VECTOR ANALYSIS

International Program on Science Education

Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences Education

Indonesia University of Education
 Vectors and Scalars

A vector is a quantity having both
direction, such as
magnitude and direction,
displacement, velocity, force, and
acceleration.

A scalar is a quantity having magnitude
but no direction,
direction, e. g. mass, length,
time, temperature, volume, speed and
any real number.
 Vectors and Scalars

Graphically a vector is
represented by an arrow OP
(Fig.. 1) defining the direction,
(Fig
the magnitude of the vector
being indicated by the length of
arrow..
arrow

Magnitude of vector is
determined by arrow, using
precise unit
unit..
 Symbol and Notation of Vector

Vector is denoted by bold face

type such as Av or it can be
represented by A

The magnitude is denoted by
r
A or A

Vector is drawn by arrow.
arrow. Tail
of arrow show position of
Origin or initial point while
the head of arrow show
terminal point or terminus
terminus..
Graphic of Vector

A Terminal
point

O Origin point

Figure 1
 Definition

Two vector A and B are equalequal,, if
they have the same magnitude
and direction regardless of the
position of their initial points.
Thus A = B in Fig. 2

Figure 2
 Definition

A vector having direction
opposite to that of vector A but
having the same magnitude is
denoted by –A.
A=-B
B=-A
A
B

Figure 3
 Resultant of Vector
Definition:

The sum or resultant of vector A and

B is a vector C formed by placing the

initial point of B on the terminal
point of A to the terminal point of B
(Figure 4)
 Definition

The Sum of Vector
C = A + B  VECTOR
A B
B
C=A+B

A A

C=A+B
Figure 4
B
 The difference of vector

The difference of vector A and B,
represented by:
D = A - B = A + (-(-B)  VECTOR
-B
B
D=A-B
A

A -B
D=A-B
A
 Definition

The product of vector A by scalar m
is a vector mA  Vector

If, m = 3
C
A
C = 3A
 Laws of Vector Algebra
If A, B, C are vectors and m, n are scalars.
1. A+B=B+A  Commutative Law for
Addition
2. A+(B+C)=(A+B)+C  Associative Law
for Addition
3. mA=Am  Commutative Law for
Multiplication
4. m(
m(nnA)=mn
)=mn((A)=n(
)=n(mmA)  Associative Law
for multiplication
5. (m+n
m+n))A =mA+nA +nA  Distributive Law
6. m(
m(A+B
A+B)) =m
=mA+mB  Distributive Law
 A Unit Vector

A Unit Vector is a vector having unit

magnitude, if A is a vector with
magnitude A≠0, then A/A is a unit
vector having the same direction as
A.

Any vector A can be represented by
a unit vector a in the direction of A
multiplied by the magnitude of A.
In symbols, A = AaAa
 Components of a Vector
A = A1i + A2j + A3k
z
A1i = component of vector
A in the direction of x-
x-
axis
A
A2j = component of vector
A in the direction of y-
y- A3k
k
axis A1i
j
A3k = component of vector i y
A in the direction of z-
z- A2j
axis x
 Addition of Vector
A = A1i + A2j + A3k
B = B1i + B2j + B3k

C = A + B = (A1i + A2j + A3k) + (B1i + B2j + B3k)

C = A + B = (A1+B1)i + (A2+B2)j + (A3+B3)k

C = A - B = (A1i + A2j + A3k) - (B1i + B2j + B3k)

C = A - B = (A1-B1)i + (A2-B2)j + (A3-B3)k

Vector Multiplication with
scalar
A = A1i + A2j + A3k
B = B1i + B2j + A3k

D = 3A = 3(A1i + A2j + A3k)

 Magnitude of Vector
Phytagoras Teorema : z
(OP)2 = (OQ)2 + (QP)2
P
but
(OQ)2 = (OR)2 + (RQ)2 A
so A3k

(OP)2 = (OR)2 + (RQ)2 + (QP)2 O

A1i
or y
R
A2 = A1 + A2 + A3
2 2 2
A2j Q
x
or

A= A12 + A22 + A32

 Example:
Known r1= 2i+4j-5k and
i+4 and r2 = i+2j+3
j+3k
a. Determine vector resultant r1 and r2 !
b. Determine unit vector in vector resultant direction !

