Chapter-1

INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION

The design and analysis of modern reinforced concrete structures may appear to be highly complex.
However, most of the structures are an assembly of several basic structural elements like slab, beam,
column, walls, foundation etc. Accordingly, the design and analysis of these structural elements is
significant and the joints and connections can then be developed.

The design of reinforced concrete structures started as a purely empirical approach. Thereafter, the
elastic theory proposed the stresses in concrete and steel to be limited and the stress deformations to be
linear. However, the limit-state method, though semi-empirical approach, has been found to be the best
method for the design of reinforced concrete structures.

Structures when subjected to external loads have internal reactions like bending moment, shear force,
axial thrust and torsion in individual members. As a result, the structure develops internal stresses and
undergoes deformations. We analyse the structure using elastic theory and design the section using the
concepts of limit state of collapse. In limit state of collapse, the strength and stability of the structure or
part of the structure is ensured.

In this project, we have used the software STAAD.Pro for the analysis of our structure and its structural
elements. We assume the dimensions of some elements like columns and beams and then feed it into
the STAAD.Pro model of the structure. On running the analysis, the total loads, bending moments and
the errors and warnings in the proposed structure is shown and accordingly we modify our structure till
we get a structure with no errors and which satisfies all the criteria of IS codes. A stable and safe
structure is finally obtained.

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1.1 Problem definition/statement:

The dimension of rectangular plot area is 200ft. X 150ft. Overall plot area is 2787.09 sq. m. The side
measuring 200 ft. is parallel to North-South direction and other side is parallel to East-West direction.
The type of soil is Morum and bearing capacity is found to be 300 KN/m2.

Fig.1. Plot Area

Propose a plan for a G+3 multi-storied R.C.C hotel building. Plan, design and analyse the structural
elements like beams, columns, slabs, footings and staircases for the critical loads coming on them by
conventional method as well as using STAAD Pro software. Provide complete 2D and 3D images of
the proposed building along with the shear force, deflection & bending moment profiles and the
detailing of the structural elements.

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1.2 Scope of the project:

Every structure has got its own form, function and aesthetics. Normally, we consider that the architect
will take care of it and the engineer will look after the safety and stability of the structure. However, a
unified approach of both will only result in an integrated structure, where every material of the total
structure takes part effectively for form, function, aesthetics, strength, safety and durability.

The construction of multi-storied buildings is dependent on available materials, the level of

construction technology and the availability of services necessary for the use in the building. Buildings
constructed with bricks and masonry occupies a large space for the walls. Wood lacks strength for
buildings of more than five stories and is susceptible to fire hazards. Technology responded to these
drawbacks of construction materials with the development of high strength structurally more efficient
materials like wrought iron and then subsequently steel. These new materials resulted in the
construction of skyscrapers.

1.3 Overview of project phases:

PROJECT

PHASE I: PHASE II: PHASE III:

PLANNING ANALYSIS DESIGN

STAAD
NORMS PLAN IS CODES
PRO

Fig.2. Project Overview

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1.4 Types of buildings:

The National Building Code 2005 classifies the buildings into:

Occupancy classification:

1. Residential buildings
2. Educational buildings
3. Institutional buildings
4. Assembly buildings
5. Business buildings
6. Mercantile buildings (includes both retail and wholesale stores)
7. Industrial buildings (includes low, moderate and high fire hazards)
8. Storage buildings
9. Hazardous buildings

Types of construction:

1. Type I
2. Type II
3. Type III
4. Type IV
5. Type V

Definitions:

Based on occupancy:

1. Residential building:
A building in which sleeping and living accommodation is provided for normal
residential purposes, with cooking facilities and includes one or more family dwellings, apartment
houses, flats, and private garages of such buildings.

2. Educational building:
A building exclusively used for a school or college, recognized by the
appropriate Board or University, or any other Competent Authority involving assembly for
instruction, education or recreation incidental to educational use, and including a building for such
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other uses as research institution. It shall also include quarters for essential staff required to reside
in the premises, and building used as a hostel captive to an educational institution whether situated
in its campus or outside.

3. Institutional building:
A building constructed by Government, Semi-Government Organizations or
Registered Trusts and used for medical or other treatment, or for an auditorium or complex for
cultural and allied activities or for an hospice, care of persons suffering from physical or mental
illness, handicap, disease or infirmity, care of orphans, abandoned women, children and infants,
convalescents, destitute or aged persons and for penal or correctional detention with restricted
liberty of the inmates ordinarily providing sleeping accommodation and includes dharamshalas,
hospitals, sanatoria, custodial and penal institutions such as jails, prisons, mental hospitals, houses
of correction, detention and reformatories etc.

4. Assembly building:
A building or part thereof, where groups of people congregate or gather for
amusement, recreation, social, religious, patriotic, civil, travel and similar purposes and this
includes buildings of drama and cinemas theatres, drive-in theatres, assembly halls, city halls,
town halls, auditoria, exhibition halls, museums, "mangal karyalayas", skating rinks, gymnasia,
restaurants, eating or boarding houses, places of worship, dance halls, clubs, gymkhanas and road,
railways, air, sea or other public transportation stations and recreation piers.

5. Business building:
Any building or part thereof used principally for transaction of business
and/or keeping of accounts and records including offices, banks, professional establishments, court
houses etc., if their principal function is transaction of business and/or keeping of books and
records.

6. Mercantile building:
A building or part thereof used as shops, stores or markets for display and sale
of wholesale and or retail goods or merchandise, including office, storage and service facilities
incidental thereto and located in the same building.

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7. Industrial building:
A building or part thereof wherein products or material are fabricated,
assembled or processed, such as assembly plants, laboratories, power plants, refineries, gas plants,
mills, dairies and factories etc.

8. Storage building:
A building or part thereof used primarily for storage or shelter of goods, wares,
merchandise and includes a building used as a warehouse, cold storage, freight depot, transit shed,
store house, public garage, hanger, truck terminal, grain elevator, barn and stables.

9. Hazardous building:
A building or part thereof used for:
i) Storage, handling, manufacture of processing of radioactive substances or highly combustible or
explosive materials or of products which are liable to burn with extreme rapidity and/or producing
poisonous fumes or explosive emanations
ii) Storage, handling, manufacture or processing of which involves highly corrosive, toxic or
noxious alkalis, acids, or other liquids, gases or chemicals producing flame, fumes and explosive
mixtures etc. or which result in division of matter into fine particles capable of spontaneous
ignition.

Based on type of construction:

1. Type I building:
Construction Types IA and IB are considered non-combustible and fire-
resistive. The most significant difference between the IA and IB types is the level of fire-resistance
required for the building elements with IA having a higher fire-resistance.

2. Type II building:
Construction Types IIA and IIB are non-combustible, but have little to no fire-
resistance. Type IIA has a minimum of 1-hour fire resistance throughout. Type IIB, although non-
combustible, has no requirements for fire-resistance.

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3. Type III building:
Construction Types IIIA and IIIB are considered combustible. Type IIIA
requires 1-hour fire-resistance throughout except that exterior bearing walls require no less than 2-
hour fire-resistive construction. Type IIIB has no fire resistance requirements, except for exterior
bearing walls, which has the same requirement as Type IIIA.

4. Type IV building:
Construction Type IV is a combustible construction type, but it is limited to
heavy timber construction. Although it is considered a combustible construction type, the exterior
walls are required to be of non-combustible construction.

5. Type V building:
Types VA and VB are also combustible construction, but each is slightly less
fire-resistive than the Type III construction types. For example, the exterior bearing wall fire
resistance is reduced to 1-hour for Type VA and no fire resistance for Type VB.

On the basis of National Building Code 2005, buildings and structures under residential
buildings shall be further sub-divided as:

Sub-division 1: Lodging or rooming houses

Sub-division 2: One or two family private dwellings
Sub-division 3: Dormitories
Sub-division 4: Apartment houses (flats)
Sub-division 5: Hotels
Sub-division 6: Hotels (five starred and above)

Our project comes under sub-division 5 of residential buildings.

Sub-division 5:
These shall include any building or group of building under single management, in
which sleeping accommodation is provided, with or without dining facilities for hotels classified
up to 4 star categories.

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1.5 National Building Code:

National Building Code was prepared to unify the building regulations throughout the country to be
used by government departments, municipal bodies and other construction agencies. Indian Standards
Institution (Bureau of Indian Standards) was entrusted by the Planning Commission with preparation of
National Building Code. For fulfilling this task, a guiding committee for the preparation of the code
was set up by the Civil Engineering Division Council of the Indian Standards Institution in 1967.This
Committee in turn set up 18 specialist panels to prepare the various parts of the code. The guiding
committee and its panels were constituted with architects, planners, material experts, structural,
construction, electrical illumination, air conditioning, acoustics and public health engineers and town
planners. These experts were drawn from the central and state governments, local bodies, professional
institutions and private agencies. The first version of the code was published in 1970. Since the
publication in 1970 version of the National Building Code of India, a large number of comments and
useful suggestions for modifications and additions to different parts and sections of the code were
received as a result of use of the code by all concerned, and revision work of building by-laws of some
states. Based on the comments and suggestions received, the National Building Code of India 1970 was
revised in 1983.

The National Building Code of India is a single document in which, like a network, the information
contained in various Indian Standards is woven into a pattern of continuity and cogency with the
interdependent requirements of sections carefully analysed and fitted in to make the whole document a
cogent continuous volume.

The code contains regulations which can be immediately adopted or enacted for use by various
departments, municipal administrations and public bodies. It lays down a set of minimum provisions
designed to protect the safety of the public with regard to structural sufficiency, fire hazards and health
aspects of building. The code also covers aspects of administrative regulations, development control
rooms and general building requirements, fire protection requirements, stipulations regarding materials
and structural design, rooms for design of electrical installations, lighting, air conditioning and lifts,
regulations for ventilation, acoustics and plumbing services such as water supply, drainage, sanitation
and gas supply, measures to ensure safety of works and public during construction and rules for
erection of signs and outdoor display structures. Some other important points covered by the code
include „industrialised system of building‟ and „architectural control‟.

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1.6 STAAD-Pro:

STAAD or (STAAD.Pro) is a structural analysis and design computer program originally

developed by Research Engineers International. In late 2005, Research Engineer International was
bought by Bentley Systems.

