General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

Overview

The previous semester you have studied topics on Classical Mechanics, Sounds,
Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics. On this quarter, we will focus on Electricity and electric
phenomena and then to magnetism, how this two are related and how this will explain the
behaviour and properties of light and electromagnetic waves in general. The study of electricity is
divided into two: electrostatics and electric current. Electrostatics involved the studies dated at
early 1700 up to Coulomb, Volta and Franklin. While the study on electric currents involves the
names of Ohm, Kirchhoff and Ampere.
Electricity and magnetism are really a unified and single entity called as electromagnetism.
As electric charges and currents can act as a source of electric and magnetic fields, which
produces the electromagnetic waves. Then we will cover the topics of capacitance, circuits, ohm’s
law, resistivity, magnetic forces and fields.
The modules in General Physics 2 Quarter 3 attempts to bring in the mental, hands-on
and experimental techniques to study electric system and currents enable you to apply science
concepts and science process skills in addressing real-world problems through scientific
investigations. These activities are designed to enhance your knowledge, understanding, skills,
and ability to transfer learning. There are four modules in this quarter, namely;

Module 1: Electrostatics, Electric Forces and Fields

Module 2: Capacitors
Module 3: Electric Currents and Circuits
Module 4: Magnetic Fields and Forces

At the end of this quarter, you are expected to be an innovative, scientific, and
technological literate that will lead you to be an innovator, visionary and sensible thinker for your
life choices and functional member of the society.

Each module on this quarter is filled with interesting concepts and fun activities that will guide
you on your expedition to optimum learning.

Let your journey on physics begins…

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

MODULE 1: Electrostatics, Electric Forces and Fields

Introduction

The concept and study of electricity is generally credited to the Greeks as they observed
electrical charges and forces in different situations, one of it is the concept of electrostatics.
Electrostatics is concerned with stationary charges and its field potentials. The concepts regarding
this will be expanded as we discuss further.
In this module, the following ideas need to be explained, ponder and understood; charges,
conductive and non-conductive materials, electric forces, Coulomb’s Law, electric fields, Gauss’
Law, capacitors, circuits and electrical precautionary measures.

Learning Competencies:
1. Describe using a diagram charging by rubbing and charging by induction
2. Explain the role of electron transfer in electrostatic charging by rubbing
3. Describe experiments to show electrostatic charging by induction
4. State that there are positive and negative charges, and that charge is measured in
coulombs
5. Predict charge distributions, and the resulting attraction or repulsion, in a system of
charged insulators and conductors
6. Calculate the net electric force on a point charge exerted by a system of point charges
7. Describe an electric field as a region in which an electric charge experiences a force
8. Draw electric field patterns due to systems with isolated point charges
9. Use in calculations the relationship between the electric field and the electric force on a
test charge
10. Calculate the electric field due to a system of point charges using Coulomb’s law and
the superposition principle
11. Predict the trajectory of a point charge in a uniform electric field
12. Relate the electric potential with work, potential energy, and electric field
13. Evaluate the potential at any point in a region containing point charges
14. Determine the electric potential function at any point due to highly symmetric
continuous- charge distributions
15. infer the direction and strength of electric field vector, nature of the electric field
sources, and electrostatic potential surfaces given the equipotential lines
16. Infer the distribution of charges at the surface of an arbitrarily shaped conductor
17. Calculate the electric field in the region given a mathematical function describing its
potential in a region of space
18. Perform an experiment involving electric fields and equipotential lines and analyze the
data – identifying and analyzing discrepancies between experimental results and
theoretical expectations when appropriate
19. Solve problems involving electric potential energy and electric potentials in contexts
such as, but not limited to, electron guns in CRT TV picture tubes, conditions for
merging of charge liquid drops, and Van de Graaff generators

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

Learning Objectives:
a. Identify the structures of the atom
b. Differentiate charging by induction and charging by conduction
c. State coulomb’s law
d. Solve problems using Coulomb’s Law
e. Describe electric field and electric field lines
f. Explain Gauss’s law and its relation to electric flux
g. Use in calculation the equation of electric flux and Gauss’s law
h. Determine the work done, potential energy and potential difference of electric charges
i. Cite the uses and applications of electrostatics

Pre-Assessment

1. What material which allows electricity to flow due to its free moving electrons?
a. Insulator c. Conductor
b. Semiconductor d. Transistor
2. What happens when two like charges get near to each other?
a. Attract c. explodes
b. Repel d. expands
3. Who is the physicist that explains the relationship between electric force, product of
charges and the square of the distance?
a. Alexandro Volta c. Charles de Coulomb
b. Adrie Marie Ampere d. George Ohm
4. What force is responsible for the attraction and repulsion of charges?
a. Magnetic Force c. Electric Force
b. Gravitational Force d. Electromotive Force
5. What do you call the space where a test charge experiences and releases an electric
force around it?
a. Magnetic field c. Electromotive Force
b. Electric Field d. Charge Field
6. What unit is being used to quantify the amount of electric field intensity?
a. Newton c. Newton/Coulomb
b. Coulomb d. Joule
7. What is the amount of charge for a single neutron?
a. 1.6x10-19C c. -1.6x10-19C
b. 0 d. 9.0x109
8. What is the unit used for potential difference?
a. Volts c. Coulomb
b. Voltage d. Ampere
9. What is the other term for potential difference?
a. Volts c. Current
b. Voltage d. Work
10. What is the potential difference if the amount of work done is equal to 1200J and the
charge is 12C?
a. 10 V c. 1,440 V
b. 100 V d. 14,400 V

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

11. If two opposite charges are put on a field and separated by 1m and the other is by 3m,
what happens to the electrical forces on both charges?
a. The electrical force between two charges is much stronger on 1m than on 3m
b. The electrical force between two charges is much stronger on 3m than on 1m
c. The distance on each charges doesn’t have a significant effect on its electrical force
d. The strength of attraction on both charges doesn’t have correlation on distances on
both charges
12. On the relationships between electric field, force and charge, what will happen to the
magnitude of electric field intensity if the amount of charge is greater than the electric
force?
a. The magnitude of electric field also increases
b. The magnitude of electric field decreases
c. The magnitude of electric filed remains the same
d. The magnitude of electric filed neither increases nor decreases
13. What happens to the amount of energy in a system if the potential difference is higher
than the amount of charge?
a. The amount of energy will increase
b. The amount of energy will decrease
c. The amount of energy remains the same
d. Nothing happens to the system
14. Two isolated particles A and B, are 4m apart. Particle A has a net charge of 2Q , and B
has a net charge of Q. What is the ratio of the magnitude of the electric force on A and
B?
a. 4:1 c. 1:1
b. 2.1 d. 1:4
15. What will happen to the electric flux according to Gauss’s Law if the angle between
electric field and the surface area is 90°?
a. Increases c. remain the same
b. Decreases d. zero

Chapter 1: Electrostatics: Charge and Force

Electricity is a form of energy due to the movements of charges, and this energy was first
thought and observed by the Greeks in an amber, which is in Greek word “elektron” as the origin
of the term electricity and electron.
There are two types of charge, a positive and negative. These charges are quantized
units, meaning all protons carry the same amount of charge +e and electrons as –e. The laws of
charges explains that same charges repel, while unlike charges attract. Since all matter is made
up of these charges together with neutron, this mean that most of objects are neutral and charges
are conserved.
Objects may be electrically charged, if it was charged by induction or by
conduction/rubbing. Charging by induction occurs when an electrically neutral object becomes
polarized-when negative and positive charges pile up in one part of the object. While charging by
conduction or rubbing occurs when two materials are rubbed against each other and electrons
starts to transferred into the other making one object negatively charged and the other as
positively charged.
An individual charge whether it is a proton or electron has a unit of charge of, 1.60 x 10 -19
coulombs (C) for proton, -1.60 x 10-19 coulombs (C) for electron. It is named after Charles Augustin

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

de Coulomb. As this charges interact with each other, either like and unlike, electric forces
between charges exists, and this phenomenon are explained using Coulombs law and expressed
mathematically as;
𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑘𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹𝑒 = 𝑘 2 𝑜𝑟
𝑟 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 2
Where: Fe= Electric Force
k = 9.0 x 109 N.m2/C2
q = charge
r = distance between two charges
Example:
A negative charge of –2.0 x10–4 C and a positive charge of 8.0 x10–4 C are separated by
0.30 m. What is the force between the two charges?
Solution:
𝑞 𝑞
𝐹𝑒 = 𝑘 1 2 2
𝑟
= (9.0 x 109 N.m2/C2)(–2.0 x10–4 C)( 8.0 x10–4 C) \ (0.30 m)2
= 1.6x104 N

Activity 1: Electrical Charges and the Law!

