UNVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM

MINERAL RESOURCE INSTITUTE

DEPERTIMANT OF MINING AND MINERAL PROCESSING

INDUSTRIAL PRACTICAL REPORT

MODULE NAME: INDUSTRIAL PRACTICAL TRAINING

MODULE CODE: MPT05204

STUDENT NAME; HEMED AMRI HEMED

REGISTRATION NUMBE: 2018-02-00396

INDUSTRIAL SUPERVISOR MR. YASIN MLENGA

INSTITUTE SUPERVISOR: ENG.IDDI R.BULUSHI

DURATION: 23THAUGUST, 2021 to 18THOCTOBER, 2021

COMPANY NAME: JEMA AFRICA L.T.D

SUBMISSION: 5THNOVEMBER, 2021

I HemedAmriHemed declare that is the original work of my IPT study at JEMA AFRICA Ltd. I

declare that this work has not yet presented at any institute in Tanzania and world wide.

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank my chief operator mr Yassin Mlega who has been with me during my IPT

study for the period of two month. Also I would like to thank branch manager of

jemaafricamrJumaLuchele who have been providing support to all IPT student who arrived at

jemaafrica. I would like to appreciate indutrial supervisor mrsese for providing guidelines to

work health and safety during working hours at JEMA AFRICA LTD

I would like to extend my great thanks to all workers at JEMA AFRICA LTD inclungmarkertors,

operators, security men as well as customers who came for gold recovery process .My great

thanks also goes to IPT supervisor ENG. Mtui who came to my IPT study for assessment of what

we have done during our IPT study.Also my great thanks goes to my parent and relatives who

funded me with money and properties to stay health for the whole time of my IPT study. Also I

appreciate my fellow student joshuaelias for maximum cooperation, participation, punctuality,

respect, and obedience during our part time at JEMA AFRICA LTD.

Other great thanks goes to our intitute principle who visited us during our IPT study to evaluate

the challenges that great face the student during their IPT study. There are many challenge that

face the students during their study. Those challenge includes accommodation, food, money,

social interaction, trust, etc. to our fellow female students face sexual corruption in which most

of them turn into pregnancy.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT............................................................................................i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................................ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS...............................................................................................................iii

LIST OF FIGURES.........................................................................................................................v

ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................vi

LIST OF ABBREVIATION........................................................................................................viii

CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1

1.0. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1

1.1. Background of the company.....................................................................................................1

1.2. Location of the elution..............................................................................................................2

CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................3

2.1. Elution process..........................................................................................................................3

2.2 Zadra process description..........................................................................................................4

2.3. Elution stages at Jema Africa...................................................................................................5

2.4. The chemistry and factor affect elution....................................................................................7

2.5. Elution Circuit.........................................................................................................................8

2.6. Electro winning cell.................................................................................................................9

CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................11

3.1. Acid digestion.........................................................................................................................11

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3.2. Flocculation...........................................................................................................................11

3.3. Decantation.............................................................................................................................12

3.4. Filtration.................................................................................................................................12

CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................14

4.1. Smelting..................................................................................................................................14

4.2. Gold smelting..........................................................................................................................15

4.3. Stages of smelting...................................................................................................................15

4.4 Regular inspection on the machine..........................................................................................16

4.5. Procedure to turn on elution circuit machine..........................................................................17

CHAPTER FIVE...........................................................................................................................18

5.1 CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................18

5.2. RECOMMENDATION..........................................................................................................20

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................21

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Zadra elution plant...........................................................................................................3

Figure 2: Zadra elution circuit.........................................................................................................4

Figure 3: Elution flowsheet.............................................................................................................9

Figure 4: Cross section of electrowinning circuit..........................................................................10

Figure 5: Flocculation process.......................................................................................................12

Figure 6: Gold smelting using methane torch................................................................................16

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 ABSTRACT

This report is about the recovery of gold from elution circuit, acid digestion and smelting at

jemaafricaltd . This process beginning from acid wash circle in which the loaded carbon is

cilculated in the column containing acids including dil.hydrochloric acid [3%]. Acid wash circle

help to remove [dissolve] inorganic foulants such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, salts, silica

and fine iron particle.