STAAD Pro is comprehensive structural engineering software that addresses all aspects of
structural engineering including model development, verification, analysis, design and review of
results. It includes advanced dynamic analysis and push over analysis for wind load and earthquake
load.

The commercial version STAAD.Pro is one of the most widely used structural analysis and
design software. It supports several steel, concrete and timber design codes. It can make use of
various forms of analysis from the traditional 1st order static analysis, geometric non-linear
analysis or buckling analysis. It can also make use of various forms of dynamic analysis from
modal extraction to time history and response spectrum analysis.

In STAAD Pro we can analyze the structures in 2D and 3D, for the convenience of modelling and
defining the structure for analysis, STAAD uses different templates for 2D and 3D structures. In
STAAD we use the following types of structures.

 Space structures

 Plane structures

 Floor structures

 Truss structures

Space structures consist of three dimensions and structure will have six degrees of freedom
(6D.O.F) i.e. three rotational and three translational.

The plane structures can be considered for any one plane. Forces are considered parallel to the
surface of plane or in the surface of the plane.

E.g.: In XY plane, Fx, Fy & Mz

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For the design of horizontal members like slabs, floors etc. the floor structure is used. It is a 2-D or
3-D structure in which horizontal movement cannot be considered.

STAAD Pro has got a versatile Graphical User Interface (GUI) integrated into the program for the
easy modelling, post analysis and print options. The interface is fully developed and well
documented; various editing commands are available within this GUI.

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 Chapter-2

PLANNING

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 PLANNING

2.1 Introduction:

Planning is to try to direct development in predefined directions, to produce a city with desirable
or “good” characteristics. An inherent difficulty of planning, however, is that there is no clear-cut
way to define what good or desirable is, as this usually depends on the characteristics of the city,
as well as the viewpoint of evaluation and the underlying values. The first step of the planning
process is to define a set of planning goals (the general aims to be attained) and planning
objectives (specific strategies to achieve the goals) that in general can be refined after the actual
situation of the city has been analyzed.

2.2 General Criteria:

The basic objective of planning of buildings is to arrange all the units of a building on all floors and at
level according to their functional requirements making best use of the space available for a building.
The shape of such a plan is governed by several factors such as climatic conditions, site location,
accommodation requirements, local bye-laws, surrounding environment etc. In spite of the certain
principles or factors, which govern the theory of planning, are common to all buildings of all classes
intended to be used for residential purposes. These principles are:
1. Aspect 7. Sanitation
2. Prospect 8. Flexibility
3. Privacy 9. Circulation
4. Grouping 10. Elegance
5. Roominess 11. Economy
6. Furniture requirement 12. Practical considerations

1. Aspect:
„Aspect‟ means peculiarity of the arrangement of doors and windows in the external walls of
a building which allows the occupants to enjoy the natural gifts such as sunshine, breeze, scenery etc. A
room which receives light and air from a particular side is said to have aspect of that direction; and all
such rooms making dwelling need particular aspect. From this angle, the following aspects for different
rooms are referred:
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a) For kitchen: E-aspect
b) For dining room: S-aspect
c) For drawing and living rooms: S-aspect or S-E aspect
d) For bedrooms: S-W aspect or W-aspect
e) For verandahs: S-W aspect or W-aspect
f) For reading rooms, stores, classrooms, studios, stairs etc. : N-aspect

2. Prospect:
„Prospect‟ is the impressions that house is likely to make on a person who looks at it from
the outside. „Prospect‟ and „Aspect‟ both demand disposition of doors and windows. For sake of either
seeing or hiding certain views, window sites play a vital role.

3. Privacy:
„Privacy‟ is one of the important principles in the planning of building of all types in general
and residential buildings in particular. Privacy requires consideration in two ways:
(i) Privacy of one room from another
(ii) Privacy of all parts of a building from the neighbouring buildings, public streets and by-ways.

4. Grouping:
„Grouping‟ means the disposition of various rooms in the layout in a typical fashion so that
all the rooms are placed in proper correlation of their functions and in proximity with each other.

5. Roominess:
„Roominess‟ refers to the effect produced by deriving the maximum benefit from the
minimum dimensions of a room. In other words, it is the accomplishment of economy of space at the
same time avoiding cramping of the plan.

6. Furniture requirements:
The functional requirement of a room or an apartment governs the furniture requirements. In
case of residential buildings, a room whether intended for a bedroom or kitchen or drawing room, the
architect should take into account the furniture positions of all types likely to be accommodated so that
the doors, windows and circulation space do not prevent from placing of sufficient number of pieces.

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7. Sanitation:
„Sanitation‟ consists of providing ample light, ventilation, facilities for cleaning and sanitary
conveniences. This has three primary aims. The first is to promote the work or other activities on within
the building; the second is to promote the safety of people using the building; and the third is to create
in conjunction with the structure and decoration, a pleasing environment conducive to interest and a
sense of well-being.

8. Flexibility:
„Flexibility‟ means planning a room or rooms in such a way which, though originally
designed for a specific purpose, may be used to serve other overlapping purposes also, as and when
desired.

9. Circulation:
„Circulation‟ means internal thorough fares or the movement space provided on the same
floor either between the rooms or within the rooms called „horizontal circulation‟ and between the
different floors through staircase or lifts called „vertical circulation‟.

10. Elegance:
„Elegance‟ is the effect produced by the elevation and general layout of the plan. The
elevation therefore should speak out the internal facts and be indicative of the character.

11. Economy:
The economy may not be a principle of planning but it is certainly a factor which effects
planning. The economy may restrict the liberties of the architect and may also require certain alterations
and omissions in the original plan.

12. Practical considerations:

The following practical points should be given due consideration in the planning of
buildings:
(i) Strength and stability of structure, coupled with convenience and comfort should occupy the first
place of importance in planning.
(ii) Simplicity and effect of strength lend a lasting beauty and mobility to a building.

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(iii)It should be remembered that a building or a house is immovable property and is built to last for
several generations. One has, therefore, no right to practice false economy by erecting a weak structure.
(iv) While planning, it is necessary to keep provisions for either adding a wing or extending some part
of house without dismantling.

Location of various elements in building plan:

1. South facing main entrance.

2. Kitchen located on the North-East end of the plan so that the eastern wall of the kitchen receives
sunlight.

3. Storage room in the north and near the service lift.

4. Lift and staircase locations suited for easy approach of the visitors.

5. Non-A.C rooms located on the western and south-west side so that the rooms receive the south-
westerly winds in summer.

6. A.C rooms situated at the center of the building as the rooms are devoid of free flowing air which
adds to effective cooling of these rooms.

2.3 Height of the building:

Height of building is related to FAR and provisions of open spaces. The height of the building is
generally limited on the basis of width of the street.

The vertical distance measured:

i) In the case of flat roofs from the average level of the front road and continuance to the highest point
of the building.

ii) In case of pitched roofs up to the point where the external surface of the outer wall intersects the
finished surface of the sloping roof and

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iii) In the case of gables facing the road, the midpoint between the eaves level and the ridge.
Architectural features serving no other function except that of decoration shall be excluded for the
purpose of taking heights. The height of the building shall be taken up to the terrace level for the
purpose of fire safety requirement.

Height Exemptions:

The following structures shall not be included in the height of building:

1. Roof tanks and their supports not exceeding 1.0 m in height.

2. Ventilating, air conditioning and lift rooms and similar service equipment‟s, stair covered with
mumty not exceeding 3.00 m in height.

3. Chimneys, parapet wall and architectural features not exceeding 1.50 m in height unless the
aggregate area of such structures exceeds 1/3 of the roof area of the building on which they are erected.

Height of the building= (11 X 4) + plinth (in ft.)

4. The plinth or any part of a building or outhouse shall be so located with respect to average road
level on from site so that adequate drainage of the site is assured but not at a height less than 45 cm.

Height of the building= (11 X 4) + 3 = 47 ft. or 14.33 m

2.4 Floor area ratio, Built-up area & Open spaces:

“Floor Area Ratio (FAR)” - The quotient of the ratio of the combined covered area (plinth area)
of all floors, excepting areas specifically exempted under these regulations, to the total area of plot.

𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐫𝐬

𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐫 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 (𝐅𝐀𝐑) = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐏𝐥𝐨𝐭 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚

FAR values are specified in NBC for different occupancies and types of construction.

FAR= {(4 X 16848) / (200 X 150)} = 2.24

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“Built up area”-The area of the apartment that includes the complete area covered within the four
walls of an apartment. In short it is the sum total of the carpet area and area of walls and ducts. The
terrace is estimated to be half the complete actual area while calculating the built up area. Built up area
is usually 10 per cent more than the carpet area.

The built up area = plot area – open spaces

“Open space” - An area forming an integral part of a site left open to the sky.

Minimum Exterior open spaces

Sl. No. Height of building in meters to be left on all sides
(in meters)
1 Above 10.0 up to 12.0 4.5
2 Above 12.0 up to 15.0 5.0
3 Above 15.0 up to 18.0 6.0
4 Above 18.0 up to 21.0 7.0
5 Above 21.0 up to 24.0 8.0
6 Above 24.0 up to 27.0 9.0
7 Above 27.0 up to 30.0 10.0
8 Above 30.0 up to 35.0 11.0
9 Above 35.0 up to 40.0 12.0
10 Above 40.0 up to 45.0 13.0
11 Above 45.0 up to 50.0 14.0
12 Above 50.0 16.0

Table 1. Open Spaces

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 Front open space:

i. Minimum front open space is 6 m for a width of street (fronting the plot) more than 30 m.
ii. Front open space provided= 28 ft or 8.54 m

Side & Rear open space:

i. For 15 m height of the building, minimum side and rear open space is 5 m.
ii. Open space provided:
Side= 19 ft. or 5.8 m
Rear= 18 ft. or 5.5 m

2.5 ROOMS:

The National Building Code prescribes the following norms for the dimensions of rooms:

1. Minimum height is 2.4 m for A.C rooms

2. Minimum height for non-A.C rooms is 2.75m
3. Minimum area is 12.5 m2 and minimum width is 2.5 m for single rooms.
4. Minimum area for double room is 15.5 m2

Dimensions of rooms provided:

1. Single room:
Area=16.36 m2, width= 2.74 m

2. Double room:

Type I (A.C): Area= 24.12 m2, width= 3.96 m, height= 2.6 m

Type II (Non-A.C): Area= 25.28 m2, width= 4.57 m, height= 3 m

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2.6 Bathrooms and water closets:

A bathroom is a room for bathing which may contain a bathtub or a shower and a sink/hand
basin/wash basin . The design of a bathroom must account for the use of both hot and cold water, in
significant quantities, for cleaning the human body. Ceiling, wall and floor materials and coverings
should be impervious to water and readily and easily cleaned. The use of ceramic or glass, as well as
smooth plastic materials, is common in bathrooms for their ease of cleaning. Bathroom lighting should
be uniform, bright and must minimize glare.