Answer the following
A. Charge
1. Why most objects tend to contain equal number of positive and negative charges?
2. If you and a stranger in a mall accidentally touch each other and feel a “spark” or
sudden electrocution, explain why this event occur?
B. Coulombs’ Law
1. What is the repulsive force between two pith balls that are 8.00 cm apart and have
equal charges of – 30.0 nC?
2. How far apart must two point charges of 75.0 nC (typical of static electricity) be to
have a force of 1.00 N between them?
3. Three particles are placed in a line. The left particle has a charge of –67 μC, the
middle, +45 μC, and the right, –83 μC. The middle particle is 72 cm from each of the
others, as shown in the figure below.

Chapter 2: Electric Field: Gauss’s Law and Potential Difference

The previous chapter discuss the existence of force between pair of charges, however
there is another way to describe electric forces, through electric field. A field is a property of a
region of space that can apply a force to objects found in that region of space, an electric field on
the other hand is a property of a region of space that applies a force to charges objects in that
region of space. Every point in an electric field has a certain value called, the “electric field value”
or E. this vale tells how strong the electric field at that point would affect any charge. The units of
E are newton’s/coulomb (N/C), and expressed as;

𝐹
𝐸⃗ =
𝑞

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

Where: E= Electric field

F = Force
Q = charge

The electric field surrounding three different point charges. (a) A positive charge. (b) A negative charge of equal
magnitude.

The strength of the electric field if a charge is placed at a point experience a force and
usually given by;
⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝑒 = 𝑞𝐸⃗
If q is negative, 𝐹𝑒 will be opposite in direction to 𝐸⃗. Moreover, an electric field due to a
point charge is expressed using Coulombs Law, if a point charge q’ placed at a distance r from
the charge q, it will experience a force.

1 𝑞𝑞′ 1𝑞
⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝑒 = = 𝑞′ ( )
4𝜋𝜀𝑟 2 4𝜋𝜖𝑟 2

⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝑒 = 𝑞′𝐸⃗

1𝑞
𝐸=
4𝜋𝜖𝑟 2
A. Gauss’s Law and Electric Flux
This law provides an extremely elegant method for dealing with the fields of charge
distributions. It states that the electric flux through a closed surface is proportional to the charge
enclosed by that surface. Electric Flux is like the flow of electric field across a surface, and
expressed as;
ΦE= EAcosϴ
Where: E = Electric field
A = area of the surface
ϴ = Angle between the field vector and the area vector
Examples

Electric Field
A. A negative charge of 2.0 x 10–8 C experiences a force of 0.060 N to the right in an
electric field. What are the field magnitude and direction?
B. Compute the electric field in air at a distance of 30cm from a point charge q1= 5.0x10 -9.
Gauss’s Law and Electric Flux
a. A flat sheet of paper of area 0.250 m2 is oriented so that the normal to the sheet is at an
angle of 60°to a uniform electric field of magnitude 14.0 N/C. Find the magnitude of the
electric flux through the sheet.
Solution:
Electric Field

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

a. q =2.0 x 10–8 C
F = 0.060 N

E=F/q
E=0.060 N/2.0 x 10–8 C
E= 3.0 x 106 N/C directed to the left

b. q= 5.0x10-9
d= 30 cm
E=kq/r2
= (9.0 x 10 N.m2/C2)( 5.0x10-9)/(0.3m)2
9

= 499.31 N/C
Gauss’s Law
E= 14.0N/C
A= 0.250 m2
ϴ= 60°
ΦE= EAcosϴ
= (14.0N/C)( 0.250 m2)(cos60°)
=1.75 N.m2/C

B. Electric Potential Energy and Equipotential

Electric potential is related to the concepts of field and potential energy. The easiest
definition for this is the work (F x scosϴ) required to bring a small positive test charge from infinity
to a particular point. The electric potential energy of a charge partivle is given by an equation of;

PE = qV
Also, suppose a certain region has a uniform electric field, the work done on a test-
charge through a distance is expressed as;
V=Ed
More so, an equipotential lines are lines that illustrate every point at which a charged
would experience a given potential.

An isolated point charge Q with its electric field lines in blue and equipotential
lines in green. The potential is the same along each equipotential line, meaning
that no work is required to move a charge anywhere along one of those lines.
Work is needed to move a charge from one equipotential line to another.
Equipotential lines are perpendicular to electric field lines in every case.

It is important to note that equipotential lines are always perpendicular to electric field
lines. No work is required to move a charge along an equipotential, since ΔV = 0 . Thus the
work is

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

W = –ΔPE = – qΔV = 0
Work is zero if force is perpendicular to motion. Force is in the same direction as E , so
that motion along an equipotential must be perpendicular to E . More precisely, work is related
to the electric field by
W = Fd cos θ = qEd cos θ = 0. (19.44)
Note that in the above equation, E and F symbolize the magnitudes of the electric field
strength and force, respectively. Neither q nor E nor d is zero, and so cos θ must be 0, meaning
θ must be 90º. In other words, motion along an equipotential is perpendicular to E.

Examples:
A. The electric field intensity between two large, charged, parallel metal plates is 8000 N/C.
The plates are 0.05 m apart. What is the electric potential difference between them?
B. What work is done when 5.0 C is moved through an electric potential difference of 1.5
V?
Solution:
a. E= 8000 N/C
D= 0.05 m
V=Ed
= (8000 N/C)( 0.05 m)
= 400 V
b. q=5.0C
V= 1.5 V
W=qV
=(5.0C)( 1.5 V)
=7.5 J
Activity: What’s on the Field?
(on the separate sheet)

Post-Assessment

1. What material which allows electricity to flow due to its free moving electrons?
a. Insulator c. Conductor
b. Semiconductor d. Transistor
2. What happens when two like charges get near to each other?
a. Attract c. explodes
b. Repel d. expands
3. Who is the physicist that explains the relationship between electric force, product of
charges and the square of the distance?
a. Alexandro Volta c. Charles de Coulomb
b. Adrie Marie Ampere d. George Ohm
4. What force is responsible for the attraction and repulsion of charges?
a. Magnetic Force c. Electric Force
b. Gravitational Force d. Electromotive Force
5. What do you call the space where a test charge experiences and releases an electric
force around it?
a. Magnetic field c. Electromotive Force
b. Electric Field d. Charge Field

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

6. What unit is being used to quantify the amount of electric field intensity?
a. Newton c. Newton/Coulomb
b. Coulomb d. Joule
7. What is the amount of charge for a single neutron?
a. 1.6x10-19C c. -1.6x10-19C
b. 0 d. 9.0x109
8. What is the unit used for potential difference?
a. Volts c. Coulomb
b. Voltage d. Ampere
9. What is the other term for potential difference?
a. Volts c. Current
b. Voltag d. Work
10. What is the potential difference if the amount of work done is equal to 1200J and the
charge is 12C?
a. 10 V c. 1,440 V
b. 100 V d. 14,400 V
11. If two opposite charges are put on a field and separated by 1m and the other is by 3m,
what happens to the electrical forces on both charges?
a. The electrical force between two charges is much stronger on 1m than on 3m
b. The electrical force between two charges is much stronger on 3m than on 1m
c. The distance on each charges doesn’t have a significant effect on its electrical
force
d. The strength of attraction on both charges doesn’t have correlation on distances
on both charges
12. On the relationships between electric field, force and charge, what will happen to the
magnitude of electric field intensity if the amount of charge is greater than the electric
force?
a. The magnitude of electric field also increases
b. The magnitude of electric field decreases
c. The magnitude of electric filed remains the same
d. The magnitude of electric filed neither increases nor decreases
13. What happens to the amount of energy in a system if the potential difference is higher
than the amount of charge?
a. The amount of energy will increase
b. The amount of energy will decrease
c. The amount of energy remains the same
d. Nothing happens to the system
14. Two isolated particles A and B, are 4m apart. Particle A has a net charge of 2Q , and B
has a net charge of Q. What is the ratio of the magnitude of the electric force on A and
B?
a. 4:1 c. 1:1
b. 2.1 d. 1:4
15. What will happen to the electric flux according to Gauss’s Law if the angle between
electric field and the surface area is 90°?
a. Increases c. remain the same
b. Decreases d. zero

