BATTERY ELECTROLYTE EXPERIMENTS FROM MANGO,

PINEAPPLE, AND DRAGON FRUIT WASTE

A RESEARCH PAPER

Submitted to meet one of the requirements of Grade 12 final assignments

School Year 2020/2021

Kelvin Sabastian

181910009

NATURAL SCIENCE PROGRAM

BINA BAKTI 2 CHRISTIAN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

MATIUS PROGRAM

2020
 APPROVAL PAGE

This paper with the title “BATTERY ELECTROLYTE EXPERIMENTS

FROM MANGO, PINEAPPLE, AND DRAGON FRUIT WASTE” is submitted by
KELVIN SABASTIAN to meet one of the requirments for the final assignments of
Grade 12.

Bandung, December 20, 2020

Supervisor 1 Supervisor 2

Dr. Kian Ming, M.Si. Charliemagne Salva Arquero, B.S.E.

Acknowledge by,

Principal

Denny, S.Si., Apt.

ii
 FOREWORD

Praise be to the writer, to God Almighty for His grace and wisdom for
completing the writing of this research paper entitled "BATTERY ELECTROLYTE
EXPERIMENTS FROM MANGO, PINEAPPLE, AND DRAGON FRUIT
WASTE" on time.
The writer does not forget to thank Dr. Kian Ming, M.Si. and Mr. Charliemagne
Salva Arquero, B.S.E. as the supervisor who has helped and guided the writer in doing
this research paper. The writer also wants to thank friends and other parties that have
involved in making this research paper as a final assignment for Grade 12.
The writer is aware of the weaknesses and limitations of writing this research
paper. The writer also realizes that this research paper is far from perfect. But the writer
hopes that this research paper can be useful for readers. The writer is also willing to
accept constructive criticism to improve this research paper so that it becomes better.
Finally, the writer hopes that this research paper can be of use to readers and
other interested parties.

Bandung, December 20, 2020

Kelvin Sabastian

iii
 ABSTRACT
Battery waste is waste that is toxic and hazardous. Battery waste contains several heavy
metals such as Mercury, Cadmium, Lead, Lithium, MnO , Silver, and Nickel which can
2

pollute the environment if not managed properly. One of the solutions to reuse waste
batteries that are not used is to make it an environmentally friendly bio-battery. This
bio-battery is made from arumanis mango, madu pineapple, and red dragon fruit peel
waste. The purpose of this research is to minimize battery waste and utilize fruit waste
to become a source of electric voltage in the bio-battery. In addition, this research also
aims at how much voltage is generated from each fruit waste. The results obtained from
this research are that the three fruit waste can produce different electrical voltages.
Therefore, these fruit waste can be a substitute for electrolyte paste in the bio-battery.
The three bio-batteries have different durability when not in use. These three bio-
batteries last an average of 6 days.

Keywords: waste, bio-baterry, mango peel, pineapple peel, dragon fruit peel

ABSTRAK
Limbah baterai merupakan limbah yang bersifat beracun dan berbahaya. Limbah baterai
mengandung beberapa logam berat seperti Merkuri, Kadmium, Timbal, Litium, MnO , 2

Perak, dan Nikel yang dapat mencemari lingkungan jika tidak dikelola dengan baik.
Salah satu solusi untuk memanfaatkan kembali limbah baterai yang sudah tak terpakai
adalah membuatnya menjadi bio-baterai yang ramah lingkungan. Bio-baterai ini terbuat
dari limbah kulit mangga arumanis, nanas madu, dan buah naga merah. Adapun tujuan
dari penelitian ini adalah untuk meminimalisir limbah baterai dan memanfaatkan limbah
buah untuk menjadi sumber penghasil tegangan listrik pada bio-baterai. Selain itu,
peneilitan ini juga bertujuan seberapa besar tegangan listrik yang dihasilkan dari
masing-masing limbah buah tersebut. Hasil yang didapatkan dari penelitian ini adalah
bahwa ketiga limbah buah dapat menghasilkan tegangan listrik yang berbeda. Oleh
karena itu, limbah buah ini dapat menjadi pengganti pasta elektrolit pada bio-baterai.

iv
Ketiga bio-baterai ini memiliki ketahanan yang berbeda apabila tidak digunakan. Ketiga
bio-baterai ini dapat bertahan dengan rata-rata 6 hari.

