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The document provides information on vector operations including: 1. It defines the components of a vector F as Fx (horizontal) and Fy (vertical) and explains how to calculate the magnitude and direction of a vector. 2. It describes how to add and subtract vectors by adding or subtracting their corresponding components. 3. It provides an example of adding two vectors A and B, finding their sum C, and calculating C's magnitude and direction. 4. It also describes scalar (dot) multiplication of vectors, finding the angle between two vectors using their scalar product, and provides an example calculation.

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50 views

Notes

The document provides information on vector operations including: 1. It defines the components of a vector F as Fx (horizontal) and Fy (vertical) and explains how to calculate the magnitude and direction of a vector. 2. It describes how to add and subtract vectors by adding or subtracting their corresponding components. 3. It provides an example of adding two vectors A and B, finding their sum C, and calculating C's magnitude and direction. 4. It also describes scalar (dot) multiplication of vectors, finding the angle between two vectors using their scalar product, and provides an example calculation.

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Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Component Vectors F Fy – vertical component

Fx= F cosα α

Fy = F sin α Fx – horizontal component

F = F x 2+F y 2 - magnitude
√
α = tan-1 (Fy/Fx) - direction

∑ Fx = F 1x + F2x + F3x+…+ Fnx to the right, East (+), to the left, West (-)

∑ Fy = F 1y + F2y + F3y+…+ Fny upward, North (+), downward, South (-)

Addition of Vectors

A+B=B+A A - B

Subtraction of Vectors

A – B = A + (-B) A + (-B)

Vector A & B

A = Ax + Ay . A Ay
C
B = Bx + By Bx
Ax
Cx = A x + B x B
-By
Cy = Ay – By = Ay + (-By)

C = C x 2+C y 2
√
α = tan-1 [Cy/Cx]

Example:

A = 3x + 2y

B = 4x – 3y

Find:

1. C = A + B

C = (Ax + Bx) + (Ay + By)

C = (3+4)x + [2 + (-3)]y
C = 7x – y Ans. (magnitude) C(x,y); C(7,-1)

2. C1 = A – B A – B = - (B – A)

C1 = (Ax-Bx) + (Ay-By) -x+5y = -(x-5y)

= (3-4)x + [2-(-3)]y -x+5y = -x+5y

C1 = -x + 5y Ans. M α=-8.13o

3. C2 = B – A C = C x 2+C y 2
√
C (7,-1)

C2 = (Bx-Ax) + (By-Ay) C = (7)2 +(−1)2 = √ 50 or 5 √ 2 units Ans.


√
= (4-3)x + [(-3)-2]y α = tan-1 [Cy/Cx] = tan-1[-1/7] = -8.13O or 8.13o South of East

C2 = x -5y Ans. M

Therefore, C1 = -C2 since A – B = - ( B – A )

3 – Dimensional (Z-axis)
z
-x

-y y

A (x1,y1,z1) & x -z B (x2,y2,z2) (x,y,z); pt. of origin (0,0,0)

A = Ax + Ay + Az

B = Bx + By + Bz

R = ( Ax−Bx )2 +¿ ¿
√
Example:

A (3,2,1) , A = 3x + 2y + z

B (2,0,-5) B = 2x + 0y + (-5)z = 2x – 5z

R = ( Ax−Bx )2 +¿ ¿
√
2
= √ ( 3−2 ) +¿ ¿
2
= √ ( 1 ) + ¿¿
z
= √ 1+4 +36

R = √ 41

(0,0,0)
A(3,2,1) y
2 1
3
2

B(2,0,-5)
x -5
Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar

u(A+B) = uA + uB

Example: A(3,2,1) & B(2,0,5); u = 3

u(A+B) = uA =uB

= 3(3x+2y+z) + 3(2x-5z)

= (9x+6y+3z) + (6x-15z)

= 15x + 6y – 12z

= 3(5x +2y – 4z) Ans.

Scalar (Dot) Product


A
A . B = ǀAǁBǀ cos Ɵ
Ɵ =450
A = 5 Newtons, North of East (450) B
A cosƟ
B = 10 Newtons, East

A.B = AcosƟ(B)

= 5 cos 450 (10)

= 5 (0.707) (10)

A.B = 35.35 N Ans.

Ɵ = cos-1 [A.B/AB]

= cos-1 [35.35/5(10)]

= cos-1 [0.707]

Ɵ = 450 Ans.

Example: Find the scalar (dot) product of the vectors

A = 3x + 2y ; A(3,2)

B = 5x – 3y; B(5,-3)

A.B = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz

Ax = 3 Ay = 2, ǀAǀ = ( Ax )2 +¿ ¿ = ( 3 )2 +¿ ¿ =√ 13
√ √
Bx = 5 By = -3, ǀBǀ = ( Bx )2+ ¿ ¿ = ( 5 )2 +¿ ¿ = √ 34
√ √
A.B = AxBx + AyBy

= (3)(5) + (2)(-3)

= 15 + (-6) A

A.B = 9 Ans.

Ɵ = cos-1 [A.B/ǀAǀǀBǀ]
B
= cos-1 [9/√ 13 √ 34 ]

= cos-1 [0.43]

Ɵ = 64.650

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