Intro Stat - UTS

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 📌 TOPICS OVERVIEW 📌
MATERI UTS MATERI UAS

1. Introduction: Basic stats 1. Continuous Probability Dist.

1. Summarizing Data & Measure 2. Sampling & Central Limit Theorem

of Location
3. Estimation & Confidence Interval
1. Display & Explore Data
4. One-Sample Hypothesis
1. Probability Concepts
5. Two-Sample Hypothesis
1. Discrete Probability
Distribution 6. Analysis Of Variance

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1. Basic Statistics

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 1 - Introduction: Basic Stats

Population Sample

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1 - Introduction: Basic Stats

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 1 - Introduction: Basic Stats

4 Level of Characteristic Examples

measurement

- Qualitative Gender, name, phone

Nominal - Data cannot be arranged number, color
- Can only be classified or counted

- Datas are ranked Likert scale, school rank in

Ordinal - Difference between datas are meaningless a country

- No natural zero point Time, temperature, IQ

Interval - Meaning between data differences score, students’ GPA

- Meaningful 0 and ratio between values Weight, height, amount of

Ratio - Differences are meaningful money

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 1 - Introduction: Basic Stats

Exc: Determine the level of measurement of each observation

1. A Survey of collecting respondent’s place of living in a certain country,

the Data is divided into 3 numbers, number 1 shows that he/she lived in the
northern side, 2 shows southern side, and 3 shows central side of the country. N

2. Daily download speed in your home (5 days); 1mbps, 1,2 mbps, 1,3 mbps,
1mbps, 1,7mbps. R

3. Survey on customer perception regarding the taste of Indomie,

numbered 1 to 5, 1 shows that the customer is really dissatisfied and 5 shows that
they are very satisfied, Meanwhile, 2 to 4 are unsatisfied, normal, satisfied, in a
sequence. O

4. A report on daily temperature in Prasetiya Mulya Lobby at 9 AM. I

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 1 - Introduction: Basic Stats

Exc: Determine the level of measurement of each observation

5. Data of 10 student’s height in a certain class, consist of: 140, 143,

155, 144, 165, 158, 149, 150, 161, 154, all in centimeters. R

6. Data collected shows that there is 20 brown haired students, 40

black haired students, 10 gray haired students, and 20 blonde-haired
students. N

7. Test score of 7 students; 70%, 55%, 49%, 74%, 80%, 85%, 63%. I

8. IQ Test score of 10 students; 120; 110;115;112;102;99;108;100;121;130. I

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 2 - Summarizing Data

2. Summarizing Data
& Measure of Location

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1-2
Introduction:
- Summarizing
Basic
Data
Stats

Frequency Table

Relative Class Frequency

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1-2
Introduction:
- Summarizing
Basic
Data
Stats

Frequency Distribution

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 1-2
Introduction:
- Summarizing
Basic
Data
Stats

Cumulative Frequency Distribution

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 1-2
Introduction:
- Summarizing
Basic
Data
Stats
Cumulative Frequency Polygon

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 1-2
Introduction:
- Summarizing
Basic
Data
Stats

Exc. 1

What type of chart best represents relative class frequencies?

A. Bar Chart
B. Pie Chart
C. Scatter plot
D. Frequency Polygon

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 1-2
Introduction:
- Summarizing
Basic
Data
Stats

Exc. 2

What is the relative frequency of those

salespersons that earn $1,600 or more?
A. 25.5%
B. 27.5%
C. 29.5%
D. 30.8% (24+9+4)/120
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 2 - Central Tendency

There are many measures of location of central

tendency. We will consider five:

1. Arithmetic mean
2. Median
3. Mode
4. Weighted Mean
5. Geometric Mean

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 2 - Central Tendency

1. Arithmetic Mean

Population Mean Sample Mean

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 2 - Central Tendency

2. Median

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 2 - Central Tendency

Exc. 1

Student score in class:

2,2,3,4,5,6,7,7,8

Find: Mean, Median, Mode

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 2 - Central Tendency

4. Weighted Mean

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 2 - Central Tendency

4. Weighted Mean
The Carter Construction Company pays its hourly employees
$16.50, $19.00, or $25.00 per hour.

There are 26 hourly employees, 14 of which are paid at the $16.50

rate, 10 at the $19.00 rate, and 2 at the $25.00 rate.

What is the mean hourly rate paid the 26 employees?

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 2 - Central Tendency

5. Geometric Mean

EXC:
The Vegas population increased from 258,295 in 1990 to 607,876
in 2009. This is an increase of 349,581 people, or a 135.3 percent
increase over the period. The population has more than doubled.

What is the average annual increase?