Answer :

a. R = r1+r2 =(2i+4j-5k) + (i+

i+4 (i+22j+3
j+3k) = 3i + 6j – 2k

b. R = (3i + 6 j − 2k ) = 9 + 36 + 4 = 49 = 7
R 3i + 6 j − 2 k
r = =
R 7
Ceck magnitude of unit vector = 1
 Solved Problems
1. State which of the following are scalars and
which are vectors.
(scalar)
(a) Weight (vector) (f) Energy

(b) Calorie (scalar) (g) Volume (scalar)

(c) Specific heat (scalar) (h) distance (scalar)

(d) Momentum (vector) (i) speed (scalar)

(e) Density (scalar) (j) magnetic field intensity

(vector)
2. Represent graphically:
(a) A force of 10 N in a direction 30˚
north of east.
(b) A force of 15 N in a direction 30˚
east of north.
 Unit = 5 N

N N

15 N

10 N 30˚

30˚
W E W E

S S
Figure (a) Figure (b)
to be continued...

Thanks...
 Perkalian Titik
(Dot Product)
Dot poduct antara A dan B
Atau perkalian skalar didefinisikan :
A . B = AB cos θ

θ Adalah sudut terkecil yang diapit A dan B

Secara fisis dot product adalah proyeksi suatu

vektor terhadap vektor lainnya, sehingga
sudut yang diambil adalah sudut yang terkecil
 Perkalian Titik
(Dot Product)
A . B = (A
A1i + A2j + A3k).(B1i + B2j + B3k)
= (A
A1i ).(B1i + B2j + B3k) + (A
A2j).(B1i + B2j + B3k)
+ (A
A3k).(B1i + B2j + B3k)
= A1B1(i.i) + A1B2(i.j
(i.j) + A1B3(i.k
(i.k)
+ A2B1(j.i) + A2B2(j.j) + A2B3(j.k)
+ A3B1(k.i) + A3B2(k.j) +A3B3(k.k)

A.B = A1B1 + A2B2 + A3B3

i.i = i i cos 0o =1 j. j = j j cos 0 o =1 k .k = k k cos 0o =1

i. j = j.i = i j cos 90o = 0 j.k = k . j = j k cos 90o = 0 i.k = k .i = k i cos 90o = 0

Contoh dot product dalam Fisika

F F

θ θ

W = FS cos θ = F.S
F
W = usaha
θ
F = Vektor gaya
S S = Vektor perpindahan
 Contoh dot product dalam Fisika
nA
nA B B

φ = BA cos θ = B.A Catatan :

Bidang adalah vektor memiliki
φ = Fluks magnetik
luas dan arah. Arah bidang
B = Medan magnetik adalah arah normal bidang di
suatu titik.
A = arah bidang
Normal = tegak lurus
 Perkalian Silang
(Cross Product)
Cross poduct antara A dan B
Atau perkalian vektor didefinisikan :
A x B = AB sin θ u

θ Adalah sudut terkecil yang diapit A dan B

Hasil perkalian silang antara vektor A dan vektor B adalah
sebuah vektor C yang arahnya tegak lurus bidang yang
memuat vektor A dan B, sedemikian rupa sehingga A, B,
dan C membentuk sistem tangan kanan (sistem skrup)
Perkalian Silang
(Cross Product)
 Perkalian Silang
(Cross Product)

