SEKOLAH MENENGAH SUNG SIEW

COMPUTER NETWORK AND COMMUNICATION

ANAND MIKAIL SEGARAN

4D

940721-12-6851
INTRODUCTION

Today computer is available in many offices and homes and therefore there is a
need to share data and programs among various computers with the advancement
of data communication facilities. The communication between computers has
increased and it thus it has extended the power of computer beyond the computer
room. Now a user sitting at one place can communicate computers of any remote
sites through communication channel. The aim of this chapter is to introduce you the
various aspects of computer network.
MOBILE COMPUTING
DEFINITION

Mobile computing means using a computing device while in transit. Mobile

computing implies wireless transmission, but wireless transmission does not
necessarily imply mobile computing. Fixed wireless applications use satellites, radio
systems and lasers to transmit between permanent objects such as buildings and
towers.

SPECFIACTION, SERVICES AND FREQUENCIES OF MOBILE

COMPUTING SPECIFICATION

The S60 5th Edition has a lot of goodness in technology. It has

3.5-inch TFT and 16 million colours. The widescreen also about mHD
It has 640×360 pixels and it use the Nokia Battery BP-4L that is about 1500 mAh.
The memoryis about up to 48GB which is 32GB Internal Memory and 16GB Micro
SD Expansion Slot. Themain camera use the Carl Zeiss Tessar Lens and it is about
5MP (2584 x 1938). The format ofthe picture is JPEG/EXIF (16.7 Million / 24-bit
color) and the video capture is MPEG-4 VGA,640×480 at 30fps. The camera
aperture is about F2.8 and the focal length is 5.4mm. Thistechnology use Dual LED
Camera for the flash.

SERVICES

For its service, it has WLAN IEEE 802.11 b/g with UPnP support, Micro USB
Connector plus 3.5 mm stereo headphone plug. It also has TV-Out Support, data
transfer via Bluetooth 2.0, A-GPS and Internet surfing

FREQUENCIES
Its frequencies are up to 2G Network GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 and 3G Network
HSDPA 900 / 1900 / 2100
INTERNET TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES

VoIP
Voice over Internet Protocol(VoIP) is a general term for a family of transmission
technologies for delivery of voice communications over IP (internet protocol)
networks such as the Internet or other packet-switched networks. Other terms
frequently encountered and synonymous with VoIP are IP telephony, Internet
telephony, voice over broadband (VoBB), broadband telephony, and broadband
phone.

Definition

VoIP is a technology that allows telephone calls to be made over computer networks
like the Internet. VoIP converts analog voice signals into digital data packets and
supports real-time, two-way transmission of conversations using Internet Protocol
(IP).

VoIP calls can be made on the Internet using a VoIP service provider and standard
computer audio systems. Alternatively, some service providers support VoIP through
ordinary telephones that use special adapters to connect to a home computer
network. Many VoIP implementations are based on the H.323 technology standard.

VoIP offers a substantial cost savings over traditional long distance telephone calls.
The main disadvantage of VoIP is, like cell phones, a greater potential for dropped
calls and generally lesser voice quality.
FUNCTION OF VoIP

Signaling

Signaling in a VoIP network is just as critical as it is in the legacy phone system. The
signaling in a VoIP network activates and coordinates the various components to
complete a call. Although the underling nature of the signaling is the same, there are
some technical and architectural differences in a VoIP network.

Signaling in a VoIP network is accomplished by the exchange of IP datagram

messages between the components. The format of these messages is covered by
any number of standard protocols. Regardless of which protocol and product suites
that are used, these message streams are critical to the function of a voice-enabled
network and might need special treatment to guarantee their delivery.

Database Services

Database services are a way to locate an endpoint and translate the addressing that
two (usually heterogeneous) networks use. For example, the PSTN uses phone
numbers to identify endpoints, while a VoIP network could use an IP address
(address abstraction could be accomplished with DNS) and port numbers to identify
an endpoint. A call control database contains these mappings and translations.
Another important feature is the generation of transaction reports for billing
purposes. You can employ additional logic to provide network security, such as to
deny a specific endpoint from making overseas calls on the PSTN side. This
functionality, coupled with call state control, coordinates the activities of the elements
in a VoIP network.

Call Connect and Disconnect (Bearer Control)

The connection of a call is made by two endpoints opening communications

sessions between each other. In the PSTN, the public (or private) switch connects
logical DS-0 channels through the network to complete the calls. In a VoIP
implementation, this connection is a multimedia stream (audio, video, or both)
transported in real time. This connection is the bearer channel and represents the
voice or video content being delivered. When communication is complete, the IP
sessions are released and optionally network resources are freed.