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 2 - Central Tendency

5. Geometric Mean

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 2 - Measure of Dispersion

Range, Variance, Std. Deviation

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2 - Measure of Dispersion

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2 - Measure of Dispersion

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 2 - Measure of Dispersion

Find Variance and

Population std. Deviation

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 2 - Measure of Dispersion

Find Variance and

Population std. Deviation

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 2 - Measure of Dispersion

A question in a market survey asks for a respondent's

favorite car color. Which measure of central location
should be used to summarize this question?
Answer:
Mode

A sample revealed that the ages of a popular group of

musicians are 36, 29, 37, 32, 36, and 75. What is the
median age?
Answer:
36

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 2 - Measure of Dispersion

Consider two populations with the same mean. Since they

have the same mean, then:

A. Their standard deviations must also be the same.

B. Their medians must also be the same.
C. Their modes must also be the same.
D. None of these is correct.

Answer:
D

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 2 - Measure of Dispersion

A purchasing agent for a trucking company is shopping for replacement tires for their
trucks from two suppliers. The suppliers' prices are the same. However, Supplier A's
tires have an average life of 60,000 miles with a standard deviation of 10,000 miles.
Supplier B's tires have an average life of 60,000 miles with a standard deviation of
2,000 miles.

Which of the following statements is true?

a. The two distributions of tire life are the same
b. On average, Supplier A's tires have a longer life then Supplier B's tires
c. The life of Supplier B's tire is more predictable than the life of Supplier A's tires
d. The dispersion of Supplier A's tire life is less than the dispersion of Supplier B's tire
life
Answer:
C

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 3 - Display & Explore Data

3. Display & Explore Data

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 3 - Display & Explore Data

1. Dot Plot

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 3 - Display & Explore Data

2. Stem and Leaf

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 3 - Display & Explore Data

2. Stem and Leaf

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 3 - Display & Explore Data

4. Measures of Position

These measures include quartiles, deciles, and percentiles.

a. Quartiles divide a distribution into 4 equal parts.
b. Deciles divide a distribution into 10 equal parts.
c. Percentiles divide a distribution into 100 equal parts.

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 3 - Display & Explore Data
4. Measures of Position

Step 1: Organize the data from lowest to largest value

16 17 17 19 20 20 20 21 22 23
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Step 2: Compute the locations and than the values

Median: LMEDIAN = (11+1)*50% = 6 Median = $20

First Quartile (Q1): LQ1 = (11+1)*1/4 = 3 Q1 = $17

Third Quartile (Q3): LQ3 = (11+1)*3/4 = 9 Q3 = $22

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 3 - Display & Explore Data
4. Measures of Position

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 3 - Display & Explore Data

5. Box Plot

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 3 - Display & Explore Data

6. Skewness

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 3 - Display & Explore Data

7. Scatter Plot

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 4 - Probability Concepts

4. Probability Concepts

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 4 - Probability Concepts

1. Classical Probability
2. Empirical Probability
3. Subjective probability

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 4 - Probability Concepts

1. Classical Probability

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 4 - Probability Concepts

2. Empirical Probability

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 4 - Probability Concepts

2. Empirical Probability
On February 1, 2003, the Space Shuttle Columbia exploded. This
was the second disaster in 113 space missions for NASA. On the
basis of this information, what is the probability that a future
mission is successfully completed?

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 4 - Probability Concepts

3. Subjective Probability

Illustrations of subjective probability are:

1. Estimating the likelihood of Indonesia will play in the FIFA
World Cup next season.

2. Estimating the likelihood a person involved in an automobile

accident during the next 12 months.

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 4 - Probability Concepts

Independent/Dependent Event
Events are independent if the occurrence of one
event does not affect the occurrence of another.

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 4 - Probability Concepts

Rules of Addition

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 4 - Probability Concepts

Rules of Multiplication
A survey by the American Automobile Association
(AAA) revealed 60% of its members made airline
reservations last year.

Two members are selected at random. What is the

probability both made airline reservations last year?

P(R1 and R2) = P(R1)P(R2) = (0.60)(0.60) = 0.36

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 4 - Probability Concepts

Rules of Multiplication
A golfer has 12 golf shirts in his closet. Suppose 9 of
these shirts are white and the others blue. He gets
dressed in the dark, so he just grabs a shirt and puts
it on. He plays golf two days in a row and does not
launder and return the used shirts to the closet.
What is the likelihood both shirts selected are white?

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 4 - Probability Concepts

Contingency Table

Last month, the National Association of Theater

Managers conducted a survey of 500 randomly
selected adults. The survey asked respondents their
age and the number of times they saw a movie in a
theater. The results are summarized in Table 5–1.

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 4 - Probability Concepts

Contingency Table

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 4 - Probability Concepts

Contingency Table

Determine the probability of:

1. Selecting an adult who attended 6 or more movies per month.

2. Selecting an adult who attended 2 or fewer movies per month.

3. Selecting an adult who attended 6 or more movies per month or is 60 years

of age or older.

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 4 - Probability Concepts

Contingency Table

1.