Kata Kunci: limbah, bio-baterai, kulit mangga, kulit nanas, kulit buah naga

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL PAGE.......................................................................................................... ii

FOREWORD ................................................................................................................... iii

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ vi

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ viii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ........................................................................ 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................ 2

1.3 Objective of the Study ............................................................................ 3

1.4 Significance of the Study ........................................................................ 3

1.5 Limitation of the Study ........................................................................... 3

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................... 5

2.1 Electrical Energy and Battery ................................................................. 5

2.2 How Battery Works ................................................................................ 9

2.3 Previous Researches on Batteries from Fruit Waste Electrolytes ......... 10

CHAPTER 3 RESEACRH METHODOLOGY ............................................................. 12

3.1 Research Materials ................................................................................ 12

3.2 Experiment Procedure........................................................................... 12

CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................. 15

4.1 Findings ................................................................................................ 15

4.2 Discussion ............................................................................................. 16

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................... 18

vi
 5.1 Conclusions ........................................................................................... 18

5.2 Recommendations ................................................................................. 18

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 19

vii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Photos of Observation...................................................................................... 15

Table 2. Arumanis Mango, Madu Pineapple, and Red Dragon Fruit Batteries
Observation Data ............................................................................................................ 16

viii
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Batteries are a familiar object to society. Batteries have many applications in
everyday life, such as clocks, flashlights, TV remotes, children's toys, and others.
Battery is a device containing electrochemical cells capable of conducting electricity.
Batteries are objects that can convert the chemical energy that is inside the batteries,
into an electrical energy through redox reactions and electrochemical oxidation that
occurs at the electrodes. Batteries are made of zinc as anode, carbon as cathode, and
electrolyte paste which is made of a mixture of MnO (Manganese (IV) oxide) NH4Cl
2

(Ammonium chloride), and carbon powder (T.R. Crompton, 2000).

Currently, batteries have been produced and developed by many companies to
produce the best quality batteries. This can be seen from the resulting electric current
stability factor. The batteries we use today contain heavy metals such as Mercury,
Cadmium, Lead, Lithium, MnO , Silver, and Nickel. These components are very
2

dangerous and can pollute the environment. Battery wastes containing these
components are harmful and toxic which is difficult to break down by microbes (Susan
McGrath, 1990). Many people these days do not have the awareness of the dangers of
battery waste. Community also immediately throws it into the trash without any special
treatment. Batteries that are thrown into the trash which threatens our environment and
the health of its surrounding community.
In modern times, many researchers have developed alternative energy, one of
which is the development of bio-batteries. Bio-battery was first popularized by
Professor Kenji Kano from Kyoto University, Japan. He explained that the energy
source from bio-battery can be obtained from carbohydrates, glucose, and amino acids.
As time goes by, researchers have developed bio-battery that use organic materials that
are environmentally friendly and do not contain harmful chemicals. Bio-battery
production can use natural materials such as fruit wastes (Syifa Fadilah, 2015). Some

1
examples of fruit wastes which can be used as materials for bio-battery are mangos,
pineapples, and dragon fruits. These three fruits are tropical fruits that can be grown and
found in Indonesia.
Mango skin (Mangifera indica) contains minerals such as Iron, Copper,
Potassium, Selenium, Manganese, Phosphorus, Zinc, Magnesium and Calcium.
Meanwhile, pineapple skin (Ananas comosus) contains Magnesium, Calcium, Sodium,
Potassium, Phosphorus, and Iron. For dragon fruit skin (Hylocereus undatus), it
contains Phosphorus, Magnesium, Potassium and Iron. These minerals can be used as a
good source of energy for the human body. Not only good for health, high mineral
content can be used as a substitute for electrolyte paste in batteries (www.lenntech.com).
Some people claimed that some plants can generate electrical energy.
Mischer'Traxler Studio (2010) suggested that coffee grounds can produce electrical
energy of 1.5-1.7 volts. This value is equivalent to the electrical energy produced by AA
batteries. Kenneth O. Igharo (2012) explained that cassava can produce 2 volts of
electrical energy, because cassava contains high levels of HCN (Hydrogen cyanide).
From this research, it can be used as a reference in making batteries from mango
(arumanis), pineapple (madu), and dragon fruit (red) waste.
In making bio-batteries, the waste from arumanis mango, madu pineapple, and
red dragon fruit peels will undergo a chemical reaction that changes into an electrical
reaction. With the mineral content in the fruit waste, these three fruit wastes will act as
electrolytes that will convert chemical reactions into electrical energy.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Based on the background, this research can put forward several problem
formulations in this study as follows:
1. Can arumanis mango, madu pineapple, and red dragon fruit wastes
produce electrical energy?
2. Which waste can produce the greatest voltage?
3. Which waste has the greatest durability as bio-batteries electrolytes?

