x;k A ysfdu ckn esa ,Mk vkWxLVk us ,sukfyfVdy baftu esa esa x.kuk ds
funsZ”kksa dks fodflr djus esa enn dh A blh dj.k ,Mk vkWxLVk dks igys izksxzkej dk Js; tkrk gSA vkWxLVk
dks lEekfur djus ds fy;s dEI;wVj dh ,d Hkk’kk dk uke ,Mk (ADA) j[kk x;kA

Charles Babbage ADA Augusta

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gksysfjFk lsl
a l VscqysVj (Hollerith Census Taulator)
lu~ 1889 esa dEI;wVj ds bfrgkl esa ,d vkSj egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk gqbZ ] og Fkh vesfjdk dh tux.kuk dk dk;Z
A lu~ 1890 ls iwoZ tux.kuk dk dk;Z ikjEifjd rjhdksa ls fd;k tkrk FkkA lu~ 1880 esa “kq: dh xbZ
tux.kuk esa lkr o’kZ dk le; yxkA de le; esa tux.kuk ds dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s gksysfjFk us ,d
e”khu cukbZ ftlesa iapdkMZ dks fo|rq ds }kjk lapkfyr fd;k tkrk FkkA ml e”khu dh lgk;rk ls tux.kuk
djus esa dsoy rhu o’kZ dk le; yxkA tks fd cgqr gh de FkkA lu~ 1886 esa gksysfjFk us iapdkMZ ;a=
cukus VscqysfVax e”khu dEIkuh cukbZ A lu~ 1911 esa bl dEiuh dk uke cnydj dEI;wVj VscqysfVax
fjdkWMhZx dEiuh gks x;kA lu~ 1924 esa bl dEiuh dk uke cnydj vkbZ ch ,e gks x;k A ftldk iwjk
uke baVjus”kyu fctusl e”khu gks x;kA tks dh vkt fo”o dh dEI;wVj fuekZ.k djus ckyh lcls cMh
dEIkuh gks x;h gSA

Hollerith Census Taulator Vacuum tube

1. Aiken and Mark-1 (vkbdsu vkSj ekdZ & 1):- Lku~ 1940 esa Electromechanical
Computing vius f”k[kj ij igqWp pqdh Fkh A vkbZ ch ,e ds pkj “kh”kZ bathfu;jksa o gkWoMZ vkbZdsu
us lu~ 1944 esa ,d e”khu dks fodflr fd;k vkSj bldk vkf/kdkfjd uke Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator j[kkA ckn esa bl e”khu dk uke ekdZ &1 j[kk x;kA ;g fo”o dk lcls
igyk Electromechanical Computer FkkA blesa 500 ehy yackbZ ds rkj o 30 yk[k Electronic
Connection Fks ;g e”khu 55 QhV yEch o 8 QhV Å¡ph FkhA ;g 6 lsd.M esa ,d xq.kk vkSj 12
lsd.M esa ,d Hkkx dh fØ;k dj ldrk FkkA

2. The ENIAC (1946):- bl dEI;wVj dk iwjk uke Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer gSA bldk fodkl vkehZ ds fy;s fd;k x;k Fkk A bldh lkbZt 20 ok; 40 square
feet room ds cjkcj rFkk out 30 Vu Fkk] blesa 18000 fuokZr uyh;ksa (Vacuum tube) dk
iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA ;g dEI;wVj ,d tksM 200 micro seconds esa vkSj Hkkx 2000 Micro
Sceconds esa djrk FkkA ENIAC izFke Electronic Computer gSA
3. The UNIVAC-I(1951):- bldk iwjk uke Universal Automatic Computer FkkA ;g
O;kikj esa iz;ksx gksus ckyk izFke dEI;wVj FkkA blds ckn IBM us 701 Commercial
Computer rS;kj fd;k FkkA
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Aiken and Mark-1 UNIVAC

Z3 Charles Babbage

Edvac ENIAC
 8

Computer fodkl ds bfrgkl dh ;g ;k=k (Vacuum tube) ds lkFk 1940 esa “kq# gqbZ]
vkSj rc ls pyh vk jgh gSA orZeku esa ;g d`f=e cqf) (Artificial Intelligence) dk iz;ksx
dj rjDdh dj jgh gSA T;knkrj fodkl ds ifj.kkeLo:I rsth ls NksVs]lLrs vkSj v a f/kd
“kfä”kkyh dq”ky dEI;wfVax midj.kksa dk vfo”dkj gks ik;k gSA

dEI;wVj dks rduhdh (Technology) ds vk/kkj ij ik¡p ih<+h;ksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA

1. First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum tube

2. Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistor
3. Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuit
4. Fourth Generation (1971- Present) VLSI
5. Fifth Generation (Present To Next) Artificial Intelligence

First Generation :- dEI;wVj dh izFke ih<+h dh 'kq#vkr 1940 ls ekuh tkrh gSA bl tujs”ku esa
Vacuum Tube Technology dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA

1. bl ih<h esa fuokZr uyh;ksa (Vacuum Tube) Technology dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA
2. ;g dEI;wVj ml le; ds vuqlkj cgqr vf/kd xfr ls dsydqys”ku djrs FksA
3. ;g lkbt esa cgqr cMs gksrs Fks] rFkk fo/kqr dk vf/kd iz;ksx djrs Fks A
4. budks pykuk o budk j[k[kko dfBu gksrk FkkA
5. blesa e’khu Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA
6. blesa eseksjh ds rkSj ij pqEcdh; Vsi ,oa iapdkMZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA
7. ENIAC vkSj UNIVAC izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVj gSaA
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Second Generation %& bl ih<+h esa Transistor dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA ftldk fodkl Willom
Shockly us 1947 esa fd;k FkkA

1. bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVj ds dk;Z djus dh {kerk izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVj ls cgqr vf/kd Fkh A
2. budh lkbt NksVh gks xbZ Fkh D;ksafd bles Transistor Technology dk iz;ksx fd;k Xk;k FkkA
3. bles vLksEcyh ,oa gkbZ ysfcy Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA (COBOL, FORTRAN)
4. blesa eseksjh ds rkSj ij pqEcdh; Vsi dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk FkkA
Third Generation:- dEI;wVj dh rhljh ih<+h dh 'kq:vkr 1964 ls ekuh tkrh gSA bl tujs”ku esa vkbZ
lh dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk FkkA IC dk iwjk uke Integrated Circuit gSA IC dk fodkl 1958 esa Jack
Kilby us fd;k FkkA

1. blesa IC Technology(SSI) dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA SSI dk iwjk uke Small Scale
Integration gSA bl fpi ij 10 ls 20 rRo LFkkfir gksrs FksA

2. blesa gkbZ ysfoy Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx izksxzkfeax ds fy;s fd;k tkrk FkkA
3. bUgsa ge ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk ldrs FksA
4. blesa eseksjh ds rkSj ij pqEcdh; fMLd dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk FkkA
5. lcls igys vkWijsfVax flLVe dk iz;ksx blh ih<+h esa gqvk]tks dh ,d CUI O/S FkkA

Fourth Generation:- dEI;wVj dh pkSFkh ih<+h dh dh 'kq:vkr ekbØksizkl

s slj ls gqbZ] tks dh flfydksu
ls cuh ,d fpi gksrh gS]ftl ij gtkjksa IC ,d lkFk yxh gksrh gSaA bl ih<+h esa GUI O/S dk iz;ksx
fd;k x;kA

1. blesa IC Technology(VLSI) dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA Very Large Scale Integration
gSA bl fpi ij 10000 ls 20000 Elements LFkkfir gksrs FksA

2. blesa gkbZ ysfoy Hkk"kk (C & C++) dk iz;ksx izksxzkfeax ds fy;s fd;k tkrk FkkA
3. bUgsa ge ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk ldrs FksA
4. blesa eseksjh ds rkSj ij pqEcdh; fMLd dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk FkkA
5. ;g fo/kqr dk cgqr de iz;ksx djrs gSA
Fifth Generation:- dEI;wVj dh ikapoh ih<+h Artificial Intelligence ds lkFk fodflr gqbZ] AI dk
rkRi;Z ;g gS fd tks ekuoh; xq.kksa dks le> ldsA ;s ih<+h vHkh fodkl dh izfØ;k esa gS] bl ih<+h ds dqN
xq.k ge vktdy midj.kksa esa dke ysrs gS tSls&fQaxj fizaV] jkscksV] vkokt }kjk buiqV nsuk vkfnA
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Pascal's calculator, Arithmometer,

Calculators Difference engine, Quevedo's analytical
First generation machine s
(mechanical/electromechanical) Jacquard loom, Analytical engine, IBM
Programmable devices ASCC/Harvard Mark I, Harvard Mark II, IBM
SSEC, Z1, Z2, Z3

Atanasoff–Berry Computer, IBM 604,

Calculators UNIVAC 60, UNIVAC 120

Colossus, ENIAC, Manchester Small-Scal e

Second generation (vacuum Experimental Machine, EDSAC,
tubes) Manchester Mark 1,
Programmable devices Ferranti Pegasus, Ferranti Mercury,
CSIRAC,
EDVAC, UNIVAC I, IBM 701, IBM 702, IBM
650, Z22
Mainframes IBM 7090, IBM 7080, IBM System/360,
BUNCH
Third generation (discrete
HP 2116A, IBM System/32, IBM System/36,
transistors and SSI, MSI, LSI Minicomputer LINC, PDP-8, PDP-11
integrated circuits)
Desktop Computer Programma 101, HP 9100

Minicomputer VAX, IBM System i

4-bit microcomputer Intel 4004, Intel 4040

Intel 8008, Intel 8080, Motorola 6800,

8-bit microcomputer Motorola 6809, MOS Technology 6502,
Zilog Z80
16-bit microcomputer Intel 8088, Zilog Z8000, WDC 65816/65802

Fourth generation (VLSI 32-bit microcomputer Intel 80386, Pentium, Motorola 68000,
integrated circuits) ARM

64-bit Alpha, MIPS, PA-RISC, PowerPC, SPARC,

microcomputer[56] x86-64, ARMv8-A

Embedded computer Intel 8048, Intel 8051

Desktop computer, Home computer,

Laptop computer, Personal digital
Personal computer
assistant (PDA), Portable computer, Tablet
PC, Wearable compute r
Quantum computer, Chemical computer, DNA computing, Optical
computer,
Theoretical/experimental
 11

dEI;wVj dks nks rjhds ls Classified fd;k x;k gSA

1. dk;Z djus ds vk/kkj ijA (On the basis of work).
2. vkdkj ds vk/kkj ijA (On the basis of Size).
Type of Computer Basis on Work: - dk;Z djus ds vk/kkj ij] dEI;wVj rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1. Analog Computer
2. Digital Computer
3. Hybrid Computer

1. Analog Computer :- ,ukykWx dEI;wVj os dEI;wVj gksrs gS A tks HkkSfrd ek=kvksa dks ukius dk
dk;Z djrs gSA tSls rki ] nkc] yackbZ] pkSM+kbZ vkfn eki dj muds ifj.kke vadks esa O;Dr djrs gSA
;g dEI;wVj nks ifjekiksa ds chp rqyuk Hkh dj ldrs gSA ,ukykWx dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx foKku ,oa
Engineering ds {kS= esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;s dEI;wVj ,ukykWx flxauy ij dke djrs gSA

2. Digital Computer :& ;g dEI;wVj Calculations and Logical Operations djrs gSA
fMftVy dEI;wVj MkVk ,oa izkx
s zke dks 0]1 esa ifjoZfrr djds mudks elelctronic :Ik esa ysrk gSA
;g dEI;wVj fMftVy flxauy ij dke djrs gSa] vf/kdk”kar% dEI;wVj fMftVy dEI;wVj gh gksrs gSA
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3. Hybrid Computer :- os dEI;wVj tks ,ukykWx ,oa fMftVy dEI;wVj nksuka dk dk;Z djrs gSA
hybrid computer dgykrs gSA mnkgj.k Petrol Pump ;g petrol vkfn dks ukirk gS vkSj
mlds ewY; dh x.kuk Hkh djrk gSA

Type of Computer Base on Size :- vkdkj ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVj fuEUk izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1. Micro Computer
2. Mini Computer
3. Mainframe Computer
4. Super Computer
1. Micro Computer :- ;g dEI;wVj vkdkj esa NksVs gksrs gSA bu dEI;wVj esa ekbØks izkl
s slj dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk Fkk A blfy, bUgsa ekbZØks dEI;wVj dgrs gSA ;g out esa gYds ,oa lLrs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA
bu dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx ?kjksa ,oa NksVs O;olk;ksa esa fd;k tk jgk gSA bu dEI;wVjl dks PC Hkh dgk tkrk
gSA

