CRIMINOLOGY 7: Criminological Research1 Page 1 of 11

Module 10: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

Module 10: Presentation, Analysis and

Interpretation of Data

Welcome Notes:

WELCOME CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS

I. INTRODUCTION:

This module discusses the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data. It reveals the “answers” to
research questions and reflection of the research design. Findings or results should connect to the
literature review, especially the conceptual framework of the paper to the data presented.

II. OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module, you will be able to:

1. Differentiate the terms Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of data
2. Explain the process of presenting Qualitative and/or Quantitative data; and,
3. Distinguish findings from Results.

III. PRELIMINARY ACTIVITIES:

Before you proceed to the main lesson, arrange the jumbled words
below and write the correct answers.

AIATNIUTTVEQ = __________________________
Hints: Relating to measurements, expressible in quantity.
EIRPNTEITANTOR = __________________________
Hints: An explanation of something
RHSAGP = __________________________
Hints: A diagram that shows relation between quantities, a plot.
SEBLAT = __________________________
Hints: It shows information in rows and columns.
STISTTICSA = __________________________
Hints: The practice or science of collecting and analyzing numerical data.
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Module 10: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

GREAT!!!
You may now proceed to the main lesson.

IV. LESSON PROPER

LET’S BEGIN!

Based on the preliminary activities, what is gender?

_______________________________________________
_
CONGRATULATIONS!

CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

According to Dr. Roberto N. Padua in his book “Elements of Research,” he stated that pays to know
Statistics. Corollary to this statement: It saves to know Statistics. Graduate students who have experienced
in writing research report of their thesis or dissertations will understand these statements very well. A
student will need to know the Statistics in order to formulate his problems, state hypothesis, construct
instruments. Analyze his data, and conclude the basis of his analysis. In short, Statistics pervades the
entire process of doing research.

This book will cover most of the statistics that will be needed to handle research data. Statistics is
not an arithmetic, and so, computations should not be emphasized at the expense of understanding the
theory behind each statistical method or technique presented.

A good research problem is one that will combine both quantitative and qualitative analysis too
much reliance on quantitative analysis will make once a slave of numbers which often leads to an
unimaginative use of Statistics. On the other hand, too much qualitative analysis will lead too much
subjectivity rendering most of the conclusions worthless.

What needs to be included in the chapter?

The topics below are typically included in this chapter, and often in this order (check with your Chair):
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Module 10: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

 Introduction
o Remind the reader what your research questions were
 In a qualitative study you will restate the research questions
 In a quantitative study you will present the hypotheses
 Findings (qualitative), Results (quantitative, and Discussion (quantitative)
o In a qualitative study the information to be reported is called findings. Findings are those
themes that have emerged from or have been found in the data you collected. They are
the product of your analysis.
o In a quantitative study the results of the quantitative analyses conducted may be
presented on their own, without any accompanying connections to the larger literature.
o When quantitative data are presented without any accompanying explanation
a discussion section is presented separately in order to explain the meaning of the results.
 How do you organize your chapter?
o Your chapter needs to be organized in a way that answers your research questions. The
information must be organized in a way that is logical and easy to follow for your reader.
 You may describe your sample here if this is something that emerged from your
data collection and analysis or if you believe it helps provide context for your
findings. You may also describe your sample in chapter 3 if it is not a part of your
findings and it becomes a distraction from your actual findings.
 You may organize your chapter in terms of themes or categories or cases or
research questions.
 Use of pseudonyms
o When presenting qualitative data, all names are masked to provide confidentiality. You
made this commitment to your participants during the consent process and in your IRB
application.
 Use of tables, charts, figures
o You may use tables, charts, or figures in both qualitative and quantitative capstones.
o Never present a table, chart, or figure that you are not planning on explaining.
 Tables, charts, and figures should be able to be interpreted without supporting text
BUT
 It is your responsibility to tell your reader what you think is the most important
information in the table, chart, or figure.
 When do you use a table, chart, or figure?
o In qualitative research, when providing quantitative data that compares different cases or
different populations, or different members of a given population. When you have
information that is hard to grasp only in text and the reader will have greater insight by
seeing it displayed in more than one format.
 Descriptive statistics
o In quantitative research, when presenting important results.
o Consult APA to ensure that you use the appropriate format for tables, charts, and figures.
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Module 10: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

You will want to consider what information goes in an appendix as opposed to in the body of the chapter.
For example, if you have extra tables representing results that you think are worth sharing with your reader
but are not the main substance of your dissertation, you should consider creating an appendix. Similarly, if
you have other relevant but not essential information, you should consider adding an appendix. And finally,
you may decide to locate the instruments you used for data collection in an appendix.

