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Mar. 26, 2011

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Manoj Kumar Yalavarthi

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Table of Contents

Introduction

History

Characteristics of Intelligence Behavior

Approaches

Difference between Natural and Artificial Intellegence

Applications

Bibliography

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Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the area of computer science focusing on creating machines

that can engage on behaviors that humans consider intelligent. The ability to create intelligent

machines has intrigued humans since ancient times and today with the advent of the computer

and 50 years of research into AI programming techniques, the dream of smart machines is

becoming a reality. Researchers are creating systems which can mimic human thought,

understand speech, beat the best human chessplayer, and countless other feats never before

possible.

Artificial Intelligence is also defined the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents"

where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that

maximize its chances of success.

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Introduction

Artificial Intelligence, or AI for short, is a combination of computer science, physiology,

and philosophy. AI is a broad topic, consisting of different fields, from machine vision to expert

systems. The element that the fields of AI have in common is the creation of machines that can

think. In order to classify machines as "thinking", it is necessary to define intelligence. To what

degree does intelligence consist of, for example, solving complex problems or making

generalizations and relationships?

Artificial Intelligence has come a long way from its early roots, driven by dedicated researchers.

The beginnings of AI reach back before electronics, to philosophers and mathematicians such as

boole and others theorizing on principles that were used as the foundation of AI Logic. AI really

began to intrigue researchers with the invention of the computer in 1943. The technology was

finally available, or so it seemed, to simulate intelligent behavior. Over the next four decades,

despite many stumbling blocks, AI has grown from a dozen researchers, to thousands of

engineers and specialists; and from programs capable of playing checkers, to systems designed to

diagnose disease.

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History

Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the

development of the electronic computer in 1941, the technology finally became available to

create machine intelligence. The term artificial intelligence was first coined in 1956, at the

Dartmouth conference, and since then Artificial Intelligence has expanded because of the

theories and principles developed by its dedicated researchers. Through its short modern history,

advancement in the fields of AI have been slower than first estimated, progress continues to be

made. From its birth 4 decades ago, there have been a variety of AI programs, and they have

impacted other technological advancements.

In 1941 an invention revolutionized every aspect of the storage and processing of information.

That invention, developed in both the US and Germany was the electronic computer. The first

computers required large, separate air-conditioned rooms, and were a programmers nightmare,

involving the separate configuration of thousands of wires to even get a program running.

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The 1949 innovation, the stored program computer, made the job of entering a program easier,

and advancements in computer theory lead to computer science, and eventually Artificial

intelligence. With the invention of an electronic means of processing data, came a medium that

made AI possible.

In 1956 John McCarthy regarded as the father of AI, organized a conference to draw the talent

and expertise of others interested in machine intelligence for a month of brainstorming. He

invited them to Vermont for "The Dartmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence."

From that point on, because of McCarthy, the field would be known as Artificial intelligence.

Although not a huge success, (explain) the Dartmouth conference did bring together the founders

in AI, and served to lay the groundwork for the future of AI research

In 1957, the first version of a new program The General Problem Solver(GPS) was tested. The

program developed by the same pair which developed the Logic Theorist. The GPS was an

extension of Wiener's feedback principle, and was capable of solving a greater extent of common

sense problems. A couple of years after the GPS, IBM contracted a team to research artificial

intelligence. Herbert Gelerneter spent 3 years working on a program for solving geometry

theorems.

In 1963 MIT received a 2.2 million dollar grant from the United States government to be used in

researching Machine-Aided Cognition (artificial intelligence). The grant by the Department of

Defense's Advanced research projects Agency (ARPA), to ensure that the US would stay ahead

of the Soviet Union in technological advancements. The project served to increase the pace of

development in AI research, by drawing computer scientists from around the world, and

continues funding.

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During the 1970's Many new methods in the development of AI were tested, notably Minsky's

frames theory. Also David Marr proposed new theories about machine vision, for example, how

it would be possible to distinguish an image based on the shading of an image, basic information

on shapes, color, edges, and texture. With analysis of this information, frames of what an image

might be could then be referenced. another development during this time was the PROLOGUE

language. The language was proposed for In 1972,

During the 1980's AI was moving at a faster pace, and further into the corporate sector. In 1986,

US sales of AI-related hardware and software surged to $425 million. Expert systems in

particular demand because of their efficiency. Companies such as Digital Electronics were using

XCON, an expert system designed to program the large VAX computers. DuPont, General

Motors, and Boeing relied heavily on expert systems Indeed to keep up with the demand for the

computer experts, companies such as Teknowledge and Intellicorp specializing in creating

software to aid in producing expert systems formed. Other expert systems were designed to find

and correct flaws in existing expert systems.

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Characteristics of Intelligence Behavior

 Learn from experience and apply the knowledge acquired from experience.

 Handle complex situations.

 Solve problems when important information is missing.

 Determine what is important.

 React quickly and correctly to a new situation.

 Understand visual images.

 Process and manipulate symbols.

 Be creative and imaginative.

 Use heuristics.

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Difference between Natural and Artificial Intelligence

Attributes Natural Artificial

The ability to use sensors (eyes, ears, touch, smell) High Low
The ability to be creative and imaginative High Low
The ability to learn from experience High Low
The ability to be adaptive High Low
The ability to afford the cost of acquiring intelligence Low High
The ability to make complex calculations Low High
The ability to transfer information Low High

Approaches

Major Branches of Artificial Intelligence

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 VISION SYSTEMS ROBOTICS

 LEARNING SYSTEMS

 EXPERT SYSTEMS

 NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING

 NEURAL NETWORKS

Major Branches of Artificial Intelligence

 Robotics Involve developing mechanical or computer devices that perform tasks

requiring a high degree of precision or that are hazardous for humans.

 The Rover was a remote-controlled robot used by NASA to explore the surface of Mars.

 Natural language processing Computers understand and react to statements and

commands made in a natural language, such as English.

 Learning system Computer changes how it functions or reacts to situations based on

feedback.

 Neural network Computer system that can act like or simulate the functioning of the

human brain.

6. Expert Systems Consists of hardware and software that stores knowledge and makes

inferences, similar to a human expert.

(will be discuss by the next reporter)

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Bibliography

McCarthy, J. (1977). Epistemological problems of artificial intelligence. Proceedings of the Fifth

International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (p. 1038–1044).

Brooks, R. A. (1991). Intelligence without representation. Artificial Intelligence, 47(1-3), 139-

159. doi:10.1016/0004-3702(91)90053-M

Bratko, I. (2001). Prolog programming for artificial intelligence. Addison-Wesley Longman

Ltd.

Marr, D. (1977). Artificial intelligence–A personal view. Artificial Intelligence, 9(1), 37–48.

SZOLOVITS, P., PATIL, R. S., & SCHWARTZ, W. B. (1988). Artificial Intelligence in

Medical Diagnosis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 108(1), 80 -87. doi:10.1059/0003-4819-

108-1-80

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