PC dks fuEu Hkkxksa esa ckWVk x;k gSA

a. Desktop Computer
b. Laptop Computer
c. Palmtop Computer
d. Notebook Computer
e. Tablet Computer
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 Desktop Computer:- Desktop Computer os dEI;wVj gksrs gSA ftudks Vsfcy ij j[kdj
pyk;k tkrk gSA ;g lkbZt esa FkksMs cMs gksrs gSA blesa lhih;w ekWfuVj dhcksMZ ekml vkfn gksrs gSA

 Laptop Computer :- Laptop Computer os gksrs gSA ftudks xksnh esa j[kdj pyk;k tkrk
gSA ;g lkbZt esa cgqr NksVs gksrs gSA ;g Desktop Computer ls eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA blesa
lhih;w ]dhoksMZ ] ekml ,d lkFk gksrs gSA buesa ikoj ds fy;s cSVjh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

 Palmtop Computer:- ;g dEI;wVj Laptop Computer ls NksVs gksrs gSA ftudks gFksyh esa
j[kdj pyk;k tkrk gSA blesa lhih;w ]dhoksMZ ] ekml ,d lkFk gksrs gSA buesa ikoj ds fy;s cSVjh
dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA budh dk;Z djus dh {kerk ysiVkWi ls FkksMh de gksrh gSA
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 Notebook Computer :- Notebook Computer Laptop Computer ds leku gh gksrs

gSA ftudks xksnh esa j[kdj pyk;k tkrk gSA blesa lhih;w ]dhoksMZ ] ekml ,d lkFk gksrs gSA buesa
ikoj ds fy;s cSVjh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

 Tablet Computer :- ;g dEI;wVj cgqr gh NksVs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA ;g eksckbZy ls FkksMs cMs gksrs
gSA ;g VpLdzhu gksrs gSA

2. Mini Computer :- ;g oks dEI;wVj tks dEIkuh;ksa ,oa ljdkjh vkWfQl esa loZj dEI;wVj ds dk;Z
ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA budh dk;Z {kerk Micro Computer ls vf/kd gksrh gSA bl dEI;wVj ij
,d lkFk dbZ ;wtj ykWxbu dj dlrs gSA budh eseksjh {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA budk gkMZos;j lekU;
dEI;wVj ls cMk gksrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj ?kjksa esa iz;ksx gksus okys dEI;wVj ugh gksrs gSA ;g eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs
gSA

budk iz;ksx dEiuh ds MkVkcsl dks j[kus ds fy;s ,oa dEiuh ds vU; egRoiw.kZ dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s bl
dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA PDP-8 First Mini Computer ftldk fodkl 1965 esa fd;k x;k
Fkk A bldk vkdkj fÝt ds cjkcj FkkA bldh dher 18000 Mkyj FkhA ftls DEC Company us cuk;k
FkkA DEC dk iwjk uke Digital Equipment Corporation gSA
 15

3. Mainframe Computer :- ;g oks dEI;wVj tks cMh cMh dEIkuh;ksa ,oa ljdkjh vkWfQl esa loZj
dEI;wVj ds dk;Z ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA bl dEI;wVj ij ,d lkFk dbZ ;wtj ykWxbu dj dlrs gSA
budh eseksjh {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA ;g eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA bu dEI;wVjl esa ekbZdzks dEI;wVj dk
iz;ksx Clinent ds rkSj ij fd;k tkrk gSA dN Mainframe Computer fuEu gSA

zEnterprise EC12 Design By IBM, ICL 39, CDC Cyber etc.

4. Super Computer:- lqij dEI;wVj fo’ks”k izdkj ds dEI;wVj gksrs gSA budk fuekZ.k fo’ks”k dk;Z ds
fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;g nqfu;k ds lcls rst vkSj cMs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA bu dEI;wVj esa vusd lhih;w
dks ,d lekUrj Øe esa yxs jgrs gSA ftl ds dkj.k budh dk;Z djus dh {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA

fo'o dk lcls rst lqij dEI;wVj Sunway TaihuLight gS] ftldh Speed 93PFlop/s gSA

Hkkjr dk lcls rst lqij dEI;wVj PARAM ,ISHAN gS] ftldh Speed 5.39 PFlop/s (Peta Flop)
gSA

lqij dEI;wVj ds dk;Z %&

1 varfj{k ;k=k ds fy;s ] ;q} ds fy;s

2 ekSle foKku dh tkudkjh Kkr djus ds fy;s
3 High resolution and action Movies cukus ds fy;sA
 16

Computer ds os ikVZ ftUgs ge Vp dj ldrs gSa] os lHkh Hardware ikVZ dgykrs gSaA Computer ds
Hardware ikVZ dks pkj Hkkxksa esa ckVk x;k gSA tks uhps IPOS ds pkVZ esa crk;k x;k gSA
 17

Input Device
fdlh Hkh funsZ”k ,oa MkVk dks dEI;wVj esa Input Device ds ek/;e ls gh ,aVj fd;k tk ldrk gS] fQj
dEI;wVj ml ij izkl s sl djrk gS] vkSj gesa Output nsrk gSA

Key board :- ;g ,d lcls T;knk iz;ksx dh tkus okyh buiqV fMokbl gSA ;g VkbijkbZVj ds
fl)kar ij dk;Z djrk gSA blls text ,number, symbol vkfn dks dEI;wVj ds vanj buiqV fd;k tkrk
gSA ,d LVsM
a Z dhcksMZ esa 101-105 dh gksrh gS Multimedia key board esa blls vf/kd dh gksrh gSaA

Technology ds vk/kkj ij Keybord dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSA

Wired (PS2, USB), Wireless , Bee Raider , Hologram , Key mouse Keybord.

Wired Keybord Key Mouse

Bee Raider Hologram Keybord

Mouse :- ;g GUI interface esa lcls T;knk iz;ksx gksus okyh Pointer input device gSA blesa dqy
rhu cVu gksrs gSA Left and Right Button vkSj chp esa ,d Scroll button gksrk gSA

Technology ds vk/kkj ij Mouse dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSA

Optical , Wired (PS2, USB), Wireless , Touchpad , Mechanical.
 18

Mechanical Optical Wired

Optical Wireless Touchpad

Scanner :- blls ge lwpuk ,oa MkVk dks dEI;wVj ds vUnj lh/ks buiqV dj ldrs gSA blls fdlh Hkh
fdrkc QksVks ,oa vU; MkVk dks i<dj mls dEI;wVj esa QksVks ds :Ik esa lso djrk gSA blls ge gkMZdkWih
dks soft dkWih esa ifjofrZr dj nsrk gSA LdSuj ds iz;ksx dk lcls cMk ykHk ;g gS fd blesa ;wtj dks
lwpuk dks Vkbi djus dh vko”;drk ugha gksrh gSA LdSu fd, gq, MkVk dks Software dh en~n ls Edit
dj ldrs gSaA
 19

OMR:- bldk iwjk uke Optical Mark Reader gSA ;g ,d ,slh fMokbl gS tks OMR Sheet ij
isfUly ;k isu ds fpUg dh mifLFkfr vkSj vuqmifLFkfr dks tkWprh gSA ;g Machine dsoy OMR
sheet dks tkWprh gSA vktdy bldk iz;ksx Competitive examination dh answer book dks
Check fd;k tkrk gSA blds iz;ksx ls de le; esa lgh ifj.kke vk tkrs gSA

OCR:- bldk iwjk uke Optical Character Recognition gSA bldh lgk;rk ls igys ls Nis
dSjDs VjlZ ds ijLij QdZ ns[kdj OCR ekud dSjsDVjlZ ls igpku dh tkrh gSA blds }kjk VkbZijkbZVj ]
gkFk ls fy[ks iqjkus ys[k vkSj ØsfMV dkMZ ds dSjDs Vj i<+ ysrk gSA

MICR:-MICR dk iwjk uke Magnetic Ink Character Recognition gSA bldk iz;ksx cSafdax esa
vf/kd fd;k tkrk gSA cSad esa vf/kd la[;k esa pSd tkapus esa budk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

MICR Technology esa pSd ij fo’ks”k pqEcdh; L;kgh }kjk dSjsDVj Nkis tkrs gSA MICR jhMj pSd ij
Nkis dSjDs Vj dks pqEcdh; dkW;y ds laosnu ls i<+rk gSA vkSj ;g tkWprk gSA fd pSd lgh ;k ugha pSd ij
tks v{kj Nis jgrs gSaA og pqEcdh; L;kgh ls fy[ks j[krs gSA
 20

Light Pen:- YkkbZV isu dk iz;ksx dEI;wVj Ldzhu ij dksbzZ fp= ;k dk vkd`fr dk fuek.kZ djus ds fy;s
fd;k tkrk gSA ;g Hkh ,d ikabVj fMokbl gSA ykbZV isu esa ,d QksVks lsy gksrk gSA tc ge ykbZVisu ls
dEI;wVj Ldzhu ij dksbZ fp= cukrs gSA rks bldh iYl Ldzhu ls transmit gksdj dEI;wVj esa lso gks
tkrh gSA ykbZVisu dk iz;ksx ehuw vkI”ku dks pquus Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA vktdy bldk iz;ksx CAD
ds dk;ksZ esa vf/kd gks jgk gSA

Joystick:- bldk iz;ksx dEI;wVj esa xsEl [ksyus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA tkW;fLVd ds ek/;e ls Ldhu
ij mifLFkr vkd`fr dks vklkuh ls ewo fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g cPpksa dks dEI;wVj fl[kkus dk vklku
rjhdk gSA blls xsEl [ksyuk lqfo/kktud gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx jkscksV dks daVksy djus ds fy;s fd;k
tkrk gSA

Trackball:- ;g ,d pointer device gSA ;g ekml ds leku dk;Z djrh gSA blesa ,d mHkjh gqbZ
xsan gksrh gSA vkSj nks ;k rhu cVu gksrs gS bldh xsna dks vaxqfy;ksa ;s ?kqek;k tkrk gSA ;g ysiVkWi esa
ekml dk dk;Z djrh gSA bldh lgk;rk ls xsEl Hkh [ksys tkrs gSA ;g de txg ?ksjrk gSA bles dsoy
xsan dks ?kqekuk iMrk gS] iwjh trackball device dks ugh A
 21

Touch Screen:- Touch Screen dk iz;ksx vktdy cSafdax] jsyos ] ,;jiksV ,oa ykbczsjh esa dSVykWx
Qkby dks <w<us esa fd;k tk jgk gSA iwjs Vp LØhu ekWfuVj esa ,d lsulhfVo LØhu gksrh gSA tks cgqr
lkjs fcUnqvksa ls feydj curh gSA ftUgsa ge Vp IokWbUV dgrs gSA blesa ,d dhcksMZ Hkh gksrk gSAftlls
MkVk dks dEI;wVj ds vUnj buiqV fd;k tk ldrk gSA;g rduhdh ;wtj QzsUMyh gksrh gSA bldks pykuk
vklku gksrk gSA blesa ekml dk dk;Z vkWxqyh djrh gSA ftl vkWI”ku dks flfyDV djuk gksrk gSA mls
vkWxqyh ls Vp djrs gSA

Digitizing tablet or Graphic table:-

Digitizing tablet ,d drawing lrg gksrh gSA blds lkFk ,d isu ;k ekml gksrk gSA bl Vsfcy ij
irys rkjksa dk tky gksrk gSA ftl ij isu pykrs gh ladsr dEI;wVj esa pys tkrs gSA blds Åij ,d
LdSafuax gsM yxk jgrk gSA ftls id dgrs gSA bldk iz;ksx v{kj dks bfPNr xzkfQdy fLFkfr esa ikus ds
fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA bldh lgk;rk ls xzkQ dk fuek.kZ Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy;s bls xzkQ Vsfcy
Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
 22

Bar Code Reader (BCR):- BCR dk iz;ksx O;klkf;d {kS= esa fd;k tkrk gSA blls
mOikn(product ) ds iSdsV ds Åij Nis gq;s ckj dksM dsk i<us ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls mRikn
ds ckj esa lEiw.kZ tkudkjh dEI;wVj esa ,d gh ckj esa buiqV gks tkrh gSA vkSj fQj bl ij izkl
s sflax dh
tkrh gSA blesa ckjdksM dks jhM djus ds fy;s izdk’kh; fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA BCR nks izdkj
ds gksrs gSaA

1. Flatbed :- ;g Vsfcy ij lsV dj fn;k tkrk gSA vkSj mRikn ds ckj dksM bl ij j[kdj jhM
fd;k tkrk gSA

2. Handheld:- budks gkFk esa ysdj iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx NksVs ekdsZV ]dksfj;j vkSj
iksLV vkWQhl esa fd;k tkrk gSA