Another process in the recovery of gold is elution process. In elution process acid washed carbon

is added into elution circuit in which water, caustic soda and carbon are treated under high

temperature [110-115-120] and pressure[230kPa]. The process took 24 HRS to become

complete.

The next stage in the gold recovery is acid digestion in which the steel wool from the cathode

plate is softened with concentrated hydrochloric acid then followed by addition of conc.nitric

acid which digest the steel wool into solution form. The process of acid digestion continues until

the gold concentrate become free from impurities. This process also known purification by acids

The next stage in the recovery of gold is addition of flocculant by causing colloids and other

suspended particles in the liquid containing gold concentrate to aggregate, forming a floc. After

addition of flocculent it took about fifteen minutes for the suspended particles to settle down

The next stage is decantation process in which gold from flocculation is left to settle for about 15

min in the container then water is poured off until gold concentrates is seen. After doing so

filtration process follows in which a piece of cotton cloth and filter with handle are used in

filtration process . The piece of cotton cloths is folded until all water drain off.

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The next step is smelting of gold using gas burner. In this process the gold concentrate folded in

the cotton cloth is first mixed with borax then put into crucible ready for smelting process. After

putting the concentrate into crucible then fire is released from gas burner hit into the mould until

the gold is separated from impurities. The concentrates while in molten state are poured into the

mould to acquire a bar shape. After cooling it is put into the ladle then put into the container

having nitric acid for further purification. The gold bar is hammered to remove impurities

compacted together with gold then washed with soap to remove further impurities. Finally the

gold is measured purity using karat meter then its weight.

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATION

LTD…………………………….. Limited

PPM……………………………… Particle per million

NaOH………………………………Caustic solution

HCN ……………………………….. Hydrogen cyanide

CIL………………………………….. Carbon in leach

IPT………………………………….. Industrial practical training

MRI………………………………. Mineral resource institute

pH………………………………….Positive hydrogen

CIL………………………………… Carbonin leach

CIC…………………………………… Carbon in column

AC…………………………………… Activated carbon

LD …………………………………. Loaded carbon

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ix
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the company

Jemaafrica LTD is the company associated with gold elution and selling and supply of dosing

chemicals such us sodium cyanide, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acids, Sulphiric acid and carbon

used for gold recovery during leaching gold ore. Chemicals and reagents are being sold to

various part of east africa mainly Tanzania and Burundi. In Tanzania districts such as Kahama,

Geita, Nyamagana in Mwanza region and other places where mining of gold ore take place

usually they get service of this chemicals. Institute

The main branch [head quarter] of JEMA AFRICA LTD located in Mwanza region in Tanzania.

It has other branches at Kahama, Geita And Musoma Tanzania. My IPT study was at kahama

branch.

About kahama branch it was established on august 2018 under the leadership of mrsese as

branch manager and mr Yassin Mlenga as chief operator. Currently the branch manager is

MrJumaLuchele , industrial supervisor mrSese and the current chief operator is Mr Yassin

Mlenga

At 2018 Kahama branch started with about five [5] elution column machines where gold elution

takes place. Currently the company have seven [7] elution column machine. About condition of

operation is good due to large number of customers came for recovery of gold from loaded

carbon.

About safety and health are good due to availability of personal protective equipment [PPE] such

as gloves ,goggles safety boot, rainboots, helment and first aid kit and emergency water.

1
Alsoabout security also is good due to the presence of security men, CCTV camera and good

management in security from top leaders to other workers and customers.

Apart from gold elution JEMA A2FRICA LTD possess their own institute called Jema institute

of technologies which offer different courses such as mineral processing, information

communication tecchnology[ICT] and business operation assistant [BOA]

1.2. Location of the elution

JEMA AFRICA LTD is located at KahamaShinyanga Tanzania. At Kahama is located near

Buzwagi Gold Mine. It’s about one kilometa from Buzwagi gold mine .Jema Africa Limited is

located near shinyangakahama road. Other elution adjacent jemaafrica include chibu elution,

njema elution, terra mine elution.

2
 CHAPTER TWO.

2.1. Elution process

Elution is the process of removing the gold from the loaded carbon. Other names for elution are

stripping or desorption. It involve using high temperature and pressure and treating the loaded

carbon with concentrated cyanide,caustic solution followed by elution with potable water, the

gold cyanide complex can be induced to desorb from the carbon and return to solution.