2
1.3 Objective of the Study
The main objective of this study is to present the idea of conducting battery
electrolyte experiments from arumanis mango, madu pineapple, and red dragon fruit
waste. The specific objectives of this study are as follows:
1. Providing education and information on the benefits of fruit waste in
making alternative electrical energy.
2. To determine which fruit waste can produce the largest voltage and long
lifetime.
3. As a scientific study that can be used as a reference for further research.

1.4 Significance of the Study

This study will benefit to the following:
In this study, students will be able to understand the benefits and ways of
processing fruit waste as a material for making batteries.
1. This research will be the perfect material for discussion of related
subjects. This will make it easier to teach students about the subject
matter.
2. This research will be a useful reference for researchers who will carry
out similar research and can develop it for better results.

1.5 Limitation of the Study

There are some limitations that should be noticed in this study. The independent
variable of this study is the type of fruit wastes. The three fruit wastes will be cut into
small pieces and mashed in a blender. Those fruit waste will be inserted into three D
size batteries that have been emptied from the electrolyte paste.
The dependent variable is the voltage that is produced by each fruit waste. The
batteries will be tested using a multimeter to measure the total voltage generated from
each fruit wastes in the battery.

3
 The controlled variable is the volume of each fruit waste. This study required a
few volumes of waste samples from arumanis mango, madu pineapple, and red dragon
fruit as a substitute for the electrolyte paste.

4
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Electrical Energy and Battery

Energy can be generated from various sources, such as water, oil, coal, wind,
geothermal, nuclear, and so on. One of the energies that we use often is electrical energy.
Electrical energy is the main energy for electrical or electronic equipment that is
generated from the flow of electric charges. Energy is the ability to do work or the
ability to apply a force to move an object. In terms of electrical energy, it is the electric
attraction or repulsion between charged particles. Electrical energy can be either
potential energy or kinetic energy, but it is usually found as potential energy. The
change in potential energy is the work done to move an electric charge. The movement
of a charged particle through a medium is known as electric current. This energy has a
value from a few Joules to thousands to millions of Joules. There is also static electricity,
which is generated from an imbalance or separation of positive and negative charges on
an object. Static electricity is a form of electric potential energy. If sufficient charge is
accumulated, electrical energy can be released to form sparks that have electric kinetic
energy. By convention, the direction of the electric field always indicates the direction
of motion of the positive particles. It is important to remember when working with
electrical energy because the most common current carriers are electrons, which move
in opposite directions compared to protons (Anne Marie Helmenstine, 2019). Electrical
energy is usually sold by the kilowatt hour (1 kilowatt hour is equivalent to 3.6 million
Joule) which is the product of the power in kilowatts multiplied by the running time in
hours. Electric utilities measure energy using an electricity meter, which keeps a
running total of the electric energy delivered to a customer.
Now, how can a battery produce electrical energy? If we observe, the battery has
two connectors marked with a positive terminal (+) and a negative terminal (-). From
these two terminals, an electric current flows and produces electrical energy. This
electric current flows in the battery from the positive terminal to the negative terminal.

5
Batteries can provide electric current if the two poles are connected by conducting
electric currents, such as cables or light bulbs. The electric current that comes out of the
battery is generated through a chemical reaction that occurs in the battery. This
chemical reaction will automatically be triggered when we connect the positive terminal
and negative terminal on the battery. In a new battery, the chemical reagents are either
new or unused. Meanwhile, in an old battery, the chemical reagents have run out. So
that what remains is only the reaction results which are unable to provide electric
current. If there is no electric current, the battery will not be able to produce electrical
energy (Bambang Ariwahjoedi, 2013).
Battery has three main componens: anode, cathode, and the electrolyte paste
(mentioned in “Background of the Study”). The anode is at the negative terminal of the
battery. Meanwhile cathode is at the positive terminal of the battery. The electrolyte
separates the anode and cathode and transforms chemical energy into electrical energy
(Jay Leone, 2017). The inside of battery can be seen from figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1. Inside of Battery

Source: sciencing.com

Batteries have been widely used for everyday life, especially as a source of
electric charge for electronic goods. Batteries are believed to have been around longer
than us. In 1938, Austrian archaeologist Wilhelm König discovered some strange clay
jars while excavating at Khujut Rabu, now Baghdad, Iraq. He found a container which
is about 5 inches or 13 cm long containing an Iron rod wrapped in Copper. This object

6
is believed to have existed since 200 BC. These vessels have signs of corrosion, testing
shows that it was once filled with an acid such as vinegar or wine. This led König to
believe that these vessels were ancient batteries that would become the forerunner of
modern batteries. This "Baghdad Batteries" may have been used by these ancient people
for religious rituals, medicine, or even “electroplating” (the process of coating a metal
with another metal using the help of an electric current through electrolytes to make
better quality for the surface of an object, or prevent corrosion) (Arran Frood, 2003).

