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ELE4111 Section 1

The document outlines the topics to be covered in a course on measurement systems and instrumentation. It includes measurement systems and standards, electrical and electronic measurements, sensors and transducers, signal conditioning, interfacing with digital systems, noise in measurements, AC and DC null measurements, and design of measurement systems. Students will be assessed through a final exam worth 60% and coursework worth 40%, including an industrial case study and in-course test. The required readings are listed.

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35 views

ELE4111 Section 1

The document outlines the topics to be covered in a course on measurement systems and instrumentation. It includes measurement systems and standards, electrical and electronic measurements, sensors and transducers, signal conditioning, interfacing with digital systems, noise in measurements, AC and DC null measurements, and design of measurement systems. Students will be assessed through a final exam worth 60% and coursework worth 40%, including an industrial case study and in-course test. The required readings are listed.

Uploaded by

sachinchunilall
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Outline:

1. Measurement systems and standards


2. Electrical and electronic measurements
3. Sensors and transducers input mechanisms
4. Analogue and digital signal conditioning
5. Interfacing with digital systems
6. Noise and coherent interference in measurements
7. AC and DC Null measurements
8. Design of measurement systems
Assessment:
One 3-hour written final examination 60%
Course work 40%
Course work will consist of:
One industrial case study* 20%
One 1-hr in-course test 20%
Required Readings
1. Morris, A. S. & Langari, R., (2015). Measurement and Instrumentation, 2nd
edition. Academic Press.
2. Northrop, R. B., (2014). Introduction to Instrumentation and
Measurements, 3rd edition. CRC Press.

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A glass thermometer is a case of the primary sensor being a complete measurement
system – the output is the level of the liquid in the glass.

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Transducers and Sensors are used interchangeably, but transducers have the
capability to convert an input signal to some analog quantity. An example of a
transducer is a piezoelectric crystal. A mechanical displacement (or equivalently, a
force or pressure) applied to the crystal produces an output voltage, while an input
voltage to the crystal produces a mechanical displacement.

Resolution is the ability of the measurement system to detect and indicate small
changes in quantity being measured.

Sensitivity is an absolute quantity that indicates the smallest absolute amount of


change that the measurement system can detect, measure, and indicate.

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QUM – quantity under measurement
S – sensor
A – amplifier
SCF – signal conditioning filter
DSO – digital storage oscilloscope
ATR – analogue tape recorder
AAF – anti-aliasing filter
𝑛_1 - noise accompanying QUM
𝑛_2 - noise from electronics
𝑛_3 - equivalent quantization noise
ADC – analogue to digital converter
DC – digital computer

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Active instruments usually offer better resolution, since the resolution is tied to the
magnitude of the energy source. But since passive instruments are simpler, they are
cheaper.

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Null type instruments are generally more accurate than deflection types because they
can be subject to more precise calibration.

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One major drawback of indicating devices is that human intervention is required to
read and record the measurement.

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A percentage of F.S reading means that there are larger errors in smaller
measurements. As such, it is important to chose an instrument that has a range that
is appropriate to the spread of values being measured.

E.g. The max error is 1% of 10 bar = 0.1 bar. For a measurement of 1 bar, the error is
0.1 bar. This is 10% of the measurement.

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The following resistance values of a platinum resistance thermometer were
measured at a range of temperatures. Determine the measurement sensitivity of the
instrument in ohms/°C.

R T
307 200
314 230
321 260
328 290

For a change in temperature of 30°C, the change in resistance is 7Ω. Hence the
measurement sensitivity 7/30 = 0.233 Ω/°C.

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All calibrations and specifications of an instrument are only valid under controlled
conditions of temperature, pressure, and so on. These standard ambient conditions
are usually defined in the instrument specification.

Example of Zero drift is the bathroom scale when the scale gives a reading with no
mass on it.

Zero drift and sensitivity drift are usually specified in units such as V/°C.

E.G 2.4 and 2.5 in Morris and Langari (pg 24)

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(a) – Zero drift
(b) - Sensitivity drift
(c) - Both

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Time constants have to be small compared to the dynamics of the process being
measured in control system applications.

D – operator D

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Best design is to give critical damping (C), since (A) and (E) are not suitable for a
measuring instrument. Choice of damping is contingent upon how the input is
expected to vary.

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