A water closet refers to a room that has both a toilet and other plumbing fixtures such as a sink or a
bathtub. The water is also used for moving solid and liquid human waste to a sewer or septic tank.
Toilets in multi-story buildings, located on fire-resistance rated floors typically require at least
two through-penetrations, which can compromise the rating of the floor if left untreated. One opening is
for the fresh water supply to flush and/or fill the water tank. The other through-penetration is for the
drain-pipe.

As per National Building Code, the norms for the dimensions of bathrooms and water closets are:

1. For combined bathroom & water closet:

Minimum area= 1.8 m2

Minimum height= 2.2 m
Minimum width= 1.0 m

2. Dimensions provided:
Area= 2.97 m2
Width= 1.22 m
Height= 2.6 m

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2.7 Corridors, passages & doorways:
Exit corridors and passageways shall be of width not less than the aggregate required width of exit
doorways leading from them in the direction of travel to the exterior. Where stairways discharge
through corridors and passageways, the height of corridors and passageways shall be not less than
2.4m. All means of exit, including staircases, lifts lobbies and corridors, shall be adequately ventilated.

Every exit doorway shall open into an enclosed stairway or a horizontal exit of a corridor or
passageway providing continuous and protected means of egress. No exit doorway shall be less
than1000mm in width except assembly buildings where door width shall be not less than 2000mm.
Doorways shall be not less than 2000mm in height.

Exit doorways shall open outwards, i.e., away from the room, but shall not obstruct the travel along any
exit. No door, when opened, shall reduce the required width of stairway of landing to less than 900mm.
Overhead or sliding doors shall not be installed. In the case of buildings where there is a central
corridor, the doors of rooms shall open inwards to permit smooth flow of traffic in the corridor. Exit
door shall not open immediately upon a flight of stairs.

The width of a door (or doorway) is the clear width when the door is fully opened (up to 90 o). For
determining minimum door width, the door leaf width shall be used unless clear width is specified.

The following are the norms for corridors, passages and doorways according to National Building Code
2005:

1. Minimum height of corridors and passage ways is 2.4m

2. Minimum width of corridors and passages for hotels is 1.5 m
3. Every doorway shall open into an enclosed stairway, a horizontal exit, on a corridor or
passageway providing continuous and protected means of egress.
4. Exit corridors and passageways must have a width more than the width of exit doorways.
5. No exit doorway shall be less than 1 m in width. Doorways shall be not less than 2 m in height.

The width of corridor and doorway provided in our hotel are:

Corridor: 7 ft. & 9 ft.
Doorway: 3.5 ft.

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 (a) Minimum clear width of door (b) Minimum clear width (door) with
permitted obstructions
Fig.3

2.8 Exits

Exits shall be either horizontal or vertical type. An exit may be doorway, corridor and passage to an
internal staircase or external staircase, ramp or to a veranda and/or terraces that have access to the street
or to roof of a building. Lifts, escalators and revolving doors shall not be considered as exits.

Travel distance is measured by way of the shortest route. If there is fixed seating or other fixed
obstructions, it should be along the centre line of the seat ways and gangways. If it includes a stair, it
should be along the pitch line on the centre line of travel. Whenever more than one exit is required for
any room, space or floor of a building, exits shall be placed as remote from each other as possible and
shall be arranged to provide direct access in separate directions from any point in the area served.

The unit of the exit width, used to measure the capacity of any exits shall be 500mm. A clear width of
250mm shall be counted as an additional half unit. Clear widths less than 250 mm shall not be counted
for exit width. The total occupants from a particular floor must evacuate within for 2.5 minutes for
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Type-I construction, 1.5 minutes for Type-2 construction and 1min for Type-3 construction. Size of the
exit door/exit-way shall be calculated accordingly keeping in view the travel distance.

Minimum width
Maximum no. of persons
(in mm)
50 750
110 850
220 1050
More than 220 5 per person

Arrangement of Exits:
1. Exits shall be so located so that the travel distance on the floor shall not exceed 22.5 m for
residential, educational, institutional and hazardous occupancies and 30 m for assembly, business,
mercantile, industrial and storage occupancies.
2. All the exits shall be accessible from the entire floor area at all floor levels.

Exits provided: 3 staircases (2 internal and 1 external)

Stairs are provided such that the maximum travel distance for exit is less than 22.5 m.

2.9 Staircases and Lifts:

The width of a stair is the clear width between the walls or balustrades. . If stair treads are wet, there is
an increased danger of slipping. A small wash or drainage slope on exterior stair treads is therefore
desirable to shed water. Lift shafts tend to carry smoke and fire upwards. People escaping through stairs
downwards must be safe from such smoke and fire, and hence this requirement. No external staircase,
used as a fire escape, shall be inclined at an angle greater than 45o from the horizontal.

For stairs in hotels:

1. Minimum width of the stairway= 1.5 m

2. Minimum headroom= 2.2 m
3. Minimum width of the tread= 300 mm
4. Maximum height of the riser= 150 mm
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5. Maximum number of risers per flight= 15
6. Stairs shall be constructed of non-combustible
material through-out.
7. Handrails shall be provided at a height of
1 - 1.25 m to be measured from the base of the
middle of the treads to the top of the handrails.
8. Balusters/railings shall be provided with
a maximum gap of 150 mm such that the width
of the stairs does not reduce.
9. Provided external staircase is to be used as a
fire exit.

Fig.4 Stairs: Thread & Riser

For lifts in hotels:

1. Walls of lift enclosures shall have a fire rating of 2 hours

2. Landing doors in lift enclosures shall have a fire rating of not less than 1 hour.
3. Lift car door shall have a fire resistance rating of half an hour.
4. Lifts shall have a vent at the top of area not less than 0.2 m2
Provided: fire rating of 2 hours

Provided dimensions:

1. Width of the stairway= 1.525 m

2. Headroom= 3 m
3. Width of the tread= 320 mm
4. Height of the riser= 125 mm
5. Number of risers per flight= 12

24
2.10 LIGHTING OF ROOMS:

Lighting promotes work, activities and the safety of the people using the building. Rooms should have,
for the admission of light and air, one or more apertures, such as windows, opening directly to external
air or into an open verandah or gallery. The area of window openings, exclusive of doors and inclusive
of frames is specified as below:

(a) 1/10th of the floor area for dry hot climate, and
(b) 1/6th of the floor area for wet hot climate

The aggregate area of door and window shall not be less than 1/7th of the room area. No portion of a
room shall be assumed to be lighted if it is more than 7.50 m from the opening assumed for lighting that
portion. Artificial lighting may have to be provided to obtain the recommended illumination levels.

2.11 VENTILATION OF ROOMS:

Ventilating is the process of changing or replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air
quality (i.e. to control temperature, replenish oxygen, or remove moisture, odours, smoke, heat, dust,
airborne bacteria, and carbon dioxide). Ventilation is used to remove unpleasant smells and excessive
moisture, introduce outside air, to keep interior building air circulating, and to prevent stagnation of the
interior air. Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as circulation of air
within the building. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality
in buildings.

Methods for ventilating a building may be divided into mechanical/forced and natural types:

“Mechanical” or “forced” ventilation is used to control indoor air quality. Excess humidity,
odours, and contaminants can often be controlled via dilution or replacement with outside air.
However, in humid climates much energy is required to remove excess moisture from ventilation
air. Kitchens and bathrooms typically have mechanical exhaust to control odours and sometimes
humidity. Kitchens have additional problems to deal with such as smoke and grease.

25
“Natural ventilation” is the ventilation of a building with outside air without the use of a fan or other
mechanical system. It can be achieved with openable windows or trickle vents when the spaces to
ventilate are small and the architecture permits. In more complex systems warm air in the building can
be allowed to rise and flow out upper openings to the outside (stack effect) thus forcing cool outside air
to be drawn into the building naturally through openings in the lower areas.

According to National Building Code 2005, the norms for ventilation of rooms are:

1. At least 0.3 m2 in area near the top of each of two of the walls of a room and these ventilators
preferably placed opposite to each other, for thorough ventilation.
2. Generally, the aggregate area of such ventilators is provided at the rate of 0.1 m2 for every 10
cubic meters of space of such rooms.

Provided dimension of ventilator: 3.5 ft x 1.5 ft

Ventilation Shaft:

1. For ventilating the spaces for water closets and bathroom, if not opening on the front side, rear
and interior open spaces, shall open on the ventilation shaft, the size, of which shall not be less than 2.8
m2 with minimum one dimension of the shaft as 1.2 m.
2. For buildings of height above 30 m, mechanical ventilation system shall be installed besides the
minimum ventilation shaft.

2.12 PROJECTIONS OF THE BUILDING:

„Balcony‟ is a horizontal projection, with a handrail or balustrade or a parapet, to serve as passage or

sitting out place.

„Chhajja‟ is a sloping or horizontal structure over hanged usually provided over openings on external
walls to provide protection from sun and rain.

„Canopy‟ is a projection over any entrance.

26
The following projections from the face of a building, having no significant impact on building bulk,
need not be counted for site coverage and plot ratio.

(a) Pitched roof eaves and flat roof overhangs (provided these are not contained within parapet walls as
part of an accessible flat roof).
(b) Individual air-conditioner boxes and platforms of reasonable size and projecting not more than
750mm, which have a built-in system for condensate disposal.
(c) Window hoods and porches having projection not exceeding 2m.
(d) Window sills and window surrounds projecting not more than 100 mm.
(e) String courses, fins and architectural mouldings (but not structural beams and columns).
(f) Window flower boxes projecting not more than 500mm in width.
(g) External drainage pipes and gutters.
(h) Sunshades solely used for the purpose of energy conservation projecting not more than 1.5m from
the external wall.
(i) Canopies projecting not more than 2m over an entrance to a building.
(k) Drying racks projecting not more than 750mm.