Processing Unit :- izkslsflax ;wfuV buiqV fd, x;s MsVk dks izkl
s sl djus dk dke dkjrh gS ] izkl
s sl
fd, x;s MsVk dks Output Device ds ek/;e ls ge izkIr dj ldrs gSaA izkl
s sflax fuEufyf[kr ;wfuV ls
feydj curh gSA Processor (CPU) , Motherbord.
Processor :- ALU vkSj CU ds dk¡fcus”ku dks gh izkl
s slj dgk tkrk gSA vkerkSj ij Processor dks
gh CPU dgk tkrk gSA Processor dh Speed dks MIPS (fefy;u baLVªD”kUl ij lsdasM) esa ekik tkrk
gSA
CPU :- CPU dk iwjk uke Central Processing Unit gSA ;g Computer dk fnekx gksrk gSA lhih;w
dk dke funZs”kksa vFkok izksxzkeksa dks ,sXthD;wV djukA lhih;w fuEu ;wfuV ls feydj cuk gksrk gSA
 CU
 ALU
 General Purpose Registers (MU)
1. CU :- bldk iwjk uke Control Unit gSA CU iwjs dEI;wVj flLVe ds lHkh dk;kZsa dks fu;af=r djus dk
dk;Z djrk gSA ;g ;wfuV lhih;w dh egRoiw.kZ ;wfuV gksrh gSA

2. ALU :- bldk iwjk uke Airthmetic Logical Unit gSA ;g dEI;wVj dh izeq[k ;qfuV gksrh gSA blds
}kjk dEI;wVj esa lHkh Airthmetic ,oa logical dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSA ;g Processor ds vUnj gksrh gSA
 23

3. General Purpose Registers (MU) :- ;g CPUdk gh ,d fgLlk gksrh gS] tks izkl
s sflax ds le;
MsVk dks LVksj djus dk dke djrh gSA ;g Computer dh lcls Fast Memory gksrh gS] D;ksa dh ;g
CPU ds lcls utnhd gksrh gSA

Microprocessor (CPU)

Motherbord :- ,d flLVe esa lHkh bysDVªkWfud daiksuasVl~ ,d Qkbcj Xykl ds VqdMs+ ij yxs gkssrs gSa
ftls enj cksMZ dgk tkrk gSA Motherbord Computer ds lHkh Parts dks tksM+us dk dke djrk gSA
 24

Output devices

Monitor ,d vkmViqV fMokbl gSA bldks fotqvy fMLIys ;wfuV Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g ns[kus esa Vhoh
dh rjg gksrk gSA EkkWuhVj ,d lcls egRoiw.kZ vkmViqV fMokbl gSA blds fcuk dEI;wVj v/kwjk gksrk gSA
;g vkmViqV dks viuh LØhu ij Soft Copy ds :Ik esa iznf”kZr djrk gSA

CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitor:- ;g rduhdh lLrh ,oa jaxhu vkmViqV nsus esa l{ke gSA blesa
fiDpj V;wc ,yhesVa gksrk gSA tks iwjkus Vhch lsV ds rjg gksrk gSA ;g Technology cUn gks pqdh gSA
Flat panel Monitor :- ;s iryh fMLIys fMokblst Flat Panel Display dgykrh gSA bldk iz;ksx
ysIkVkWi esa fd;k tk jgk gS ;g fo/kqr dh [kir de djrh gSA vkSj otu esa gYds gksrs gSaA blesa LCD
(Liquid Crystal Display )Technology dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

nks vU; Flat panel technology ds uke GPD(Gas Plasma Display), Electroluminescent
Display (EL) gSA budh fMLIys quality, LCD dh rqyuk esa vPNh gSA vkt dh ubZ rduhdh LED
gSA ftldk iwjk uke Light emitting diode gSA

Characteristics of a Monitor (ekWuhVj ds eq[; y{k.k):-

1. Resolution (jstksyw”ku):- Display device dk egRRoiw.kZ xq.k jstksyw’ku ;k Ldzhu ds fp=
dh Li"Vrk gksrk gSA ekWuhVj esa fp= dk fuek.kZ NksVs NksVs fcUnqvksa ls feydj gksrk gSA ftls
fiDlsy dgk tkrk gS tc ;g fcUnq pedrs gSA rks fp= dk fuek.kZ gksrk gSA bdkbZ {kS=Qy esa
mifLFkr fcUnqvksa dh la[;k jstksYkw’ku dks O;Dr djrh gSA ekWuhVj dh jstksyw’ku {kerk vf/kd
gksuh pkfg;sA jstksyw’ku vf/kd gksxk rks fp= dh Li"Vrk vf/kd gksxhA

2. Dot Pitch:- MkWV fip ,d izdkj dh ekiu rduhdh gSA tks ;g iznf’kZr djrh gSA
dh nks fiDlsy ds e/; horizontal vUrj ;k nwjh fdruh gSAbldk ekiu feyhehVj esa fd;k
tkrk gSA ;g ekWuhVj dh xq.koRrk dks iznf’kZr djrk gSA ekWuhVj esa MkWVfip de gksuk pkfg;sA
bldks QkWLQj fip Hkh dgk tkrk gSA dyj ekWuhVj dh MkWV fip 0.15 MM ls .30 MM
rd gksrh gSA
 25

Printer :- Printer ,d vkmViqV fMokbl gSA blls vkmViqV dks dkxt ij Nki dj izLrqr
fd;k tkrk gSA dkxt ij fy;s x;s vkmViqV dks hard copy dgk tkrk gSA

Printering Technology

Printer

Impact Printer Non -Impact Printer

Dot Matrix Printer Solid Printer Inkjet Printer Leaser Printer

Impect Printer :- ;g os fizVja gksrs gSA tks fizfVax djrs le; vkokt djrs gSA blfy;s budks
impact printer dgrs gSA Impact printer nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA

1. Dot Matrix printer

2. Solid printer

Dot Matrix printer:- ;g ,d bEiSDV fizVja gksrs gSA buds fizVa gSM esa fiuksa dk ,d eSfVDl (matrix)
gksrk gSA bu fiuksa ds fjcu ls VDdjkus ls dkxt ij fizafVax gksrh gSA blesa NksVs NksVs fcUnvksa ls feydj
v{kjvksa dk fuek.kZ gksrk gSA buds fizafVx gSM esa 9,14,18 ;k 24 fiuksa dk horizontal Group gksrk gSA
,d ckj esa ,d dkye dh fiu gSM ls ckgj fudkydj MkWV~l dks Nkirh gSA ftlls ,d v{kj vusd pj.kksa
esa curk gSA bl izdkj fiafVax gSM ykbu dh fn’kk esa vkxs f[kdrk tkrk gSA blesa fizafVax gSM dks dEI;wVj
ds }kjk fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA budh fizfVax xfr 30 ls 600 v{kj izfr lSdsM
a gksrh gSA

;g fizVja fizfVax xq.koRkk ds vk/kkj ij nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA

1. Draft Quality Printering: - blesa lkekU; NikbZ gksrh gSA
2. Near Letter Quality Printering: - bl fizafVax esa ,d v{kj dks nks ckj Nkik tkrk gSA
bldh fizafVasx xfr /kheh gksrh gSA
 26

Solid Printer
Daisy Wheel printer:- ;g ,d Bksl eqnzk & v{kj (Solid Font Printer) impact printer gSA
bldk uke Msth Oghy blfy;s iMk gS D;ksafd blds fizfVax gSM vkd`fr xqycgkj Qwy (Msth) ds leku gksrk
gSA Msth Oghy fizaVj /kheh xfr dk fizaVj gS ysfdu bldh fizafVax Quality vkSj Li"Vrk vPNh gksrh gSA
blfy;s bldk iz;ksx i= Nkius ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS blfy;s bldks letter Quality Printer Hkh dgrs
gSA
blds fizafVax gSM esa ,d pdz (Wheel) gksrk gS A ftlds izR;sd rkus ij ,d v{kj mHkjk jgrk gS bles
,d NksVk gSej gksrk gS tks rkus ls Vdjkrk gS vkSj rku fjcu ls fjcu ds ihNs dkxt gksrk gS ftl ij
v{kj Nki tkrk gSA Oghy /kweus ls fizafVax gksrh gSA vkSj Oghy fizafVax djrs gq;s viuh {kSfrt xfr esa vkxs
c<rk tkrk gSA

Non-Impect Printer

Non Impect Printer os fizaVj gksrs gSA tks fizafVax djrs le; vkokt ugha djrs gS A ukWu bEiSDV fizaVj
dgykrs gSA budh fizafVax xfr ,oa Li’Vrk bEiSDV fizaVj ls vf/kd gksrh gSA Non Impect Printer nks
izdkj ds gksrs gSA

1. Ink Jet Printer

2. Leaser Printer

Ink Jet Printer:- Ink jet printer ,d non impact printer gSA ftlesa ,d uksty ls dkxt
ij L;kgh dh cawnksa dh ckSNkj djds dSjsDVj vkSj fp=ksa dh NikbZ dh tkrh gSA fizsfVa gSM ds uksty esa
 27

L;kgh dh cwanksa dks pktZ djds dkxt ij mfpr fn’kk esa NksMk tkrk gSA bl fizaVj dk fizaVvkmV vf/kd
Li"V gksrk gSA D;ksfa d blesa v{kj dk fuekZ.k dbZ MkWVl ls feydj gksrk gSA

jaxhu badtSV fizaVj esa L;kgh ds pkj uksty gksrs gSA uhye] yky] ihyk] dkyk blfy;s bldks CYMK
fizaVj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl fizaVj esa ,d eq[; leL;k gS fd blds fizaV gSM esa bad DykSfxax (ink
clogging)gks tkrh gS ;fn blls dqN le; rd fizafVax uk fd tk;s rksA blds uksty ds eqgkus ij L;kgh
te tkrh gSA ftlls blds fNnz can gks tkrs gSA bl leL;k dks bad fDyksfa xx dgk tkrk gSA vktdy
bl leL;k dks gy dj fy;k x;k gSA blds vykok bl fizaVj dh fizafVax ij ;fn ueh vk tk;s rks bad
QSy tkrh gSA bldh fizafVax DokfyVh izk;% 300 DPI (Dot Per Inch) gksrh gSA

Leaser Printer:- ;g ukWu baEiSDV ist fizaVj gksrs gSA bldk iz;ksx dEI;wVj esa 1970 ds n’kd ls fd;k
tk jgk gSA igys ;s esuQzse dEI;wVj esa iz;ksx fd;s tkrs FksA 1980 n’kd esa budh dher 3000 MkWyj Fkh
A vkSj blh le; budk iz;ksx ekbdzks dEI;wVj esa fd;k tkus yxkA vktdy ;g lcls T;knk yksdfiz;
fizaVj gSA D;ksafd budh fizafVax xfr ,oa DokfyVh cgqr vPNh gksrh gSA ystj fizaVj tsjksxzkQh rduhdh ds
vk/kkj ij dk;Z djrk gSA tsjksxzkQh rduhdh dk fodkl tsjkWDl e’khu ds fy;s gqvk FkkA tsjksxzkQh ,d
QksVksxzkQh rduhdh gSA ftlesa fQYe] ,d vkosf’kr inkFkZ dk ysiu ;qDr Me gksrk gSA ;g Me QksVks
laofs nr gksrk gSA blds }kjk dkxt ij vkmViqV dks Nkik tkrk gSA dk;Zfof/k %& ystj fizaVj esa fizafVax
ystj fdj.k ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS blesa ystj fdj.k ysUlksa }kjk ,d /kwers gq;s cgqHkqtkdkj niZ.k ij Qksdl
dh tkrh gSA tgkW ls ijkofrZr gksdj vkmViqV dh ;g ystj fdj.k ysUlksa }kjk iqu% ,d vU; niZ.k ij
Qksdl dh tkrh gSA tgkW ls ijkfofRkZr gksdj ;g fdj.k Mªe ij fxjrh gSA ;g fdj.k Mªe ij Nkius ckyh
ykbZuksa ds :Ik esa Mkyrk gSA tc ;g Mªe /kwerk gSA rks vkosf’kr LFkkuksa ij Vksuj fpid tkrk gSA blds ckn
;g Vksuj dkxt ij LFkkukUrfjr gks tkrk gSA ftlls vkmViqV dkxt ij Ni tkrk gSA ;g vkmViqV
vLFkkbZ gksrk gS bldks LFkkbZ djus ds fy;s bldks xeZ jksyj ds chp ls xqtkjk tkrk gSA ftlls ;g fizafVax
LFkkbZ gks tkrh gSA

vf/kdrj ystj fizaVj esa microprocessor , RAM and ROM gksrs gSA ROM esa QkWUV ,oa ist dks
 28