Figure 2.2. Baghdad Battery

Source: news.bbc.co.uk

In 1800, Italian physicist Alessandro Volta created a battery made of Copper and
Zinc coating. He created it by making layers of Copper, a piece of cloth, and Zinc which
were then immersed into a brine made of NaOH (Sodium hydroxide). When Copper and
Zinc are placed into an electrolyte solution (the brine), the Copper atoms barely break
down at all, but the Zinc atoms break down and electrons flow out. Therefore, the
Copper becomes a positive pole and the Zinc becomes a negative pole, and when the
two metals are joined by a conductor, electricity flows from the Copper to the Zinc.
This arrangement is called the "Voltaic Pile". This arrangement was not the first device
to create electricity, but it was the first device that could transmit stable electricity and

7
produce a long-lasting electric current. However, there are some drawbacks to this
experiment, the height of the layer is very limited because the weight of this pile will
squeeze the brine out of the cloth. Metal discs also tend to corrode quickly due to the
presence of this brine, which can shorten the battery life (Marshall Brain, 2000). Even
so, the unit of electromotive force is now called volt, as an honor for Volta's
achievement.

Figure 2.3. Voltaic Pile

Source: electronics.howstuffworks.com

Today batteries come in a range of sizes from large megawatt sizes, which store
the power from solar farms or substations to guarantee stable supply for entire villages
or islands, to small batteries like those used in electronic watches. Batteries are based on
different chemistries, which generate basic cell voltages typically in the 1.0 to 3.6 volts
range. The stacking of the cells in series increases the voltage, while their connection in
parallel enhances the supply of current. This principle is used to add up to the required
voltages and currents, all the way to the megawatt sizes. There is now much anticipation
that battery technology is about to take with new models being developed with enough
capacity to store the power generated with solar or wind systems and then power a
home at more convenient time for a few days (Jose Alarco, 2015).

8
2.2 How Battery Works
According to Klaus Schmidt-Rohr (2018: 1802-1808), the electrochemical
process in a battery occurs due to a spontaneous reduction in Gibbs free energy
(thermodynamic potential which can be used to calculate the maximum reversible work
that can be done by a thermodynamic system at constant temperature and pressure)
caused by the difference in the lattice cohesive energy and the ionization free energy of
the reactants and products, as confirmed quantitatively for many metal combinations.
For batteries without ions dissolved as reactants or products, the highest cohesive
energy per atom often identifies high-energy species containing chemical energy.
Analysis shows that the transfer of atoms out of most metals into solutions or oxides is
at least as important as electron transfer. While many batteries contain high-energy
metals such as Zinc or Lithium, lead acid car batteries store their energy in Hydrogen
(H ) ions, which can be considered part of the split water (H O) molecules.
+
2

There are two terminals in a battery. One terminal is marked (+), or positive,
while the other is marked (-), or negative. In AA, C or D batteries, the ends of the
battery are the terminals. In a large car battery, there are two heavy lead posts that act as
the terminals. Electrons collect on the negative terminal of the battery. If we connect a
wire between the positive and negative terminals, the electrons will flow from the
negative to the positive terminal as fast as they can. Normally, we can connect some
type of load to the battery using the wire. The load might be something like a light bulb,
a motor or an electronic circuit. Inside the battery itself, a chemical reaction produces
the electrons. The speed of electron production by this chemical reaction (the battery's
internal resistance) controls how many electrons can flow between the terminals.
Electrons flow from the battery into a wire, and must travel from the negative to the
positive terminal for the chemical reaction to take place. That is why a battery can sit on
a shelf for a year and still have plenty of power, unless electrons are flowing from the
negative to the positive terminal, the chemical reaction does not take place. Once the
battery connects with a wire, the reaction will start and it will produce electrical energy
(Marshall Brain, 2000).