The norms for projections into open spaces as per National Building Code 2005 are:

1. Every interior or exterior open space shall be kept free from any erection thereon and shall be
open to the sky.
2. Nothing except Chhajja or weather shade (not more than 0.75 m wide) shall overhang or project
over the said open spaces so as to reduce the width to less than the minimum required.
3. Such projections shall not be allowed at a height less than 2.20 m from the corresponding finished
floor level
4. In case of residential building, a balcony or balconies at roof level with a width of 1.20 m
overhanging in setbacks within one‟s own land and courtyards provided the minimum area required
shall not be reduced by more than 30% of such open spaces.

Projection provided:
Balcony of the rooms= 3 ft. or 0.9 m
Other projections = 2 ft. or 0.6 m

27
2.13 BASEMENT:

„Basement‟ is the lower storey of a building below or partly below ground level. Any area of the
building having its floor sub grade below ground level on all sides is the basement. The basement must
be above the Base Flood Elevation (BFE).

If the water table outside the basement is above the height of the basement floor, then the foundation
drains or the weeping tiles outside the footings may be insufficient to keep the basement dry. A sump
pump may be required. It can be located anywhere and is simply in a well that is deeper than the
basement floor. Even with functioning sump pumps or low water tables, basements may become wet
after rainfall, due to improper drainage. The ground next to the basement must be graded such that
water flows away from the basement wall. Damp-proofing or waterproofing materials are typically
applied to outside of the basement wall.

Where drainage is inadequate, waterproofing may be needed. There are numerous ways to
waterproof a basement, but most systems fall into one of three categories:

1. Tanking – Systems that bond to the basement structure and physically hold back
groundwater.
2. Cavity Drainage – Dimpled plastic membranes are used to line the floors and walls of the
basement, creating a "drained cavity." Any water entering this drained cavity is diverted to a
sump pump and pumped away from the basement.
3. Exterior Foundation Drain – Installing an exterior foundation drain that will drain away by
gravity is the most effective means to waterproof a basement. An exterior system allows water
to flow away from the basement without using pumps or electricity. An exterior drain also
allows for the installation of a waterproof membrane to the foundation walls.

As per National Building Code 2005, the basement norms are:

1. Every basement shall be in every part at least 2.5 m in height from the floor to underside of the
roof slab or ceiling and with maximum height not more than 4.5 m.
2. Any deficiency may be met by providing adequate mechanical ventilation in the form of
blowers, exhaust fans (one exhaust fan for 50 m2 basement area), etc.

28
3. The minimum height of the ceiling of any basement shall be 0.9 m and maximum height shall
be 1.2 m above the average road level on the front side of the building.
4. Adequate arrangement shall be made so that surface drainage does not enter the basement.
5. The walls and floors of the basement shall be watertight and shall be so designed that the effect
of the surrounding soil and moisture, if any, are taken into account in design and adequate
damp proofing treatment is given.
6. The access to the basement shall be either from the main or alternate staircase providing access
to the building.

Basement dimensions provided:

1. Height of ceiling of the basement = 3 ft or 0.91 m (equal to the plinth)

2. Since basement is used for parking, the height of basement is provided as 4 m.
3. Storage room, Pump house, Power supply room, Generator room, Machine (Lift) room,
workers‟ rooms are provided in the basement.

2.14 OTHER PLANNING NORMS:

Conference hall:
The height of the conference hall shall be 3 m which decides the height of the building as the height of
rooms and passages is less than the height of conference hall. Provided height = 10 ft or 3.03 m

Dimension= 52ft X 39 ft

Parapet:
A low wall or railing built along the edge of a roof or floor. Parapet walls and handrails provided on
the edges of roof terrace, balcony etc. should not be less than 1.0 m and more than 1.5 m in height
where roof terrace is accessible by a staircase.

29
Fire escape:
A way out leading to an escape route having panic bar hardware provided on the door. This can either
be a doorway or even a horizontal exit. External stairs are provided for the fire escape which is
continuous from the ground floor till the terrace as per the building by-laws.

Ramp:
Downward sloping ramp with a slope of 3:1 is provided from the ground level to the basement for
vehicles to approach to the parking space in the basement.

Entrance & exit gates:

Exit is a passage channel or means of egress from any building, storey or floor area to a street or other
open space of safety. Separate entrance and exit gates are provided as shown in plan.

Entrances to the building:

Two main entrances to the building are provided, one to the reception of the hotel and other to the
restaurant. Two fire exits are also provided at the end of the corridors opening in west and south.

30
2.15 PLAN OF THE BUILDING:

Fig. 5 Plan

31
 Chapter-3
ANALYSIS

32
 ANALYSIS

3.1 Method of Analysis:

Slope Deflection Method:

This is a procedure for analyzing indeterminate beams and frames. This is an important
method because it is the basis for the development of more general structural analysis
methods. In the slope-deflection method an expression, called the “Slope Deflection
Equation”, is used to relate the moment at each end of a member to both, the end
displacements and external loads applied to the member.

STEPS:
1. Identify all unknown joint displacements.
2. Use slope deflection equation on all members.
3. At each joint, except fixed supports, write the moment equilibrium equation, sum of the
moments equals zero.
4. Substitute the expressions for moments as a function of displacement into equilibrium
equations and solve for the unknowns.
5. Substitute displacements into the expressions for member end moments. Once member
end moments are known, the shear and reactions can be calculated using the balance
equations.

Moment Distribution Method:

STEPS:
1. Restrain all possible displacements.
2. Calculate distribution factors.
3. Determine carry – over factors.
4. Calculate fixed end moments.
5. Do distribution cycles for all joints simultaneously.
6. Calculate the final moment at either end of each member.

33
 Kani‟s Method or Rotation Contribution Method:

STEPS:
1. Relative Stiffness.
2. Fixed- End Moments.
3. Draw boxes, enter values of FEM”S, rotation contribution factors etc.

3.2 PRELIMINARY DATA:

Preliminary Data for Structure:

The following are some of the salient features of the frame:

1. Type of structure : Multi-storey rigid frame

2. Layout : see figure.
3. Number of stories : Four (G+3) plus 1 basement level
4. Ground storey height : 3.6 m
5. Floor to floor height : 3.6 m
6. External walls : 230 mm thick Brick wall including plaster
7. Internal walls : 115 mm thick Brick wall including plaster
8. Materials : M20 concrete, Fe 415 steel
9. Clear cover on beams : 20 mm
10. Clear cover on slabs : 20 mm
11. Clear cover on columns : 40 mm
12. Size of Columns : (1) 450X600 mm
(2) 230X450 mm
(3) 450X450 mm

13. Supports : Fixed

14. Total depth of slab : 150 mm thickness

34
3.3 Load Calculations:

LOADING DATA:

Live Load (LL):

Live load on the floor (occupied) = 3.5 KN/m2

Live load on the terrace floor = 1.5 KN/m2

Dead Load (DL):

(1) Slab load Calculations:

Self-weight of slab = 0.15 X 25 = 3.75 KN/m2
Floor finishes + Partitions = 1.5 KN/m2
Floor finish on terrace = 1.25 KN/m2

Total dead load on floors = 5.25 KN/m2

Total dead load on terrace = 3.75 + 1.25 = 5 KN/m2

Total load on (a) Regular slabs = DL + LL

= 5.25 + 3.5 = 8.75 KN/m2
(b) Terrace slabs = DL + LL
= 5 + 1.5 = 6.5 KN/m2

(2) Beam Load Calculation:

Size of the beam = 350 mm X 600 mm

Height of the floor or Height of the wall = 3.6 – 0.6 =3.0 m

Load on Beam = Self weight of beam + Wall load + Load due to slab
= 5.25 + 7.245 + 44.12
= 55.395 KN/m

35
3.4 Preliminary analysis and Structural Modelling of members using Staad-
Pro.:

Fig.6. A view of the main screen of Staad-Pro

Fig.7. 3D-view of the final Model

36
3.4.1 SUPPORTS:

Fig.8. Fixed supports provided during analysis

3.4.2 BEAMS:

Preliminary Design of Beams:

Load on beam = 55.395 KN/m

Size of beam = 350 X 600 mm

fck = 20 MPa

xm = 0.48 d

Max. Bending Moment @ mid-span section:

M = Wl2/8 = 362.96 KNm

Mu = 1.5 X M = 544.44 KNm

Nominal cover = 30 mm

So, d= 600-30 = 570 mm and b = 350 mm

37
xm = 0.48 X 570 =273.6 mm

Mulim = M1= 0.36 fck b xm (d- 0.42 xm) = 313.77 KNm < 544.44 KNm

Doubly Reinforced Section is provided.

M2 = Mulim - M1 = 230.67 KNm

Ast1 = M1/[0.87 fy (d - 0.42 xm)] = 1909.63 mm2

Concrete cover for compression reinforcement, d' = 30 mm

Esc = [(xm-d')/xm] X 0.0035 = 0.003116

σsc = 355.1135 MPa

Asc = M2 /{ σsc (d-d')} = 1202.9 mm2

Ast2 = σsc Asc / (0.87 fy) = 1183.12 mm2

Thus, Ast = Ast1 + Ast2 = 3092.75 mm2

Asc = 1202.9 mm2

Dimensions of beams:

Fig.9. The beams running parallel to X and Z axis, dimensioned as 600 X 350mm

38
3.4.3 COLUMNS:

Column Positioning: Columns are fixed as shown below:

Fig.10. Column positioning

39
Assumed dimensions of Columns:

(a) 300 X 600mm

Fig.11. 300x600mm columns of height 2.7m, provided at the base of the structure only.

(b) 450 X 230mm

Fig.12. The inner columns (highlighted in red) of dimension 450 X 230mm

40
 Fig.13 .The other columns oriented in the other direction, placed in the outer frame of the
structure.

(c) 450 X 450mm

Fig.14. The corner columns of the structure has been provided with 450 X 450mm

41
3.4.4 SLABS:

Fig.15. The obtained depth of slab from manual calculations was 150mm.