O;ofLFkr djus okys izkx s zke gksrs gSA budh fizafVax DokfyVh 300 to 600 Dpi (Dots per inch) rd
gksrh gS tks loZJ"s B gksrh gSA blds }kjk jaxhu Hkh fy;s tk ldrs gSA bldh fizafVax xfr vf/kd gksrh gSA
bldh xfr dks PPM (Pages per minute) esa ukik tkrk gSA vktdy budh dher de gks xbZ gSA

Plotter
;g ,d vkmViqV fMokbl gS blls fp= ,oa xzkQ dks fizaV fd;k tkrk gSA blds }kjk cSuj ]iksLVj vkfn
dks fizaV fd;k tkrk gSA ;g nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA

1. Drum pen plotter

2. Fletbed plottter

Drum pen plotter:- ;g ,d ,slk IykWVj gS ftlesa isu mi;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA tks xfr”khy gksdj
dkxt ij fp= ;k vkd`fr dk fuekZ.k djrk gA bles dkxt dks Me ij p<+;k tkrk gS tks /khjs /khjs
f[kldrk tkrk gS vkSj isu fizafVax djrk tkrk gSA ;g ,d eSdsfudy dykdkj dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA
buesa Technical Drafting Pen dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA isu dh xfr ,d ckj esa ,d bap ds gtkjosa
fgLls ds cjkcj gksrh gSA dbZ IykWVj esa pkj ;k blls vf/kd isu gksrs gSaA ;g bap izfr lSds.M ls fizfas Vax
djrk gSA

Fletbed Plotter:- blesa dkxt dks ,d fLFkj voLFkk esa csM ;k Vs esa j[kk tkrk gSA blesa ,d Hkqtk ij
isu yxk jgrk gSA tks eksVj ls dkxt ij X v{k ,oa Y v{k ij /kwe dj fp= ;k vkd`fr dk fuekZ.k djrk
gSA blesa isu dEI;wVj ls fu;af=r gksrk gSA
 29

Memory :- ;g Computer dh LVksjst ;wfuV gSA ;g dEI;wVj dk egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gksrh gSA blesa ge
MkVk ] izksxzke vkfn dks LVksj djds j[k ldrs gSA blesa MkVk dks ckbZujh QkeZV¼0]1½ esa LVksj fd;k tkrk
gSA bldks ukius dh lkbZt ds vk/kkj ij dbZ ;wfuV gSA tSls ckbZV] fdyksckbZV ]esxkckbZV] xhxkckbZV ,oa
VsjkckbZV blesa lcls NksVh ;wfuV ckbZV gksrh gSA Naturally Memory nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA

1. Temporary / Volatile ¼vLFkkbZ½

2. Permanent / Non-volatile ¼LFkkbZ½
 30

Primary Memory :- bl eseksjh dks Main Memory Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSA
a. RAM b. ROM c. CACHE

RAM (Randam Access Memory)

bldk iwjk uke Randam Access Memory gSA bldh fuEu fo”ks"krk,¡ gksrh gSA
 bldks dEI;wVj dh izeq[k eseksjh dgk tkrk gSA
 ;g vLFkkbZ eseksjh gksrh gSA vFkkZr~ blesa LVksj MkVk dEI;wVj can gksus ij fMfyV gks tkrk gSA
ftldk iqu% izkIr ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

 ;g Volatile Memory dgykrh gSA

 blh ls gksdj MkVk Secondary Storage Device or Processor ds ikl tkrk gSA
 ;g ,d Semiconditor or Filp Flop ls feydj cuh Memory gksrh gSA
 ;g fuEu izdkj dh gksrh gSA tSls SRAM , DRAM , DDR SDRAM .

SRAM :- bldk iwjk uke Staic Randam Access Memory gSA ;g Flip Flop ls feydj cuh
gksrh gSA ;g Auto Refresh gksrh gSA blesa ge MkVk dks vf/kd le; rd j[k ldrs gSA ;g ,d eagxh
eseksjh gksrh gSA bldh data Accessing Speed vU; jse dh vis{kk vf/kd gksrh gSA

DRAM :- bldk iwjk uke Dyanamic Ramdam Access Memory gSA ;g eseksjh tYnh tYnh
fjQs”k gksrh gSA Refresh dk eryc Electronic Charge or Dischage ls gksrk gSA ;g ,d second
esa gtkjksa ckj Refresh gksrh gSA vr% bldh Speed slow gksrh gSA ;g lLrh gksrh gSA
 31

DDR SDRAM :- bldk iwjk uke Double data rate Synchronous Dyanamic RAM gSA bldh
Speed DRAM dh vis{kk vf/kd gksrh gSA vkt dy ds dEI;wVj esa blh RAM dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
DDR1, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4.

ROM (Read Only Memory)

ROM dk iwjk uke Read Only Memory gSA ;g dEI;wVj dh Primary Memory gksrh gSA ;g LFkkbZ
eseksjh gksrh gSA blesa dEI;wVj dks LVkVZ djus okys izFkkfed izksxzke ,oa Setting (BIOS) gksrh gSA ;g
dEI;wVj ds enjcksMZ ij LFkkbZ :Ik ls yxh jgrh gSA ;g ,d eagxh eseksjh gksrh gSA ;g cktkj esa vyx ls
miyC/k ugh gksrh gSA ;g enjcksMZ ds LkkFk vkrh gSA ;g rhu izdkj dh gksrh gA

1. PROM 2. EPROM 3. EEPROM

1. PROM: - bldk iwjk uke Programble Read Only Memory gSA bl fpi esa ,d ckj izkx
s zke LVksj
fd;k tk ldrk FkkA ;fn izksxzke esa =qfV (Error) gksus ij mlesa dksbZ lq/kkj ugh fd;k tk ldrk FkkA

2. EPROM:- - bldk iwjk uke Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory gSA bl fpi us
PROM dh leL;k dks nwj fd;k FkkA bl fpi esa LVksj izkx s zke esa lq/kkj fd;k tk ldrk FkkA fpi esa
lq/kkj djus ds fy;s fpi dks cksMZ ls fudky dj ijkcS axuh fdj.kksa (Ultra-violet Light ) ds lkeus
j[kk tkrk FkkA ftlls fpi esa LVksj izksxzke vkSj MkVk dks fMfyV fd;k tkrk FkkA blds ckn iqu% izksxzke
dks LVksj fd;k tkrk FkkA tks ,d dfBu ,oa eagxh izfØ;k FkhA

PROM
 32

3. EEPROM: - bldk iwjk uke Electronic Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory gSA
bl fpi us EPROM dh leL;k dks nwj fd;k gSA bl fpi esa LVksj izksxzke ,oa MkVk esa lq/kkj djus ds
fy;s fo/kqr dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA blds fy;s fpi dks enjcksMZ ls fudkys dh vko”;drk ugh gksrh
gSA ;g ,d ljy ,oa lLrh izfdz;k gSA vktdy ds enjcksMZ esa blh jkse dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA

CACHE Memory
Cache Memory :- ;g Memory CPU And Ram ds chp esa gksrh gSA ;g CPU And Ram ds chp esa
,d fczt dk dk;Z djrh gSA Cache 3 izdkj dh gksrh gSa] L1- L2- L3.

Secondary Memory
Secondary Memory dks Storage Device Hkh dgk tkrk gSA vkerkSj ij ;g dEI;wVj dk Hkkx ugh
gksrh gSA bldks dEI;wVj esa vyx ls tksMk tkrk gSA blesa tks MkVk LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA og LFkkbZ gksrk
gSA vFkkZr~ dEI;wVj can gksus ij blesa LVksj MkVk fMfyV ugh gksrk gSA vko”;drk ds vuqlkj bldks Hkfo’;
esa blesa lso QkbZy ;k QksYMjksa dks [kksy dj ns[k ldrs gSA ;k blesa lq/kkj dj ldrs gSA ,oa bldks ;wtj
ds }kjk fMfyV Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA bldh Storage {kerk vf/kd gksrh gSA ,oa MkVk dks ,sDlsl djus
fd xfr Primary Memory ls /kheh gksrh gSA

MkVk dks ,sDlsl djus ds vk/kkj ij ;g nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA

 33

1. Sequential Access:- bl fdz;k esa Storage Data dks mlh dze esa ,sDlsl fd;k tkrk gS ftl
dze esa LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA bl ,sDll fdz;k dks lhfj;y ,sDll fdz;k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA budk
iz;ksx mu laLFkkuksa esa gksrk gSA tgkW ij vf/kd ek=k esa MkVk dks LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA vkSj mldks
mlh dzekuqlkj dke es fy;k tkrk gSA iqjkus le; esa iz;ksx gksus okyh vkWfM;ks vkSj fofM;ks Vsi
dSflV esa blh esFM dk iz;ksx MkVk dks ,sDlsl djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk FkkA cMh cMh daiuh;ksa esa
MkVk dk cSdi ysus ds fy;s ,oa mldks ,sDlsl djus ds fy;s blh fdz;k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
pqEcdh; Vsi blh dk mnkgj.k gSA
2. Direct Access :- blesa MkVk dks fdlh Hkh dze esa ,sDlsl fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,oa fdlh Hkh dze
esa MkVk dks LVksj fd;k tk ldrk gS Abldh ,sDlsl xfr flfj;y ,sDlsl dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gksrh
gSA

Type of Storage device:-

Magnetic Tape:- Magnetic Tape ,d LFkkbZ f}rh;d LVksjst fMokbl gSA blesa ,d
IykfLVd ds Vsi ij pqEcdh; inkFkZ (Magnetic oxside) dk ysiu jgrk gSA LkHkh Vsi blh
izdkj ds gksrs gSA pkgs oks vkWfM;ks ]fofM;ks ;k dEI;wVj dh LVksjst Vsi gksA blesa LVksj MkVk dks
sequential access method ds }kjkLVksj ,oa ,sDlsl fd;k tkrk gSA budk iz;ksx dEI;wVj
esa MkVk ,oa mlds cSdi ysus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA

Magnetic Disk vktdy MkVk dks LVksj djus ds fy;s dEI;wVjksa esa pqEcdh; fMLd dk iz;ksx fd;k tk
jgk gSA bl fMLd esa Direct access ls MkVk dks ,sDlsl fd;k tk ldrk gSA tks pqEcdh; Vsi esa LkaHko
ugh gSA

Magnetic Disk.
1. Hard disk
2. Floppy Disk 3. Zip Disc
Hard disk :- Hard Disk dk fodkl dEI;wVj esa MkVk dks LVksj djus djus ds fy;s fd;k x;k Fkk vkt
dy bldk iz;ksx dEI;wVj ls vkxs c<dj dbZ {kS=ksa esa gks jgk gSA tSls fMftVy fofM;ksa fjdkMZj ] fMftVy
dSejk vkfn esa pqEcdh; fMLd esa MkVk dks LVksj djus {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA lajpuk ,oa dk;Zfof/k%&
 34

gkMZfMLd pqEcdh; fMLd ls feydj cuh gksrh gSA blesa MkVk dks i<+us ,oa fy[kus ds fy;s ,d gsM gksrk
gSA gkMZfMLd ,d central shaft gksrh gSA ftlesa pqEcdh; fMLd yxh jgrh gSA gkMZfMLd dh Åijh fMLd
ds Åijh lrg ,oa fupyh lrg ij MkVk dks LVksj ugha fd;k tkrk gSA ckfd LkHkh lrgksa ij MkVk dks LVksj
fd;k tkrk gSA

fMLd dh IysV esa Track and Sector gksrs gSA lsDVj esa MkVk LVksj gksrk gSA ,d LksDVj esa 512 ckbV MkVk
LVksj gksrk gSA

MkVk dks LVksj ,oa i<+us ds fy;s rhu rjg ds le; yxrs gSA tks fuEu gSA
1. Seek Time:- fMLd esa MkVk dks jh< ;k jkbZV djus okys Track rd igqp e yxk le; lhd
Vkbe dgykrk gSA

2. Letancy time:- Track ea MkVk ds Sector rd igqp es yxk le; ysVaslh VkbZe dgykrk gSA

3. Transfer Rate:- Sector esa MkVk dks fy[kus ,oa i<us esa tks le; yxrk gSA mls Transfer
Rate dgk tkrk gSA

Floppy Disk:- Floppy Disk dks fMDdsV ;k dsoy Floppy Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx ekbØks
dEI;wVj esa gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx lhMh dh rjg fd;k tkrk Fkk bldks ,d dEI;wVj ls nwljs dEI;wVj esa
iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk Fkk A blds fy;s ,d drive dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA ftls floppy drive dgk
tkrk gSA ;gk vkdkj ,oa lkbZt ds vk/kkj ij nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA

1. Mini Floppy :- ;g vkdkj esa 5.25inch dh gksrh gSA budh laxzg.k {kerk 1.2 MB gksrh gSA
budh Drive Hkh vkdkj esa blh ds vkdkj dh gksrh gSA
 35

2. Micro Floppy:- ;g vkdkj esa 3.5inch bap dh gksrh gSA budh laxzg.k {kerk 1.44 MB
gksrh gSA budk vkoj.k vf/kd etcwr gksrk gS A

;g ?kuRo ds vk/kkj ij ;g nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA

Mcy MsaflVh ;g 768 KB data dks LVksj djds j[krh gSAblesa 1440 Sector gksrs
gSA gkbZ MsaflVh ;g 1.44 Mb MkVk dks LVksj djrh gSA rFkk blesa 1880 Sector
gksrs gSA

Floppy Disk ek;yj inkFkZ dh cuh gksrh gSA bldh lrg ij pqEcdh; inkFkZ (Magnetic Oxide ) dk
ysiu jgrk gSA blesa track and Sector gksrs ftlesa MkVk dsk LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA bldks IYkkfLVd ds
doj ds vUnj j[kk tkrk gS rkfd blds ?kweus ij [kjksap ls cpk;k tk ldsA bl vkoj.k dk ,d fgLlk
[kqyk jgrk gS tgkW ls MkVk dks jhM ,oa jkbZV fd;k tkrk gSA bl drive esa ,d gsM gksrk gSA ftlls MkVk
dks jhM jkbZV fd;k tkrk gSA

Zip Disc

Optical Disk :- Optical Disk os fMLd gksrh gSaA ftlesa MkVk dks jhM vkSj LVksj djus ds fy;s
ykbZV dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vkWifVdy fMLd dgykrh bu fMLd dh MªkbZo esa ,d ysal gksrk gSA
ftlls che fudyrh gSA vkWifVdy fMLd MsVk dks Pits and Lands esa LVksj djrh gSA vkWifVdy
fMLd pkj izdkj dh gksrh gSA

1. CD (Compact disc) 700 MB

2. DVD (Digital versatile disc) 4.7 GB to 16 GB
3. BRD (Blue ray disc) 100 GB
4. HVD (Holographic versatile disc) 6 TB
 36

Memory Unit

Unit Sort Name Capacity

Bit Bit (Machine Language) 0,1 (Binary language)

Nibble Nibble 4 bits

Byte Byte 8 bits

Kilo Byte KB 1024 Bytes=1 KB

Mega Byte MB 1024 KB = 1 MB

Giga Byte GB 1024 MB= 1 GB
Tera Byte TB 1024 GB= 1 TB

Peta Byte PB 1024 TB= 1 PB

Exa Byte EB 1024 PB= 1 EB

Zetta Byte ZB 1024 EB= 1 ZB

Yotta Byte YB 1024 ZB= 1 YB

Bronto Byte BB 1024 YB= 1 BB

Geop Byte GB 1024 BB= 1GB

 37

Software:- lkW¶Vos;j dEI;wVj MsVk vkSj funsZ”kksa dk ,d laxfBr laxzg gksrk gS] ftls ge Nw ugha ldrs lkW¶Vos;j
dgykrk gSA Computer Hardware ls dke djokus ds fy, gesa Software dh t#jr iM+rh gSA fcuk lkW¶Vos;j
ds Computer ,d e`R;q e”khu gSA

Need of Software :- Computer Hardware and Software ls feydj curk gSA dEI;wVj esa gkMZos;j
dk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s dEI;wVj esa mlds dk;Z dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk iMrk gSA rkfd og vius dk;Z dks vPNh
rjg ls dj ldsA blds dk;Z dks Software ds ek/;e ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ dEI;wVj dk
iz;ksx djus ds fy, Software dh vko”;drk gksrh gS A dEI;wVj esa fdlh dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s ,d
software dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA dEI;wVj esa hardware and Software ,d nwljs ds iwjd gksrs gSA
Computer dksbZ Hkh dk;Z vius vki ugh djrk gSa mlls dk;Z djuk ds fy;s mls igys ifjHkkf’kr djuk
iMrk gSA ftlds fy;s Computer language dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA dEI;wVj esa dkekWMl ds lewg dks
izkx
s zke dgk tkrk gSA ftlesa dekWMl dks rkfdZd Øe esa tek;k tkrk gSA tls lk¶Vos;j dgk tkrk gSA
eq[; #i ls Software nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA

System Software:- ;g ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd izksxzke dk lewg gksrk gSA bl software ds }kjk dEI;wVj
mlds gkMZos;j dks fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj dk izeq[k izkx
s zke gksrk gSA blds fcuk dEI;wVj dks
LVkVZ ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g Software System ds fy;s dk;Z djrs gSA blfy;s budks System
Software dgk tkrk gSA buds }kjk fuEufyf[kr dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSaA
 38

1. ;g ;wtj ,oa gkMZo;

s j ds chp interface dk fuek.kZ djrs gSA

2. ;g Application Software dks execute djus ds fy;s IysVQkeZ miYkC/k djrs gSA

3. Uk;s gkMZo;
s j dk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s lg;ksx iznku djrs gSA

4. ;g dEI;wVj dks esUVsUl dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA 5. ;g dEI;wVj dks fu;af=r djrs gSA

System Software dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSaA

Operating System: - Operating System is a System Software ;g ,d daVªksy izksxzke gksrk

gSAbldk laf{kIr uke OS gSA tks ;wtj vkSj dEI;wVj e”khu ds chp laokn LFkkfir djrk gSA vkWijsfVax
flLVe vkSj dEI;wVj gkMZos;j ,d nwljs ds iwjd gksrs gSA fcuk vkWijsfVax flLVe ds dEI;wVj dh dYiuk
ugh fd;k tk ldrh gSA ;g ifjokj ds eqf[k;k dh rjg gksrk gSA ftl rjg ifjokj dk eqf[k;k iwjs ?kj ij
daVªksy djrk gSA mlh izdkj vkWijsfVax flLVe dEI;wVj dks fu;af=r djrk gSA vkWijsfVax flLVe dEI;wVj
gkMZo; s j vkSj ;wtj ds chp dk izkxs zke gksrk gSA ;g ;wtj ds funsZ’kksa dks dEI;wVj rd dEI;wVj dh Hkk"kk esa
igqpkrk gSA vkSj dEI;wVj ds ifj.kke dks ;wtj rd ;wtj dh Hkk"kk esa nsrk gSA vFkkZr~ ;g ,d ekLVj izksxzke
gksrk gSA dEI;wVj LVkVZ gksrs gh lcls igys ;gh izksxzke eseksjh esa yksM gksrk gSA fQj blds ckn nwljs vU;
izkx
s zke dEI;wVj esa yksM gksrs gSA vkWijsfVax fLkLVe ds ckn dEI;wVj esa nwljs vU; ,Iyhds”ku izksxzke baLVky
fd;s tkrs gSA
 39

vkWijsfVax flLVe ds dk;Z (Function of Operating System) :-

Operating System dEI;wVj es dbZ dk;Z gSA ysfdu izeq[k dk;Z fu;a=.k (Control),oa izca/ku
(Management) gSA vkWijsfVax flLVe ds dqN izeq[k dk;Z fuEu gSA

1. os dk izeq[k dk;Z dEI;wVj esa gkMZos;j ,oa lk¶Vos;j dks fu;f=r ,ao mudk izca/ku djuk gksrk gSA

2 loZj dEI;wVj esa tgkW ,d ls vf/kd ;wtj gksrs gSA ogkW ij vkWijsfVax flLVe ;wtj dh oS/krk dh tkWp
djrk gSA fd ;wtj use vkSj ikloMZ lgh gS ;k ugh A

3 vkWijsfVax flLVe eSeksjh eSustesaV dk dk;Z djrk gSA blds vUrxZr flLVe izksxzke ];wtj izkx
s zke vkSj
MkVk izksxzke dks esu eseksjh esa LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA

4 buiqV vkmViqV eSut s esVa blds vUrxZr buiqV vkmViqV fMokbl dk eSustesaV vkSj mu ij daVksy
vkWijsfVax flLVe ds }kjk gh fd;k tkrk gSA
5 vkWijsfVax flLVe dEI;wVj gkMZo;
s j vkSj ;wtj ds chp laokn LFkkfir djrk gSA
6 vkWijsfVax flLVe dEI;wVj esa u;s lkW¶Vos;j ,oa u;s gkMZo;
s j dks LFkkfir djus dh vuqekfr nsrk gSA
blds vykok dbZ vU; egRoiw.kZ dk;Z vkWijsfVax flLVe ds }kjk fd;s tkrs gSA

7 fofHkUu ,jj lans”kksa dk fuekZ.k djuk A

8 fofHkUu dekWMl vkSj funsZ”kksa ds chp vkilh le> LFkkfir djuk A
9 fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ksa dk lapkyu djuk A
10 bUVjuy VkbZe Dykd dk j[k j[kko djuk ,oa mldks eSust djuk A
Popular Operating System :- Windows, Android, Macintosh, Unix, Linux.
Windows Developed By Microsoft Corporation.

Version Release Date Windows ME 14-Sep-2000

Windows 1.01 20-Nov-1985 Windows XP 25-Oct-2001

Windows 3.1 April-1992 Windows Vista 30-Jan-2007

Windows NT 3.1 27-July-1993 Windows 7 22-Oct-2009

Windows 95 24-Aug-1995 Windows 8 26-Oct-2012

Windows 98 25-June-1998 Windows 8.1 18-Oct-2013

Windows 2000 17-Feb-2000 Windows 10 29-July-2015

 40

Types of Operating System (Based On Technology)

I Single User Operating System (CUI Based)

tks Operating System ,d ckj esa Computer ij ,d gh User dks dk;Z djus dh vuqefr nsrk gS] mls
Single User Operating System dgk tkrk gSA Example- MS.Dos, Windows Etc.

II Multiuser Operating System (GUI Based)

,d Multiuser Operating System, ,d gh Computer ij dbZ Users dks ,d lkFk dk;Z djus dh
lqfo/kk nsrk gSA izR;sd User dks Computer ls tqM+k ,d Terminal ns fn;k tkrk gSA Example- Unix,
Linux Etc.

III Single Tasking Operating System

tks Operating System ,d ckj esa ,d Single Task gh Execute dj ldrk gS ¼,d le; esa ,d gh
dke dj ikuk½ ]mls Single Task Operating System dgk tkrk gSA Example- MS.Dos.

IV Multi Tasking Operating System

tks Operating System ,d ckj esa dbZ Task Execute dj ldrk gS ]mls Multitasking Operating
System dgk tkrk gSA vktdy ds Operating System Multitasking Operating System gSA
Example- Windows, Unix, Linux Etc.