9
2.3 Previous Researches on Batteries from Fruit Waste Electrolytes
Currently, it is believed that durian peels (Durio zibethinus) and banana peels
(Musa acuminata) can generate electric currents. Durian peels contain substances such
as Potassium, Sodium, Manganese and high Folic Acid which can be used to drain
positive and negative ions. The content of these substances creates the flow of
electricity in the battery. Durian skin is believed to be able to produce a voltage of 3.5
volts (Khairiah, 2017: 117). This voltage is enough to revive the power of a dead battery.
As for bananas, banana peels are rich in minerals such as Potassium, Magnesium,
Phosphorus, Chloride, Calcium, and Iron. Banana peels also contain carbohydrates that
contain glucose (C H O ), if glucose is mixed with water and left in an airtight room for
6 12 6

several days, fermentation will occur so that ethanol or alcohol (CH CH OH) can be
3 2

obtained. This ethanol will eventually be oxidized to ethanoic acid or acetic acid
(CH COOH) (Muh. Muhlisin, 2015: 138).
3

The reactions that occur are as follows:

C H O + CH CH OH+[O] → CH COOH
6 12 6 3 2 3

Acetic acid is a type of electrolyte. Banana peels that have been fermented will
be acidic from the acetic acid content. Besides containing acetic acid, banana peels
contain other electrolytes such as Potassium and Chloride. Potassium and Chloride will
react to form KCl (Potassium chloride) salt. This salt conducts electricity if it dissolves
in water because it ionizes.
The ionization reactions that occur are as follows:

KCl → K + Cl
+ -

Electric current can flow because of the Zinc in the battery which acts as a
cathode or positive pole, which attracts negative ions, and Copper acts as an anode or
negative pole that attracts positive ions. When the banana peel immersion water comes
into contact with zinc and copper, an ionization reaction occurs in the solution, so that

10
an electron flow can occur which causes an electric current to flow. If the two electrodes
are connected to a lamp, current will flow from the anode to the cathode, and the lamp
will turn on. In conclusion, durian peels and banana peels can be a substitute for MnO 2

(Manganese oxide) or electrolytes in unused batteries, or used batteries so that we may

reuse it again (Muh. Muhlisin, 2015: 139).

11
 CHAPTER 3
RESEACRH METHODOLOGY

A research paper requires its own methods and techniques in conducting

research with several problems that will be discussed. This research paper used a
descriptive analysis research method. In this study, the writer will describe the results of
the research that has been made. All activities that will be carried out by the object of
observation can be seen and observed clearly and directly. The writer will describe what
was seen and observed during the research process, and also analyze important and
interesting data sources to discuss.

3.1 Research Materials

The writer will collect the data by conducting direct experiments. To do this
experiment, the writer needs several materials, which are as follows:
1. blender,
2. screwdriver,
3. scissor,
4. measuring cup,
5. multimeter,
6. arumanis mango peel,
7. madu pineapple peel,
8. red dragon fruit peel, and
9. three used D batteries

3.2 Experiment Procedure

Next, the writer will conduct an experiment. The steps that the writer will take
when conducting this experiment are the following experiment procedures:
1. Disassemble the three batteries using a screwdriver (figure 3.1).

12
 Figure 3.1. Disassembled batteries

2. After dismantling, remove the electrode rods from the batteries

3. Take out the carbon paste that is in the batteries. This carbon removal
must be done so that it can be filled with the fruit peels.
4. Cut the three waste fruit peels into small pieces and mash them so that
they become a paste using a blender and insert them in each of the
batteries that have been emptied (figure 3.2). Use measuring cup to
measure each fruit waste to 40 ml.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 3.2. (a) Arumanis mango pieces. (b) Madu pineapple pieces. (c) Red
dragon fruit pieces.

5. After inserting, cover it again with the electrode rod. This is so that the
fruit waste paste touches the electrode rods.
6. Test the batteries with a multimeter (figure 3.3).

13
 (a) (b) (c)
Figure 3.3. (a) Testing arumanis mango battery. (b) Testing madu
pineapple battery. (c) Testing red dragon fruit battery.

7. Record all the observations in the observation table.

Afterwards, the writer will conduct an analysis based on the experimental results.
Experimental data will be studied to draw conclusions.

14
 CHAPTER 4
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Findings
From the results it can be seen that each bio-batteries can produce different
voltages. Arumanis mango peel battery can produce a voltage of 1.2 volt, madu
pineapple peel battery produce 0.8 volt, and red dragon fruit battery produce 1.3 volt.
The voltage of the three bio batteries are almost the same as the new battery which has a
voltage of 1.5 volts.
The three bio-batteries have various durability. Madu pineapple peel battery can
last for about 5 days after producing. Meanwhile, arumanis mango and red dragon fruit
peel batteries can last up to 7 days. These three bio-batteries can last up to that time
without being used or left alone. The three bio-batteries observation can be seen from
table 1 and the result summary from table 2.