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 4 - Probability Concepts

Contingency Table

Determine the probability of:

4. Selecting an adult who attended 6 or more movies per month given the
person is 60 years of age or older.

5. Selecting an adult who attended 6 or more movies per month and is 60

years of age or older.

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 4 - Probability Concepts

Contingency Table

4.

5. P(A4 and B3) = 30/500 = 0.06

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 4 - Probability Concepts

As an account manager in your

company, you classify 80% of your
customers as “good credit” and the rest
as “risky credit” depending on their
credit rating. Customer in the “risky”
category go overdue (Pay late) 50% of
the time on average, whereas those in
the “good” category, the overdue rate
is only 5% of the time. What is the
probability of overdue accounts are
held by customers in the “risky credit”?

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 4 - Probability Concepts

Permutation

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 4 - Probability Concepts

Permutation

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 4 - Probability Concepts

Combination

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 4 - Probability Concepts

Combination

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 5 - Discrete Probability Distribution

5. Discrete Probability Distribution

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 5 - Discrete Probability Distribution

Discrete
Can assume only certain clearly separated values.
It is usually the result of counting something.

Continuous Random Variable

Can assume an infinite number of values within a
given range.
It is usually the result of some type of measurement

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5 - Discrete Probability Distribution

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5 - Discrete Probability Distribution

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 5 - Discrete Probability Distribution

Exc.
There are five flights daily from Pittsburgh via US Airways into
the Bradford Regional Airport in Bradford, Pennsylvania.
Suppose the probability that any flight arrives late is 0.20.

What is the probability that none of the flights are late today?
What is the probability that exactly one of the flights is late
today?

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5 - Discrete Probability Distribution

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5 - Discrete Probability Distribution

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5 - Discrete Probability Distribution

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 5 - Discrete Probability Distribution

Hypergeometric Probability

PlayTime Toys Inc. employs 50 people in the Assembly Department.

40 of the employees belong to a union and 10 do not.

5 employees are selected at random to form a committee to meet

with management regarding shift starting times. What is the
probability that 4 of the 5 selected for the committee belong to a
union?

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 5 - Discrete Probability Distribution

Hypergeometric Probability

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 5 - Discrete Probability Distribution

N is 50, the number of employees.

S is 40, the number of union employees.
x is 4, the number of union employees selected.
n is 5, the number of employees selected.

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5 - Discrete Probability Distribution

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 5 - Discrete Probability Distribution

Suppose a random sample of 1,000 flights shows a total of 300 bags

were lost. Thus, the arithmetic mean number of lost bags per flight is
0.3, found by 300/1,000. If the number of lost bags per flight follows a
Poisson distribution with mean = 0.3, we can compute the various
probabilities using formula (6–7):

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5 - Discrete Probability Distribution

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 5 - Discrete Probability Distribution

Exc 1

Out of a deck of cards (52),

you shuffled and draw 5
cards.

What is the probability of

you getting exactly 3
spades?

What is the probability of

those card forms a flush (5-
same-shape)

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 5 - Discrete Probability Distribution

Exc 2

You have not got a ticket to see

a musical show. The tickets box
has only 4 tickets left and the
ticket box sells each ticket
randomly to each person.

If other 5 persons need each 1

ticket, what is your chance of
getting the ticket?

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 5 - Discrete Probability Distribution
Exc 3

A gumball machine has just

been filled with 50 black, 150
white, and 100 red gumballs
that have been thoroughly
mixed. Kim and Jim, each,
purchased one gumball.

What is the likelihood both Kim

and Jim get different Colors?

What is the likelihood both of

them get the same color?

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 5 - Discrete Probability Distribution
Exc 4

Your Aquarium contains 150

fish. 80 fish are green
swordtails, consist of 44 female
and 36 male, and 70 orange
swordtails, consist of 46 female
and 24 males.

A fish is randomly captured

from the aquarium. What is the
chance that the selected fish is
either a male or a green
swordtail?

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 5 - Discrete Probability Distribution
Exc 5

35% of shoppers of a shop buy

something and 65% just seeing
and go away. A sample of six
shoppers is selected.

What is the probability that at

least two of them buy
something?

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 5 - Discrete Probability Distribution
Exc 6

A fair coin is tossed 5 times.

Assume the outcome is either
head or tail.

What is the probability that

exactly 2 heads are observed?

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 5 - Discrete Probability Distribution

Exc 7

You have a test with 8 multiple

choices questions consist of 4
options. Out of four options,
only one option is correct.
Suppose it takes at least six
correct answer out of eight to
pass the test.

What is the probability that you

will pass the test?

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 5 - Discrete Probability Distribution
Exc 8

Suppose, 6 out of 1000 persons in

country X suffer from COVID-19. A
diagnostic test has been developed.
99% persons with COVID-19 show
positive results when they are tested.
However, 0.5% persons with NO-
COVID-19 who took the test also
show positive results.

If someone take the rest and the

result is positive then the probability
that he/she suffers from COVID-19 is
…%

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