EE 181

Alternating Current(AC) Circuits : Lecture 2

Saddam H. Razo
Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology

July 9, 2017

Saddam H. Razo, CUET

1 / 13
Eective Current and Voltage - Average Power

Ampere Value of Alternating Current:

An alternating current which produces heat in a given resistance at the
same average rate as I amperes of direct current is said to have a value
of I amperes. Average rate of heating:
1 T
Z
RI 2 = Ri 2 dt
T 0
s
1 T
Z
I= i 2 dt
T 0

Saddam H. Razo, CUET

2 / 13
Average values

I The average value of any AC wave which is symmetrical about the

zero axis is zero.
I However, when average value is applied to alternating quantities, it
usually means the average of either the positive or negative loop of
the wave.

Average Value = 2 0 /2 idt

RT
I
T
for zero passing AC wave
I Average Value =
2 ( + /2)
t1 T
idt
R
T t1
for non-zero passing AC wave

Saddam H. Razo, CUET

3 / 13
Eective and Average Values of Sinusoid
Instanteneous value of current is given by
i = I sinω t
m

Average value is given by :

2 (1+ /2) T
2
Z
I = idt = I = 0.636I
av
T 0 π
m m

So, average value of a sinusoid is 0.636 times the maximum amplitude of

the sinusoid.
Eective value is given by :
1 T
I2
Z
2
I = i 2 dt = m
rms
T 0 2
I = 0.707I
rms m

So, average value of a sinusoid is 0.707 times the maximum amplitude of

the sinusoid. Saddam H. Razo, CUET

4 / 13
Form Factor

Form factor:
Form factor is the ratio of the eective to the average value of a wave.
Hence, for a voltage wave, e , which has equal positive and negative loops:
q RT
TR
1
e 2 dt
Form factor = T/
0
2
T
2
e dt
0

I Form factor has very little physical signicance

I A peaked wave will usually have a higher form factor than a
at-topped wave
I Give some indication of the relative hysteresis loss that will exist
when a voltage is impressed on a coil wound on an iron core

Saddam H. Razo, CUET

5 / 13
Crest or Peak factor

The crest, peak, or amplitude factor is the ratio of the maximum value of
a voltage wave to the eective value. Crest factor of a sine wave is given
by :
E √
= 2
m

0.707 E m

I Waves of same eective values can have dierent maximum values.

So, from Crest factor we can get the information of maximum values
of wave which is necessary for determining dielectric loss test.

Saddam H. Razo, CUET

6 / 13
Problem

The current owing through a 5-ohm resistor is shown below. Find the
form factor and power dissipated in the resistor.

Saddam H. Razo, CUET

7 / 13
Representation of Sine Waves by Vectors

Saddam H. Razo, CUET

8 / 13
Problem

Add the following currents as waves and as vectors/phasors:

i1 = 5 sinω t
i2 = 10 sin(ω t + 60 )
o

Saddam H. Razo, CUET

9 / 13
Phasor diagram of R , L and C branch
I Resistor:

I Inductor:

I Capacitor:

Saddam H. Razo, CUET

10 / 13
Problem

A 60-cycle current of 15 amperes ows in a circuit of 5 ohms resistance ,

10/377 henry inductance and 1/(377x 15) farad capacitance. Draw he
vector diagram, and calculate the applied voltage and the phase angle
between it and the current.

Saddam H. Razo, CUET

11 / 13
Power, Real and Reactive
The instantaneous power is :
V I V I V I
 
p= −
m m
cos 2ω t cos θ +
m m m m
[sin2ω t ] sinθ
2 2 2
The rst two terms of the right side represent instantaneous real power.
I When 2ω t is an odd multiple of π , the value of the real power is
2 mm √m √m
2 cos θ = 2 2 2 cos θ = 2 V I cos θ
V I V I
m m

I When 2ω t is a multiple of 2π , the value of the real power is 0

I Hence real power in a single-phase circuit uctuates between 0 and

2VI cos θ and has an average value of VI cos θ
The third term of the right-hand member represents what has been called
instantaneous reactive power, or, preferably, instantaneous reactive
volt-amperes.
I P = m m sinθ √m √m sinθ = VI sinθ
V I V I
X 2 2 2
I P is positive when voltage leads the current
X

Saddam H. Razo, CUET

12 / 13
Problem
One hundred and ten volts are applied to a series circuit consisting of 8
ohms resistance, 0.0531 henry inductance, and 189.7µf . When the
frequency is 60 cycles, calculate current, power, power factor, vars,
reactive factor, and volt-amperes. Also calculate the voltage drop across
each circuit element. The circuit and vector diagrams are shown

Saddam H. Razo, CUET

13 / 13