# 0274
Polymerization of Dual Cure and Phorocuring Bulk-Fill Composites
Cadenaro M1,2*, Navarra C1,2, Fanfoni L1, Mazzoni A3, Turco G1, Breschi L3
1DSM, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; 2IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy; 3DIBINEM, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Objective
In recent years, bulk fill composites have been introduced to the market claiming that they could be placed in bulk up to 4 or 5 mm thick layers,
avoiding the layering techniques, while allowing adequate polymerization. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the degree of
conversion (DC%), depth of cure (DPC) and microhardness (MH) of a dual-curing bulk-fill composite compared to light-curing ones in deep
simulated cavities.
Materials and Methods
Materials tested were Fill-Up! (Coltene), a dual-curing bulk-fill material, Composite
and three photocuring bulk-fill composites: SDR (Dentsply), SonicFill cylinder
(Kerr) and Tetric EvoCeram BF (Ivoclar). Flat dentin surfaces were
obtained from extracted non-carious human molars. A cylindrical mold
(height: 8 mm; diameter: 5 mm) obtained from a putty polyvinyl-
siloxane impression material was positioned on the dentin surface. After Dentin
Adhesive
application of the adhesive system (ParaBond, Coltene), composites
were placed into the mold in bulk and polymerized for 20 s with a LED 1
curing light (Coltolux SPEC3, Coltene) from the top of the cylinder. After 2
3
24 h molds were removed and composite cylinders were sectioned 4
perpendicularly to the top surface to expose the composite depth. 5
6
Micro-Raman spectra of the specimens were collected using a Raman 7
equipment (Renishaw InVia) at 1 mm intervals from the bottom to the 8
composite surface. Spectra were acquired over the spectral region of
400 to 1900 cm-1. Micro-Raman spectra of the uncured and cured
composites were collected to identify reference and reaction peaks
[605cm-1 (C-O-O); 1610cm-1 (aromatic ring); 1640cm-1 (C=C) group]. DC
% was calculated using the ratio between reactive and internal
reference peak intensities. MH assessment was measured on the same
specimens analyzed with micro-Raman at 1 mm intervals from the
bottom to the composite surface with a Vickers microhardness tester
(Leica Microsystem) at a 200 g load for 10 s. Data were statistically
analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Raman equipment Microhardness indenter
Results
Results are summarized in Table 1. Fill-Up!, Tetric EvoCeram BF and SDR showed an adequate DC% at all depths, but MH significantly decreased
at higher depths for all materials except for Fill-Up!, which was the only composite with a comparable MH at all depths. SonicFill could not be
polymerized beyond 6 mm.
DC%
depth (mm)
Fill-Up!
mean st. dev. mean
SDR
st. dev.
SonicFill
mean st. dev.
Tetric EvoCeram
mean
BF
st. dev.
Micro
hardness
depth (mm)
Fill-Up!
mean st. dev. mean
SDR
st. dev.
SonicFill
mean st. dev.
Tetric EvoCeram
mean
BF
st. dev.
1 59.7a 5.4 53.1a 6.8 71.9a 8.1 69.6a 4.1 1 71.4A 18.5 52.6A 12.0 78.4A 6.9 64.3A 4.3
2 63.7a 5.1 58.8a 4.5 67.3a 5.2 71.6a 3.0 2 67.4A 19.1 47.7A 6.0 76.5A 8.8 61.1A 5.6
3 62.5a 5.0 56.8a 5.5 61.8b 8.3 69.4a 4.1 3 64.9A 9.4 49.7A 7.4 78.1A 11.2 63.3A 4.1
4 60.3a 5.6 55.7a 5.5 54.8c 11.7 69.0a 3.9 4 61.5B 8.8 46.0AB 5.3 69.7B 6.9 58.5AB 1.9
5 61.7a 6.1 53.8a 4.9 49.2c 13.8 68.2a 3.6 5 62.7AB 10.7 51.7A 9.6 66.0B 6.3 55.5B 3.2
6 66.4a 9.1 50.3a 10.3 40.6d 15.6 67.8a 4.2 6 65.4A 16.6 48.0A 7.9 56.8C 10.1 53.1B 3.3
7 59.5a 7.6 51.7a 4.0 28.0e 12.9 63.7b 4.5 7 66.7A 14.4 43.9B 6.7 n.a. n.a. 49.7C 2.7
8 61.5a 6.5 50.0a 4.6 n.a. n.a./ 61.0b 5.1 8 66.6A 14.0 42.6B 8.0 n.a. n.a. 44.2D 4.4
Table 1: DC% means and standard deviations of the tested materials at all depths. Same Table 2: MH means and standard deviations of the tested materials at all depths. Same
superscript letters indicate no statistical difference between the different depths (p>0.05) superscript letters indicate no statistical difference between the different depths (p>0.05)
for each material. for each material.
Conclusions
Within the limits of this experimental design, DC%, DPC and MH of bulk-fill composites were material-dependent. All materials could be
polymerized for more than 5 mm. Fill-Up!, thanks to its dual-curing formulation, was the only material showing a uniform DC%, DPC and MH at all
depths. SonicFill was the only tested composite that could not be polymerized up to 8 mm, with a mean maximum depth of cure of 6 mm.
References
1. Pfeifer CS. Polymer-Based Direct Filling Materials. Dent Clin North Am. 2017;61(4):733-750.
2. Reis AF, Vestphal M, Amaral RCD, Rodrigues JA, Roulet JF, Roscoe MG. Efficiency of polymerization of bulk-fill composite resins: a systematic review. Braz Oral Res. 2017;31(suppl 1): 37-48.
