Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education

Supplementary Learning Materials (SLMs)

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,
ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS (STEM)

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
First Semester, Quarter 2

MODULE 1

Content Standard:

The learners demonstrate an understanding of ATP- ADP Cycle, Photosynthesis

and Respiration.

Performance Standard:

The learner shall be able to prepare simple fermentation setup using common
fruits to produce wine or vinegar via microorganisms.

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

The learners …

 Explain coupled reaction processes and describe the role of ATP in energy
coupling and transfer (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-1).
 Explain the importance of chlorophyll and other pigments (STEM_BIO11/12-
IIa-j-3).

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 Lesson 1
ATP – ADP CYCLE

At the end of this Module, you should be able to:

• identify different forms of energy in their surroundings.
• present and explain a real life analogy of the ATP=ADP cycle.
• relate the experiment done and the game to free energy and equilibrium; and ATP cycle respectively.
• discuss the role of pigments in photosynthesis
• illustrate how chlorophyll absorbs and transforms light energy
• define and describe a photosystem

What I know

REVIEW
Directions: Look for the meaning of the following words and write it on your notebook. Try to familiarize them.

1. ATP
2. ADP
3. Hydrolysis
4. Energy
5. Pigments
6. Chromatography
7. Chlorophyll
8. Photosystem I and II

What’s New
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency used throughout the cell. ATP provides energy for
the cell to do work, such as mechanical work, transport substances across the membrane, and perform various
chemical reactions. ATP is composed of phosphate groups, a ribose and adenine. In the structure of ATP, there are
three phosphate groups attached to adenosine. The last two bonds on the phosphate groups contain especially high
energy and are therefore very useful for doing work within living cells. The bonds that hold phosphate groups are
easily broken by hydrolysis, which results in the release of energy.

Fig. 1a. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) transformation

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 Keep This in Mind

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

 Structure composed of: sugar ribose, nitrogen base adenine and a chain of 3- phosphate groups
 Mediates most energy coupling in cells
 Powers cellular work
 Three main kinds of work of a cell: chemical work, transport work and mechanical work.

These are possible through energy coupling, where the cells use and exergonic process to drive an endergonic
reaction.
• chemical work: synthesis of polymers from monomers (pushing of endergonic reactions)
• transport work: pumping of substances across membranes (against the direction of spontaneous
movement)
• mechanical work: beating of cilia, contraction of muscles also used to make RNA (since ATP is used as
one of the nucleoside triphosphate

Hydrolysis of ATP
• Process of breaking down bonds between the phosphate groups
• This happens when a water molecule breaks the terminal phosphate bond
• HOPO32-, abbreviated P I leaves ATP
• Forming Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
• Energy is released; this comes from the chemical change of the system state of lower free energy and NOT
from the phosphate bonds.
• Hydrolysis releases so much energy because of the negative charges of the phosphate groups. These charges
are crowded together and their mutual repulsion contributes to the instability of that region of the ATP. The
energy equivalent of the triphosphate tail of ATP is compared to a compressed spring.

Fig. 1b. The Hydrolysis of ATP

How the Hydrolysis of ATP Perform Work

 Proof that ATP releases heat: in a test set up, the hydrolysis of ATP releases energy in the form of heat in
the surrounding water.
 Most of the time when an animal is exposed in a cold environment, the reaction of the body is through
shivering. In this reaction of the organism, shivering uses ATP during muscle contraction to warm the body.
Since it will also be a disadvantage for organisms to generate heat during ATP hydrolysis, in order to
maintain the living conditions inside the cell, proteins to perform work use the energy released during ATP
hydrolysis: chemical, transport and mechanical
 Hydrolysis of ATP leads to change in the shape of protein and in its ability to bind to another molecule.
Phosphorylation (ADP to ATP) and dephosphorylating (ATP to ADP) promote crucial protein shape
changes during important cellular process

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 Fig. 1c. Phosphorylation (ADP to ATP) and dephosphorylation (ATP to ADP)

The Regeneration of ATP

• ATP is a renewable it can be regenerated by the addition of phosphate to ADP
• Catabolism (exergonic) provides the free energy to phosphorylate ADP.
• ATP formation is not spontaneous, so there is a need to use free energy for the process to work.
• ATP cycle is the shuttling of inorganic phosphate and energy.
• It couples the cell’s energy yielding processes (exergonic) to energy consuming process (endergonic)
• ATP regeneration happens very fast (10M molecules of ATP used and regenerated per second)
• If ATP could not be regenerated by phosphorylation of ADP, HUMANS would use nearly their body
weight in ATP each day.