Table 1. Photos of Observation

No. Fruit peel Photo of Observation

1 Arumanis Mango

15
 2 Madu Pineapple

3 Red Dragon Fruit

Table 2. Arumanis Mango, Madu Pineapple, and Red Dragon Fruit Batteries
Observation Data

No. Fruit peel Volume Voltage Durability

1 Arumanis Mango 40 ml 1.2 volts 7 days

2 Madu Pineapple 40 ml 0.8 volts 5 days

3 Red Dragon Fruit 40 ml 1.3 volts 7 days

4.2 Discussion
This bio-battery can generate electric current because it has the same
construction as a battery in general, it is just that the electrolyte paste is replaced with
fruit waste paste. The electrolytes produced by fruit waste are in the form of minerals.
These three fruit wastes have different mineral contents. According to Cindy Nur

16
Anggreani from “Kulit Pisang Sebagai Bio-Baterai Ramah Lingkungan” (in English:
Banana Peels As Eco-Friendly Bio-Batteries), said that one of the electrolytes that
can generate electricity is Potassium. According to the United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA), mangoes have a Potassium content of 168 mg. Meanwhile,
pineapple contains 109 mg and dragon fruit is 231 mg.
From above it can be seen that red dragon fruit has the largest Potassium content,
followed by arumanis mango and madu pineapple. This content is what makes used
batteries can generate electricity. Red dragon fruit batteries are capable of producing
longest voltage durability while madu pineapple batteries produce the shortest voltage
durability.

17
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusions
Based on the results, it can be concluded that arumanis mango, madu pineapple,
and red dragon fruit peel waste can be used as a substitute for electrolyte paste in
environmentally friendly bio-batteries. The three peel waste can conduct electric current
due to the presence of Potassium electrolyte (the total of Potassium can affect the total
of electric current generated by the batteries). Bio-batteries from fruit peel waste can
minimize fruit waste and battery waste which later will be beneficial for society and the
environment.

5.2 Recommendations
Recommendations for developing this experiment are:
1. Conduct similar studies using a more varied variety of fruit waste, not
just mango, pineapple, and dragon fruit waste.
2. Perform repeated measurement.
3. To test the durability of bio-battery, measure the voltage of each battery
daily.

18
 REFERENCES

Crompton, T.R. (2000). Battery Reference Book (3rd ed.). Reed Educational and
Professional Publishing. Oxford.

McGrath, Susan. (1990). Household Batteries Contain Toxins but are Used Widely and
Foolishly. Retrieved from https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1990-
10-10-1990283175-story.html

Lenntech. (n.d.). Mineral Content of Fruits and Vegetables. Retrieved from

https://www.lenntech.com/fruit-vegetable-mineral-content.html

Fadilah, Syifa, Risa Rahmawati, M. Pkim. (2015). Pembuatan Biomaterial dari Limbah
Kulit Pisang (Musa Paradisiaca). UIN Sunan Gunung Jati Bandung. Bandung.
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Etherington, Rose. (2010). Nespresso Battery by Mischer’Traxler. Retrieved from

https://www.dezeen.com/2010/10/14/nespresso-battery-by-mischertraxler/

Igharo, Kenneth O. (2012). Construction of a Primary Dry Cell Battery From Cassava
Juice Extract (The Cassava Battery Cell). University of Gambia. Serekunda. 18-
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Helmenstine, Anne Marie. (2019). How Does Electrical Energy Work? Retrieved from
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4119325#:~:text=Electrical%20energy%20is%20a%20form,or%20repulsion%2
0between%20charged%20particles.

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Dalimunthe, Ahmad Faisal. (n.d.). Tingkat Energi Listrik di Indonesia dan Energi
Listrik yang Dihasilkan di Indonesia. Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan. 9.

Ariwahjoedi, Bambang. (2013). Bagaimana Baterai Bisa Menghasilkan Energi Listrik?

Retrieved from https://anakbertanya.com/bagaimana-baterai-bisa-menghasilkan-
energi-listrik

Leone, Jay. (2017). Parts of Battery. Retrieved from https://sciencing.com/possible-

materials-could-use-make-battery-11403.html

Aini, Nia Nur. (2014). Makalah Baterai / Accu. Universitas Sebelas Maret, Solo. 5-14.

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