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Studying the Physical Characters of Eggshell and Recycling hen’s Egg Waste as
Powder for Cleaning used in Household Wares

Article · January 2015

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Nova Explore Publications
Nova Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences
PII: S2292793X1500004-4
Vol. 4(1) 2015:1-5
www.novaexplore.com

Research Article

Studying the Physical Characters of Eggshell and Recycling hen’s

Egg Waste as Powder for Cleaning used in Household Wares
Haroon I. Haroon1, Abdelrahman A. Elbadawi1, Mohamed A. Siddig1, Hassan. H. Abuelhassan1,
Murwan K. Sabah Elkhair2
1
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, ALNeelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
2
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, AlNeelain University, Sudan
Corresponding Author: Abdelrahman A. Elbadawi, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract
Now a day the wasted materials are highly interested in field of environment in the all over the world, due to their
amount considerations and also to their extra ordinary properties. The eggshell could be studied at various fields of
sciences such as: physics, chemistry and medicine. As part of physics theory, the eggshell powder can be used as an
insulator material, due to their energy band gabs, which is equal or greater than (4.0 eV). In this work, eggshell was
collected and powdered. X-ray florescence (XRF), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy and UV Vis
spectrometer were used as analytical techniques. XRF results were indicated that the pure powder is contained calcium
(Ca), copper (Cu) and strontium (Sr). Energy band gab was calculated by using fitting curve and is found to be 4.82 eV
for pure eggshell powder. The FTIR spectra showed 715, 877, 1454, 1649, 1791 and 2500 cm -1 peaks which were assigned
to the calcium carbonate (rock), calcium phosphate, calcium nitrate, strontium nitrate and copper phosphate;
respectively. From the results and observations; eggshell can be used as a good cleaner with safety in household wares.
Key words: Egg Shell, Energy Band Gab, Insulator, XRF.

Introduction
An eggshell is the outer covering of a hard-shelled protecting the egg, otherwise, there are some forms of eggs with
soft outer coats, an eggshell usually contains calcium carbonate and other elements dissolves in various acids, including
the vinegar used in cooking, the calcium carbonate which exist in an eggshell reacts with most acids to form carbon
dioxide, salt and water [1]. There are many types of eggs for different species of animals such as fishes and
amphibians. An eggs are surrounded by extra embryonic membranes and very small and fragile. In case of Snakes, tortoises, turtles;
nearly indistinguishable part from bird eggs that have hard shell which is consist of calcium carbonate and other elements. The
gamete of an egg is
located on the yolk surface and surrounded by albumen [2].
The albumen is surrounded by two shell membranes (inner and outer) membranes of eggshell. The chicken eggshell is 95-97%
calcium carbonate crystals, which are stabilized by a protein matrix. The protein is very important to the crystal structure and make
it keeps its form, the deposition of calcium during the mineralization process ruled by the organic matrix [3]. The structure
and composition of the eggshell protects the egg against damage and microbial contamination, prevention of desiccation, regulation
of gas and water exchange for the growing embryo, provides calcium for embryo [4].
To form an eggshell it requires one gram amount of calcium being deposited within hours, which must be supplied via the hen's diet,
indeed an eggshell is largely-crystalline calcium carbonate. The calcium comes partly from the hen's bones and it can necessary to
mobilize 10 percent of it bone for this purpose in a day.
The recent researches was focus on the natural materials, specially the waste materials ,and the eggshell is considered as waste
amount in Sudan, This natural solid waste, although non-hazardous, is directly disposed in the environment. As a consequence, a
huge problem of pollution is generated. In addition, it can attract rats and worms due the organic protein matrix, resulting in a
problem of public health so the properties of Chechen white eggshell were studied.
This eggshell is calcium carbonate in basic and other elements such as copper and strontium and organic matters, and the
calcium is huge amount, and this has many uses due to the activities of calcium carbonate, The results of studies indicated that
the eggshell waste sample consist of calcium carbonate which can be used as an alternative raw material [5], also can be calcite
by thermal process at 900 0C to make calcium oxide, this Calcite eggshell was investigated in rapeseed oil transaction with a