You may be wondering about any of the following things as you are writing your Chapter 4. Some students
worry about the following things:

 What if I don’t have any significant findings?

o In qualitative research there is never a risk of finishing without something worth reporting.
Qualitative research is about understanding an experience and gaining insight. It is always
the case that the data will provide insight into an experience.
 What if I find something for which I do not have a research question?
o If the finding is substantial enough to warrant reporting, you develop a research question
that aligns to the finding.
 Under what circumstances do I revise my research questions?
o Qualitative research questions can and often should be revised up until the dissertation is
completed. The research questions match the findings, not the other way around.

How do you present your results (quantitative)?

In a quantitative dissertation or capstone, you will be presenting your results. You may present your results
with or without a discussion explaining what those results mean. You will want to consult your chair to make
sure you are following the approach
preferred by your chair. Thus, your chapter 4 may include the following:

 Introduction
 Results
 Discussion

- First you should remind your reader what your research question(s) is/are. Your results should then
be presented in response to your research question(s). Your results are the “solution(s)” or
“answer(s)” to that/those questions.
Your results should focus only on data that enables you to answer your research questions, not simply raw
data.
If you are also providing a discussion of the results in this section, your discussion should be related back
to your conceptual framework.

How do you present your findings (qualitative)?

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Module 10: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

When crafting your findings, the first thing you want to think about is how you will organize your findings.
Your findings represent the story you are going to tell in response to the research questions you have
answered. Thus, you will want to organize that story in a way that makes sense to you and will make sense
to your reader. You want to think about how you will present the findings so that they are compelling
and responsive to the research question(s) you answered. These questions may not be the questions you
set out to answer but they will definitely be the questions you answered. You may discover that the best
way to organize the findings is first by research question and second by theme. There may be other
formats that are better for telling your story. Once you have decided how you want to organize the findings,
you will start the chapter by reminding your reader of the research questions. You will need to
differentiate between is presenting raw data and using data as evidence or examples to support
the findings you have identified. Here are some points to consider:

 Your findings should provide sufficient evidence from your data to support the conclusions you
have made. Evidence takes the form of quotations from interviews and excerpts from observations
and documents.
 Ethically you have to make sure you have confidence in your findings and account for counter-
evidence (evidence that contradicts your primary finding) and not report something that does not
have sufficient evidence to back it up.
 Your findings should be related back to your conceptual framework.
 Your findings should be in response to the problem presented (as defined by the research
questions) and should be the “solution” or “answer” to those questions.
 You should focus on data that enables you to answer your research questions, not simply on
offering raw data.
 Qualitative research presents “best examples” of raw data to demonstrate an analytic point, not
simply to display data.
 Numbers (descriptive statistics) help your reader understand how prevalent or typical a finding is.
Numbers are helpful and should not be avoided simply because this is a qualitative dissertation.

We had just finished the discussion on Presentation, Analysis and

Interpretation of Data. Let’s move on to the next higher level of activity/ies or
exercise/s that demonstrate your potential skills/knowledge of what you have
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Module 10: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

V. ANALYSIS, APPLICATION AND EXPLORATION

Name: ______________________________ Year & Section: __________________

ACTIVITY 1

Direction: Put a check mark (/) on the phrases/statements that needs to include in writing Chapter 4 and
an “X” mark to those who are not.

