Protection and Relay

Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4

Zone 1 Zone 6
1 2 3
X Zone 7 Y
B G H C
D
~ A
I

Zone 8

12~40 kV 69~500 kV

(Power Plant)
4 120

100

F Zone 580

60

1.1~3.6 kV 40

20

69~138 kV 0

-20

(Substation) -40

-60

(Substation) -80

120/240 V 0 5 10 15

220/380 V
(Substation)

1
2
1

o
o
o
o

3
2
( )
o ( )
•
•
• (Overspeed
•
• (
•

4
 Need information of short circuit current;
Short Circuit Protection - Single line to ground
- Line-to-line
- Line-to-line to ground
- Three phase fault

Equipment Protection Need information of equipment safety operation;

-Overload
-Over-voltage, Under-voltage
- Internal faults

5
•

6
 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
13
20
21

23
25

26
27
30
32
41
42
43
46 - -

47

7
 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
48

49
50 - -
51 -

52
53
55
56
59
60
62 -
63 -
64
65
67
69
8
 ANSI/IEEE C37.2

76
78 - - -

81
86

87

90
91

94 -
101

9
 BUS

CONTROL
48 PACKAGE

27

49S
50
50 46

50GS
87
49
MOTOR RTD

10
IEC

11
 (Rotating Machines)

(Generator)
Synchronous Generator
Induction Generator

(Motor)
Synchronous Motor
Induction Motor
12
13
14
15
6

16
 ( )

( )

( )

17
•
• ( )

18
•

19
 N

( a’ X a

20
3 120 (
3

b' c'
X c Vcn Vcn 240o
N
c'
+ a' a
a
a' a
X b'
Van Van 0
-
b
n
b S
X
c
Vbn Vbn 120o

b
21
 c
a 2'
b2 c2 c1
X X Vcn Vcn 240o
c2' S c 1'
b2 ' c2
a 2' a 2 a 1' a1
+ c2'
a
a2 X N N X a1 b 2'
Van Van 0
- b2
b 1' b 1'
c1' n
S
X X b1
c1 b1
a 1' Vbn Vbn 120o

22
~
One line diagram

Xd

~
Impedance line diagram
23
24
Field Winding

25
-
-

26
Single-isolated generators
-
-

-
-
- (
-
-

27
Multiple-isolated generators
-
- /

-
- -

28
29
Large industrial generators
-
-

- - MVA
-
-

30
Unit Generator-Transformer Configuration
-
-

- ( -

31
Cogeneration Generators

Induction Generators

32
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
—

33
Overheating or Thermal Protection

•
• Thermocouple
• Resistance Temperature Detectors ( RTDs )
• >> Alarm / Trip
•
•
•
34
Overheating or Thermal Protection

( ) 10 30 60 120
226 154 130 116

35
Overheating or Thermal Protection

•
•
•

36
Overheating or Thermal Protection

- 50
115
95
- 51)
75-
226
7

37
Overheating or Thermal Protection

38
Overheating or Thermal Protection

(Field Excitation Winding)

-
( ) 10 30 60 120
208 146 125 112

5-10

39
40
CT

I1 ' I2 '

R
R 87

41
 F
I1 '

I1

I1 I2 I1 I2 0

42
 F

I1 '

I1 I2 0

43
(Percentage Differential Relay)
(Restraint coil) 44
i1 i2

45
i1-i2 (i1+i1)/2

Operating coil Restrain coil

46
 id k ir Positive
torque
region

id i1 i2
Negative
torque
i1 i2 region
ir
2 i1 i2

47
 10

10-

5- %

48
Percentage Differential Relay

49
50
(High Impedance Relay)

R
51
High Impedance Relay

52
53
Id_pri ะ l 105
คน ะ200A

A
A
15.75

84.25

)
54
 5 ะ VI ×
2°
ระยะ
I Vะ TR

55
Self-Balancing Differential Scheme

5- A

56
 stator ground fault protection
•

57
•
o N)
o

58
 (High Resistance Ground)

•
2
2

59
- N
5- A kVA

- (

60
 (Low Resistance Ground)

•
150
•

61
 Neutral
Impedance

62
51N R Neutral
Impedance

63
 5
(

(
64
5-

65
Earthing
Transformer
Loading
Resistor
Earthing
Transformer
Loading
Resistor R 64
51N Over Voltage Relay
R
Over Current Relay
66
3rd Harmonic Voltage Relay

( 1 )

Injection of Sub harmonic Voltage (Low Frequency)

( 20

67
Numerical Relay
for Over-Current
and Ground Fault
Protection

68
69
70
Field Winding

71
72
 Non-linear
Resistance

To Exciter
Field
Winding

Sensitive
Relay R

(DC Detector)

73
 Non-linear
Resistance

To Exciter
Field
Winding

Sensitive
Relay R

(AC Detector)
74
(

75
 (Unbalance Current)

(Negative Sequence Impedance)

76
 (Unbalance Current)

(I 2 ) 2 t K

77
78
(Unbalance Current)

( I 2 ) 2 t 10 (0.00625)(MVA 800) 79
 (Unbalance Current)

Characteristics of
electromechanical
negative-sequence
overcurrent relay

80
 (Unbalance Current)

Characteristics of
static
negative-sequence
overcurrent relay

81
 (Overspeed)

82
( )

83
(Overvoltage)

84
 (V/Hz)

V
105
105
95

85
86
(Undervoltage)

87
 Voltage Relay

Numerical Over-Fluxing Relay

88
(Overfrequency)

89
 (Underfrequency)

( )
(Turbine)

90
91
 (Loss of Excitation)

(Loss of Excitation)
(Under Excitation)
(Induction Generator)

(Non-

92
7.11 a ( )
b 4

93
 (Impedance Relay)

R-

94
Reverse Power Relay

95
96