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

MODULE 2: CAPACITORS

Learning Competencies:
1. Deduce the effects of simple capacitors (e.g., parallel-plate, spherical, cylindrical) on the
capacitance, charge, and potential difference when the size, potential difference, or
charge is changed
2. Calculate the equivalent capacitance of a network of capacitors connected in
series/parallel
3. Determine the total charge, the charge on, and the potential difference across each
capacitor in the network given the capacitors connected in series/parallel
4. Determine the potential energy stored inside the capacitor given the geometry and the
potential difference across the capacitor
5. Predict the effects on the final potential difference and change in potential energy of a
capacitor when either the geometry or charge is change
6. Determine the energy density and the electric field inside a capacitor with a given
configuration
7. Describe the effects of inserting dielectric materials on the capacitance, charge, and
electric field of a capacitor
8. Solve problems involving capacitors and dielectrics in contexts such as, but not limited
to, charged plates, electroscopes, batteries, camera flashlamps, Geiger counters, and
coaxial cables

Learning Objectives:
1. Describe capacitors
2. Differentiate series and parallel networks of capacitors
3. Determine the energy stored in capacitors
4. Describe dielectrics and identify its uses
5. Cite the uses of capacitors and relate it to real life situations
6. Solve problems involving capacitors and dielectrics.

Pre-Assessment

1. What material is inserted in a parallel-plate of a capacitor to increase the capacitance?

a. Insulator c. Dielectric
b. Conductor d. Transistor
2. If a parallel plate capacitor uses a dielectrics, what changes will it cause to the
capacitance of the capacitor?
I. The amount of charge increases
II. The amount of capacitance increases
III. The distance between the plates decreases
IV. The amount of voltage required decreases
a. I and II c. I and III
b. III and IV d. II and IV
3. Suppose you have four capacitors of 4.0μF connected in series, what will happen to its
total capacitance if it is connected in parallel?
a. Increases c. Remains the same
b. Decreases d. None of these

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

4. A 2µF capacitor is connected directly to a battery. When the capacitor is fully charges, it
stores 600µC of charge. A physics student replaces the 2 µF with three 18 µF capacitors
in series connected to the same battery. Once the capacitors are fully charge, what
charge is stored on each capacitors?
a. 200 µC c. 1200 µC
b. 600 µC d. 1800 µC
5. A 1.0-F capacitor is connected to a 12-V power supply until it is finally charged. The
capacitor is then disconnected from the power supply, and used to power a toy car. The
average drag force on this car is 2N. How far will the car go?
a. 24 meters c. 72 meters
b. 36 meters d. 144 meters
6. Suppose Asta want to create a parallel-plate capacitor with an area of 100 cm2. How far
apart would parallel plate have to be to make a 1.00-pF capacitor? (ϵ0=8.854x10-12F/m)
a. 7. 85 cm c. 9.85 cm
b. 8.85 cm d. 10.85 cm
7. A 2.2-μF capacitor is first charged so that the electric potential difference is 6.0 V. How
much additional charge is needed to increase the electric potential difference to 15.0 V?
a. 1.0 x10 -5C c. 3.0 x10 -5C
-5
b. 2.0 x10 C d. 4.0 x10 -5C
8. Capacitors capacity is measured using capacitance by means of its ratio to charge and
potential difference. If three identical capacitors are used to connect in an external circuit
series connection. Which of the following quantities must be the same for the three
capacitors?
I. The charges stored on the capacitors
II. The current on each capacitors
III. The resistance across the capacitors
IV. The capacitance on each capacitor
a. I and II c. I and IV
b. III and IV d. I, II, III, and IV
9. Imagine a capacitor with a magnitude of charge Q on either plate. This capacitor has an
A, separation distance D , and is not connected to a battery of voltage V. If it happens
that you pulls the plates apart such that D doubles, what will happen to the charge in
each plates?
a. Increases c. Remains the same
b. Decreases d. No enough information
10. A parallel plate capacitor consists of identical rectangular
plates of dimensions a × b, separated by a distance c. To cut
the capacitance of this capacitor in half, which of these
quantities should be doubled?
a. Dimension a
b. Dimension b
c. Dimension c
d. Dimension a and b

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

11. Base from the figure above, what is the correct order of the capacitances of these
circuits, from lowest to highest? Assume all the capacitors have the same capacitance.

a. B < A < C < D

b. D < C < B < A
c. C < B < A < D
d. D < C < A < B
12. A parallel plate capacitor separated 10 cm by an air barrier is connected to a 100V
battery. The capacitance of the capacitor is 1 picofarad while the battery is connected.
Without disconnecting the battery, the parallel plates are moved so they are now 20 cm
apart. What happens to the energy in the capacitor?
a. It increases fourfold
b. It increases by half
c. it decreases by fourfold
d. it decreases by half

Chapter 1: Capacitors: Its networks and Dielectrics

Capacitor is a device that can store an electrical charge on their plates when connected
to a voltage source. It contain plates separated by insulator that holds two opposite charges
maintaining the electric field. Meanwhile, Capacitance is an electrical property of a capacitor
and the ability to store electrical charges on its two plates. It is the ratio of the change in an
electric charge in a system to the corresponding change in its electrical potential, and expressed
as;
C =Q/V = ϵ0A/d
Where:
C= capacitance (F=Farad)
Q= charge (C=Coulomb)
V= Voltage/potential difference (Volts)
A= Area (m^2)
D= distance (m)
ϵ0= Permittivity constant (8.85x10^-12 F/m)
A capacitors in a circuit can be connected into two network; series and parallel connection.
A Series connection is an arrangement of the parts of or elements in an electric circuit whereby
the whole current passes through each other part of the element without branching. In a series
capacitors, the total capacitance is less than any one of the series capacitors’ individual
capacitances.

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

1 1 1
= + …
𝐶 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶1 𝐶2
Qtotal= Q1= Q2=Q3…
Vtotal= V1+ V2+ V3
While Parallel connection is an arrangement of electrical devices in a circuit in which the
same potential difference is applied to two or more components being branch of the circuit. In
parallel capacitors, the total capacitance is the sum of the individual capacitor’s capacitance.
𝐶𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 …
Qtotal= Q1+Q2+Q3…
Vtotal= V1=V2=V3
Energy in Capacitors, It is the stored energy in capacitor is the interaction between
Capacitance, Charge and Potential Difference.
1 1 1 𝑞2
𝑃𝐸𝐸 = 𝑄𝑉 = 𝐶𝑉 2 = ⁄
𝐶
2 2 2
Dielectrics, A material/substance that is poor conductor of electricity, but an efficient
supporter of electrostatic fields. It is basically an insulator that transmits electric force w/o
conduction. The relation n=between capacitors and dielectrics is represented by the following
equation;
𝐴
𝐶 = 𝑘𝜖0
𝑑
Where:
C= capacitance
K= dielectric constant
ϵ0 = 8.854 187 817x10^-12 F/m
A= area of the plates
d= distance of separation of the plates

Examples:
a. A 27-μF capacitor has an electric potential difference of 25 V across it. What is the
charge on the capacitor?
b. The series combination of two capacitors 3.0 microfarad and 6 microfarad, is connected
across 1000V. Calculate the (a.) equivalent capacitance, (b.) the magnitude of charges
and (c.) the potential difference across the capacitors.
c. The figure shows a system of four capacitors, where the potential
difference ab across is 50.0 V. (a) Find the equivalent capacitance of
this system between a and b (b) How much charge is stored by this
combination of capacitors?
d. A 165 μF capacitor is used in conjunction with a motor. How much
energy is stored in it when 119 V is applied?
e. Find the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor having plates of area
5.00 m2 that are separated by 0.100 mm of Teflon. Do the same thing
separated by air. (Teflon= 2.1, Air= 1.00059)
Solutions:

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

a. C= 27-μF
V= 25V
q=?
C=q/V
q=CV
=(27-μF)(25V)
= 6.75x10-4 C
b. C1= 3.0-μF
C2= 6.0 μF
V= 1000V
CTotal=?
QTotal=
V=
1. C=1/C1 + 1/C2 = (1/3.0-μF) + (1/6.0 μF) = 2.0 μF
2. Q=CV= (2.0 μF)(1000V)= 2.3x10-3C
3. V1= Q/C1= 2.3x10-3C /3.0μF= 666.67 V
V2=Q/C2 = 2.3x10-3C/ 6.0 μF= 333.33 V

c. Given values are on the figure

1st: solve the parallel part
C= 5.0 μF + 8.0 μF= 13.0 μF, then
CTotal= (1/10 μF)+(1/13 μF)+(9.0 μF)= 3.47 μF
Q=CV= (3.47 μF)(50V)= 1.74x10-4 C
d. C=165 μF2
V= 119 V
PE=?
PE=1/2 CV2= (0.5)(165 μF)(119)2= 1.17 J
e. A=5.0 m2
d= 0.100 mm→ m= 1.0x10-4m
ϵ0 = 8.854 187 817x10^-12 F/m
kTeflon= 2.1
kAir= 1.00059
C=?
CTeflon= kϵ0A/d = (2.1)( ϵ0)(5.0m2)/ 1.0x10-4m= 9.30x10-7F
CAir= kϵ0A/d = (1.00059)(ϵ0)(5.0m2)/ 1.0x10-4m= 4.43x10-7F

Activities: C, Q, P.D. Investigates, Series vs. Parallel and Dielectric Effect

(on the separate sheet)

POST-ASSESSMENT

1. What material is inserted in a parallel-plate of a capacitor to increase the capacitance?

a. Insulator c. Dielectric
b. Conductor d. Transistor

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

2. If a parallel plate capacitor uses a dielectrics, what changes will it cause to the
capacitance of the capacitor?
I. The amount of charge increases
II. The amount of capacitance increases
III. The distance between the plates decreases
IV. The amount of voltage required decreases
a. I and II c. I and III
b. III and IV d. II and IV
3. Suppose you have four capacitors of 4.0μF connected in series, what will happen to its
total capacitance if it is connected in parallel?
a. Increases c. Remains the same
b. Decreases d. None of these
4. A 2µF capacitor is connected directly to a battery. When the capacitor is fully charges, it
stores 600µC of charge. A physics student replaces the 2 µF with three 18 µF capacitors in
series connected to the same battery. Once the capacitors are fully charge, what charge is
stored on each capacitors?
a. 200 µC c. 1200 µC
b. 600 µC d. 1800 µC
5. A 1.0-F capacitor is connected to a 12-V power supply until it is finally charged. The
capacitor is then disconnected from the power supply, and used to power a toy car. The
average drag force on this car is 2N. How far will the car go?
a. 24 meters c. 72 meters
b. 36 meters d. 144 meters
6. Suppose Asta want to create a parallel-plate capacitor with an area of 100 cm 2. How far
apart would parallel plate have to be to make a 1.00-pF capacitor? (ϵ0=8.854x10-12F/m)
a. 7. 85 cm c. 9.85 cm
b. 8.85 cm d. 10.85 cm
7. A 2.2-μF capacitor is first charged so that the electric potential difference is 6.0 V. How
much additional charge is needed to increase the electric potential difference to 15.0 V?
a. 1.0 x10 -5C c. 3.0 x10 -5C
-5
b. 2.0 x10 C d. 4.0 x10 -5C
8. Capacitors capacity is measured using capacitance by means of its ratio to charge and
potential difference. If three identical capacitors are used to connect in an external circuit
series connection. Which of the following quantities must be the same for the three
capacitors?
I. The charges stored on the capacitors
II. The current on each capacitors
III. The resistance across the capacitors
IV. The capacitance on each capacitor
a. I and II c. I and IV
b. III and IV d. I, II, III, and IV

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

9. Imagine a capacitor with a magnitude of charge Q on either plate. This capacitor has an
A, separation distance D , and is not connected to a battery of voltage V. If it happens that
you pulls the plates apart such that D doubles, what will happen to the charge in each
plates?
a. Increases c. Remains the same
b. Decreases d. No enough information
10. A parallel plate capacitor consists of identical rectangular
plates of dimensions a × b, separated by a distance c. To cut
the capacitance of this capacitor in half, which of these
quantities should be doubled?
a. Dimension a
b. Dimension b
c. Dimension c
d. Dimension a and b
11. Base from the figure above, what is the correct order of the capacitances of these
circuits, from lowest to highest? Assume all the capacitors have the same capacitance.

a. B<A<C<D
b. D<C<B<A
c. C<B<A<D
d. D<C<A<B
12. A parallel plate capacitor separated 10 cm by an air barrier is connected to a 100V
battery. The capacitance of the capacitor is 1 picofarad while the battery is connected.
Without disconnecting the battery, the parallel plates are moved so they are now 20 cm
apart. What happens to the energy in the capacitor?
a. It increases fourfold
b. It increases by half
c. it decreases by fourfold
d. it decreases by half

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

MODULE 3: ELECTRIC CURRENT and CIRCUITS

Learning Competencies:
1. Distinguish between conventional current and electron flow
2. Apply the relationship charge = current x time to new situations or to solve related problems
3. Relate the drift velocity of a collection of charged particles to the electrical current and
current density
4. Describe the effect of temperature increase on the resistance of a metallic conductor
5. Describe the ability of a material to conduct current in terms of resistivity and conductivity
6. Apply the relationship of the proportionality between resistance and the length and cross-
sectional area of a wire to solve problems
7. Differentiate ohmic and non-ohmic materials in terms of their I-V curves
8. Define electromotive force (emf) as the work done by a source in driving a unit charge
around a complete circuit
9. Differentiate emf of a source and potential difference (PD) across a circuit
10. Use the the relationship R = V/I to solve problems
11. Given an emf source connected to a resistor, determine the power supplied or dissipated
by each element in a circuit
12. Describe the physiological effects of electrical shock; electrical hazards; safety devices and
procedures
13. Solve problems involving current, resistivity, resistance, and Ohm’s law in contexts such as,
but not limited to, batteries and bulbs, household wiring, selection of fuses, and
accumulation of surface charge in the junction between wires made of different materials
14. Operate devices for measuring currents and voltages
15. Plan and perform an experiment involving ohmic and non-ohmic materials and analyze the
data – identifying and analyzing discrepancies between experimental results and
theoretical expectations when appropriate
16. Draw circuit diagrams with power sources (cell or battery), switches, lamps, resistors (fixed
and variable) fuses, ammeters and voltmeters
17. Evaluate the equivalent resistance, current, and voltage in a given network of resistors
connected in series and/or parallel
18. Calculate the current and voltage through and across circuit elements using Kirchhoff’s
loop and junction rules (at most 2 loops only)
19. Describe the initial, transient, and steady state behavior of current, potential, and charge in
a capacitor that is either charging or discharging
20. Solve problems involving the calculation of currents and potential differences in circuits
consisting of batteries, resistors, and capacitors
21. Plan and perform experiment involving batteries and resistors in one or more electric
circuits and analyze the data

Learning Objectives:
a. Describe current
b. Differentiate conventional current and electron flow
c. Determine the drift velocity of electric charges and relate it to current density
d. Solve problems involving current, drift velocity and current density
e. Define resistance and resistivity
f. Identify the factors that affects wires resistance and resistivity