The main factor that makes desorption or stripping of gold is high temperature. If the

temperature of the solution and carbon mixture is increased the will readily desorb from the

carbon into the solution. Temperature is therefore the most important variable in the elution

process and temperature of[100 °C-120 °C] Are neccesaryto achieve optimum elution

perfomance. Other requirements of the elution process are high cyanide concentration, high

caustic concentration, low ionic strength of the solution[i.e. low level of salts in the water],

optimum flow rate rate of solution through the carbon, low gold concentration in the solution.

3
Figure 1: Zadra elution plant
2.2 Zadra process description

At Jema Africa ltd uses the Zadra process. The eluant is continuously circulated through the

column and an electrowinning cell in series. A caustic cyanide solution, normally 0.2 to 0.5 %

NaCN and 2% NaOH, is pumped to the elution column and is pre-heated by the solution leaving

the column. The temperature is further raised by a steam heat exchanger. After stripping the gold

from the carbon, the solution is partially cooled in the incoming heat exchanger and further

cooled to below its ambient boiling point in a cooler heat exchanger. The gold is then stripped

from the solution by electrowinning and the solution is returned to the elution column.

Figure 2: Zadra elution circuit

4
2.3. Elution stages at Jema Africa

The process of gold elution has three stages which are acid washing, cyanide pre-treatment and

elution.

1: Acid washing

Starting with acid washing which involve the use of acids. Acid washing has three stages which

are acid wash circle, acid soak circle and acid rinse circle.

 Acid wash cycle; A dilute hydrochloric acid solution [3%] is circulated into the elution

column. Acids dissolve inorganic foulant/impurities such as calcium carbonate,

magnesium, sodium salts, fine ore minerals such as silica and fine iron particles. The acid

wash circle takes about 20 min.

 Acids soak circle; The acids soak circle is simply a situation where the acids solution

sits in the column, allowing time to dissolves the inorganic foulants. The acid soak circle

take about 40 minutes to dissolve inorganic foulant present in the loaded carbon. The

impurities dissolves into solution leaving the carbon clean.

 Acid rinse circle; The acids rinse circle stage involve flushing four bed volume of water

through the column. The water flushes away the minerals impurities that have been freed

by the acids wash. The wash also rinse the carbon of acid and raise [ neutralize] the pH in

the column. If this were not done, the remaining acid would react with the elute, releasing

large quantities of HCN gas.

B: Cyanide pre-treatment

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The next stage involves treating the carbon with a caustic-cyanide solution at high temperature

[ 110-115-120] and pressure of [230kPa]. Sodium cyanide is requred for solubilizing the

adsorbed the adsorbed gold cyanide complex and caustic [sodium hydroxide] is added to

maintain a high pH to minimize the evolution of HCN gas. No gold is removed into solution

during this stage but the attraction between the compex and carbon is weakened allowing it to be

easily desorbed in the following elution stage. High temperature are used and hence high

pressure is maintained to prevent the solution from boiling. [Water boil at 100 °c at atmospheric

pressure] and the solution is mainly water.

C: Elution process

This is actual gold removal stage. Potable water [ water with low ionic strength] is pumped

through the column at high temperature [ 110-{115°c}-120 ] and pressure [230kPa]. High

temperature are used as the gold loading capacity of carbon is reduced with increasing

temperature.

The process of elution has two stages which are recycle elution stage and water elution stage

which can be explained further below.

1. A: Recycle elution stage; During the recycle stage, batch of solution [called the recycled

elute] containing small a small amount of gold from previous elution cycle is flushed

through the carbon bed. This solution has a relative low ionic strength, however does not

have low gold concentration as it contain gold from previous strip in the form of gold

cyanide complex ions. The solution in this stage also report to the electrolyte tank

2. Water elution column; The water elution stage is essentially a repeat of the recycle stage

except that fresh potable water is used, and solution leaving the column reports to the

6
 recycle elute tank, becoming the “recycle elute” for the next strip. With potable water is

able to extract most of remaining gold, bringing the total gold recover up to 97%. A split

system is used to achieve the highest possible gold grade in the final solution and also to

minimise both electro winning solution volume and potable water consumption.