Nova Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences Page: 1

view to determine its viability as a solid catalyst for use in biodiesel synthesis. Upon calcinations, eggshell starts to lose
carbonate and absorption bands of CO3-2 molecules shift to higher energy i.e.,1470, 1040, and 820 cm-1 [6]. This has been
attributed to decrease the mass of the functional group attached to the CO 3-2 ions. A sharp OH-1 stretching band is observed at
3625 cm-1 at the catalyst calcite at 900°C,
the studies confirmed that the particle size decreased as the calcinations temperature increased leading to an increase in surface
area. Whereas the catalysts calcites were poses a lower surface area at 800°C and 1000°C. Egg shell has a good adsorptive
properties such as pore structure, CaCO3 [7], and protein acid mucopolysac- charide that can be developed into the adsorbent.
the protein acid mucopolysac charide has an Important functional groups are carboxyl amine and the sulfate that can bind
heavy metal ion to form ionic bond. Moreover, eggshell is Neutral material , any aqueous solution [7] equilibrated with egg
shell becomes more basic; so heavy metal can precipitate and deposit on eggshell particles [8], and this characteristic has b een
used in removing the lead from battery manufacture water waste [6, 7, 8].
The objectives of this study to prepare chicken eggshell powder in order to investigate the existence of the certain elements
using X-ray fluorescence, calculate the energy band gab using ultraviolet spectroscopy, detect the various characteristic of
functional groups in chicken eggshell molecules using Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy analysis and explore some
chemical property and using eggshell powder as cleaner in household wares.

Method
1.1 Preparation of eggshell powder:
The manual process was used to prepare the eggshell. In this process, the egg was firstly cracked and cleaned with distilled water
so as to eliminate the outer and the inner membrane. The washing was iterated and repeated many times in order to removed out
all possible traces of impurities. The resultant compounds was dried in room temperature at 27 oC and then grinned to obtain the
fine powder of eggshell.
2.2 The preparation of the doping:
One gram of the sample was dissolved in ethanol of 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03g in 10 ml of ethanol, and the resultant mixture was then
taken in order to check the changing occurred in the band gab using UV spectrometer. The FTIR was used as well in order to
investigate the functional group. The test was performed after been mixed with amount of KBr as required.
3.1 The X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were performed using Cd-109 XRF spectrometer system, while the FTIR results were
obtained using the instrument of type Satellite FTIR serial no 20010102. to analyze the existence of elements. One gram of the
sample prepared in the compressor in the form of a disk and studied to investigate and explore the existence of certain elements
of the sample [9].
3.2 Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy:
The absorption of the solution with different concentration was calculated using UV min 1240 spectrometer Shimadzy [10].

Results and Discussions

4.1 X-ray fluorescence (XRF):The analysis by x-ray fluorescence made it possible to trace elements in materials samples.
Figure (1) shows the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for the eggshell. The graph of the sample indicates that, it contains three
elements, calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), strontium (Sr) and its concentration appeared almost on calcium carbonate
according to Figure (1) and Table (1).

ca
1720

1290
conc
per g
860

430 Sr
cu
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
elements

Figure 1: The X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for eggshell elements graph of 1g of powder.

Nova Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences Page: 2

 Table 1: the eggshell elements and its concentration per/gram

Elements Concentration

Calcium (Ca) 2.75E-1

Cooper (Cu) 6.32E-6

Strontium (Sr) 1.45E-4

Ultra Violet-visible spectrometer

Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis or UV/Vis) refers to absorption
spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible spectral region.
The UV plot illustrates the changing occurred in the absorption as a function of wavelength. Figure (2)
shows an absorption spectrum wavelength, while the graph of Figure (3) shows the absorption of the
pure eggshell powder at wavelength 238.267 nm and the band gab is calculated and is found to be
4.82 eV.