C θ
B A

θ -C
A

-C = B x A
C=AxB
Pada sistem koordinat tegak lurus
i×i =0 j× j =0 k ×k =0

i× j =k j ×k =i k ×i = j

j ×i =− k k× j =−i i×k =− j

k
i
 Perkalian silang
(Cross Product)
A x B = (A
A1i + A2j + A3k) x (B1i + B2j + B3k)
= (A
A1i )x(B1i + B2j + B3k) + (A
A2j)x(B1i + B2j + B3k)
+ (A
A3k)x(B1i + B2j + B3k)
= A1B1(ixi) + A1B2(ixj
(ixj) + A1B3(ixk
(ixk)
+ A2B1(jxi) + A2B2(jxj) + A2B3(jxk)
+ A3B1(kxi) + A3B2(kxj) +A3B3(kxk)
= A1B1(0) + A1B2(k) + A1B3(-j)
+ A2B1(-k) + A2B2(0) + A2B3(i)
+ A3B1(j) + A3B2(-i) +A3B3(0)
 Perkalian silang
(Cross Product)
A x B = A1B1(0) + A1B2(k) + A1B3(-j)

+ A2B1(-k) + A2B2(0) + A2B3(i)

+ A3B1(j) + A3B2(-i) +A3B3(0)

A x B = (A
A1B2 - A2B1) k + (A3B1-A1B3) j
+ (A2B3 - A3B2) i

i j k
A × B = A1 A2 A3
B1 B2 B3
Contoh perkalian silang dalam Fisika

F
θ

r r r r
τ = r × F = r F sin θ = r × F
Contoh Soal
Jika gaya F = 2i - j + 3k bekerja pada titik (2,-1,1),
tentukan torsi dari F terhadap titik asal koordinat
Gerak melingkar
ω

P r r r
v =ω×r
θ r
 Perkalian tiga vektor

r r r r r r
(
r r r
B C sin θ A cos φ = B × C A cos φ = A • B × C )
 Aplikasi Perkalian Skalar
Tiga Vektor

n F

r
L

Komponen torsi terhadap garis L :

τ II
r
(
r r
= nˆ •τ = nˆ • r × F )
Contoh Soal
Jika gaya F = i + 3j – k bekerja pada titik (1,1,1),
tentukan komponen torsi dari F terhadap garis
r = 3i + 2k + (2i - 2j + k)t.
)t.
Solusi:
Pertama kita tentukan vektor torsi terhadap sebuah titik
pada garis yaitu titik (3,0,2). Torsi tersebut adalah
τ = r x F dimana r adalah vektor berasal dari titik pada
garis ke titik dimana
dimana F bekerja, yaitu dari (3,0,2) ke
(1,1,1), sehingga r = (1,1,1) - (3,0,2) = (-2,1,-1).
Dengan demikian vektor torsi τ :
r r r
τ =r × F
Contoh Torsi:

Torsi untuk garis
adalah n.(.(rrxF) dimana
n adalah vaktor
satuan sepajang garis,
dengan n = 1/3(2i
1/3(2i-
2j+k).

Kemudian torsi untuk
garis adalah
n.(
.(rrxF) = 1/3(2i
1/3(2i-
2j+k).(2
).(2ii-3j-7k)=1
Aplikasi Tripel Scalar Product

Aplikasi Tripel
Scalar Product
salah satunya pada
momentum linear
PERSAMAAN GARIS LURUS
DAN PERSAMAAN BIDANG
 Persamaan Garis Lurus
y
garis
(x,y)
Q
B
(y-y0)
(x0,y0)
P A
(x-x0)
b
r0 r a

x
 Definisi Garis
Apakah garis itu?
Garis adalah deretan titik-
titik-titik secara kontinu