____ Organization of chapter

____ Use of pseudonyms
____ Significant findings
____ Findings
____ Discussion
ACTIVITY 2
Name: ______________________________ Year & Section: __________________
Direction: Complete the statement about presenting your finding. Choose form the pool of words below.

findings organize theme reminding sense

crafting response decided discover
compelling

When (1) _____________________ your findings, the first thing you want to think about is how you
will (2) _____________________ your findings. Your findings represent the story you are going to tell in (3)
_____________________ to the research questions you have answered. Thus, you will want to
organize that story in a way that makes sense to you and will make (4) _____________________ to your
reader. You want to think about how you will present the (5) _____________________ so that they are (6)
_____________________ and responsive to the research question(s) you answered. These questions may
not be the questions you set out to answer but they will definitely be the questions you answered. You may
(7) _____________________ that the best way to organize the findings is first by research question and
second by (8) _____________________. There may be other formats that are better for telling your
story. Once you have (9) _____________________ how you want to organize the findings, you will start
the chapter by (10) _____________________ your reader of the research questions.

Finally, let us summarize the lesson of what we had

discussed today.
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Module 10: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

VI. GENERALIZATION

Name: ______________________________________ Year and Section: _______________

DIRECTION: Explain the importance of Chapter 4 by writing 3 sentences reflection.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Level Description Score

 Well written and very organized.
 Excellent grammar mechanics.
OUTSTANDING  Clear and concise statements. 9-10
 Excellent effort and presentation with detail.
 Demonstrates a thorough understanding of the topic.
 Writes fairly clear.
 Good grammar mechanics.
GOOD 7-8
 Good presentation and organization.
 Sufficient effort and detail
 Minimal effort.
 Good grammar mechanics.
FAIR 6
 Fair presentation.
 Few supporting details.
 Somewhat unclear.
 Shows little effort.
POOR  Poor grammar mechanics. 5
 Confusing and choppy, incomplete sentences.
 No organization of thoughts.

KUDOS!
You have come to an end of Module 10.
OOPS! Don’t forget that you have still an assignment to do.
Here it is….
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Module 10: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

VII. ASSIGNMENT

Name: ______________________________ Year & Section: __________________

DIRECTION: Determine if the following statement is TRUE OR FALSE.

___________________ 1. In qualitative research there is never a risk of finishing without something worth
reporting.

___________________ 2. Qualitative analysis will lead too much subjectivity rendering most of the
conclusions worthless.

___________________ 3. Morally, you have to make sure you have confidence in your findings and
account for counter-evidence.

___________________ 4. Your results should focus only on data that enables you to answer your
research questions, not simply raw data.

___________________ 5. Statistics is not arithmetic, and so, computations should not be emphasized at
the expense of understanding the theory behind each statistical method or technique presented.

After your long journey of reading and accomplishing

the module, let us now challenge your mind by answering
the evaluation part of this module.
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Module 10: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

VIII. EVALUATION

Name: _____________________________ Year & Section: __________________

Direction: Read each sentence/situation carefully and select the letter of the correct answer among
the choices.

1. An analysis that will lead too much subjectivity rendering most of the conclusions worthless.
A. Qualitative
B. Quantitative
C. Statistics
D. Research

2. All are needed in presenting quantitative, EXCEPT _______________.

A. Introduction
B. Findings
C. Results
D. Discussion

3. Statistics is not ______________, and so, computations should not be emphasized at the expense of
understanding the theory.
A. Math
B. computation
C. an arithmetic
D. None of these

4. It refers to themes that have emerged from or have been found in the data you collected.
A. Introduction
B. Discussions
C. Results
D. Findings

5. It can be presented on their own, without any accompanying connections to the larger literature.
A. Introduction
B. Discussions
C. Results
D. Findings

6. It is about understanding an experience and gaining insight. It is always the case that the data will
provide insight into an experience.
A. Qualitative
B. Quantitative
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Module 10: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

C. Introduction
D. None of these

7. This is the part where you remind the reader what your research questions were.
A. Results
B. Findings
C. Discussion
D. Introduction

8. The section which is focused in presenting separately in order to explain the meaning of the results.
A. Results
B. Findings
C. Discussion
D. Introduction

9. It should focus only on data that enables you to answer your research questions, not simply raw data.
A. Results
B. Findings
C. Discussion
D. Introduction

10. It refers to when presenting qualitative data, all names are masked to provide confidentiality.
A. Findings
B. Use of tables, charts, and graphs
C. Use of pseudonyms
D. Discussion

CONGRATULATIONS on reaching the end of this module!

You may now proceed to the next module.
Don’t forget to submit all the exercises, activities and portfolio
on ___________________.
KEEP UP THE GOOD WORK.
Well Done!!!