2.4.The chemistry and factor affect elution

Activated carbon is used to adsorb gold that is leached by cyanide solution. The gold is then

stripped from this loaded carbon by means of elution to form a concentrated eluate which is then

processed for gold recovery by electrowinning. Essentially elution is the reverse of the

adsorption process. Some of the base metals that are contained in the ores are also leached with

cyanide and loaded on the carbon in the CIP process.

Some of the factors that influence the elution are: temperature, flow rate, gold in the eluant, free

NaOH. The washing of loaded carbon with a diluted acid prior to the elution and the

decomposition of cyanide during elution are known to affect the rate of elution under certain

condition. The elution is a slow process that requires from 8 to 96 hours for completion at

elevated temperature. This is primarily due to slow down diffusion of aurocyanide ion within the

micropores of the relatively large particles of activated carbon. The degree of gold adsorption on

carbon is strongly dependant on the nature and concentration of the alkaline metal cation present

in the adsorption medium.

Adsorption is strongly dependant on the pH value of the adsorption medium, the amount of gold

adsorbed in the pH range 4 to 7 being almost twice the amount that is adsorbed in the pH range 8

to 12. It should be noted that carbon’s selectivity for gold appears to increases with increase in

pH and free cyanide concentration. This is probably because at high pH (>10) most other metal

cations have precipitated as metal hydroxides.

7
2.5. Elution Circuit

o
The elution column operates with a 2-2.5% NaOH solution with a temperature range of 120 C-

o
135 C. The gold is stripped from the carbon into the solution. An elution will start when there is

6 ton of loaded carbon in the measuring vessel.

The caustic solution that returns from the electrowinning circuit is pumped into the eluant tanks.

This solution is sent through a primary heat exchanger where the heat from the exiting solution

of the column is used to preheat the entering solution. It is then sent through a steam heater

which raises the temperature to the required range.

The caustic solution is circulated through the elution column. Eluant enters at the bottom and

eluate leaves at the top through the outlet. This pregnant solution goes to the electrowinning

where it passes through the cells. The eluant is pumped to the eluant tanks and from there it is

circulated back to the elution columns. The process is slow with a residence time of 17-24 hours

for satisfactory elution.

8
Figure 3: Elution flowsheet

2.6. Electro winningcell

The pregnant solution flows from the flash tank to the electrowinning cells. A current is passed

through the cells from a set of rectifiers. The gold is attracted to the cathodes and electroplates

onto it. The cathodes are called baskets and consist of stainless steel mesh to increase the surface

area exposed to the plating process. These baskets are removed once the plating is done and

washed with water under high pressure. The particulate concentrate is passed to a filter press

where it is collected and weighed. Final product is the concentrate which is stored in bins, which

are sealed and dispatched, to the central smelt-house. The gold barren solution is pumped to the

eluant tanks for the next elution.

9
Figure 4: Cross section ofelectrowinning circuit

10
 CHAPTER THREE

3.1. Acid digestion

Acid wash is the process of washing steel wool at cathode plate after electro winning using two

types of acids are sulphiric acids [H2SO4] and nitric acids [HNO3] with water dilution, for

determination of elements in solids subsequent. At Jema Africa this process was done in large

dishes in which sulphiric acid and nitric acid are added respectively then put into special room

where gas fumes evaporates away from the atmosphere.

Acid wash is done to reduce the amount of impurities associated with gold in order to rise

percentage purity of gold. Also acid wash aim to dissolve the steel wool into solution form which

is easy for continue processes. Acid wash also play a vital role in removing of associated metals

such as silver.

3.2. Flocculation

Flocculation is the process by which colloidal particle come out of suspension to sediment under

the form of floc or flakes. Flocculent or flocculating agent are chemical that promote flocculation

by causing colloids and other suspended particles in liquid to aggregate forming a floc.

Flocculent are used in gold concentration when present in suspension of solution. At jemaafrica

Ltd they use gold mine water treatment flocculent non-ionic polyacrylamide high molecular

weight. It is in powder form

11
Figure 5: Flocculation process
3.3. Decantation

This process involve separation of mixture, by removing the layer of liquid, generally one from

which a precipitate has settled. Due to high specific gravity of gold the gold concentration settle

to the bottom while the solution stay up. The decantation process may take up to 15min for

efficiently settling of the concentrate. The decantation process takes place in large drum where

flocculent have been added in order to increase speed of particle settling.