0 .4 6

0 .4 4 312000

0 .4 2 273000

0 .4 0 234000
absorption %

0 .3 8
195000
(h 


0 .3 6
156000
0 .3 4
117000
0 .3 2
78000
0 .3 0
39000
0 .2 8
150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 0
w a n e le n g th (n m ) 2 .64 2 .9 7 3 .3 0 3 .6 3 3 .9 6 4 .2 9 4 .6 2 4 .9 5 5 .28

h

Figure 2: UV absorption of eggshell powder. Figure 3: UV-visible spectrum of 1g egg shell(4.82eV).

FTIR result of eggshell:
FTIR spectra of pure compounds are generally so unique that they are like a molecular
"fingerprint" [8]. Figure (4) shows the typical FTIR Spectrum of eggshell particles in the range of 400-4000cm -1 . The
characteristic of FTIR spectra show peaks at 715, 877, 1454, 1649 and 1791, 2500 cm -1 , all the peaks are illustrated that
the eggshell particles are consisted of the calcium carbonate (rock), calcium phosphate, calcium nitrate, strontium
nitrate and Copper phosphate.
4 .8

4 .2

3 .6

3 .0
tra n sim a tio n

2 .4

1 .8

1 .2

0 .6

0 .0

7 2 0 1 0 8 0 1 4 4 0 1 8 0 0 2 1 6 0 2 5 2 0 2 8 8 0 3 2 4 0 3 6 0 0
w a v e l e n g th

Figure 4: FTIR graph for eggshell particle

The Chemical Reaction

Nova Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences Page: 3

The chemical tests a bear that the samples react with almost acids such as HCl acid and H2SO4
according to the following formulas: -

Ca2CO3 + 2HCl 2 CaCl + CO2 + H2O ------- (4.4.1)

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O ---------------(4.4.2)

Ca2CO3 + H2SO3 Ca2SO3 + CO2 + H2O ---(4.4.3)

The pure sample of eggshell powde

r is not dissolved in water and it is hard to be found as powder form. Because of these two characteristics it
is amazingly and fruitfully guided to great uses of the pure sample of eggshell powder which can be
summarized as follows:

1. It can be used as a polisher to remove out rust from metals and other materials.
2. It can be used as a purifier for wasted water.
3. It can be used to design a good chock alternative to that of black board in schools.

A B
Figure 5: the bowl before (A) and after (B) cleaned by eggshell powder

A B
Figure 6: the rusted water pipe before (A) and after(B) cleaned by eggshell powder

Nova Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences Page: 4

 A B

Figure 7: the bowl before(A) and after(B) cleaned by egg shell powder.

Conclusion
The following conclusions can be achieved from the study:
The pure sample of eggshell were found to be insulator with the band gab in the range of an of 4.9eV. XRF proved that sample contains
calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr) and copper (Cu). The pure powder can be used as a polishing subject to scrape out the rust from metals.
Additionally, the pure sample can be used to purity waste water. Finally, it can be used to design chock for black board.

References
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Partial biomimetic reconstitution of avian eggshell formation, 2004, 148, 1-10.
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Journal, 2001 57: 349–357.
3. Jump NY, Gautron J, Garcia R, Juan M, Hincke MT. et al. "Avian eggshell mineralization: biochemical and functional
characterization of matrix proteins". Comptes Rendus Palevol, 2004, 3: 549–62
4. Hunton P (2005). "Research on eggshell structure and quality: an historical overview". Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola,
2007, 7: 67–71.
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of Engineering, Alqadissiya University, Addywania, Iraq
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manufacturing wastewater by egg shell Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 2007, 29(3) : 857-868
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optimization for biodiesel production." Int J Sustain Develop Green Eco, 2013, 2: 27-32.
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