Basic Statistics

Assignment -1
-Requina Rachel Louis

Q1) Identify the Data type for the Following:

Activity Data Type

Number of beatings from Wife Discrete

Results of rolling a dice Discrete
Weight of a person Continuous
Weight of Gold Continuous
Distance between two places Continuous
Length of a leaf Continuous
Dog's weight Continuous
Blue Color Discrete
Number of kids Discrete
Number of tickets in Indian railways Discrete
Number of times married Discrete
Gender (Male or Female) Discrete

Q2) Identify the Data types, which were among the following

Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio.

Data Data Type

Gender Nominal
High School Class Ranking Ordinal
Celsius Temperature Ratio
Weight Interval
Hair Color Nominal
Socioeconomic Status Nominal
Fahrenheit Temperature Ratio
Height Interval
Type of living Ordinal
accommodation
Level of Agreement Nominal
IQ(Intelligence Scale) Interval
Sales Figures Interval
Blood Group Nominal
Time Of Day Ordinal
Time on a Clock with Hands Nominal
Number of Children Nominal
Religious Preference Ordinal
Barometer Pressure Ratio
SAT Scores Interval
Years of Education Interval

Q3) Three Coins are tossed. What is the probability that two heads and one tail are
obtained?

A3) The probability of getting two heads and one tail on tossing three coins at once is equal to
3/8.

Q4) Two Dice are rolled, find the probability that sum is

a. Equal to 1
b. Less than or equal to 4
c. Sum is divisible by 2 and 3

A4) When two dice are rolled, sample space is given as:
(1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6)

(2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6)

(3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)

(4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6)

(5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6)

(6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6)

Therefore,

a. total possible outcome =6^2 =36

favorable outcome (sum equal to 1) = 0 {i.e. not possible that sum always exceeds 1}
Required probability= 0/36=0

b. The set of possible outcomes when we roll a die are {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

So, when we roll two dice there are 6 × 6 = 36 possibilities.

When we roll two dice, the possibility of getting number 4 is (1, 3), (2, 2), and (3, 1).

So,

● The number of favorable outcomes = 3

● Total number of possibilities = 36
● Probability = The number of favorable outcomes / Total number of possibilities = 3 /
36 = 1/12.

Thus, 1/12 is the probability of rolling two dice and getting a sum of 4.

c. Total number of possible outcomes = 36

Favorable outcomes = sum is divisible by 2 and 3

Sum should be divisible by both 2 and 3

Favorable outcomes = (1 , 5) , (3 , 3) , (4 , 2) , (5 , 1) , (6 , 6)

Therefore,
Number of favorable outcomes = 5

The probability of an event is given as:

Thus the probability that sum is divisible by 2 and 3 is

Q5) A bag contains 2 red, 3 green and 2 blue balls. Two balls are drawn at random. What
is the probability that none of the balls drawn is blue?
A5) There are 7 balls originally with 2 of them blue so the probability of the first ball not being
blue is 5/7. This leaves 6 balls with 2 blue balls. The probability of the second ball not being blue
assuming that the first wasn’t is 4/6. The probability that neither ball drawn was blue is
(5/7)*(4/6)=20/42=10/21

Q6) Calculate the Expected number of candies for a randomly selected child

Below are the probabilities of count of candies for children (ignoring the nature of the
child-Generalized view)

CHILD Candies count Probability

A 1 0.015
B 4 0.20
C 3 0.65
D 5 0.005
E 6 0.01
F 2 0.120
Child A – probability of having 1 candy = 0.015.

Child B – probability of having 4 candies = 0.20

A6) Expected number of candies for a randomly selected child

= 1 * 0.015 + 4*0.20 + 3 *0.65 + 5*0.005 + 6 *0.01 + 2 * 0.12

= 0.015 + 0.8 + 1.95 + 0.025 + 0.06 + 0.24

= 3.090

= 3.09

Q7) Calculate Mean, Median, Mode, Variance, Standard Deviation, Range & comment
about the values / draw inferences, for the given dataset

● For Points,Score,Weigh>

Find Mean, Median, Mode, Variance, Standard Deviation, and Range and also
Comment about the values/ Draw some inferences.

Use Q7.csv file

A7)

Central Tendency/ Point Score Weigh

Dataset

Mean 3.9 3.21725 17.84875

Median 3.9 3.325 17.71

Mode 3.9 3.44 17.02

SD 0 0.978457443 1.786943236

Variance 0 0.9573789677 3.193166129

Range 0 3.911 8.4

Q8) Calculate Expected Value for the problem below

 a. The weights (X) of patients at a clinic (in pounds), are

108, 110, 123, 134, 135, 145, 167, 187, 199

Assume one of the patients is chosen at random. What is the Expected Value of the
Weight of that patient?