3.5 Post Processing:

Loading:

Fig.16. Load combinations are used to load the structure before analyzing, the result of which is
the post-processing. Load factor taken=1.5

42
3.5.1 Columns:
Axial forces:

Table 2. Axial forces in columns

Uniaxial bending Moment:

Table 3. Uniaxial bending moments in columns

43
3.5.2 Beam Bending Moments:

Fig.17. Beam bending moments

Table 4. Bending moments in Z direction, ranging from Highest to Lower values.

44
 Shear Force:

Fig.18. Shear forces in beams

Table 5. Shear forces in beam in Y direction, ranging from Highest to Lower values.
45
3.5.3 Footings:

Fig.19. Support reaction at supports from a cut-section of the frame

3.6 Manual analysis:

3.6.1 Slabs:

Introduction:

Slabs, used in floors and roofs of buildings mostly integrated with the supporting beams, carry the
distributed loads primarily by bending. These slabs are either single span or continuous having
different support conditions like fixed, hinged or free along the edges. Based on aspect ratio (l /l )
y x

the slabs are of two types, namely one way and two way slabs.

46
 Fig.20. (a) one way slab(ly/lx>2)

Fig.20. (b) two way slab(ly/lx<=2)

Figures a and b explain the share of loads on beams supporting solid slabs along four edges when
vertical loads are uniformly distributed. It is evident from the figures that the share of loads on
beams in two perpendicular directions depends upon the aspect ratio l /l of the slab, l being the
y x x

shorter span. For large values of l , the triangular area is much less than the trapezoidal area (Fig-
y

a). Hence, the share of loads on beams along shorter span will gradually reduce with increasing
ratio of l /l . In such cases, it may be said that the loads are primarily taken by beams along longer
y x

span. The deflection profiles of the slab along both directions are also shown in the figure. The
deflection profile is found to be constant along the longer span except near the edges for the slab
panel of Fig-a. These slabs are designated as one-way slabs as they span in one direction (shorter
one) only for a large part of the slab when l /l > 2.
y x

47
On the other hand, for square slabs of l /l = 1 and rectangular slabs of l /l up to 2, the deflection
y x y x

profiles in the two directions are parabolic (Fig-b). Thus, they are spanning in two directions and
these slabs with l /l up to 2 are designated as two-way slabs, when supported on all edges.
y x

It would be noted that an entirely one-way slab would need lack of support on short edges. Also,
even for l /l < 2, absence of supports in two parallel edges will render the slab one-way. In Fig.
y x

8.18.4b, the separating line at 45 degree is tentative serving purpose of design. Actually, this angle
is a function of l /l .
y x

Two-way slabs subjected mostly to uniformly distributed loads resist them primarily by bending
about both the axis. However, as in the one-way slab, the depth of the two-way slabs should also
be checked for the shear stresses to avoid any reinforcement for shear. Moreover, these slabs
should have sufficient depth for the control deflection. Thus, strength and deflection are the
requirements of design of two-way slabs.

Design Considerations
The primary design considerations of two-way slabs are as follows:

(a) Effective span: The effective span of a slab depends on the boundary condition. The
guidelines stipulated in cl.22.2 of IS 456 to determine the effective span of a slab.
(b) Nominal cover: The nominal cover to be provided depends upon durability and fire resistance
requirements. Table 16 and 16A of IS 456 provide the respective values. Appropriate value of the
nominal cover is to be provided from these tables for the particular requirement of the structure.
(c) Minimum reinforcement: Both for one and two-way slabs, the amount of minimum
reinforcement in either direction shall not be less than 0.15 and 0.12 per cents of the total cross-
sectional area for mild steel (Fe 250) and high strength deformed bars (Fe 415 and Fe 500)/welded
wire fabric, respectively.
(d) Maximum diameter of reinforcing bars: The maximum diameter of reinforcing bars of one
and two-way slabs shall not exceed one-eighth of the total depth of the slab.

In the structure which is planned under this project has slabs excluding the grid slab. All the above
mentioned slabs have the ly/lx(aspect ratio) <2. Hence all the slabs are two way slabs. Design of
two critical slabs is done.

48
3.6.2 Grid slab:

Introduction:

Grid or coffered slab consisting of beams spaced at regular intervals in perpendicular directions,
monolithic with a slab are generally employed for architectural reasons for large rooms such as
auditoriums, theatre halls, conference halls, show rooms and shops where column free space is
often the main requirement.

The rectangular or square voids formed in the ceiling are advantageously utilized for concealed
architectural lighting. The size of the beams running in perpendicular directions is generally kept
the same. Instead of rectangular beam grid, a diagonal grid can also be used with the beams
inclined at 45o to the sides. The different types of grid slabs which are commonly used are shown
in figure-1

According to Indian Standard Code: IS 456-2000 the ribbed slab system can be analyzed as a solid
slab, if the following requirements regarding spacing of beams, thickness of slab and edge beams
are satisfied

1. The spacing of the ribs shouldn‟t be greater than 1.5m and it shouldn‟t be greater than 12 times
the flange thickness
2. In situ ribs shouldn‟t be less than 65mm
3. The ribs should be formed along each edge parallel to the span, having a width equal to that of
bearing.

49
Chapter-4
DESIGN

50
 DESIGN
4.1 Methods of design:
Limit state method is one of the three methods of design as per IS 456:2000. Considering rapid
development in concrete technology and simultaneous development in handling problems of
uncertainties, the limit state method is a superior method where certain aspects of reality can
be explained in a better manner. Limit states are the acceptable limits for the safety and
serviceability requirements of the structure before failure occurs. The design of structures by
this method will thus ensure that they will not reach limit states and will not become unfit for
the use for which they are intended. It is worth mentioning that structures will not just fail or
collapse by violating (exceeding) the limit states. Failure, therefore, implies that clearly
defined limit states of structural usefulness has been exceeded.

Fig.21. Limit state method of design

Limit state of collapse deals with the strength and stability of structures subjected to the
maximum design loads out of the possible combinations of several types of loads. Therefore, this
limit state ensures that neither any part nor the whole structure should collapse or become
unstable under any combination of expected overloads.

51
4.2 Design of Slabs:

Design of a two-way slabs:

Step 1: Selection of preliminary depth of slab: The depth of the slab shall be assumed from the
span to effective depth ratios.

Fix total depth of slab as 150mm.

D=150mm
Diameter of bar used as reinforcement in slab= 12mm
Effective cover to slab= 15 mm
Hence,
dx = 150-6-15= 129mm
dy =129-12 =117mm

Step 2: Design loads, bending moments and shear forces : The total factored (design) loads are
to be determined adding the estimated dead load of the slab, load of the floor finish, given or
assumed live loads etc.
Live load=4KN/m2
Finishing=1KN/m2
Dead Load= 25*.150=3.75KN/m2
Hence, total load on slab, W=8.75KN/m2
Thereafter, the Bending moments per unit width in a slab are determined from the given formulas:
Mx= αxWlx2 (.1)
My =αyWly2 (.2)

Where αx & αv are coefficients given in Table 26 of IS 456, Annex D, cl. D-1.1, found using the
aspect ratio l /l and type of panel.
y x

The results of calculation are tabulated as below:

Slab No lx(m) ly(m) αx αy Mx (KNm) My (KNm)

9 5.71 7.24 .0501 .037 14.306 10.552
10 5.71 7.24 .0635 .0478 18.115 13.408

52
Step 3: Check for depth: safety of the assumed depth can be checked by employing the following
equations
Mx or My = 0.36fck bxm(d-(0.42xm )) (.3)

fy(MPa) Xm

250 .53d

415 .48d

500 .46d

The required slab thickness (dx and dy) for the moments obtained are tabulated below

Slab No Mx (KNm) My (KNm) dx (mm) dy (mm)

9 14.306 10.552 88.2 75.8
10 18.115 13.408 99.3 85.4

The values obtained from calculations the lesser than the assumed slab depth. Hence slab is safe.

Step 4: Determination of areas of steel: Area of steel reinforcement along the direction of two-
way slab should be determined employing the following equation
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d (1-(Ast)(fy)/(fck)(b d)) (.4)

Step 5: Selection of diameters and spacing of reinforcing bars: The diameter and spacing of
bars are to be determined as per cls.26.5.2.2 and 26.3.3 of IS 456.

The following table shows the area of steel required and spacing to be provided in different slabs.
Diameter of steel bars used is 12mm.
Slab No Mx (KNm) My (KNm) Astx(mm2) Asty (mm2) Sx (mm) Sy (mm)
9 14.306 10.552 496.54 357.64 227.77 316.23
10 18.115 13.408 645.39 462.538 175.24 244.30

53
Slab No.9 :

Fig.22. Detailing of Slab No. 9

54
Slab No.10 :

Fig.23. Detailing of Slab No. 10

55
4.3 Design of Beams:

a) Rectangular Beam:

Flexure design :

Max. Bending Moment = 357.923 KNm Beam No. 8045

Dimensions of Beam : 350 X 600 mm

Mulim = M1= 0.36 fck b xm (d- 0.42 xm) = 313.77 KNm < 357.923 KNm

• Doubly Reinforced Section is provided.

M2 = Mulim - M1 = 44.153 KNm

Ast1 = M1/[0.87 fy (d - 0.42 xm)] = 1909.63 mm2

Concrete cover for compression reinforcement, d' = 30 mm

Esc = [(xm-d')/xm] X 0.0035 = 0.003116

σsc = 355.1135 MPa

Asc = M2 /{ σsc (d-d')} = 203.25 mm2

Ast2 = σsc Asc / (0.87 fy) = 199.91 mm2

Thus, Ast = Ast1 + Ast2 = 2109.54 mm2

Asc = 203.25 mm2

Thus, Reinforcement provided is :

Tension Reinforcement: No. of 20 mm bars = 2109.54 / 314.16 = 6.71

So, providing 7 Nos. 20 mm bars

Compression Reinforcement: No. of 10 mm bars = 203.25 / 78.58 = 2.59

So, providing 3 Nos. 10 mm bars

56
Shear Design:

Max. Shear force (on Beam 7957), Vu = 326.676 KN

Nominal Shear stress, τv = Vu/ bd = 1.637 N/mm2

100 (As/bd) = 1.057

Design Shear Strength of concrete, τc = 0.6314 N/mm2

Maximum Shear Stress, τc,max = 2.8 N/mm2 (for M20 concrete)

As τc < τv < τc,max , Providing Shear reinforcement in the form of Vertical Stirrups.

