EE 200 – Electronic Circuits Implementation

Lab #5

Poyraz Emel

26547

Session E

02/04/2021

Spring 2020/2021
Introduction

The one of experiment’s main goal was comparing different types of diodes in I-V

characteristics. These are Switching diode(1N4148), Schottky diode(1N5817) and

Zener diode(1N750). Another comparing part was finding different types of

diodes forward and reverse voltages. In second part, we observed ripple voltages

relationships with load resistor and capacitor in LTspice. We used 1N750 and

1N4148 diodes as we learned in part1.The circuit in second part which is called

full wave rectifier, we calculated source regulation and load regulation. In third

part, we created voltage multiplier and observed capacitors charging and

discharging. In addition, we observed frequencies and amplitudes effect on

output.
Data/Results
In-Lab Assignment
Part 1.
In this part, the main aim is to observe the I-V characteristics of different types of diodes. The circuit on
the right will be implemented using the following types of diodes; (Do not spend more than 45 minutes
on this section. Note that Vd is the voltage across the diode, not across the resistor.)

A) 1N4148 Switching diode

B) 1N5817 Schottky diode

C) 1N750 Zener diode

Use R = 1 kΩ and a DC supply as Vin. a. Record the corresponding Vd and Id values and plot Id vs Vd
graphs. (Hint: Calculate Id by using voltage drop on R) For generating Id vs Vd graphs plots
recommended data points (approximately) for diodes are following.

1N4148 (Vd = 0V, 0.2V, 0.4V, 0.5V, 0.55V, 0.6V, 0.62V, 0.63V, 0.64V, 0.65V)
1N5817 (Vd = 0V, 50mV, 75mV, 100mV, 130mV, 150mV, 160mV, 170mV, 180mV, 190mV, 200mV)

1N750 (Vd =-4.6V, -4.5V, -4.4V, -4.3V, -4V, -3.2V, -1.6V, 0V, 0.4V, 0.6V, 0.62V, 0.63V, 0.65V, 0.68V, 0.7V,
0.71V, 0.72V, 0.73V, 0.74V, 0.75V, 0.76V)
b. Using the graphs in Part a; extract the minimum required forward-bias voltage to open diodes and
the Vz (reverse bias voltage of zener diode) values for zener diode.

As I showed in above parts.I pointed almost minimum required forward-bias voltages to open diodes for
1N4148 and 1N5817.In addition I showed the reverse bias voltage of Zener diode in above part.

Part 2.
a. Set the input for 50 Hz and Vpp = 5 V (sinusoidal). Measure the output voltage at no load and 510 Ω.
Observe that the ripple voltage is less than 0.5 Vpp. Calculate the “load regulation” using the
following formula: Load regulation = 100%*(VNL-VFL)/VNL where VNL: Vout for no Load, VFL: Vout for
Rload = 510Ω. Comment on the calculated value.

Vout for Rload = 0.52V

Vout for no Load = 0.667V

Load regulation = 100%*(VNL-VFL)/VNL = 100% (0.667-0.52) / (0.667) = %22.03

b. Using a 510 Ω load, measure the output voltage at VS = 5 Vpp and VS = 4 Vpp. Calculate the “source
regulation” using the following formula: Source Regulation: 100%*(Vpp5-Vpp4)/Vpp5 where Vpp10:
Vout for Vin = 5 Vpp, Vpp9: Vout for Vin = 4 Vpp Comment on the calculated value.

Vout for Vin 4Vpp = 0.52V

Vout for Vin 5Vpp = 0.902V

Source Regulation: 100%*(Vpp5-Vpp4)/Vpp5= 100%(0.902-0.52) / (0.902) = %42.35

Part 3
Build the circuit which is shown in Fig. Set the input for 1 kHz and Vpp= 2V (sinusoidal). Use 1N4148
diodes and 1uF capacitances.

a. Show your output waveform. Comment on the working principle of the voltage doubler.

In the positive AC input cycle, current moves direction of red

arrows. Then C1 capacitor is being charge with Vp.

In the negative AC input cycle, current moves direction of blue

arrows and in this cycle C1 is being discharging and C2 capacitor
is being charging with Vp+Vp = 2Vp
b. Change the frequency of the input from 1 kHz to 10 kHz. What happened at the output? Do you see
any difference at the steady state?