Fig. 1d. The ATP cycle

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 Lesson 2
CHLOROPHYLL AND OTHER PIGMENTS

Chromatography
- is a separation technique used to identify various components of mixtures based on the differences in
their structure and/or composition.
Pigments
- are substances that absorb visible light. Different pigments absorb light of different wavelengths.

Light, as it encounters an object, is either reflected, transmitted, or absorbed. Visible light, with a
wavelength of 380–750 nm, is the segment in the entire range of electromagnetic spectrum that is most important
to life on earth. It is detected as various colors by the human eye. The color that is not absorbed by pigments of
objects is transmitted or reflected and that is the color of the object that we see.

Fig. 1e. The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Pigments are the means by which plants capture sun’s energy to be used in photosynthesis. However, since
each pigment absorbs only a narrow range of wavelength, there is usually a need to produce several kinds of
pigments of different colors to capture more of sun’s energy.

Chlorophyll
- is the greenish pigment found in the thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplast of a plant cell.

Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light while it transmits and reflects green light. This is why leaves appear
green. There are several kinds of chlorophyll. Among these, chlorophyll a plays the most important role in
photosynthesis. It directly participates in converting solar energy to chemical energy.

Other pigments in the chloroplast play the part of accessory pigments. These pigments can absorb light and
transfer the energy to chlorophyll a. One of these accessory pigments is chlorophyll b. Some carotenoids also
contribute energy to chlorophyll a. Other carotenoids, however, serve as protection for chlorophyll by dissipating
excessive energy that will otherwise be destructive to chlorophyll.

Structure of chlorophyll
• Head—a flat hydrophilic head called porphyrin ring. It has a magnesium
atom at its center. Different chlorophylls differ on the side groups attached to
the porphyrin.
• Tail—a lipid-soluble hydrocarbon tail.

Fig. 1e.1. Chlorophyll

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THE PROCESS OF PHOTOEXCITATION

How does photoexcitation of chlorophyll happen?

1. A chlorophyll molecule absorbs photon or light energy.

2. An electron of the molecule in its normal orbital, said to be in its ground state, will be elevated to an orbital
of a higher energy. The molecule is now in an excited state. The molecule only absorbs photon that has the
energy that is equal to the energy needed for it to be able to elevate from the ground state to the excited
state.
3. The excited state is unstable. Hence, excited electrons drop back down to the ground state immediately
after, releasing energy in the form of heat and photon. This happens in isolated chlorophyll molecules.
However, chlorophyll molecule that is found in its natural environment in the thylakoid membrane forms a
photosystem together with proteins and other organic molecules to prevent the loss of energy from the
electrons.

Fig. 1.f. The Photoexcitation of Chlorophyll

PHOTOSYSTEM

A photosystem is an aggregate of pigments and proteins in the thylakoid membrane responsible for the absorption
of photons and the transfer of energy and electrons. It is composed of:

• Light-harvesting complex— is also called the ‘antenna’ complex and is consisted of several different
pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) bounded with proteins. When a pigment molecule
absorbs a photon, energy is passed on from one pigment molecule to another pigment molecule until the
energy reaches the reaction center.

• Reaction-center complex—is composed of a pair of chlorophyll a and a primary electron acceptor. The
primary electron acceptor is a specialized molecule that is able to accept electrons from the pair of
chlorophyll a. The pair of chlorophyll a in the reaction-center is also specialized because they are capable
of transferring an electron to the primary electron acceptor and not just boosting the electron to a higher
energy level.

There are two types of photosystem:

• Photosystem II—was discovered later after the discovery of Photosystem I, but functions first in the light
reaction of photosynthesis. The chlorophyll a in the reaction-center of Photosystem II effectively absorbs
light with a wavelength of 680nm and thus called P680.
• Photosystem I—was discovered first. Its reaction-center has a chlorophyll a called P700 because it is
effective in absorbing light with a wavelength of 700nm.