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

g. Solve problems involving resistance and resistivity involving temperature dependence and
materials dependence
h. Explain Ohm’s Law
i. Differentiate Ohmic and Non-ohmic Materials
j. Determine the difference between potential difference and electromotive force
k. Determine the relationship of Ohm’s Law to power and energy (electrical and/or heat)
l. Solve problems involving the concepts of ohm’s law, emf/p.d., internal resistance, power
and energy
m. Perform an activity/task identifying the materials under ohmic and non-ohmic materails
n. Familiarize the electric and electronic symbols used in schematic diagram
o. Describe resistors and identify its use
p. Differentiate series and parallel resistor connections
q. State Kirchhoff’s law
r. Solve problems involving the concepts of resistor connection, total resistance, current,
voltage, power, and Kirchhoff’s law.
Pre-Assessment
1. Who show/explain the interactions of the movement of electrons due to potential
difference and the entity that resist it?
a. Alessandro Volta c. Michael Faraday
b. Benjamin Franklin d. Georg Simon Ohm
2. In connection to the question No. 5, what theory/law/principle that explains that
relationships?
a. Ohm’s Law c. Kirchhoff’s Law
b. Faraday’s Law d. Gauss Law
3. Movement of charges are the primary reason for having electrical energy, what material
allows itself to be an intermediate in allowing and controlling the amount of this charges
to flow?
a. Conductor c. Semi-conductor
b. Insulator d. Resistors
4. Metals are the materials that allows electron to flow following V, R and I relationships,
but what entity does not follow the V, I and R relationship?
a. Ohmic Conductor c. Rheostat
b. Non-ohmic Conductor d. Resistors
5. Conductors has its own resistivity, but if a conductor has a resistance at 1m of 5Ω what
happens to its resistance if we cut this by half?
a. Increases twice c. reduced by halves
b. Reduces twice d. Remains the same
6. What type of circuit in which all components in a circuit receives equal amount of voltage
from the power source?
a. Series Circuit c. Series-Parallel
b. Parallel Circuit d. None of the above
7. In a circuit connected in series, what is the amount of current through each device?
a. The same c. increases
b. Varies d. Decreases
8. In what way where a charge or an electrical current flows?
a. From positive to negative c. Both of that way
b. From negative to positive d. Move in side ways

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

9. What factor affects the motion of electrons to make its drift velocity increase?
a. Voltage c. Resistance
b. Current d. Material Density
10. If the density of electrons inside a conductor is large, what happens to its velocity?
a. The velocity must be larger too
b. The velocity must be lower
c. The velocity remains the same
d. No enough information
11. How can you describe the relationships between current, voltage and resistance?
a. Voltage is directly proportional to resistance and inversely proportional to current
b. Current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance
c. Resistance is inversely proportional to voltage and directly proportional to current
d. All the components are directly proportional to each other
12. If the resistance in circuit increases, what happens to the voltage to maintain the amount
of current?
a. The voltage remains the same c. The voltage decreases
b. The voltage must increase d. Nothing happens
13. If the conductor or a wire gets hotter, what happens to the rate of flow of charges?
a. The flow of charges increases c. The flow of charges is not affected
b. The flow of charges decreases d. The flow of charges disrupted
14. What will be the effect on the series circuit if you removed one of the bulb or one
appliances malfunctioned?
a. The circuit will not work at all
b. The circuit will still work normally
c. The circuit will either work or not
d. Nothing happens
15. What will be the effect on the parallel circuit if you removed one of the bulb or one
appliances malfunctioned?
a. The circuit will not work at all
b. The circuit will still work normally
c. The circuit will either work or not
d. Nothing happens
16. There are 5 bulbs to be used in a series circuit with the same wattage, will the brightness
of the bulb the same all throughout the circuit?
a. Indeed, because they receive equal amount of current
b. No, because the amount of resistance varies as the wire goes distant between the
power source
c. Either so, because the brightness doesn’t have direct correlation between the current
or energy
d. Neither of the information above is true because brightness is an independent
variable on circuit
17. Electric current have two different convention on how it travels through the wire, which of
the following statements correctly describe conventional current and electron flow?
Conventional Current Electron Flow
I. From positive to negative terminal From negative to positive
terminal

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

II. Same direction as the electric field Opposite direction of the

electric field
III. The flow of positive charges the flow of negative charges
IV. From negative to positive terminal From positive to negative
terminal
V. Opposite direction of the electric field Same direction as the
electric field
a. I, II, and III c. I, III, and V
b. III, IV and V d. I, II, III, IV and V
18. A Cu wire has a resistance of 0.500 Ω at 20.0ºC, and Fe wire has a resistance of 0.525
Ω at the same temperature. At what temperature are their resistances equal?
a. At 17.04 °C c. At 25.05 °C
b. At -17.04 °C d. At 28.15 °C

19. Two copper wires have the same cross-sectional area but have different lengths as
shown below. Wire X has a length L and wire Y has a length 2L. What will be the ratio
between wire X and Y?

𝑹𝒀 𝟏 𝑹𝒀 𝟏
a. = c. =
𝑹𝑿 𝟏 𝑹𝑿 𝟐

𝑹𝒀 𝟐 𝑹𝒀 𝟏
b. = d. =
𝑹𝑿 𝟏 𝑹𝑿 𝟒
20. Resistance and resistivity are often used interchangeably to describe the ability of a
material to resist the flow of current. If two wires are of the same material and used in a
test, where wire P is longer and thinner than wire R. How can you compare the
resistance and resistivity of wire P and R?
I. P has greater resistance than R
II. R has greater resistivity than P
III. Wire P and R have the same resistivity
IV. Wire P and R have the same resistance
a. I and III c. I, II and III
b. II and IV d. I, II, III and IV

Chapter 5: Current: Convention and Drift Velocity

A circuit is simply any path that will allow charge to flow. This flow of charges is known as
current. In a circuit it is the amount of charge passing a given point per unit of time. Technically,
there are two conventions to define a current: Electron flow or conventional current. Electron flow
is the flow of electrons from negative terminal (-) to the positive terminal (+) of the source, it travels
in opposite direction of the electric field. On the other hand, conventional current does the
opposite, it is basically the right definition of current based from physicists. Current is expressed
mathematically;
𝑄
𝐼=
𝑡

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

Where:
I= current (Ampere)
Q= Charge (Coulomb)
t= Time (Seconds)
Drift Velocity is the average velocity at which free charges flow in response to an electric
field inside of the conductive wire. It is expressed mathematically to quantify as;
𝐼
𝑣𝑑 =
𝑛𝑞𝐴

𝐽⃑
𝑣𝑑 = ⁄𝑛𝑞

Moreover, current density is a vector quantity which refers to the amount of current flowing
across a given or specific region and expressed as;

𝐽⃑ = 𝐼/𝐴

𝐽⃑ = 𝑛𝑞𝑣𝑑
Examples:
A. A total of 600 C of charge passes through a flashlight in 0.500 h. What is the average
current?
B. What is the current when a typical static charge of 0.250 μC moves from your finger to a
metal doorknob in 1.00 μs ?
C. A 14-gauge copper wire has a diameter of 1.628 mm. What magnitude current flows
when the drift velocity is 1.00 mm/s?
D. Determine the current density when 40 A of current us flowing through the battery in a
given area of 10m2.
Solutions:
a. Q=600 C
T= 0.500h→s=1800 s
I=?
I=q/t
I=600C/1,800s
I=0.33 A
b. Q= 0.250 μC
T=1.00 μs
I=?
I=q/t
I=0.250 μC/1.00 μs
I=0.25 A
c. diameter=1.628mm→m=1.628x10-3m
vd= 1.00mm/s
D= 8.80x103kg/m3
M.M= 63.54 g

I=nqvdA
n=1e-/atom x N/1mol x 1mol/molar mass x 1000g/1kg x density
n= 1e-/atom x 6.022x1023/1mol x 1mol/63.54 g x 1000g/1kg x 8.80x103kg/m3

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

n= 8.342x1028 e-/m3

A= πr2
A= π(1.628x10-3m/2)
A= 2.08x10-6 m2
I=nqvdA
I=(8.342x1028 e-/m3)(-1.6x10-19C)(1.00x10-3m/s)( 2.08x10-6 m2)
= 26.70 A
d. A= 10m2
I= 40 A
𝐽⃑ = 𝐼/𝐴
= 40A/10m2
= 4 A/m2

Activity: Current: Conventional Current vs. Electron Flow and Electron Drift
(on the separate sheet)