V Real Time Operating System

tks Operating System fdlh vU; Machine ;k Device ls pyrk gSA tSls&ATM Machine
 41

Language :- ftl ds ek/;e ls ge vius fopkj O;Dr djrs gSA 'kCnksa ds ,sls lewg dks Hkk’kk dgk tkrk
gSA ftldk dksbZ vFkZ gksrk gSA dEI;wVj ls dk;Z djkus ds fy;s ftl Hkk"kk esa vius fopkjksa dks O;Dr djrs gS
og ;wtj Hkk"kk gksrh gSA vkSj dEI;wVj ftl Hkk"kk dks le>rk gS og e”khu Hkk"kk ;k ckbZujh ¼0&1½ dgykrh
gSA ;wtj Hkk"kk dks e”khu Hkk"kk esa cnyus ds fy;s ,d flLVe lk¶Vos;j dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA ftls
Translator dgk tkrk gSA ;g ;wtj Hkk"kk dks e”khu Hkk"kk vkSj e'khu Hkk"kk dks ;wtj Hkk"kk esa cnyrk gSA
dEI;wVj ds fodkl ds vk/kkj ij Language rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSA

1. Machine Level Language:- ;g og Hkk"kk gksrh gSA tks dEI;wVj le>rk gSA bls ckbujh
Hkk"kk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjl esa fd;k x;k Fkk A blesa izkx s zkfeax
djuk dfBu gksrk gSA blesa fy[ks x;s izksxzke rhoz xfr ls ju gksrs gSA D;ksa fd bl ij lh/ks izkls saflax
dh tkrh gSA blesa dksbZ Hkh Translator lk¶Vos;j dh vko”;drk ugha gksrh FkhA bldk dk
vkmViqV Hkh blh Hkk"kk esa vkrk gSA blesa izkx
s zkfeax djuk dfBu gksrk gSA blesa error Finding
dfBu gksrk gSA ;g e”khu ij vk/kkfjr Hkk"kk gksrh gSA

01010101010101010111100000
2. Assembly Language :- Machine language dh deh;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy;s vklsEcyh
Hkk"kk dk fodkl fd;k x;k A blesa ckbZujh Hkk"kk ds LFkku ij mnumanic code dk iz;ksx fd;k
x;k FkkA ftudks ;kn j[kuk vklku Fkk A bu dksM dks ek”khu Hkk"kk es cnyus ds fy;s vklsEcyj
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk tks ,d flLVe Software gSA bl Hkk"kk esa izkx
s zkfeax djuk ljy gksrk
gSA e’khu Hkk"kk dh vis{kkA blesa error Finding ljy gksrk gSA ,oa izksxzke esa lq/kkj djuk ljy
gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx f}rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVj esa fd;k x;k FkkA
buds izksxzke dks igys e”khu Hkk"kk esa cnyk tkrk FkkA ftlls budh xfr e”khu Hkk"kk ls de gksrh gSA
blds fy;s nwljs software dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA
Code :- HLT, ADD , CLA , SUB, STA vkfnA

3. High Level Lanuage:- Assembley Language dh deh;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy;s gkbZ ysfoy
Hkk"kk dk fodkl fd;k x;k A blesa dksM ds LFkku ij dEI;wVj esa vaxzth Hkk"kk esa funsZ’k fn;s tkus
yxsA ftl ls izksxzke dks le>uk ,oa fy[kuk vklku gks x;k gSA ;g e’khu ij vk/kkfjr Hkk"kk ugh
gksrh gSA blesa izksxzke dks e’khu Hkk"kk esa cnyus ds fy;s compiler and Interperter dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA vktdy dEI;wVj esa izksxzkfeax djus ds fy;s blh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA
bl Hkk"kk dks dk;Z ds vk/kkj ij nks oxksZ esa ckaVk x;k gSA

1. Prosesser oriented language 2. Object oriented language

 42

Some High level Languages:-

1. ForTran:- bldk iwjk uke Formula Translation Lanuage gSA bldk fodkl IBM
Company ds Engineer John Backus ds }kjk QkewZyk dks Translate djus ds fy;s lu~
1957 fd;k x;k FkkA

2. COBOL:- bldk iwjk uke Common Busssinus oriented language gSA bldk fodkl
1959 esa O;kikfjd dk;Z ds fy;s fd;k x;k FkkA

3. BASIC :- bldk iwjk uke Beginers all purposes symbolic instruction code gSA
bldk fodkl lu~ 1964 esa fd;k x;k FkkA

4G Languages :- os Hkk"kk;sa ftudk iz;ksx pkSFkh ih<+h ds dEI;wVjl esa fd;k x;k mUgsa 4G Language
dgk tkrk gSA tSls Pascal , C, C++, java etc. ;g Hkk"kk,sa e’khu ij fuHkZj ugha gksrh gSA ;g vkWCtsDV
vksfj;UVfMM gksrh gSA buesa izksxzkfeax djuk ljy gksrk gSA

Compiler:-Compiler ,d System Software gksrk gSA;g ,d translator gksrk gSA tks gkbZ ysfoy
Hkk"kk ds izksxzke dks e”khu Hkk"kk esa cnyrk gSA vkSj blds ckn e”khu Hkk"kk ds dksM dks izkl
s sflax ds fy;s
Hkstk tkrk gSA izkl s sflax ds ckn tks ifj.kke vkrk gS mls ;wtj Hkk"kk esa cnyk tkrk gSA ;g iwjs izksxzke dks
,d LkkFk e”khu dksM esa cnyk tkrk gSA

Interpreter :- Interpreter ,d System Software gksrk gSA;g ,d translator gksrk gSA tks gkbZ
ysfoy Hkk"kk ds izksxzke dks e’khu Hkk"kk esa cnyrk gSA ;g Code dks Line by Line e’khu Hkk"kk esa cnyrk
gSA ,oa mldks ju djds mlds ifj.kke dks rqjar izfnsZ’kr djrk gSA ;g Compiler ls /khek gksrk gSA ;g
eseksjh esa de txg dks ?ksjrk gSA blesa dksM dks repeat djus ds vko”drk ugh gksrh gSA

Assembler :- Assembler ,d System Software gksrk gSA;g ,d translator gksrk gSA tks
assembley Hkk"kk ds izkx
s zke dks e”khu Hkk"kk esa cnyrk gSA vkSj e”khu Hkk"kk dks Assembley language
esa cnyrk gSA

Debugger :- Computer program , Code , Hardware Device esa BUG ¼xyfr;ks½a dks [kkstus
dk dke ,d Debugger Software djrk gSA
 43

Loader :- Loder ,d Program dks Secondary Memory ls mBkdj Primary Memory esa
Load djus dk dke djrk gSA

Linker :- Linker ,d Computer Program gS] tks ,d daikbyj }kjk mRiUu ,d ;k vf/kd
Program Files dks tksM+us dk dke djrk gSA

Device Driver :- Device Driver fdlh fo”ks’k izdkj dh Device dks lapkfyr ;k fu;af=r djrk
gSA Example :- Audio Driver, WiFi , Web Cam , VGA , Lan , etc.

Utility Software :-;g ,d System Software gksrk gSA ;g Software User ds fy, gksrs gaSA
ftudk iz;ksx ge yksx djrs gSaA Example :- Notepad, Disk Cleaners, Calculator etc.

Application Software:- Application os Software gksrs gSA ftudk mi;ksx ;wtj vius Msyh
:Vhu ds dk;Z djus ds fy;s djrk gSA tSls i= fy[kuk] MkVkcsl rS;kj djuk] xkuk lquuk ]fQYe ns[kuk
vkfn A ,sIyhds”ku lkW¶Vos;j dks fcuk flLVe lkW¶Vos;j ds ugh pyk;k tk ldrk gSA vktdy cktkj esa
vf/kdk”ka lkW¶Vos;j ,Iyhds”ku lkW¶Vos;j gSA ftudk ;wt ihlh esa fd;k tkrk gSA ,Iyhds”ku lkW¶Vos;j dk
fuekZ.k ;wtj vius dk;Z ds vuqlkj dj ldrk gSA

Application Software (Based On Work)

 44

Horizontal Software:- ;s os lkW¶Vos;j gksrs gSa] ftudk mi;ksx lHkh Computer User djrs gSaA
Example:-Ms.Office, Photoshop, Tally etc.

Vertical Software:- ;s os lkW¶Vos;j gksrs gSa] ftudks fdlh fo”ks’k laxBu ds fy, cuk;k tkrk gS]
Example:-Finacle, MIBS etc.

Shareware:- bu lkW¶Vos;j dks gesa iz;ksx djus ds fy, [kjhnuk iMrk gS] ysfdu [kjhnus ls igys ;s
gesa dqN fnuksa ds fy, ;s gesa budk Trial version ns fn;k tkrk gSA Example:-CorelDRAW etc.

Freeware:- ;ss lkW¶Vos;j Ýh gksrs gSa] Example:-VLC , Nero etc.

Open Source Software:- ;ss lkW¶Vos;j vius lkFk viuk Source Code Hkh gesa nsrs gSa] ftlls ge
viuh vko”;drk ds vuqlkj mlesa cnyko dj ldrs gSaA Example:-Linux, Wordpress etc.

Commercial Software:- bu Software dks ;k rks [kjhnuk iMrk gS] ;k fQj ykblsl
a ysuk iMrk
gSA Example:-Ms. Office , Adobe Photoshop etc.

Nagware:- ;s Software Shareware ds varjxr vkrss gSa] bu Software dk tc Trial Time

lekIr gksus okyk gksrk gS] rc ;s Notice nsrs gSa] fd vc vki bl Software dks Purchase dj fyft,A
Example:-WinRAR etc.

Example of Application Software

Word Processing Software MS-Word
Presentation Software MS PowerPoint
Spreadsheet Software MS Excel
Database Software MS Access
Desktop Publishing Software Adobe Photoshop
Internet Browsing Software Google Chrome
Graphics Software CorelDRAW
Multimedia Software VLC
Language Software Turbo C, Code Block, JDK
Accounting Software Tally, Busy
 45

Network :- ,d dEI;wVj ls nwljs dEI;wVj esa data dks share djus ds fy;s gesa fdlh u fdlh
Network dh t#jr iMrh gSA dEI;wVj esa communiation djus ds fy;s muds chp networking
gksuk pkfg;s vFkkZr~ mudks vkil esa fdlh uk fdlh ek/;e ls tqMk gksuk pkfg;sA nks ;k nks ls vf/kd
Nodes dk vkil esa tqM+uk gh Network dgykrk gSA

nks dEI;wVjl dks vkil esa tksMus ds fy;s fuEufyf[kr component gksuk vko”;d gSA
1. Two pc with Networking Operating System

2. Protocol (Rule of Networking)

3. Media (Wired , Wireless)

blds ckn lHkh midj.k vkil esa tksMdj mu dEI;wVjl ds chp communication djk ldrs gSaA

Flow of Data Transmission ( 3 Types of Data Transmission Mode)

1. Simplex Commuication :- bl communication esa ,d rjQ ls dsoy data(Signal)

Hkstk tkrk gSA vkSj nwljh rjQ only singnal receive fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& TV, Radio.

2. Half Duplex Communication:- bl Commuication esa nksauksa rjQ ls

Singnal dks Hkst ldrs gSA vkSj signal dks izkIr dj ldrs gSaA nksuks rjQ ls ,d gh le;

( ,d LkkFk) uk Signal send dj ldrs gSA vkSj uk flaXuy dks izkIr dj ldrs gSA tc ,d
rjQ ls flaXuy Hkstk tkrk gSA rks ml le; nwljk flaXuy dks fjlho djrk gSA ;fn nksuks
rjQ ls ,d LkkFk flaxuy Hkst nsrs gSa] rks muds chp VDdj gks tkrh gSA vkSj flxuy u"V
gks tkrs gSaA tSls&walky talky.
 46

3. Full Duplex Communication:- bl Commuication esa nksua ksa rjQ ls Singnal ,d

gh le; esa Signal send ,oa Receive dj ldrs gSA Full duplex Commuication dgykrk
gSA tSls&ekscby] baVjusV] pSfVax vkfn A

Data Communication Technique:- ;g rduhdh rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSA

• Unicaste:- ;g ou Vw ou communication gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ ,d le; esa ,d gh dEI;wVj ls
communication fd;k tkrk gSA unicaste Communication dgykrk gSA

• Multicaste:- ;g ou Vw esuh (group) communication gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ ,d le; esa ,d lewg
ls communication fd;k tkrk gSA malticaste Communication dgykrk gSA

• Broadcaste :- ;g ou Vw vky communication gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ ,d le; esa lHkh dEI;wVjl ls
communication fd;k tkrk gSA Broadcaste Communication dgykrk gSA

Types of Communication Medium

1 Guided Medium 2 Un-guided Medium

Guided Media :-Guided media MsVk ds izlkj.k dh fof/k ds laca/k esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftl ij
ls fdlh usVodZ esa flXuy tkrs gSaA Example-Wired, Twisted-Pair cable, Coaxial cable, Fibre-
optic.

Un-guided Media :-Un-guided media og ek/;e gS ftlesa fdlh Bksl ek/;e ds tfj, ladsr
funsZf”kr ugha gksrs gSa] gok gh og ek/;e gS ftlds tfj, fo|qr&pqacdh; ÅtkZ dks vklkuh ls izokfgr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA Example- Wireless, RadioWaves, Microwave, satellite.

Network Architecture (1- Peer to Peer) (2- Client Server)

 47

Physical ,oa HkkSxksfyd {kS= ds vk/kkj ij usVodZ rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSA
• LAN

• MAN

• WAN

LAN Network:- bldk iwjk uke Local Area Network gSA blls nks ;k nks ls vf/kd dEI;wVjl
,oa vU; fMokbl dks vkil esa tksMk tkrk gSA ;g ,d dejs ;k ,d fcfYMax rd lhfer jgrk gSA

;g ,d dejs ;k ,d fcfYMax rd lhfer jgrk gSA bldh MkVk transfer speed rst gksrh gSA blesa MkVk
lqjf{kr jgrk gSA bldks Maintane djuk vklku gksrk gSA Technologies :- Wireless Lan
(PAN,CAN) , Ethernet.