Apply What You Have Learned

Directions: Answer the following questions. Provide the best answer in the blank or write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. What wavelength of light is most important to life on earth?

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 2. What color/s of light does chlorophyll absorb? What color does it reflect?
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3. What composes a photosystem?

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4. In what part of the photosystem does the first step of light reaction take place?
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5. Differentiate the two types of photosystem.

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Performance Task

Directions: Construct a final draft sketch on the process of photoexcitation of chlorophyll; write labels on the
inputs and outputs of the process. Write your sketch on a long bond paper. You will be graded according to the
rubric below.

Criteria 5 4 3
Clear relationship
Unclear relationship
between concepts. Relationship between
between concepts.
Relationships Hierarchical concepts evident.
Components and sun-
between concepts organization from Components and sub-
components
components to sub- components present.
unorganized.
components
Logical linkages. Clear
Logical linkages. Linkages do not make
and thorough
Explanation of links sense and are not
Cross-linkages explanation of links.
unclear. Information is explained. Information
Information is clear
accurate. is inaccurate.
accurate and precise.
Presentation is orderly
and visually appealing.
Presentation is orderly Presentation is not
Presentation Demonstrates effective
and effective. orderly.
use of the elements of
graphic design.

Assess What You Have Learned

Directions: Write the letter of the best answer on the space provided.

_____1. A structure that composed of sugar ribose, nitrogen base adenine and a chain of 3-phosphate groups.
a. ADP b. ATP c. NADH+ d. Nucleus
_____2. The process of breaking down bonds between the phosphate groups; this happens when a water molecule
breaks the terminal phosphate bond
a. Hydrolysis of ATP b. Phosphorylation c. Oxidation d. Reduction

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 _____3. A separation technique used to identify various components of mixtures based on the differences in their
structure and/or composition.
a. Phosphorylation b. Dephosphorylation c. Hydrolysis d. Chromatography

_____4. Are substances that absorb visible light; different pigments absorb light of different wavelengths.
a. Chlorophyll b. Photon c. Pigments d. Light Energy

_____5. The greenish pigment found in the thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplast of a plant cell.
a. Light energy b. Chlorophyll c. Photon d. Pigments

Task: Fill Me Please!

What an exemplar performance! You did a great job in finishing this module. Hopefully, you had an
enjoying moment in this journey. Congratulations!

After accomplishing series of Activities, fill in the blanks to complete the sentences below.
It is necessary to have a knowledge about the ATP and ADP cycle because it
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Kindly share your thoughts and learnings by finishing the sentences below:
I have learned that ___________________________________________________________

I have realized that ___________________________________________________________

I will use my learning to ______________________________________________________

REFERENCES and CREDITS to:

o Belardo, Giselle Millete M., Avissar Yael, Choi, Jung, et.al. 2016. General Biology I Textbook for Senior
High School. Quezon City: Vibal Group Publishing, Inc.

o Dela Peńa, Renato A.,Gracilla Daniel E., and Pangilinan, Christian R. 2016. General Biology. Pasay City:
JFS Publishing Services.

o Faltado, Ruben E.,Paz de Leon, Reneecilia B., and Lopez, Merle B. 2017. General Biology 1 for Senior High
School. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing,Inc.

o Rea, Maria Angelica D.,Dequillo, Mary Zugar M., and Chua, Jenny Lyn C. 2017. General Biology 1. Quezon
City: Rex Printing Company,Inc.

o Commission on Higher Education.2016. Teaching Guide for Senior High School GENERAL BIOLOGY 1.
Quezon City

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education

SUMMATIVE TEST: GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

MODULE 1

Name of Learner: _________________________________ Grade Level: _________________________

Section: ____________________ Date: _______________ Parent/Guardian’s Signature: _____________
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on the space provided for before each
number. Use CAPITAL letter only. Avoid ERASURES.