For 2-legged bars of 8 mm :

Vus = Vu - τc bd = 0.87 fy Asv d / sv

sv = 103.08 mm

So, providing 2-legged 8 mm bars @ 100 mm c/c

Fig.24. Detailing of Rectangular beam

57
b) T- beam:

Flexure Design :

Width of flange, bf =2095mm

Width of web, bw = 350mm

Total depth of beam, D=600mm

Depth of flange, Df =150mm

Effective depth, d = 570mm

Mu=357.923 KNm

Mu,lim = .36fck(bf-bw)(Df)(d-.42Df)= 955.49 KNm

As Mu<Mu,lim , Neutral axis lies in flange portion of the beam.

Ast :

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d (1- (Ast fy / bf d fck) )

Ast = 1795.27 mm2

No. of 20 mm bars required = 1795.27 / 314.16 = 5.71

So, providing 6 bars of 20 mm bars

Thus, provided Ast = 1885.95 mm2

Shear Design:

Max. Shear force (on Beam 7957), Vu = 326.676 KN

Nominal Shear stress, τv = Vu/ bd = 1.637 N/mm2

100 (As/bd) = 1.057

Design Shear Strength of concrete, τc = 0.6314 N/mm2

Maximum Shear Stress, τc,max = 2.8 N/mm2 (for M20 concrete)

As τc < τv < τc,max , Providing Shear reinforcement in the form of Vertical Stirrups.
58
For 2-legged bars of 8 mm :

Vus = Vu - τc bd = 0.87 fy Asv d / sv

sv = 103.08 mm

So, providing 2-legged 8 mm bars @ 100 mm c/c

Fig.25. Detailing of T-beam

4.4 Design of Columns:

Size of Columns:

a) 300 mm X 600 mm
b) 230 mm X 450 mm
c) 450 mm X 450 mm

Design of Column:

From Staad Pro analysis loads coming on various columns were determined.

59
The maximum load coming on to the columns of various dimensions are tabulated here under.

Column No Breadth (mm) Depth (mm) Axial load (KN)

7748 300 600 2247
7756 230 450 1757.3
The above mentioned columns are designed for axial loading only as bending moment coming on
them is very low.

I. Design of a column with axial load+ uniaxial bending moment:

1. For Column no. 7824:

From staad pro analysis for column number- 7824 axial load=474.89KN, uniaxial bending
moment = 125.25KNm

Column dimensions: b=230mm, d=450mm

Design of column having uniaxial bending moment is based on SP16.

Step 1: fix the nominal cover d‟

As per IS code 456 clause 26.4.2 nominal cover shouldn‟t be less than 30mm for mild exposure
and according to clause 26.4.3 nominal cover to meet specified period of fire resistance should be
40mm.

So, provide cover as 40mm

Step 2: Choose the chart to be used based on fy and dI/D

fy = 415MPa

dI/D = 40/450 = .089

Chart-31 of SP16 is used

Step 3: Calculation of percentage of longitudinal reinforcement

Pu/fckbD =(474.89*103)/(20*230*450) = 0.229

Mu/fckbD2 = (125.25*106)/(20*230*4502) = 0.134

From chart 31 of SP16 percentage of steel for longitudinal reinforcement= .06*fck =.06*20=1.2%

60
Provide 20mm υ bars

Number of bars =(230*450*1.2)/(100*π*102) = 3.95

Provide 4 20mm υ bars

Step 4: Tie bars

As per IS-456,

The diameter of Tie bar should be minimum of (5mm) or (1/4 of Longitudinal bar diameter i.e,
1/4 *20 =5 mm)

So 8mm Ф bars can be used for tie bars

Pitch:

As per IS-456, Pitch should be minimum of

 b = 230 mm (smaller diameter of column )

 16 times longitudinal bar diameter, 16*20 =320 mm
 300 mm

Provide the pitch as minimum of all. So pitch is 230 mm.

2. For column no 7748:

Ultimate load, P =2247KN

Equation governing axial load is

P = .4Ascfck+.67Astfy (.1)

Where Asc= area of concrete

Ast = area of steel

fck = grade of concrete(20MPa)

fy = grade of steel(415MPa)

Dimensions of column: b=450mm, D=450mm

61
2247*103 =(.4*450*450*20)+(.67*Ast*415)

Ast = 2902.36mm2

Percent of steel (Р) = 100*2902.36/(450*450)

= 1.612%

Use 20mm υ bars

So, number of bars = (450*450*1.612)/(314.159*100)

= 9.24

Provide 10 bars of 20mm υ

Tie Bars:

As per IS-456,

The diameter of Tie bar should be minimum of (5mm) or (1/4 of Longitudinal bar diameter i.e,
1/4 *20 =5 mm)

So 8mm Ф bars can be used for tie bars

Pitch:

As per IS-456, Pitch should be minimum of

 b = 300 mm (smaller diameter of column )

 16 times longitudinal bar diameter, 16*20 =320 mm
 300 mm

Provide the pitch as minimum of all

So pitch is 300 mm.

II. Design of a column with axial load only:

1. For column no 7748:

Ultimate load, P =2247KN

Equation governing axial load is

62
P = .4Ascfck+.67Astfy (.1)

Where, Asc= area of concrete

Ast = area of steel

fck = grade of concrete(20MPa)

fy = grade of steel(415MPa)

Dimensions of column: b=300mm, D=600mm

2247*103 =(.4*300*600*20)+(.67*Ast*415)

Ast = 2902.36mm2

Percent of steel (Р) = 100*2902.36/(300*600)

= 1.612%

Use 20mm υ bars

So, number of bars = (300*600*1.612)/(314.159*100)

= 9.24

Provide 10 bars of 20mm υ

Tie Beams:

As per IS-456,

The diameter of Tie bar should be minimum of (5mm) or (1/4 of Longitudinal bar diameter i.e,
1/4 *20 =5 mm)

So 8mm Ф bars can be used for tie bars

Pitch:

As per IS-456, Pitch should be minimum of

 b = 300 mm (smaller diameter of column )

 16 times longitudinal bar diameter, 16*20 =320 mm
 300 mm
63
Provide the pitch as minimum of all. So pitch is 300 mm.

Fig.26 Detailing of column no. 7748

2. For column number 7756:

Ultimate load, P =1757.27KN

Equation governing axial load is

P = .4Ascfck+.67Astfy (.1)

Where Asc= area of concrete

Ast = area of steel

fck = grade of concrete(20MPa)

fy = grade of steel(415MPa)

Dimensions of column: b=230mm, D=450mm

1757.27*103 =(.4*230*450*20)+(.67*Ast*415)

Ast = 3342.09mm2
64
Percentage of steel (Р) = 100*3352.09/(230*450)

= 3.23%

Use 20mm υ bars

So, number of bars = (230*450*3.23)/(314.159*100)

= 10.64

Provide 11 bars of 20mm υ

Tie Bars:

As per IS-456,

The diameter of Tie bar should be minimum of (5mm) or (1/4 of Longitudinal bar diameter i.e,
1/4 *20 =5 mm)

So 8mm Ф bars can be used for tie bars

Pitch:

As per IS-456, Pitch should be minimum of

 b = 230 mm (smaller diameter of column )

 16 times longitudinal bar diameter, 16*20 =320 mm
 300 mm

Provide the pitch as minimum of all

So pitch is 230 mm.

65
 Fig.27. Detailing of column no. 7756

4.5 Design of Footings:

Design of Foundations:

Introduction

Foundation is sub-structure, below the ground level which effectively supports the superstructure.
The elements of the superstructure transfer the loads and moments to its adjacent element below it
and finally all loads and moments come to the foundation structure, which in turn, transfers them
to the underlying soil or rock. However, all types of soil get compressed significantly and cause
the structure to settle. Accordingly, the major requirements of the design of foundation structures
are the two as given below:

1. Foundation structures should be able to sustain the applied loads, moments, forces and induced
reactions without exceeding the safe bearing capacity of the soil.

66
2. The settlement of the structure should be as uniform as possible and it should be within the
tolerable limits. It is well known from the structural analysis that differential settlement of supports
causes additional moments in statically indeterminate structures. Therefore, avoiding the
differential settlement is considered as more important than maintaining uniform overall settlement
of the structure.

Foundations are mainly of two types:

(i) Shallow foundations: Shallow foundations are used when the soil has sufficient strength
within a short depth below the ground level.
(ii) Deep foundations: For poor condition of soil near to the surface, the bearing capacity is very
less and foundation needed in such situation is the pile foundation.

First point is to take care of structural aspect and the other two points to take care of SBC of soil.
Inadequate design will lead to the failure of the whole structure, regardless of the structural
strength of the super structure. In this project work, footings are designed as isolated rectangular
footings. The SBC of the soil in plot is found to be 300 kN/m2 . One typical design of footing is
presented.

General rules of design:

While designing a foundation the following points must be considered in mind. When a soil is
yielding soil a certain amount of settlement of the foundation is sure to occur. It is necessary that
the settlement must be reduced as much as possible by bringing down the pressure intensity. It is
necessary that a foundation shall be designed so that if at all a settlement should occur it would be
uniform. In other words, the settlement of all the footing must be more or less the same. This is a
very important point in reinforced concrete structures due to the rigid connections between the
components of the structure.

Design Considerations:

(a) Minimum nominal cover: Clause 26.4.2.2 of IS 456 prescribes a minimum cover of 50 mm
for footings. However, the actual cover may be even more depending on the presence of harmful
chemicals or minerals, water table etc.

67
(b) Bending moments: Bending moment at several sections of the footing depending on the type
of footing, nature of loads and the distribution of pressure at the base of the footing has to be
determined. The critical section of maximum bending moment for the purpose of designing an
isolated concrete footing which supports a column, pedestal or wall shall be:
(a) At the face of the column, pedestal or wall for footing supporting a concrete column, pedestal
or reinforced concrete wall.
(b) Halfway between the centre-line and the edge of the wall, for footing under masonry wall .This
is stipulated in cl.34.2.3.2 of IS 456.