Chapter 6: Resistance and Resistivity

Resistance is a property of a circuit that resists the flow of current. It is also the capacity of a
circuit or material to oppose the flow of an electrical current and is referred to as Ohms (Ω).
Resistivity on the other hand, is an intrinsic property which is the measurement of a device
resistance. It is the resistance to the flow of an electric current with some materials resisting the
current flow more than other.
The changes on resistance and resistivity of a material is usually affected by some factors
like;
a. Length of the wire
b. Temperature
c. Cross-sectional area
d. Nature of the material.
Due to these factors, resistance and resistivity are expressed in different sets of equation,
depending on the factors that affects to it.
a. Resistance on temperature dependence
R=𝑅0 (1 + 𝛼∆𝑇)
Where:
R= Resistance (Final)
𝑅0 = Initial Resistance
𝛼= material coefficient
∆𝑇=Change in Temperature (𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 )
b. Resistivity on Temperature Dependence
𝜌 = 𝜌0 (1 + 𝛼∆𝑇)
Where:
ρ= resistivity
𝜌0 = resistivity initial
α = coefficient

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

∆𝑇= Change in Temperature (𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 )

c. Resistance on length and cross-sectional area dependence
𝑙
𝑅=𝜌
𝑎
Where:
R= resistance
ρ= resistivity constant
L= length
α=cross-sectional area

Examples:
A. What is the resistance of a Nichrome wire at 11.5°C if its initial temperature is 0.0°C and
resistance 100.0 Ω? (α= 0.4x10^-3/C)
B. What is the resistance and resistivity of the tungsten if its initial resistance is 0.350 Ω and
temperature is increased from room temperature (20ºC) to a typical operating temperature
of 2850ºC? (ρ= 5.6x10^-8 Ω.m) (α= 4.5x10^-3/C)
C. What is the resistance of a 20.0-m-long piece of 12-gauge copper wire having a 2.053-mm
diameter?
Solutions:
A. R0= 100.0 Ω
α= 0.4x10^-3/C
Tf= 11.5 °C
T0= 0.0°C
R=𝑅0 (1 + 𝛼∆𝑇)
=100.0 Ω(1+0.4x10^-3/C(11.5 °C-0.0°C))
= 100.46 Ω
B. R0= 0.350 Ω
ρ0= 5.6x10^-8 Ω.m
Tf= 2850 °C
T0= 20.0°C
α= 4.5x10^-3/C
R=𝑅0 (1 + 𝛼∆𝑇)
=0.350 Ω(1+4.5x10^-3/C(2850 °C - 20.0°C))
= 4.81 Ω

𝜌 = 𝜌0 (1 + 𝛼∆𝑇)
=5.6x10^-8 Ω.m (1+4.5x10^-3/C(2850 °C - 20.0°C))
= 7.69x10-5 Ω.m

C. ρ= 1.72x10-8 Ω.m
L= 20.0 m
d= 2.053 mm→m= 2.053x10-3m
𝑙
𝑅=𝜌
𝑎

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

A=πr2 = (3.1416)( 2.053x10-3m/2)2

A=3.31x10-6m2
R=1.72x10-8 Ω.m (20m)/ 3.31x10-6m2
= 0.10 Ω

Activity: “It’s so hot, I can Resist” and “Does Size and Length Matter in Resistance”
(on separate sheet)

Chapter 7: Ohm’s Law, Power and Energy

In an electric circuit, voltage, current and resistance are three key properties that always
play together. George Simon Ohm conceptualize and create a physical law that explain their
relationships. Ohm’s law states that electric current is proportional to the voltage and inversely
proportional to resistance, and it is represented by the following equation;
I=V/R
Nonetheless, there are electrical and/or electronic materials that behaves differently from
one another, which gave rise to two categories; Ohmic and Non-Ohmic Materials. Ohmic
materails are materials that obeys/follows ohms law and shows a linear graph base from V-I
relationship, examples are: Resistors, Conductive Wires and Electric stove heating. While, non-
ohmic materials are materials that do not obeys/follows ohms law and shows a curve linear
graph base from V-I relationship due to non-constant resistance. The following are the examples
of non-ohmic materials; Light bulb filament, LED lights, Semi-conductors, and Electronic Devices.

Nevertheless, voltage the pressure that pushes the electrical charges in an electrical
circuits have two interchangeable terms used in studying electricity, these are; Electromotive force
and Potential difference. Electromotive force describe as the total voltage generated by the
source or battery, it is related to the source of current and the maximum PD b/w the 2 terminals
of the source when the source is in an open circuit. It is always larger than PD across any circuit
element. While, potential difference is the work done per unit of charge to move a charge
between the negative and positive terminal of the battery. It is related with any 2 points of a closed
circuit and only exist between any 2 points of a closed circuit. It is always less than the EMF.
Moreover, at some cases discrepancies on the amount of voltage occur due to the internal
resistance of a battery, this difference of voltage is called as Lost Voltage. It is the energy
converted from electrical energy to internal energy per coulomb in the internal resistance. This
can be quantified using the following equation;

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

E= IR + Ir or emf= p.d. + lost volts

Where:
E= electromotive force
IR= Potential Difference
Ir= lost volts

The rate at which electrical energy is supplied by a source or dissipated by a device is

known as power. Electric power refers to how fast electrical energy is converted to other forms
of energy like light, heat and sound and mechanical energy. While electrical energy is a form of
energy resulting from the flow of electric charge, a type of energy caused by the moving electric
charge. To measure or quantify power and electrical energy in a circuit, it uses a mathematical
equation expressed as;
Power
𝑽𝟐
P= IV=𝑰𝟐 𝑹 =
𝑹

Where:
P= Power V= Voltage
I= Current R= Resistance

Energy
E= Pt
Where:
E= Energy
P= Power
t= time
Examples:
A. An automobile headlight with a resistance of 30 Ω is placed across a 12-V battery. What
is the current through the circuit?
B. A motor with an operating resistance of 32 Ω is connected to a voltage source. The
current in the circuit is 3.8 A. What is the voltage of the source?
C. A very high resistance voltmeter is connected across a cell and gives a reading of 12.5V.
When a 15Ω resistor is connected in series with the cell the voltmeter reading falls to
10V. Calculate a) the emf of the cell, b.) the internal resistance of the cell
D. A flashlight bulb is connected across a 50.0-V potential difference. The current through
the lamp is 4.5 A.
a. What is the power rating of the lamp?
b. How much electric energy does the lamp convert in 30 min?
Solutions:
A. R=30 Ω
V= 12 V
I=?
I=V/R
I=12V/30 Ω
I=0.4 A

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

B. R= 32 Ω
I= 3.8 A
V=?
V=IR
V= (3.8 A)( 32 Ω)
V= 121.6 or 122 V
C. 12.5 V
I=V/R = 10V/15= 0.67 A
Lost volts= 12.5-10= 2.5 V
r= lv/I= 2.5/0.67= 3.73 Ω

D. P =VI (50.0 V)(4.5 A) =225W

E=Pt = (225 W)(30 min x 60s/1min)= 405, 000 J

Activities:
Ohmic vs. Non-ohmic conductor, Voltage and its personalities, I’s Got A Power
(on the separate sheet)

Chapter 8: Resistors and Its Connection

Resistance is a property of a material to resist the flow of current or electrical charges,
and a device that resist and regulate this flow of current is called a Resistor. A resistor is an
electrical component that reduces the electric current in a circuit or changes the circuit’s
resistance.
Resistors in a circuit are arranged in two distinct connections; series and parallel. In a
series circuit resistors, it is a closed circuit in which the current follows one path, as opposed to
the parallel circuit where the circuit is divided into two or more paths. The current through each
load is the same and the total voltage across the circuit is the sum of the voltages across each
load. While parallel circuit resistors, is a closed circuit in which the current divides into two or
more paths before recombining to complete the circuit. The components in this type of circuit are
arranged in a way that the heads and tails are connected together with a common point. Thereby
forming multiple branches in the circuit. However, this two connection may exist in one circuit
which is the combination circuit connection and uses both concepts to quantify the amount
current, resistance and voltage.
To quantify the amount of current, resistance, voltage and power in a circuit using series
and parallel connection, the following equations are used;
Series
R= R1+R2+R3…
V= V1+V2+V3…
I= I1=I2=I3…
Parallel
R= 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3
V=V1=V2=V3…