A8) Expected Value = ∑ ( probability * Value )

∑ P(x).E(x)

there are 9 patients

Probability of selecting each patient = 1/9

Ex 108, 110, 123, 134, 135, 145, 167, 187, 199

P(x) 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9

Expected Value = (1/9)(108) + (1/9)110 + (1/9)123 + (1/9)134 + (1/9)135 + (1/9)145 +

(1/9(167) + (1/9)187 + (1/9)199

= (1/9) ( 108 + 110 + 123 + 134 + 135 + 145 + 167 + 187 + 199)

= (1/9) ( 1308)

= 145.33

Expected Value of the Weight of that patient = 145.33

Q9) Calculate Skewness, Kurtosis & draw inferences on the following data

Cars speed and distance

Use Q9_a.csv

A9) Skewness

speed=-0.117510

distance=0.806895
Inference-Speed distribution is left skewed (negative skewness) 2. Distance distribution is right
skewed (positive skewness)

Kurtosis

speed=-0.508994

distance=0.405053

Inference-Speed distribution is platykurtic (negative kurtosis i.e. flatter than normal distribution)
2. Distance distribution is leptokurtic (positive kurtosis i.e. peaked than normal distribution)

SP and Weight(WT)

Use Q9_b.csv

Skewness

SP=1.581454

WT=-0.6033099

Kurtosis

SP=5.723521

WT=3.819466

Q10) Draw inferences about the following boxplot & histogram

Q11) Suppose we want to estimate the average weight of an adult male in Mexico. We
draw a random sample of 2,000 men from a population of 3,000,000 men and weigh them.
We find that the average person in our sample weighs 200 pounds, and the standard
deviation of the sample is 30 pounds. Calculate 94%,98%,96% confidence interval?

A11)

Confidence interval Z value Range

Confidence interval 94% 1.880794 198.74,201.26

Confidence interval 96% 2.053749 198.62,201.38

Confidence interval 98% 2.326348 198.43,201.56

Q12) Below are the scores obtained by a student in tests

34,36,36,38,38,39,39,40,40,41,41,41,41,42,42,45,49,56

1. Find mean, median, variance, standard deviation.

Mean 41

Median 40.5
 Mode 25.52

SD 5.05664

2. What can we say about the student marks?

Majority of the students marks lie between 38-42. Skewness, that is 1.52 is positively skewed
towards the left side of the graph.

Q13) What is the nature of skewness when the mean, median of data are equal?

A13)There is no skewness as measures of central tendency are equal.

Q14) What is the nature of skewness when mean > median ?

A14)Negative skewness, which means the distribution is concentrated on the right side.

Q15) What is the nature of skewness when median > mean?

A15)Positive skewness, which means the distribution is concentrated on the left side.

Q16) What does a positive kurtosis value indicate for a data ?

A16)Positive kurtosis values indicate thinner peaks and wider tails.

Q17) What does negative kurtosis value indicate for a data?

A17)Negative kurtosis values indicate thinner tails and wider peaks.

Q18) Answer the below questions using the below box plot visualization.

What can we say about the distribution of the data?

Not normally distributed

What is the nature of skewness of the data?

Negative Skewness

What will be the IQR of the data (approximately)?

10-18

Q19) Comment on the below Box Plot visualizations?

Draw an Inference from the distribution of data for Boxplot 1 with respect to Boxplot 2.

Q 20) Calculate probability from the given dataset for the below cases

Data _set: Cars.csv

Calculate the probability of MPG of Cars for the below cases.

MPG <- Cars$MPG

 a. P(MPG>38)

1-pnorm(38,34.422,9.13144)= 0.3475908

b. P(MPG<40)

pnorm(40,34.422,9.13144)= 0.7293527

c. P (20<MPG<50)

pnorm(50,34.422,9.13144)-(1-pnorm(20,34.422,9.13144))= 0.01311818

Q 21) Check whether the data follows normal distribution

a. Check whether the MPG of Cars follows Normal Distribution

Dataset: Cars.csv

Distributed normally

b. Check Whether the Adipose Tissue (AT) and Waist Circumference(Waist) from
wc-at data set follows Normal Distribution

Dataset: wc-at.csv
Adipose Tissue (AT)

Waist Circumference(Waist)

Q 22) Calculate the Z scores of 90% confidence interval,94% confidence interval,

60% confidence interval

A22)

Confidence Interval Z Scores

60% 0.8416212

90% 1.644854

94% 1.880794

Q 23) Calculate the t scores of 95% confidence interval, 96% confidence interval,
99% confidence interval for sample size of 25
 A23)

Confidence Interval T Scores

95% 2.063899

96% 2.171545

99% 2.79694

Q 24) A Government company claims that an average light bulb lasts 270 days. A
researcher randomly selects 18 bulbs for testing. The sampled bulbs last an average of 260
days, with a standard deviation of 90 days. If the CEO's claim were true, what is the
probability that 18 randomly selected bulbs would have an average life of no more than 260
days

Hint:

rcode pt(t score,df)

df degrees of freedom

A24) 52.86%