(c) Shear force

Footing slabs shall be checked in one-way or two-way shears depending on the nature of bending.
If the slab bends primarily in one-way, the footing slab shall be checked in one-way vertical shear.
On the other hand, when the bending is primarily two-way, the footing slab shall be checked in
two-way shear or punching shear.

(d) Tensile reinforcement

In two-way reinforced rectangular footing slabs, the reinforcement in the long direction shall be
distributed uniformly across the full width of the footing slab. In the short direction, a central band
equal to the width of the footing shall be marked along the length of the footing, where the portion
of the reinforcement shall be determined as given in the equation below. This portion of the
reinforcement shall be distributed across the central band:

Fig.28. Footing

68
Reinforcement in the central band = {2/(β+1)} (Total reinforcement in the short direction) where β
is the ratio of longer dimension to shorter dimension of the footing slab.
Each of the two end bands shall be provided with half of the remaining reinforcement, distributed
uniformly across the respective end band.

Design of footing:
Load on the Footing from column, Pc = 2247 KN

Let weight of Footing Wf =10 % of Pc

= 224.7 KN

Total load on the Footing= 2247 + 224.7= 2471.7 KN

Area of the Footing A=W/SBC = 2471.7/SBC

We have, safe bearing capacity (SBC) = 30 t/m2 = 300 KN /m2

So, Area of the Footing= 2471.7/300 = 8.239 m2

Breadth of the column, b=300 mm

Length of the column, l=600 mm

Dimensions of the footing are proportional to the Column.

Let L=length of the footing

& B = Breadth of the footing

So, L/B =l/b =600/300=2

L=2B & L X B= 2.72

B=2.03m = 2.2 m

L=4.06 m= 4.2 m

Upward base pressure, Po=2471.7/ (2.2 X 4.2) = 267.5 KN/m2 on 1 m2 area.

(This should not exceed SBC=300 KN/m2)

As SBC < Po, the footing is safe

Depth:

From moment consideration along length and width

M1-1 =P0 B(L-h)2/8 =953.37 KN-M

69
M2-2 =P0 L (B-b)2/8=506.98 KN-M
M = 0.36 fck b X 0.48d (d- 0.42 xmax)
1.5 X 953.37 X 106 = 0.36 X 20 X 2200 X 0.48 X d2 (1 - 0.42 X 0.48)
d = 485.365 mm
Effective concrete cover= 60 mm
Total depth = 545.365 mm
Let D = 620 mm, Let Ф=12mm
d1 = 700 mm
d2 = 700-12= 628 mm

Area of Steel:
Ast1-1= (1.5 X 953.37 X 106) / {0.87 X 415 X 700 [1 – (0.42 X 0.48)]}
= 7087.07 mm2
Ast2-2= (1.5 X 80 X 106) / {0.87 X 415 X 700[1-(042*0.48)]}
= 3768.739 mm2

Shear in one way:

Critical section at the distance of d from face of the column,
F3-3=P0B {[(L-h)/2]-d1}
= 647.35 KN
F4-4=P0L {[(B-b)/2]-d2}
= 361.767 KN
τ V 1-1 =1.5F3-3 /Bd1
= 0.63 N/mm2

ρ ST1-1=100Ast1-1/BD
= 0.519 %
From Table 19 of IS 456, τ cmin= 0.486
Since τ V1-1 < τ cmin, it is safe.
So, Ast1-1= 7087.07 mm2
τ v2-2=1.5F4-4/Bd2 = 0.3927 N/mm2

70
ρst2-2=100Ast2-2/BD = 0.276 %
From Table 19 of IS 456, τ cmin = 0.3725 N/mm2
Since τ v2-2 < τ cmin , It is Safe.
.

Shear in two-way:
Critical section is at the d/2 from the face of the column,
F=P0 [LB - (h+d1) (b+d2)]
= 2148.988 KN
Area of punching A=2D (b+h+d1+d2) = 2762720 mm2
τp= (2148.988 X 103)/2762720 = 0.7778 Mpa
τallow = Ksτc=(0.5+(300/600)) X 0.25√20
= 1.118 Mpa
τp < τallow, So it is Safe.

Detailing:

AST1-1= 7087.07 mm2 Ф= 16 mm AФ= 201.06 mm2 N = 36

AST 2-2=1224.38 mm2 Ф= 12 mm AФ= 113.09 mm2 N = 34

As per IS-456,
β=L/B = 2
Reinforcement in central band/Total reinforcement in short direction= 2/ (β+1) X 36
= 2/ (1.909+1) X 36
= 26 bars
Provide 13 bars in two levels along the shorter dimension in the central band.
Provide 5 bars along the longer dimension in each of the end bands.

Reinforcement in central band/Total reinforcement in long direction= 2/ (1.909+1) X 34

= 24 bars
Provide 12 bars in two levels along the shorter dimension in the central band.
Provide 5 bars along the longer dimension in each of the end bands.

71
 Fig.29. Detailing of footing

4.6 Design of Grid Slab:

Data:

Size of grid = 11.44m by 18.34m (ax= 11.44m and by=18.34m)

Spacing of ribs in X direction a1 =1.43m

Spacing of ribs in Y direction b1 =1.31m

Concrete = M 20 grade

Steel = ribbed tor steel fe415

Step 1: dimensions of beams

Adopt thickness of slab =150mm (same as the thickness provided for other two-way slabs)

Depth of ribs based on (span/depth) =20 = (11.44*103)/20 = 572mm

72
Adopt overall depth of ribs as 600mm

Width of rib = 350mm

Step 2: load calculations

Weight of slab = (.15*25) = 3.75KN/m2

Floor finishes = 1KN/m2

Live load = 4KN/m2

Load due to slab = weight of slab+ floor finishes +live load =8.75KN/m2

Total load due to slab = (8.75*11.44*18.34) = 1835.834KN

Total weight of beams(X direction) = (15*25*.35*.45*11.44) = 675.675KN

Total weight of beams(Y direction) = (9*25*.35*.45*18.34) = 649.924KN

Total dead and live loads on grid slab = 1835.834+ 675.675+ 649.924

= 3161.433KN

Load per m2 = q = (3161.433/(11.44*18.34) =15.06KN/m2

Step 3: moments and shear forces acting on beams- approximate method of moments

q1= q*(by4/(by4+ax4)) = 15.06*(18.344/(18.344+11.444)) =13.079KN/m2

q2= q*(ax4/(by4+ax4)) = 15.06*(11.444/(18.344+11.444)) = 1.98KN/m2

Mx and My are moments coming on the beams in X and Y directions respectively

Mx = (q1*b1*ax2/8) = (13.079*1.31*11.442/8) =280.29KNm

My = (q2*a1*by2/8) = (1.98*1.43*18.342/8) = 119.04KNm

Qx and Qy are the shear forces coming on to the beams in X and Y directions respectively

Qx = (q1*b1*ax/2) = (13.079*1.31*11.44/2) = 98.00KN

Qy = (q2*a1*by/2) = (1.98*1.43*18.34/2) = 25.96KN

73
Step 4: design of reinforcement for beams

Mw = working moment = 280.29KNm (maximum of Mx and My)

Mu = ultimate moment = 1.5*Mw = 420.435KNm

Mu,lim = .36*fck*(bf-bw)*Df*(d-.42Df)

Dimensions of beam are

Breadth of flange bf = 1310mm

Breadth of web bw = 350mm

Depth of flange Df = 150mm

Nominal cover for reinforcement = 50mm

Effective depth of beam d = 550mm

Mu,lim = .36*20*(1310-350)*150*(550-(.42*150)) = 504.92KNm

Mu,lim>Mu so neutral axis lies in flange

Formula for finding out steel for longitudinal reinforcement

Mu = .87*fy*Ast(d-(Ast*fy/b*fck)) (.1)

420.435*106 = .87*415*Ast(550-(Ast*415/350*20))

By solving this equation Ast = 2255.26mm2

Provide 20mm Ф bars

Number of bars = (2255.26/π*102) = 7.2

8 number of 20mm Ф bars

Shear reinforcement:

When τv is less than τc minimum shear reinforcement shall be provided in accordance with
26.5.1.6

74
When τv is greater than τc shear reinforcement shall be provided in the following forms

 Vertical stirrups
 Bent-up bars along with vertical stirrups
 Inclined stirrups

Assume 4 bars to be bent up at supports

τv = Vu/(b*d) where Vu is maximum of Qx and Qy

According to IS 456 cl 40.2.1, 40.2.2, 40.3, 40.4, 40.5.3, 41.3.2, 41.3.3, 41.4.3

ρst = 100*Ast/(b*d) = 100*4*π*102/(350*550) = .653%

From table 19 of IS 456

τc = .53N/mm2

τv = (98*103)/(350*550) = .509N/mm2

As τv < τc minimum shear reinforcement is to be provided

Asv/b*Ssv = .4/.87*fy

Provide 8mm Ф 2 legged stirrups

Ssv is minimum of (.87*415*2*π*42)/(.4*350) = 259.26mm, 300mm, .75(d)

Provide vertical stirrups at 255mm c/c spacing

75
 Fig.30. Detailing of T-beam in grid slab

Step 5: Design of slab

Dimensions a1 =lx=1.31m, b1= ly =1.43m

ly/lx= (1.43/1.31) = 1.09

As the span of the slab is very less providing nominal reinforcement will be sufficient to resist the
moments coming

Nominal reinforcement:

.85/fy= Ast/(b*d)

Ast= (.85*1000*150)/415= 307mm2

Provide 12mm diameter bars

Spacing between bars = Ast*100/(π*62) = 271.44mm

Provide spacing as 270mm.

76
Detailing: Grid Slab

Fig.31. Detailing of grid slab

4.6 Design of Staircases:

STAIRCASE: Staircase is an important component of a building providing access to different

floors and roofs of the building. It consists of a flight of steps (stairs) and one or more intermediate
landing slabs between the floor levels. Different types of staircases can be made by arranging stairs
and landing slabs. Staircase, thus, is a structure enclosing a stair. The design of the main
components of a staircase-stair, landing slabs and supporting beams or wall – are already covered
in earlier lessons. The design of staircase, therefore, is the application of the designs of the
different elements of the staircase.