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

I= I1+I2+I3…

Moreover, a law that explains and used to quantify complicated circuit is the Kirchhoff’s
Law conceptualize by Gustav Kirchhoff. Kirchhoff’s Law states that: (a). At any junction, the
current entering equals the current leaving, and (b) The sum of voltages around a closed loop is
0. Kirchhoff’s law is divided into two parts; Junction rule and Loop rule.
According to junction rule, whatever current enters junction “A” must also leave Junction
“A”. This mean that the charges in a circuit is conserved, even when a wire bends or branches.
Loop rule is used to t identify the current through all the resistors in the difficult circuits. Loop rule
follows a steps;
a. Arbitrarily choose a direction of current. Draw arrows on your circuit to indicate this
direction.
b. Follow the loop in the direction you choose. When you cross a resistor, the voltage is
–IR, where R is the resistance, and I is the current flowing through the resistor. (If you
follow a loop against the current use +IR)
c. When you cross a battery, if you trace from the – and + add the voltage of the battery,
subtract the battery’s voltage if you trace from + and -.
d. Set the sum of your voltages equal to 0. Solve. If the current you calculate is negative,
then the direction you choose was wrong-the current actually flows in the direction
opposite to your answers.
Examples:
1. A 10-Ω resistor, a 15-Ω resistor, and a 5-Ω resistor are connected in series across a 90-V
battery. What is the equivalent resistance of the circuit? What is the
current in the circuit?
2. Three 15-Ω resistors are connected in parallel and placed across a
30-V battery.
a. What is the equivalent resistance of the parallel circuit?
b. What is the current through the entire circuit?
3. In the given figure, Calculate the equivalent resistance of the circuit
and its current if the voltage across is 60.0V.

Solution:
1. R1=10 Ω, R2=15 Ω, and R3=5 Ω
V= 90V
Rtotal=?
I=?
Rtotal=R1+R2+R3
R=10 Ω + 15 Ω + 5 Ω
R=30 Ω
I=V/R
I= 90V/30 Ω
I= 3A

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

2. R1=R2=R3= 15 Ω
V=30 V
Rtotal=?
I=?
1/Rtotal= 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3
1/Rtotal=1/15 Ω + 1/15 Ω+ 1/15 Ω
1/Rtotal=5 Ω
I=V/R
I=30V/5 Ω
I=6A
3. R1= 3 Ω, R2+ 6 Ω, R3= 12 Ω, and R4= 4 Ω
V= 60 V
Rtotal=?
I=?

a. First, simplify the circuit by solving the parallel resistors

1/R=(1/3 Ω + 1/6 Ω) = 2 Ω
1/R=(1/12 Ω + 1/4 Ω) = 3 Ω
b. Then, the final answers will result to series circuit.
Rtotal= 2 Ω + 3 Ω= 5 Ω
c. I=V/R= 60V/5 Ω= 12A
Activity. Circuit Analysis
(on the separate sheet)
Pre-Assessment
1. Who show/explain the interactions of the movement of electrons due to potential difference
and the entity that resist it?
a. Alessandro Volta c. Michael Faraday
b. Benjamin Franklin d. Georg Simon Ohm
2. What theory/law/principle that explains that relationships?
a. Ohm’s Law c. Kirchhoff’s Law
b. Faraday’s Law d. Gauss Law
3. Movement of charges are the primary reason for having electrical energy, what material
allows itself to be an intermediate in allowing and controlling the amount of this charges to
flow?
a. Conductor c. Semi-conductor
b. Insulator d. Resistors
4. Metals are the materials that allows electron to flow following V, R and I relationships, but
what entity does not follow the V, I and R relationship?
a. Ohmic Conductor c. Rheostat
b. Non-ohmic Conductor d. Resistors
5. Conductors has its own resistivity, but if a conductor has a resistance at 1m of 5Ω what
happens to its resistance if we cut this by half?
a. Increases twice c. reduced by halves
b. Reduces twice d. Remains the same

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

6. What type of circuit in which all components in a circuit receives equal amount of voltage
from the power source?
a. Series Circuit c. Series-Parallel
b. Parallel Circuit d. None of the above
7. In a circuit connected in series, what is the amount of current through each device?
a. The same c. increases
b. Varies d. Decreases
8. In what way where a charge or an electrical current flows?
a. From positive to negative c. Both of that way
b. From negative to positive d. Move in side ways

9. What factor affects the motion of electrons to make its drift velocity increase?
a. Voltage c. Resistance
b. Current d. Material Density
10. If the density of electrons inside a conductor is large, what happens to its velocity?
a. The velocity must be larger too
b. The velocity must be lower
c. The velocity remains the same
d. No enough information
11. How can you describe the relationships between current, voltage and resistance?
a. Voltage is directly proportional to resistance and inversely proportional to current
b. Current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance
c. Resistance is inversely proportional to voltage and directly proportional to current
d. All the components are directly proportional to each other
12. If the resistance in circuit increases, what happens to the voltage to maintain the amount of
current?
a. The voltage remains the same c. The voltage decreases
b. The voltage must increase d. Nothing happens
13. If the conductor or a wire gets hotter, what happens to the rate of flow of charges?
a. The flow of charges increases c. The flow of charges is not affected
b. The flow of charges decreases d. The flow of charges disrupted
14. What will be the effect on the series circuit if you removed one of the bulb or one
appliances malfunctioned?
a. The circuit will not work at all
b. The circuit will still work normally
c. The circuit will either work or not
d. Nothing happens
15. What will be the effect on the parallel circuit if you removed one of the bulb or one
appliances malfunctioned?
a. The circuit will not work at all
b. The circuit will still work normally
c. The circuit will either work or not
d. Nothing happens
16. There are 5 bulbs to be used in a series circuit with the same wattage, will the brightness of
the bulb the same all throughout the circuit?
a. Indeed, because they receive equal amount of current

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

b. No, because the amount of resistance varies as the wire goes distant between the
power source
c. Either so, because the brightness doesn’t have direct correlation between the
current or energy
d. Neither of the information above is true because brightness is an independent
variable on circuit
17. Electric current have two different convention on how it travels through the wire, which of
the following statements correctly describe conventional current and electron flow?
Conventional Current Electron Flow
I. From positive to negative terminal From negative to positive
terminal
II. Same direction as the electric field Opposite direction of the
electric field
III. The flow of positive charges the flow of negative charges
IV. From negative to positive terminal From positive to negative
terminal
V. Opposite direction of the electric field Same direction as the electric field
a. I, II, and III c. I, III, and V
b. III, IV and V d. I, II, III, IV and V
18. A Cu wire has a resistance of 0.500 Ω at 20.0ºC, and Fe wire has a resistance of 0.525 Ω
at the same temperature. At what temperature are their resistances equal?
a. At 17.04 °C c. At 25.05 °C
b. At -17.04 °C d. At 28.15 °C

19. Two copper wires have the same cross-sectional area but have different lengths as shown
below. Wire X has a length L and wire Y has a length 2L. What will be the ratio between
wire X and Y?