3.4. Filtration

Is the physical operation which is used for the separation of solids from fluids by interposing a
medium through which only the fluid can pass. The fluid passes through is called the filtrate.
Over sized solids in the fluids are retained but for increasing purity the filtration process a gold
sample obtained poured into a dishand put into charcoal burner until dried, pouring of nitric acid
to a gold samlpe until white soot is seen. At jema elution the gold concentrate from decantation
is filtered using cotton cloths embeded into steel filte. After this process the cotton cloth is
removed from steel filter then folded until all water drained off. After this stage the gold
concentrate folded into cotton cloth is sent to smelting room.

12
Filtration process

13
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1. Smelting

The purpose of smelting is to remove the metallic and other impurities into slag phase and

produce the gold silver bullion containing typically ≥ 95 % of precious metal. The smelt

temperatute is maintained for a period of time to ensure complete separation of the impurities

into slags. The molten silver gold form an alloy that is heavier than the slags and hence sink to

the bottom of the melting crucible. Smelting is achieved using borax flux that act to reduce

melting point and viscocity of slag which may get entrained in the presence of silica. The

melting temperature is above 1150 °c

Gold smelting

14
4.2. Gold smelting

Smelting is the process by which a metal [Gold] is obtained by heating beyond the melting point

by using gas in which the source is a gas tank. The purpose of smelting is to remove the mettalic

and other impurities into slag phase, and produce gold with some impurities such as silver. 3.5.

Smelting process.

Smelting of gold have about four [4] stages which includes

 Prepare a crucible – a crucible is the container usually made of clay that capable

to withstand high temperature about 1943 °c.

 Mix the flux with the gold pieces inside the crucible – A flux is the mixture of

sodium carbonate and borax. This substance remove impurities into slag phase,

improve viscocity and lower melting point of gold

 Melt a gold by using a torch – There are different type of torch you can use. At

jemaafrica propane torch was used. Use the torch directly into the crucible until it

melt.

 Pour melted gold into an ingot – An ingot is a mould made from heavy metal.

This is where you will pour melted gold to achieve a certain shape, cool down

and harden. Use the pair of tongs made from heat resistant materials to hold and

move the crucible while while pouring the gold into ingot.

4.3. Stages of smelting

I. Pouring filtrate material into crucible

II. Addition of borax is followed into crucible

15
III. Open a flame pump and scratching a match box to obtain a flame, open a pressure pump

to create highly pressure flame

IV. Heat the mixture in the crucible until all other impurities will be removed and the mixture

is totally melted in the form of liquid then pour into the mould and then pourinto the

nitric acid for for more purification and remove remaining impurities. Then remove the

gold which is associated with borax and remain with gold only.

Figure 6: Gold smelting using methane torch

Machine part such as eletro winning box, wire, heater, transformer and pump are being

chekedregulary so that desorption of gold from loaded carbon could take place efficiently. The

16
temperature of the system also is checked regulary not to exceed 120 °c and not to fall below

115 °c. Alsoeletric current is measured regularly so that not to corrupt production process. The

eletric current both A/C and D/C current are measured by device called current clamp meter.

4.5. Procedure to turn on elution circuit machine

 Fill the column loaded carbon

 Water is added until one foot above the loaded carbon

 Caustic soda is added to solubilize the adsorbed gold cyanide complex and to maintain

pH.

 Gate valve are opened to allow circulation of solution.

 pump and heater are switched on, as temperature reach 90 °c the rectifier is switched on

to start eletrolysis

17
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 CONCLUSION

This report focused on the elution and electrowinning sections as the base metals contained in

the reefs were leached, loaded and eluted during the leach, the CIP and elution stages. The same

base metals end up in the final gold during the electrowinning process.

Prior to starting the experimental phase, the main focus was to understand the kinetics of the

gold elution and electrowinning processes.

Four parameters were critically evaluated in the elution process namely, the flow rate, the

temperature and the pH (or free caustic soda concentration) and the cyanide concentration. Three

of the four parameters had an impact on the elution process but the most significant ones were

the temperature and the pH.