CODEC Operations

Voice communication is analog, while data networking is digital. The process of

converting analog waveforms to digital information is done with a coder-decoder
(CODEC, which is also known as a voice coder-decoder [VOCODER]). There are
many ways an analog voice signal can be transformed, all of which are governed by
various standards. The process of conversion is complex and beyond the scope of
this paper. Suffice to say that most of the conversions are base on pulse coded
modulation (PCM) or variations. Each encoding scheme has its own history and
merit, along with its particular bandwidth needs.
In addition to performing the analog to digital conversion, CODECs compress the
data stream, and provide echo cancellation. Compression of the represented
waveform can afford you bandwidth savings. The bandwidth savings for the voice
services can come in several forms and work at different levels. For example, analog
compression can be part of the encoding scheme (algorithm) and does not need
further digital compression from the higher working layers of the media gateway
application. Another way to save bandwidth is the use of silence suppression, which
is the process of not sending voice packets between the gaps in human
conversations.

Using compression and/or silence suppression can result in sizable bandwidth

savings. However, there are some applications that could be adversely affected by
compression. One example is the impact on modem users. Compression schemes
can interfere with the functioning of modems by confusing the constellation encoding
used. The result could be modems that never synchronize or modems that exhibit
very poor throughput. Some gateways might implement some intelligence that can
detect modem usage and disable compression.

Another potential issue deals with low-bit-rate speech compression schemes, such
as G.729 and G.723.1. These encoding schemes try to reproduce the subjective
sound of the signal rather than the shape of the waveform. A greater amount of
packet loss or severe jitter is more noticeable than that of a non-compressed
waveform. However, some standards might employ interleaving and other
techniques that can minimize the effects of packet loss. The output from the
CODECs is a data stream that is put into IP packets and transported across the
network to an endpoint. These endpoints must use the standards, as well as a
common set of CODEC parameters. The result of using different standards or
parameters on both ends is unintelligible communication. Table 1 lists some of the
more important encoding standards covered by the International
Telecommunications Union (ITU). As you can see, there is a price paid for reduced
bandwidth consumption by increased conversion delay.
BLOG

DEFINITION

A blog is basically a type of website, like a forum or a social bookmarking site. As

such it is defined by the technical aspects and features around it, and not by the
content published inside it.

FUNCTION

A blog is basically a type of website, like a forum or a social bookmarking site. As such it is
defined by the technical aspect sand features around it, and notby the content published
inside it.
TYPES OF NETWORK

PAN

PAN is a computer network organized around an individual person. Personal area

networks typically involve a mobile computer, a cell phone and/or a handheld
computing device such as a PDA. You can use these networks to transfer files
including email and calendar appointments, digital photos and music.

Personal area networks can be constructed with cables or wirelessly. USB and
FireWire technologies often link together a wired PAN while wireless PANs typically
use Bluetooth or sometimes infrared connections. Bluetooth PANs are also called
piconets.

VPN

A VPN utilizes public telecommunications networks to conduct private data

communications. Most VPN implementations use the Internet as the public
infrastructure and a variety of specialized protocols to support private
communications through the Internet.

VPN follows a client and server approach. VPN clients authenticate users, encrypt
data, and otherwise manage sessions with VPN servers utilizing a technique called
tunneling.

WLAN

WLANs provide wireless network communication over short distances using radio or
infrared signals instead of traditional network cabling.

A WLAN typically extends an existing wired local area network. WLANs are built by
attaching a device called the access point (AP) to the edge of the wired network.
Clients communicate with the AP using a wireless network adapter similar in function
to a traditional Ethernet adapter.

Network security remains an important issue for WLANs. Random wireless clients
must usually be prohibited from joining the WLAN. Technologies like WEP raise the
level of security on wireless networks to rival that of traditional wired networks.
WIMAX

WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless industry

coalition dedicated to the advancement of IEEE 802.16 standards for broadband
wireless access (BWA) networks.

WiMAX supports mobile, nomadic and fixed wireless applications. A mobile user, in
this context, is someone in transit, such as a commuter on a train. A nomadic user is
one that connects on a portable device but does so only while stationary -- for
example, connecting to an office network from a hotel room and then again from a
coffee shop. Fixed wireless typically refers to wireless connectivity among non-
mobile devices in homes or businesses.

According to the WiMAX forum, the group's aim is to promote and certify
compatibility and interoperability of devices based on the 802.16 specification, and to
develop such devices for the marketplace. WiMAX is expected to provide about 10
megabits per second of upload and download, at a distance of 10 kilometers from a
base station. The Forum says that over 455 WiMAX networks have been deployed in
over 135 countries.

In May of 2008, Sprint and Clearwire announced that they would be combining their
WiMAX businesses. Intel, Google, Comcast, Time Warner Cable and Bright House
Networks combined to invest $3.2 billion in Clearwire. The company has begun
deployment of a planned nationwide 4G network in the United States as Clear
WiMax wireless broadband services. Comcast and Time Warner Cable have
announced that they will resell the service in areas where they have cable coverage.
CONCLUSION

We can conclude that computer networks and communication makes our life easier
to communicate with each other and the world using the computer .
REFERANCE

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