𝑹𝒀 𝟏 𝑹𝒀 𝟏
a. = c. =
𝑹𝑿 𝟏 𝑹𝑿 𝟐

𝑹𝒀 𝟐 𝑹𝒀 𝟏
b. = d. =
𝑹𝑿 𝟏 𝑹𝑿 𝟒
20. Resistance and resistivity are often used interchangeably to describe the ability of a
material to resist the flow of current. If two wires are of the same material and used in a
test, where wire P is longer and thinner than wire R. How can you compare the resistance
and resistivity of wire P and R?
I. P has greater resistance than R
II. R has greater resistivity than P
III. Wire P and R have the same resistivity
IV. Wire P and R have the same resistance
a. I and III c. I, II and III
b. II and IV d. I, II, III and IV

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

MODULE 4: MAGNETIC FIELDS AND FORCES

Pre-Assessment:
1. What do you call the material that is able to attract materials like metals?
a. Electromagnet c. Magnet
b. Ferromagnetic d. Induced Magnet
2. What is being referred to the pictorial representation of the strength and direction of
magnetic field?
a. Magnetic Field c. Magnetic Field Strength
b. Magnetic Field Lines d. Magnetic Induction
3. What is being describe to the materials that exhibits strong magnetic fields such as iron
and cobalt?
a. Electromagnet c. Magnet
b. Ferromagnetic d. Induced Magnet
4. What unit is being used to measure the magnetic field strength of a material that is
magnetic?
a. Volts c. Ampere
b. Tesla d. Coulomb
5. What type of current changes its direction and reverses its direction at regular intervals?
a. Alternating Current c. Current
b. Direct Current d. None of these
6. Who is the scientist that discovers the relationship between electricity and magnetism by
means of moving magnets?
a. James Clerk Maxwell c. Humphrey Davey
b. Michael Faraday d. Andrei Marie Ampere
7. What term describes the relationship between magnetic field, area and an angle?
a. Magnetic Field Strength c. magnetic induction
b. Magnetic Flux d. magnetic inductance
8. What happens to the electromotive force if the amount of time is greater?
a. Remains the same c. decreases
b. Increases d. none of these
9. If earth doesn’t have strong magnetic field, what will happen to the human species and
other organisms if they are exposed to radiation?
a. These organisms will evolve to a different form of organisms with high tolerance of
radiation
b. These organisms will die due to severe mutation that occur on its genes and its cells
c. These organisms will mutate to a hybrid organisms and adapt to its environment
d. None of the following were true and none of it is hypothetically true to happen
10.

Learning Competencies:
1. Describe the interaction between poles of magnets
2. Differentiate electric interactions from magnetic interactions
3. Evaluate the total magnetic flux through the surface
4. Explain why the magnetic flux on a closed surface is zero

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

5. Draw the magnetic field pattern around (1) a bar magnet, and (2) between the poles of two
bar magnets
6. Describe the motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field in terms of its speed,
acceleration, cyclotron radius, cyclotron frequency, and kinetic energy
7. Evaluate the magnetic force on an arbitrary wire segment placed in a uniform magnetic field

Learning Objectives:
1. Describe magnets
2. Differentiate the two types of magnets
3. Describe magnetic force, magnetic fields and magnetic field interactions
4. Differentiate magnetic flux to electric flux
5. State and explain Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law
6. Solve problems involving magnetic force (a) on a moving charge and (b) current-carrying
wire, magnetic flux and induced emf
7. Cite applications on the use of induced emf or Faraday’s Law.

Chapter 9: Magnet: Its Field and Forces

The study of magnetism is related to electric currents and vice
versa. Magnet is an object that has a magnetic field around. Magnetic Note: A magnetic are always in
objects is characterized by having two ends or poles; the north and pair and impossible to create a
south poles. The magnetic field points are always from North Pole to magnetic monopole, meaning a
South Pole. Magnets can be classified as Ferromagnetic or single pole magnet of North and
Electromagnetic. A ferromagnetic are materials that exhibits strong South Pole.
magnetic effects such as Fe, Co and Ni, while electromagnetic are
objects that is temporarily magnetic when an electric current is passed
through it.

Magnets produces a field force around it attracting magnetic materials and particles, and
this field is called magnetic field. A magnetic field is a property of region of space that causes
magnets and moving charges experience a force. Magnetic force is the force on a charge
produced by its motion through magnetic field.

Magnetic Force on Moving Charge

A moving charge (q) that moves in a region of space with a magnetic field (B) are exerted
by a magnetic force, and the magnitude of force felt by the moving charge is given by Lorentz
Equation and is also called as Lorentz Force, expressed as;

FM= qvBsinϴ
Where: FM= magnetic force
q = Charge
v = velocity
B = magnetic field
ϴ = angle between the velocity and the field.
To determine the direction of the force it uses the Right-Hand Rule, shown below.
(Image)
Magnetic Force on Current-Carrying Wire
To visualize the magnetic force on moving charge, imagine along conductive wire carrying
current (I) to the right, the wire region space has a uniform magnetic field (B), and each charge in

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

the current feels a force directed up the, according to the first right-hand rule. The direction of the
force is given by the following right hand rule.
(Image)
To measure the force, Lorentz equation FM= qvBsinϴ can be rewritten as follows;
∆𝐿
𝐹 = 𝑞 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (1) (velocity= L/t)
∆𝑡
∆𝑞
𝐹= 𝐿𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (2) (q/t is current (I)), then
∆𝑡
𝐹 = 𝐼𝐿𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (3)

Where: F= force
I = Current
L = Length of the wire
B = Magnetic Field
ϴ = angle between the direction of the current and magnetic field

Induced EMF, Magnetic Flux and Lenz’s Law

Current flows in a circuit (even a wire loop) when there is a potential difference between
the two ends of the circuit, and a battery as a voltage source (potential difference) which exerts
pressure on the charges to flow. However, changing the magnetic field can do the same thing as
the battery. The voltage produced in this loop circuit by changing magnetic field is called as
induced EMF (electromotive force). An induced EMF is the potential difference in a loop of wire
whenever there is a change in the magnetic flux caused by the current flowing in the wire (Note:
EMF named as electromotive force but it’s not a force). Magnetic flux is number of magnetic field
lines that pass through an area perpendicular to the magnetic field B ┴. Induced EMF and Magnetic
flux are expressed as;

Magnetic Flux
ΦM = BAcosϴ
Where: ΦB = magnetic flux
B = magnetic field
A = surface area
ϴ = angle between the direction of magnetic field and surface area

Faraday’s Induced EMF

∆𝛷𝑴
𝜀 = −𝑁
∆𝑡
Where: ε= induced EMF
-N= Number of loops
ΦM = Magnetic Flux
t = time

Moreover, Lenz’s law states that the direction of the induced current opposes the increase
in flux. This mean that if the flux is increasing through a coil, the current produced by the induced
emf will generate a flux that tends to cancel the increasing flux, or if the flux is decreasing through
the coil, that current will produce a flux that tends to restore the decreasing flux. (Note: Lenz’s law
is the reason for the negative sign of the induced emf when currents are produced).

Examples:
1. A wire 0.50 m long carrying a current of 8.0 A is at right angles to a 0.40-T magnetic
field. How strong a force acts on the wire?

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed

General Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism Module

2. An electron passes through a magnetic field at right angles to the field at a velocity of
4.0x106 m/s. The strength of the magnetic field is 0.50 T. What is the magnitude of the
force acting on the electron?
3. A copper wire 40 cm long carries a current of 6.0 A, and weighs 0.35 N. A certain
magnetic field is strong enough to balance the force of gravity on the wire. What is the
strength of the magnetic field?
4. A solenoid is 40 cm long, has a cross-sectional area 8.0cm 2, and wound with 300 turns
of wire that carry a current of 1.2 A. the relative permeability of its iron core is 600.
Calculate (a) B for an interior point and (b) the flux through the solenoid.
5. Suppose a 50-turn coil lies in the plane of the page in a uniform magnetic field that is
directed into the page. The coil originally has an area of 0.250 m2 . It is stretched to
have no area in 0.100 s. What is the direction and magnitude of the induced emf if the
uniform magnetic field has a strength of 1.50 T?
Solutions:

Activities:

Using GFSA Method, solve the following problems/scenario.

a. A beam of electrons moves at right angles to a magnetic field 6.0x10 –2 T. The electrons
have a velocity of 2.5 x 106 m/s. What is the magnitude of the force on each electron?
b. The force acting on a wire at right angles to a 0.80-T magnetic field is 3.6 N. The current
in the wire is 7.5 A. How long is the wire?
c. A straight wire, 0.5 m long, is moved straight up at a speed of 20 m/s through a 0.4-T
magnetic field pointed in the horizontal direction. (a.) What EMF is induced in the wire?
And (b) the wire is part of a circuit of total resistance of 6.0 Ω. What is the current in the
circuit?
d. A single loop of wire with an area of 0.0900 m2 is in a uniform magnetic field that has an
initial value of 3.80 T, is perpendicular to the plane of the loop, and is decreasing at a
constant rate of 0.190 T s. (a) what emf is induced in this loop? (b) If the loop has 0.600
Ω a resistance of find the current induced in the loop.

Faraday’s Law: Induction

(on the separate sheet).

Author: Gerald G. Paz, MA Physics Ed