Dari gambar :
B = r – r0
dan
A // B (Perbandingan setiap komponen akan sama

dimana
B = (xi
(xi+yj
+yj)-(x0i+y0j)
= (x-
(x-x0)i+(y
(y--y0)j
dan
A = ai
ai+bj
+bj
sehingga

x − x0 y − y0
= → 2D
a b
x − x0 y − y0 z − z0
= = → 3D
a b c

Disebut persamaan
persamaan garis lurus simetris
(x0,y0,z0) adalah suatu titik yang dilalui garis a,b,c.
Komponen vektor arah.
Dari gambar di atas juga :

r = r0 + B
dan
B = tA
sehingga
+At
r = r0 +At
= (x0,y0,z0) + (a,b,c)t
atau
ix0 + jy
r = ix jy0 + kz
kz0 + (a
(ai+ bj+z
i+b j+zk)t
k)t

Disebut persamaan
persamaan garis lurus parametrik
Contoh
Tentukan persamaan garis lurus parametrik dan
simetrik yang melalui titik (2,1,5) dan titik (3,3,1)!

(3,3,1)

(2,1,5) A

x0=2
y0=1
zo=5
Solusi

A = (3,3,1) – (2,1,5)
= (1,2,-
(1,2,-4)
A = i+2j
+2j-4k
a = 1,
1, b = 2,
2, c = -4
Sehingga :
r = (2,1,5) + (1,2,-
(1,2,-4)t
atau
r = 2i+j+5k
+5k+(i
+(i+2j
+2j-4k)t Persamaan garis
parametrik

Titik
yang dilalui Arah garis
Lanjutan…

x − x0 y − y0 z − z0
= =
a b c
x − 2 y −1 z − 5
= =
1 2 −4
y −1 z − 5 Persamaan Garis
x−2 = = Simetrik
2 −4
 Latihan Soal
1. Cari suatu persamaan garis lurus melalui (3,2,1) dan
sejajar dengan vektor (3i-2j+6k)!
2. Cari persamaan garis lurus yang melalui titik (3,0-5) dan
sejajar dengan garis r = (2,1,-5) + (0,-5,1)t !
 Persamaan Bidang
z
N = ai+bj+ck

B(x,y,z)

A(x0,y0,z0)

x
AB=(x--x0)i+(y
AB=(x +(y--y0)j+(z
+(z--z0)k
N = aiai + bj
bj + ck
ck

Lakukan dot product antara AB dan N

N—AB = N—AB—cos 90 = 0
o

(a
(aii+bj
+bj+zk
+zk)—[(x
)—[(x--x0)i+(y
+(y--y0)j+(z
+(z--z0)k]=0

a(x
a(x--x0)+b(y
)+b(y--y0)+c(z
)+c(z--z0)=0

ax+by+cz=ax0+by0+cz0
 Yang diperlukan minimal:
1. Vektor normal bidang (N (N)
2. Suatu titik pada bidang
Jika diketahui 3 titik pada bidang
bisa juga.

Catatan: Jika suatu garis sejajar

dengan arah bidangnya, maka θ=0.
 N
Garis

Catatan: Arah bidang selalu tegak lurus terhadap bidang

 Contoh Soal:
1. Tentukan persamaan bidang yang
mencakup 3 titik
A=(0,1,1); B=(2,1,3); C=(4,2,1)

AB=B-A
N C=(4,2,1) AB=(2,1,3)-(0,1,1)
AB=(2,0,2)
θ B=(2,1,3)
A=(0,1,1) AC=C-A
AC=(4,2,1)-(0,1,1)
AC=(4,1,0)

N=ABxAC

N=(2,0,2)x(4,1,0)

N= i j k
2 0 2
4 1 0

N=0+8
=0+8jj+2k
+2k+0-
+0-2i+0

N=-2i+8j+
+8j+22k a=-2, b=8, c=2
 Lanjutan… Solusi

Titik yang ditinjau A=(0,1,1)

x0=0; y0=1; z0=1

ax+by+cz= ax0+by0+cz0

-2x+8y+2z=8+2

-2x+8y+2z=10
 Latihan Soal:
1. Cari persamaan bidang melalui titik
(1,--1,0) dan sejajar dengan garis
(1,
r=(5
=(5i+j
i+j--2k)+(2
)+(2ii-j+k)t !