There is not any change of magnitudes of voltage drop across capacitors, but we can see that C2
capacitor is being charges more quickly when we increase frequency.

c. Change the amplitude of the input from 2V to 5V. What happened at the output? Do you see any
difference at the steady state?

When we change the amplitude of input from 2V to 5V, we can basically see that capacitor C2 has more
voltage drop.
Discussion and Analysis

Part 1
In this part, we used three different types of diodes to see their I-V
characteristics. These are Switching diode(1N4148), Schottky diode(1N5817) and
Zener diode(1N750). I learned that every diode has different forward bias
voltages to exceed voltage barrier and Zener diode has a reverse bias voltage if
we compared with others.
Part 2
In this part, we created full wave rectifier circuit in LTspice with using 1N4148 and
1N750 diodes. Purpose of this aim was examining the ripple voltages which
occurred by AC input. In part a, we found the load regulation and source
regulation with using formulas. Load regulations formula: 100%*(VNL-VFL)/VNL
where VNL: Vout for no Load, VFL: Vout for load resistor. Source regulations
formula: Source Regulation: 100%*(Vppnew-Vpp)/Vppnew. In addition, we
observed capacitors affect on ripple voltages. Capacitor provides to reduce ripple
voltages peak.Because of charging and discharging capacitor waveform not be
zero(ripple voltages).
Part 3
In this part, our aim was to create voltage multiplier and observing the input and
output waveforms relation. In voltage multiplier, at positive cycle of AC input
provides Vp into the first capacitor and first capacitor is charging with Vp, at
negative cycle of AC input AC input provides Vp in the opposite way, first
capacitor is discharging in same way with AC input so output capacitor is charging
with 2Vp.In part b; we increased inputs frequency to comparing output signals.
There is not any change of magnitudes of voltage drop across capacitors, but we
can see that C2 capacitor is being charges more quickly when we increase
frequency. In part c; we changed out input amplitude 2V to 5V. When we change
the amplitude of input from 2V to 5V, we can basically see that capacitor C2 has
more voltage drop.
Conclusion
I observed that 1N4148 Switching diode has higher voltage barrier than 1N5817

Schottky diode. We can compare the diodes such as 1N4148 diode is biasing

forwardly at 0.57 V, 1N5817 diode is biasing forwardly at 0.072 V and 1N750

diode is biasing reversely at almost -4.7V. In second part, we discovered full wave

rectifiers working principle. There is DC output which created by AC input. We call

these output voltages “ripple voltages”. With effect of capacitor, these ripple

voltages are being smoother if compared without using capacitor. Capacitor

provides to reduce ripple voltages peak. Because of charging and discharging

capacitor waveform is not zero (ripple voltages). In addition, we observed load

resistors effect on ripple voltages results in simulation. In last part, we created

voltage multiplier circuit. Voltage multipliers working principle is firstly positive

cycle of AC input provides Vp into the first capacitor and first capacitor is charging

with Vp, at negative cycle of AC input AC input provides Vp in the opposite way,

first capacitor is discharging in same way with AC input so output capacitor is

charging with 2Vp.Finally, we observed the effect of changing inputs frequency

and amplitude on output.

Post-Lab Assignment

1) Please give an application example for Switching diode, Schottky diode, and
Zener diode. What are the roles of these diodes in these applications?
Schottky diode: The voltage drop is low. Low voltage drop provides to increase
the diode performance and reduces power loss. So, these are used in high
frequency rectifier applications.
Zener diode: It can allow forward bias also it allows current in reverse direction in
Zener breakdown which is nearly at -4.7 volts. Its aim is to prevent momentary
voltage pulses from damaging other semiconductor devices. It performs the role
of a voltage regulator.
Switching diode: As a rectifier, a switching diode can switch a small signal of up to
100 mA. A rectifier diode, on the other hand, is used to rectify an AC thread (from
alternating current to direct current). Switching diodes are built to withstand
voltages of less than tens of volts.

2) What is the working principle of the voltage regulator application?

A voltage regulator is a circuit that makes and keeps a fixed yield voltage,
regardless of changes to the information voltage or burden conditions.

3) What is the working principle of the voltage doubler application?

Voltage multipliers working principle is firstly positive cycle of AC input provides
Vp into the first capacitor and first capacitor is charging with Vp, at negative cycle
of AC input AC input provides Vp in the opposite way, first capacitor is discharging
in same way with AC input so output capacitor is charging with 2Vp.Finally, we
observed the effect of changing inputs frequency and amplitude on output.