It was found that running the elution at a temperature of 135 º C did not improve the elution as

the best average temperature range was found to 120 ºC - 125 ºC. Any increase of temperature

favors the formation of AuCN, which is known to slow down the elution efficiency.

The reduction of free caustic from the range of 2-2.5% to 1.5-1.9% also assisted in the

improvement of the fineness as the low caustic strength had an effect of keeping the base metal

on the carbon, especially nickel.

Therefore two parameters were reduced in a range that would favor the elution of gold only and

restrict the elution of the nickel.

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 3
The increase of flow rate (35 m /h) resulted in the deterioration of elution efficiency of gold and

3
other base metals compared to when flow rate is 30 m /h. This is due to the shortage of

residence time in the column.

3
The reduction of flow rate to 25 m /h did improve the stripping efficiency but this has resulted in

the deterioration of the fineness as more gold and base metals were stripped. The flow rate of

3
30m /h appears to be the best flow rate for the elution as the elution efficiency and the fineness

of gold were excellent compared to the other two flow rates.

However, some authors like Kar (1995) claims the increase in cyanide concentration improve the

elution efficiencies, but this was found not to be the case in this study.

From these parameters, a new elution operating strategy was implemented. This resulted in the

improvement of the fineness from 80 % to 84 %. It appears clearly that the combination

oftemperature range and free caustic concentration are the predominant factors that maintain

base metals on the carbon and assist in the improvement of the fineness.

19
5.2. Recommendation

I recommend that at JEMA AFRICA LTD the personal protective [ppe] should be considered to

the working area especially in the elution plant because there is a lot of fumes especially during

fume release, acid digestion and smelting process. I recommend that personal protective

equipment [PPE] should be used efficiently to avoid healthy destruction and penalty from

OSHA. Also I recommend that machine should be regularly checked so that to ensure the

efficiency of production remain in standard. Machines should be serviced regularly so that to

eliminate probability of failure in operation, production and risk occurrence.

20
REFERENCES

Adams, M.D and Nicol, M.J. (1986) The kinetic of the elution of gold from activated carbon.

C.E. Fivaz and R.P. King (Editors), Gold 100, Proceeding, SAIMM, Johannesburg, pp111-121

Adams, M. (1989) Chemistry of the CIP process, PhD Thesis, Wits University, Johannesburg.

Adams, M.D (1990) Kinetics of elution of gold from activated carbons by Zadra methods, Trans

Institution of Mining & Metallurgy, IMM, Vol. 99, pp. C71-79

Banini, G.A., (1993) Modeling of the elution process, Msc thesis, Wits University,

Johannesburg.

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Barbosa, LAD, Sobral, LGS, Dutra, AJB (2001) Gold electrowinning from diluted cyanide

liquors: Performance evaluation of different reaction systems, Centre for mineral technology-Rio

de Janeiro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Fisher MJ and Labrooy SR (1997) The effect of nickel on gold recovery during adsorption and

elution, World gold conference

Kar, Jugal (1995) Effect of caustic and cyanide level on nickel reduction in stripping circuit,

Randol gold forum, Perth, Australia

Paul, R.L, Filmer, A.O, Nicol, M.J (1983) The recovery of gold from concentrated aurocyanide

solutions. Council for Mineral technology (Mintek), Ranburg, South Africa

Stanley, G. The extractive metallurgy of gold in South Africa, Volume 2, SAIMM monograph

series M7.

Steyn, J. (2003) – Electrowinning optimization, Internal report, Anglogold Ashanti

Van Deventer, JSJ and Van der Merwe, P.F. (1993) Factors influencing the elution of gold from

activated carbon, Department of Metallurgical engineering, University of Stellenbosh, South

Africa Van der Merwe, P.F. (1991), Fundamentals of the elution of gold cyanide from activated

carbon, PhD, University of Stellenbosh 38Vegter, N.M, Van Vuuren C.P.J and Botha A.J (1993)

The kinetics of elution of gold cyanide from activated carbon. Hydrometallurgy: Fundamental,

Technology and innovation, TMS, Society for mining, metallurgy and exploration, Inc, Colorado

22