77
Types of staircases: Some of the common types of staircases based on geometrical configurations
are as follows:

1. Single flight staircase

Fig.32. (a) Single flight staircase

2. Two flight staircase

Fig.32. (b) Two flight staircase

3. Open-well staircase

Fig.32. (c) Open-well staircase

78
 4. Spiral staircase

Fig.35. (d) Spiral staircase

Selection of a particular type of the staircase, architectural considerations involving aesthetics,

structural feasibility and functional requirements are the major aspects. Other influencing
parameters of the selection are lighting, ventilation, comfort, accessibility, space etc.

Terms used in the staircase are explained as follows:

(a) Tread: The horizontal top portion of a step where foot rests is known as tread. The dimension
ranges from 270 mm for residential buildings and factories to 300 mm for public buildings where
large number of persons use the staircase.

(b) Nosing: in some cases, the tread is projected outward to increase the space. This projection is
designated as nosing.

(c) Riser: The vertical distance between two successive steps is termed as riser. The dimension of
the riser ranges from 150 mm for public buildings to 190 mm for residential buildings and
factories.

(d) Waist: The thickness of the waist-slab on which steps are made is known as waist. The depth
(thickness) of the waist is the minimum thickness perpendicular to the soffit of the staircase. The
steps of the staircase resting on waist-slab can be made of bricks or concrete.

(e) Going: Going is the horizontal projection between the first and the last riser of an inclined
flight.

79
General Guidelines
The following are some of the general guidelines to be considered while planning a staircase:
1. The respective dimensions of tread and riser for all the parallel steps should be the same in
consecutive floor of a building.
2. The minimum vertical headroom above any step should be 2 m.
3. Generally, the number of risers in a flight should be restricted to twelve.
4. The minimum width of stair should be 850 mm, though it is desirable to have the width
between 1.1 to 1.6 m. In public building, cinema halls etc., large widths of the stair should be
provided.

Design of staircase:

Headroom = 3 m

Assumed width of riser = 125 mm

Assumed width of tread = 320 mm

Width of stair = 1.525 m (5 ft)

Therefore, number of riser can be calculated as follow

N = Total Rise divided by width of the riser

N = 1500 / 125 = 12 nos.

Then, total number of treads will be number of riser minus one i.e. 12-1 = 11 nos.

Minimum tread length = 11 X 320 = 3520 mm (3.52 m)

Total width = 3.52 + 1.2 = 4.72 m

Now the space left for passage = 5.33- 4.72 = 0.61 m

Providing a landing of 1.2 + 0.61 = 1.81 m

80
Slab depth calculation:

Normally depth should be 4 to 5 cm per meter length in plan.

4x4.74 = 18.96 cm = 190 mm,

5x5.33 = 26.65cm = 266 mm

Adopt depth, D = 200mm.

Load calculation:

Load per step: slab weight = 0.2 X (.322 + .1252 )1/2 X 1 X 25 = 1.718 KN

Weight of step = 0.5 X 0.125 X 0.32 X 1 X 25= 0.5 KN

Weight of finishing= ((125+320)/1000) X 0.025 X 1 X 22= 0.245 KN

Total weight, W = 1.718 + 0.5 + 0.245 = 2.463 KN

Load per step= 2.463 / (0.32 X 1) = 7.697 KN/m2

Load per meter = 7.697 X 1.525 = 11.738 KN/m

Live load, as per IS-875, is W+1 i.e. = 2.463 + 1 = 3.463 KN/m

Now live load per meter = 3.463 X 1 X 1.525 = 5.281 KN/m

Total load= 17.02 KN/m

Load on slab:

Weight of slab = 0.2 X 1 X 1 X 25= 5KN/m2

Weight of finish = 0.025 X 1 X 1 X 22 = 0.55 KN/m2

Live load = 3.15KN/m

Total load = 8.70KN/m2

Load on landing = 8.70 x 1.525 = 13.267 KN/m

RA+RB = (13.05 X 1.81) + (17.02 X 3.52)= 83.53 KN……….. (1)

RA X 5.33 = 17.02 X 3.52 X (3.52/2 + 1.81) + 13.05 X 1.81 X 1.81/2…………(2)

81
RA = 44.14 KN and RB = 39.39 KN

Moment calculation:

RA- 17.02 x = 0 => x = 2.593 m

MX = RA X x- 17.02 X x2 / 2 = 57.237 KN-m

Check for depth:

1.5x57.237x106 =0.36xfckbXm (d-0.42Xm)

1.5 X 57.237 X 106 = 0.36 X 20 X 1525 X 0.48 d (1- 0.42 X 0.48 ) d

d = 142.84 mm(required depth)

Provided depth = 200-25-5 = 170mm (more than required, hence ok)

1.5x57.237x106 = 0.87x415xAst (d-0.42Xm)

Ast = 1752 mm2

Number of 12mm bar required = 1752mm2/113.1 =16 bars

Arrange 16 bars in width of 1525 mm.

Spacing = 1525/16 = 95.3125 mm, adopt spacing = 90 mm

16 number of 12mm bars @ 90 mm c/c

82
 Fig.36. Detailing of staircase

4.7 Design of Ramp:

Design:

Dimensions lx=5m, ly= 11.38m

Slope provided is 3horizantal: 1vertical

Step 1: calculation of loads coming on to the ramp

Assume the ramp thickness as 250mm

Self-weight of ramp= (.25*25) = 6.25KN/m2

Floor finishes= 1.5KN/m2

Live load = 4KN/m2

Total load (W)= (6.25+1.5+4) = 11.75KN/m2

Step 2: calculation of maximum bending moment

83
M= Wl2/8 = (11.75*11.382/8) =171.315KNm

Step 3: check for depth

M = .36*fck*b*xu*(d-.42xu)

1.5*171.315*106 = .36*20*1000*(.48*d)(d-(.42*.48*d))

d=305.17mm

Provide 350mm thick ramp

Step 4: reinforcement

M = .87*fy*Ast*(d-(Ast*fy/b))

1.5*171.315*106= .87*415*Ast*(350-(Ast*415/1000))

Ast=3685.53mm2

Provide 22mm υ bars

No of bars = (3685.53/π*112) =9.69

Hence provide 10 22mm υ bars in two layers of 5 each spaced at 200mm centre to centre

84
Fig.37. Detailing of ramp

85
 Chapter-5
CONCLUSION

86
 CONCLUSION

Industrialisation and urbanisation have led to the evolution of modern tall buildings for residential and
commercial purposes. Significant advances in the design and construction of high-rise buildings have
occurred in recent years. This has been possible on account of developments in the use of new materials,
construction techniques or forms of service. Loading on tall buildings is different from low-rise
buildings in many ways such as large accumulation of gravity loads on the floors from top to bottom,
increased significance of wind loading and greater importance of dynamic effects. Thus, multi-storeyed
structures need correct assessment of loads for safe and economical design.

In this project, we have planned a multi-storied hotel as per the norms of National Building Code 2005.
The general aspects of a building were also taken into consideration according to sun diagram to the
maximum extent possible. The analysis of loads coming on each column was carried out using the
software STAAD.Pro. The bending moments of each and every span were also found using
STAAD.Pro. The design of all the structural elements, i.e. slabs, columns, beams, staircases, footing,
grid slab and ramp were done manually taking the results obtained from analysis as design loads and
moments. The design of grid slab is the hallmark of this project. Therefore, this project enabled us to
apply our gained knowledge and solve practical engineering problems.

No person shall erect, re-erect or make additions alterations in any building or cause the same to be done
without obtaining a separate building permit for each such building from the competent Authority. The
concerned Authority may either sanction or refuse sanction to the plans and specifications or may
sanction them with such modification or directions as it may deem necessary and there upon shall
communicate its decision to the person giving a notice. The Authority reserves rights on taking actions,
if found to have deviated from the aesthetic and conduct and supervision of the construction against the
building Bye-Laws and the sanctioned building plans. In case of unauthorized development, the
Authority may demolish unauthorized works, sealing of premises, prosecution and criminal proceeding
against the offender in pursuance of relevant laws in force. To avoid problems, civil engineers are
required to plan, analyse and design safe structures for safe living and socialising, which is made easier
with the help of software like STAAD.Pro and codes provided by the council.

87
 Chapter-6
BIBLIOGRAPHY

88
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. „Building, Planning & Construction‟ by Bindra & Arora

2. „Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures‟ by B.C. Punmia & A.K. Jain
3. „Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design‟ by N. Krishna Raju
4. Indian Standard Code, IS 456:2000
5. Indian Standard Code, IS 800:1984
6. Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS 456:1978
7. „Commentary on National Building Code (Part 4) – Fire and Life Safety‟,
http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/IITK-GSDMA/F03.pdf
8. „National Building Code of India 2005‟,
http://edudel.nic.in/welcome_folder/national_building_code_dt_210509.pdf
9. „National Building Code for Residential Apartments in India‟,
http://www.commonfloor.com/articles/national-building-code-for-residential-apartments-in-india-
973.html
10. „Basement‟, http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/floodplain/nfipkeywords/basement.shtm &
http://www.answers.com/topic/basement
11. „Projections in relation to site coverage and plot ratio‟,
http://www.bd.gov.hk/english/documents/pnap/APP/APP019.pdf
12. „Analysis and Design of a Multi-storey Reinforced Concrete, United Arab Emirates University
College of Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department‟,
http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=9&ved=0CHgQFjAI&url=http%3A%2F%2
Fwww.engg.uaeu.ac.ae%2Fdepartments%2Funits%2Fgra%2Fpresentation%2Fnd_07_08%2Ffinals-
ss07.08%2FMale%2FCivil%2FCEM2-2%2FAnalysis%2520and%2520Design%2520of%2520a%2520Multi-
storey%2520Reinforced%2520Concrete.ppt&ei=2oSsT8aPEc7IrQe7y6WFAw&usg=AFQjCNElPfdGODX8H_qwcQ
5E6cCqhsB7Rw&sig2=RVn1Hzp3O5O5vB0fH2NbBw
13. „Multi-storey Buildings – I‟,
http://www.steel-insdag.org/NewWebsite/TeachingMaterial/chapter37.pdf
14. „Jurisdiction and applicability of the building bye-laws‟,
http://www.naredco.in/notification/pdfs/Chap-2.pdf

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