MAN Network:- bldk iwjk uke Metropolitan Area Network gSA ;g {kS=Qy dh n`f"V ls cMk
usVodZ gksrk gSA ;g usVodZ ,d fcfYMax rd lhfer ugh gksrk gSA gSA ;g eagxk usVodZ gksrk gSA ;g ysu
usVodZ ls feydj curk gSA blds }kjk nks vyx vyx vkWfQl dks vkil esa tksMk tkrk blesa MkVk dks
lqjf{kr Hkstk ,oa izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA

WAN Network:- bldk iwjk uke Wide Area Network gSA bl usVodZ ls ,d 'kgj dks nwljs 'kgj
;k ,d ns”k ls nwljs ns”k dks vkil esa tksMk tkrk gS A ;g mPp xfr okyk usVodZ gksrk gSA ;g ysu ,oa
esu usVodZ ls feydj cuk gksrk gS bles lSVy s kbV ,oa Qkboj vkiVhdy dsfoy dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSa
blesa usVodZ dks vkil esa tksMus ds fy;s fofHkUu izdkj dh usVodZ fMokbl dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
bldk j[k&j[kko dfBu gksrk gSA tks fofHkUUk daiuh;ksa ds lg;ksx ls gksrk gSA

;g VPN connection ds }kjk vkil esa tqMs jgrs gSA bldk iwjk uke Virtual Private Network
gksrk gSA

Topology

Computers dks vkil esa tksMus ,oa mlesa MkVk Flow dh fof/k dks VksiksykWth dgykrh gSA

Mesh Topology, Bus Topology, Star Topology, Ring Topology, Tree Topology.
 48

Internet
Internet :- Internet ,d lcls cM+k Computer Network gS ] tks Internet Protocol dk
bLrseky djrs gq, Data vkSj Information dks Share djrk gSA tSls & Email , Web Portals ,
Chat Blogging , Online Transactions , Web Site Etc.
History Of Internet :- Internet dh 'kq:vkr 1970 ,oa 1980 ds n’kd esa gqvk FkkA Internet
ARPANET ( Advance Research Projects Agency Network ) ds uke ls Defense
Department }kjk 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA 1974 esa dbZ Local Area Network ARPANET ls
TCP / IP dh enn ls connect fd, tkrs FksA lwpukvksa ds vknku & iznku ds fy, ftl fu;e dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS mls Transmission Control Protocol ;k Internet Protocol dgrs gSaA
fdlh Hkh Computer dks Internet ls tksM+us ds fy, Telephone Line dks Internet Service
Provider ls tksM+uk iM+rk gSA Hkkjr esa Internet lsok dk loZizFke mi;ksx 15 vxLr 1995 dks
fons”k lapkj fuxe fyfeVsM }kjk fd;k x;k Fkk mlds ckn vU; dEifu;ksa }kjk Hkh Internet dk
mi;ksx eq[; :i ls fd;k tkus yxkkA
Web Browsers :-Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox ,etc.
Web Addresses

Domain Name System :- Domain Name ,d laHkkfor Value ;k Identifier dk lsV gksrk
gS tks fdlh Website dks n”kkZrk gS tSls & upciss.com , google.com Etc.
Domain Type:-
.com – Commercial .net – Networking .au – Australia .nz – New Zealand
.edu – Education .org – Organizational .ca – Canada .uk – United Kingdom
.gov – Government .co – Company .in – India .pk – Pakistan
.mil – Military .fr – France
 49

Virus (Malware)
VIRUS dk iwjk uke Vital Information Resource Under Seize gSA ok;jl dEI;wVj esa NksVs &
NksVs izksxzke gksrs gSA tks autoexecute program gksrs tks dEI;wVj esa izos”k djds dEI;wVj dh dk;Z iz.kkyh
dks izHkkfor djrs gSA ok;jl dgykrs gSA ekuo 'kjhj esa ok;jl izo”s k djds ftl rjg ekuo 'kjhj dks
izHkkfor djrs gSA mlh rjg dEI;wVj ok;jl dEI;wVj esa izo”s k djds dEI;wVj dh dk;Z iz.kkyh dks izHkkfor
djrs gSA ysfdu ;g ekuo 'kjhj ok;jl ls fcYdqy fHkUu gksrs gSA

y{k.k%&
1. Computer dh xfr /kheh gks tkrh gSA

2. dh cksMZ dh dk;Z iz.kkyh cny tkuk A

3. blesa QkbZy dh lkbTk de ;k T;knk gks tkrh gSA

4. Ldzhu ij csdkj dh lwpuk;sa vkus yxrh gSA

5. fMLd dks QkWeZsV dj nsrk gSA

6. QkbZYk ,oa QksYMj dk fuek.kZ djrk gSA vkSj mlds 'kkVZdV dk fuek.kZ djrs gSA

7. dEI;wVj esa lwpukvksa dks u"V dj nsrk gSA

8. dEI;wVj jhLVkVZ gksus yxrk gSA

9. dEI;wVj dh eseksjh dks de dj nsrk gSA

10. izkxs zke ju gksus ls jksdrk gSA

ok;jl QSyus ds dkj.k %&
1. pksjh ;k udyh software dk iz;ksx djus ls%& tks Software xSj dkuwuh rjhds ls izkIr gksrs gSA
Pirated Software dgykrs gSA;g software virus gks ldrs gSA

2. Network ls%& dEI;wVj usVodZ esa ,d dEI;wVj esa ok;jl vkus ls iwjs usVodZ ds iwjs dEI;wVjl esa
ok;jl QSy tkrk gSA
 50

3. CD and Pen Drive ls%& ,d dEI;wVj ls nwljs dEI;wVj esa MkVk dkWih djus ds fy;s lhMh ;k isu
drive dk iz;ksx djrs gSA ftlls ok;jl QSyus dk Mj cuk jgrk gSA ftl dEI;wVj ls MkVk dks dkWih fd;k
tk jgk gSA vkSj ;fn mlesa ok;jl gS nwljs dEI;wVj esa Hkh ok;jl QSy tkrk gSA

4. Internet ls%& vktdy baVjusV dks ok;jl dk eq[; okgd ekuk tkrk gSA ok;jl fuekZrk ok;jl dks
QSykus ds fy;s baVjusV dk iz;ksx djrs gSA tks ,d ljy ,oa lLrk ek/;e gksrk gsA

Okk;jl ds izdkj (Type of virus):-

Okk;jl dks muds dk;Z ,oa fl}kar ds vk/kkj ij dbZ oxksZ esa ckWVk x;k gSA tks fuEu gSA
• Boot Sector Virus:- ;g ok;jl fMLd ds cwV lsDVj ,sfj;k esa lso jgrs gSA vkSj tc dEI;wVj
dks LVkVZ fd;k tkrk gSA rks ;g dEI;wVj dks LVkVZ gksus ls jksdrs gSA vkSj dEI;wVj dk;Z esa ck/kk
mRiUu djrs gSA ;g ogqr [krjukd ok;jl gksrs gSA

• Partition table virus:- ;g ok;jl fMLd dh partition table dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA blls
MkVk dks dksbZ uqdlku ugh gksrk gSA ;g jse dh {kerk dks de dj nsrs gSA ,oa buiqV ,oa vkmViqV
fMokbl e problem djrs gSA

• File Virus:- ;g ok;jl fdz;kafor gksus okyh QkbZyksa ds lkFk tqMdj dEI;wVj dh dk;Z iz.kyh dks
izHkkfor djrs gSA

• Stealth Virus (xqIr ok;jl ):- ;g ok;jl vius uke ds vuqlkj viuh igpku Nqikus dh dksf’k’k
djrs jgrs gSA vkSj dEI;wVj dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA

• Polymorphic Virus:- ;g ok;jl vius vki esa ckj ckj cnys dh {kerk j[krs gSA rkfd ;g
vius vkidks dEI;wVj esa dkQh fnuksa rd lqjf{kr j[krs gSA vkSj dEI;wVj dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA
vkSj budk irk yxk ikuk dfBu gksrk gSA D;ksafd ;g gj ckj fcYdqy u;s :Ik esa gksrs gSA
• Macro Virus:- ;g fo’ks"k izdkj dh QkbZyksa dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA ;g MS Office Files ds
MkVk
dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA vkSj ;g esdzks izksxzke ds :Ik esa fNis jgrs

gSA dqN egRoiw.kZ ok;jl dk ifjp; fuEu gSA

• Ekkbdy ,saftyks ok;jl %& ;g ok;jl ekbdy ,sfa tyks ds tUe fnol 5 March dks dEI;wVj dks
uqdlku igqpkrk gSA bl fnu nqfu;k esa vf/kdka’k dEI;wVj can jgrs gSA ;g ok;jl dsoy ,d fnu
gh dk;Z djrk gSA vkSj dEI;wVj dks Hkkjh uqdlku igqpkrk gSA
 51

• Disk washer :- ;g ok;jl fMLd dks Format djds MkVk dks gVkrk gSA vkSj ckn esa ,d eSlst
NksMrk gSA Disk washer with Love blds bl eSlst ds vk/kkj ij bldk ;g uke iMkA

• Bomb :- ce lkekU; izksxzke esa fNik gqvk ,d dk;Zdze gksrk gSA ce fdlh dzkfs /kr deZpkjh ds
}kjk dk;ZfUor fd;k tkrk gSA lkQVos;j esa ce Hkh Mkyus ds mnkgj.k feyrs gSA rkfd ;fn pksj h
dh gqbZ software dk iz;ksx fd;k tk; rks ce ml izfr dks gkMZ fMLd ls feVk nsA ;g ok;jl
rFkk Trojans dh rjg gh ;wtj ce dh mis{kk djrs gSA

• Trojans:- ;g ,slk izksxzke gSA tks dqN mi;ksxh rFkk ykHkdkjh dk;Z djus dk nkok djrs gSA rFkk
oLrq% fdz;kfUor fd;s tkus ij flLVe dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA dqN bl izdkj ds ok;jl ladzfer
gksrs dh viuk dk;Z ugha djrs cfYd ,d fo’ks"k fnukad vkus ds ckn lfdz; gksrs gSA rFkk dEI;wVj
dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA tSls gkMZfMLd dks QkWjesV djuk A

• Worms(okWe)%& okWe ,d izdkj ls ok;jl ls lekurk j[krk gSA D;ksfa d ;g Hkh ok;jl dh rjg
vius vki dks nqxuk djus dh {kerk j[krk gSA ijUrq ;g fdz;kUo;u ;ksX; Qkbyksa dks ladzfer ugha
djrk gSA ;g vius dksM dks rsth ls nqgjkrs gq;s gkMZfMLd dks Qqy djus dh dksf’k’k djrk gSA

• Email Hoaxes(besy gksDl)%& ;g ok;jl bZ esy dh lgk;rk ls Hkstk x;k ok;jl gksrk ;g
;wtj dks ok;jl gksus dh lwpuk nsrk gSA vkSj ;g vius fe=ksa dks lwfpr djus dks dgrk gSA tcfd
okLro esa ,slk dqN Hkh ugh gksrk gSa ;g ok;jl ;wtj dk le; u"V djrk gSA vkSj ekfuld :Ik
ls ijs’kku djrk gSA

• Companions:- ;g ok;jl fdz;kUo;u ;ksX; QkbZyksa ds lkFk tqM tkrk gSA vkSj Qkbyksa ds LFkku
ij vius vki dks ju djrk gS ftlls [krjukd ifj.kke vkrs gSA

Okk;jl ls Ckpko ,oa tk¡p (Virus Prevention and Detection)%&

Okk;jl ls cpko djuk dksbZ dfBu dk;Z ugh gSA blds fy;s gesa FkksMh+ ls tkudkjh ,oa dqN utility
software dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg;sA dEI;wVj esa orginal antivirus dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg;s A ;g
oftware vius vki fØ;kfUor gksdj ok;jl dk irk yxkrs gSA vkSj mldks dEI;wVj ls gVk nsrs gSA le;
le; ij antivirus dks vkiMsV djrs jguk pkfg;s rkfd ;g u;s ok;jl dk Hkh irk yxk lds A vktdy
cktkj es dbZ daiuh;sa antivirus dk fuek.kZ djrh gSA ftles ls viuh vko”;rk ds vuqlkj antivirus
[kjhn dj iz;ksx djuk pkfg;s dqN yksdfiz; ok;jl izfrjks/kd fuEu gSa

McAfee Virus Scan, K7 Total Securirty, Nortron Anti Virus, Etc. vyx vyx antivius esa
vyx vyx fo’ks”krk,sa gksrh gSA
 52