_____1. A structure that composed of sugar ribose, nitrogen base adenine and a chain of 3-phosphate groups.
a. ADP b. ATP c. NADH+ d. Nucleus
_____2. The process of breaking down bonds between the phosphate groups; this happens when a water molecule
breaks the terminal phosphate bond.
a. Hydrolysis of ATP b. Phosphorylation c. Oxidation d. Reduction
_____3. A separation technique used to identify various components of mixtures based on the differences in their
structure and/or composition.
a. Phosphorylation b. Dephosphorylation c. Hydrolysis d. Chromatography
_____4. Are substances that absorb visible light; different pigments absorb light of different wavelengths.
a. Chlorophyll b. Photon c. Pigments d. Light Energy
_____5. The greenish pigment found in the thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplast of a plant cell.
a. Light energy b. Chlorophyll c. Photon d. Pigments
_____6. Which of the following is considered as the energy currency of the cell? .
a. chlorophyll b. chloroplast c. ATP d. enzyme
_____7. Why is it called coupled reaction?
a. because it absorbed energy by forming chemical bonds
b. because it released energy by breaking chemical bonds
c. because it holds readily the available energy
d. because it requires the released of energy to carry out the reaction
_____8. Which part of the ATP contains five-carbon sugar?
a. adenine b. glucose c. ribose d. phosphate
_____9. Which of the following serves as the function of pigments in plants?
a. capture light b. attract insects c. prevent photo oxidative damage d. a,b,and c are correct
_____10. Which of the following is the location of chlorophyll?
a. stroma b. thylakoid membrane of chloroplast c. grana d. matrix of mitochondria
_____11. Why do leaves change color in fall?
a. because of decrease in sunlight producing less chlorophyll c. because days become longer
b. because trees stop producing chlorophyll d. because temperature increases
_____12. What happen to sugars that are not used by trees and plants for energy?
a. released in the atmosphere c. stored in stems, seeds, fruits, and roots
b. distributed to parts where they are needed d. converted into a form usable to cell
_____13. Why do leaves have a large surface area?
a. for easily diffusion of air and gases c. for protection against harmful animals
b. for more absorption of light d. for water and gas to pass freely
_____14. Which structure translocate sucrose and amino acids out of the leaf for use by other plants?
a. xylem b. phloem c. epidermis d. cuticle
_____15. What process involves the breaking down of bonds between the phosphate groups?
a. regeneration of ATP c. chemical recycling of ATP
b. hydrolysis of ATP d. dephosphorylation of ATP
_____16. Which phase in chromatography involves a solvent containing the dissolved substances?
a. reaction phase b. stationary phase c. mobile phase d. production phase
_____17. Which of the following is composed of a pair of chlorophyll a and a primary electron acceptor?
a. Reaction-center complex
b. Light-reaction center
c. Light-harvesting complex
d. reaction-harvesting center
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_____18. Which photosystem is effective in absorbing light because its reaction-center has a chlorophyll a called
P700?
a. photosystem I b. photosystem II c. photosystem II d. a, b, and c are all correct
_____19. Based on the structure of chlorophyll, which of the following is located at the center of porphyrin ring?
a. oxygen atom b. carbon atom c. hydrogen atom d. magnesium atom
_____20. During the photoexcitation, what happen to the electrons when chlorophyll molecule absorbs photon or
light energy?
a. will elevate to an orbital of a higher energy c. will forms a photosystem together with proteins
b. will back down to the ground state d. will release energy in the form of heat and photon
_____21. How do plants harness light energy to manufacture food?
a. through photosynthesis b. through cellular respiration c. through chemiosmosis d. through
phosphorylation
_____22. Which of the following is considered as energy releasing pathway?
a. photosynthesis b. cellular respiration c. Calvin cycle d. Light dependent stage
_____23. What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?
a. carbon dioxide and water; carbohydrates and oxygen
b. carbohydrates, oxygen; carbon dioxide and ATP
c. carbohydrates, ADP; carbon dioxide and water
d. oxygen and water; carbon dioxide and carbohydrates
_____24. What are the requirements for the light dependent stage of photosynthesis?
a. oxygen & hydrogen atoms
b. light energy & water
c. hydrogen &light energy
d. enzyme & light energy
_____25. What are the products of light dependent reaction?
a. glucose b. ferredoxin c. NADPH and ATP d. ATP and RuBP

CONGRATULATIONS!
THANK YOU FOR ACCOMPLISHING MODULE 1!

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