Full Form
AAC : Advanced Audio Coding
ADC : Analog-To-Digital Converter
ALGOL : Algorithmic Language
AJAX : Asynchronous JavaScript and XML
ALU : Arithmetic Logical Unit
AMD : Advance Micro Devices
ARPANET : Advance Research Project Agency Network
ASCII : American Standard Code For Information Interchange
ASP : Application Service Provider
ATA : Advanced Technology Attachment
ATM : Asynchronous Transfer Mode
BAL : Basic Assembly Language
BASIC : Beginner All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
BCD : Binary Coded Decimal
BIOS : Basic Input Output System
CAD : Computer-Aided Design
CD : Compact Disk
CDMA : Code Division Multiple Access
CD-R : CD-Recordable
CD-ROM : CD Read-Only Memory
CD-RW : CD-Rewritable
CG : Computer Graphic
CGA : Colour Graphic Array
CGI : Computer-Generated Imaginary
CMOS : Complimentary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
CLI : Command Line Interface
COBOL : Common Business-Oriented Language
CPU : Central Processing Unit
CRT : Cathode Ray Tube
CTCP : Clint-To-Clint Protocol
CUA : Common User Access
DAO : Date Access Objects
DB : Database
 53

DBA : Database Administrator

DBMS : Database Management System
DDR : Double Data Rate
DHTML : Dynamic Hyper Text Markup Language
DNS : Doman Name System
DOS : Disk Operating System
DPI : Dots Per Inch
DSL : Digital Subscriber Line
DSL : Domain-Specific Language
DVD : Digital Video Disk
DVR : Digital Video Recorder
EBCDIC : Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
EEPROM : Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory

ELD : Electronic ID Card

ELM : Electronic Mail
ENIAC : Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
EPROM : Erasable Progammable Read-Only Memory
FAT : File Allocation Table
FAQ : Frequently Asked Question
FDD : Floppy Disk Drive
FS : File System
FSB : Front Side Bus
FTP : File Transfer Protocol
GB : Gigabyte
GIF : Graphics Interchange Format
GPRS : General Packet Radio Service
GUI : Graphical User Interface
HAL : Hardware Abstraction Layer
HD : High Density
HDD : Hard Disk Drive
HD DVD : High Definition DVD
HTML : Hypertext Markup Language
HTTP : Hypertext Transfer Protocol
HVD : Holographic Versatile Disk
IBM : International Business Machines
IC : Integrated Circuit
 54

ICMP : Internet Control Message Protocol

ICP : Internet Cache Protocol
ICT : Information and Communication Technology
IM : Instant Messaging
I/O : Input / Output
IP : Internet Protocol
ISO : International Organisation For Standardization
ISOC : Internet Society
ISP : Internet Service Routing
ISR : Interrupt Service Routing
ISV : Independent Software Vendor
IT : Information Technology
ITU : International Telecommunication Union
J2EE : Java 2 Enterprise Edition
JDK : Java Development Kit
JPEG : Joint Photographic Experts Group
JS : Java Script
KB : Kilobyte
KBPS : Kilobit Per Second
LAN : Local Area Network
LED : Light-Emitting Diode
MAN : Metropolitan Area Network
MB : Megabyte
MBR : Master Boot Record
MICR : Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
MIDI : Musical Instrument Digital Interface
MIMO : Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MIPS : Million Instructions Per Second
MHZ : Megahertz
MMX : Multi-Media Extensions
MPEG : Motion Picture (coding) Experts Group
NFS : Network File System
NIC : Network Interface Controller
NNTP : Network News Transfer Protocol
NTFS : NT File System
 55

NVRAM : Non-Volatile Random Access Memory

OOP : Object-Oriented Programming
OS : Operating System
OSS : Open Source Software
OCR : Optical Character Reader
P2P : Peer-To-Peer
PAN : Personal Area Network
PAP : Password Authentication Protocol
PATA : Parallel ATA
PC : Personal Computer
PCB : Printed Circuit Board
PCI : Peripheral Component Interconnect
PIC : Peripheral Interface Controller
POST : Power-On Self Test
PPI : Pixels Per Inch
PPP : Point-to-Point Protocol
QDR : Quad Data Rate
QFP : Quad Flat Package
QOS : Quality of Service
QFP : Quick File Access
RAD : Rapid Application Development
RAM : Random Access Memory
RDBMS : Relational Database Management System
RF : Radio Frequency
RGB : Red, Green, Blue
ROM : Read Only Memory
RTOS : Real Time Operating System
SAN : Storage Area Network
SATA : Serial ATA
SDN : Service Delivery Network
SDR : Software –Defined Radio
SFTP : Secure FTP/Simple File Transfer Protocol
SMTP : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SP : Service Pack
SQL : Structured Query Language
 56

TB : Tera Byte
TCP : Transmission Control Protocol
TDMA : Time Division Multiple Access
TTF : True Type Font
UAC : User Account Control
URI : Uniform Resource Identifier
URL : Uniform Resource Locator
USB : Universal Serial Bus
UTF : Unicode Transformation Format
UTP : Unshielded Twisted Pair
VAR : Variable
VB : Visual Basic
VGA : Video Graphics Array
VLAN : Virtual Local Area-Network
VM : Virtual Memory
VPN : Virtual Private Network
WAN : Wide Area Network
WI-FI : Wireless Fidelity
WLAN : Wireless Local Area Network
WWW : World Wide Web
XAML : Extensible Application Markup Language
XML : Extensible Markup Language
ZIFS : Zero Insertion Force Socket
ZISC : Zero Instruction Set Computer
ZMA : Zone Multicast Address
 57

Glossary
Absolute cell Address :- ,d QkWewZyk esa lsy ,sMªsl ;k jst a use tks ges’kk mlh lsy vFkok lsy
jsat dks jsQj djrk gSA lsy ,sMªl s dks ,sClksY;wB cukus ds fy, jks vkSj dkWye ds vkxs $ lkbu yxk;k
tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, $AX$2.
Access Time :- MkVk dks LVksjt s fMokbl ls izkIr djus rFkk dke 'kq: djus ds chp ds le;
varjky dks ,sDlsl Vkbe dgk tkrk gSA
Architecture :- ,d dEI;wVj flLVe ds fofHkUu dEiksusaV~l dh vksoj vkWy fMtkbuj ] cukoV ]
vkWxZukbts’ku rFkk mudh baVj dusfDVfoVh A ;g [kkl rkSj ls izkl s slj gkMZo;s j vkSj mudh ckbV~l dh
lkbt vkSj vkWMZfjax lhDosal dks jsQj djrk gSA
Artificial Intelligence :- dEI;wVj lkbal dh ,d czkp a tks ,sls dEI;wVj ds ckjs esa crkrh gS
ftlesa lkspus ] lh[kus vkSj rdZ djus dh {kerk ds lkFk & lkFk yksxksa dks igpkuus dh Hkh {kerk gksA
Backup :- izksxzkEl ] MkVk QkbYl ] gkMZos;j midj.k vkfn dh oSdfYid lqfo/kk tks ewy izkx s zke ds
u"V gksus ] xqe gksus ;k [kjkc gksus ;k [kjkc gksus dh n’kk esa iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA
BIOS :- ck;ksl foLr`r :i ls buiqV@ vkmViqV dk;ksZa dks lapkfyr djus ds fy, ftEesnkj gksrk
gSA blesa izksxzke ds ykWftdy fjdkMZl dks ,d isjhQsjy fMokbl ds fQftdy fjdkWM~l ls fjysV djuk
Hkh 'kkfey gksrk gSA
Boot :- ;g izkl s sflax dks 'kq: djus ds fy, vkWijsfVax flLVe dks dEI;wVj dh eseksjh esa ykrk gSA
jhcwV djus dk eryc gS ] ml izkx s zke dks okil ykuk tks vkids vkWijsfVax flLVe dks 'kq: djrk gSA
,d cwV izksxzke funsZ’kksa dk ,d NksVk lSV gS tks cM+s izkxs zke dks yksM djus ds fy, izLrqr gksrk gSA ;g
cwV LVªSi 'kCn dk NksVk :i gSA cwV 'kCn vkerkSj ij ,d vkWijsfVax flLVe ;k dqN vU; izksxzke dh
dEI;wVj esa 'kq:vkrh yksfMax ds fy, bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA
Buffer :- ;g ,d fMokbl ;k LVksjst ,fj;k gksrk gS ftlesa MkVk dks vLFkkbZ :i ls LVksj fd;k
tkrk gSA
Bug :- ;g dEI;wVj izksxzke dk ,d ,sjj gksrk gSA
Chip :- flfydkWu dh iryh osQj ftl ij bysDVªkWfud dEiksuasV~l yxs jgrs gSa
Code :- :Yl dk ,d lSV ] ftlds varxZr gh MkVk dks dEI;wVj flLVe esa Mkyk tkrk gSA ;g
MkVk dks ,d fjiztsUVs’ku ls nwljs esa cnyus dk :y Hkh crkrk gSA
Computer :- ,d bysDVªkWfud e’khu gS tks vkWVkseSfVd :i ls buiqV MkVk dks ,sDlsIV djrh gSa ]
LVksj djrh gSa ] mUgs eSuhiqysV djrh gSa rFkk fn, x, izkx s zke ,oa funsZ’k ds vk/kkj ij dke djds
vkmViqV Hkh nsrh gSA
Computer Network :- ,d fMLVªhC;wVM s MkVk izkl
s sflax flLVe ftlesa dbZ dEI;wVlZ ,d nwljs ls
tqM+s gksrs gSaA MkVk dE;wfuds’ku rFkk fjlkslZ 'ks;fjax ds fy,A
Cursor :- LØhu ij NksVh ykbu ;k jsDVSaxqyj ikWbaVj tks VsDLV esa vki dks LFkku fn[kkrk jgrk gSA
dlZj dk vkdkj vkWijsfVax flLVe ds vuqlkj gksrk gSA
Data :- dEI;wVj }kjk LVksj vFkok izkslsl dh tkus okyh lwpuk @rF;ksa dk ,d laxzg ftls
vkWxZukbt vFkok izkslsl djds lwpuk dk :i fn;k tkrk gSA
 58

File :- lacaf/kr fjdkWMZ~l dk ,d dysD’kuA

File Management System :- ,d lkW¶Vos;j iSdst dks bl MkVk vkbVe dks fMQkbu djus dh
vuqefr ;wtj dks nsrk gS ] bu vkbVEl dks fuf’pr LFkku ij j[krk gS ] fuf’pr QkbYl ls fjdkWMZ~l
tksM+rk gS vkSj blds ckn ;wtj ds mn~ns’; ds vuqlkj LVksMZ MkVk dks eSuhiqysV vkSj fjVªho Hkh djrk
gSA
Graphic :- xzkfQd best lHkh vkdkj vkSj lkbt esa vkrh gSaA fDyi vkVZ best ] MªkWbax ] QksVksxzkQ
] LdSUM best ] flXuspj QkbYl vkfn fo’ks"k xzkfQd ds mnkgj.k gSaA
Object :- vki dh MªkWbax dk ,d flaxy dEiksuasVA vki MªkWbax vkSj vkWVks’ksi Vwyckj ij vkWCtsDV dks
VsDLV vkSj MªkWbax VwYl }kjk MªkW dj ldrs gSaA vkWCtsDV fdlh Hkh izdkj ds gks ldrs gSa tSls jsDVSaxy ]
LDoS;j ] ldZy ] vksoy ] jkmaMM s dkWuZj okys jsDVSaxy ] Mk;eaM ] VªkfitkW,M ] LVklZ ] ÝhQkWeZ ] xzkQ
vkfnA
User :- dksbZ Hkh O;fDr tks ,d dEI;wVj vk/kkfjr flLVe dks MkVk lIykbZ djrk gS ;k blesa ls
tujsV dh xbZ lwpuk dk iz;ksx djrk gSA
Virtual Memory :- fMLdLisl dk iz;ksx djus dh rduhd rkfd izksxzkEl dks ;g fo’okl fnyk;k
tk lds fd ftruh jSaMe ,sDlsl eseksjh (RAM) okLro esa miyC/k gS mlls vf/kd flLVe esa gSA bls
I;ksj lsxesaV’s ku ] I;ksj isftax ;k nksuksa ds dk¡fcus’ku ls baIyhesaV fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Client :- og uksM ;k lkW¶Vos;j izksxzke gksrk gS tks loZj ls lsokvksa dh ek¡x djrk gSA
Download :- baVjusV ls ( vU; usVoDlZ ls ;k esuÝse ls ihlh ij Qkby Vªkl a Qj djukA
Web Server :- osc i`"Bksa dks LVksj djus o czkmtj ls izkIr Request dk tokc nsus okyk
dEI;wVjA