Dhaka International University, Dhaka

Lab Report
Lab Number: 1-4
Course Title: Physics-II
Course Code: PHY-104

Submitted To:
FIROZ SARKAR
Lecturer
Dhaka International University
Submitted By:
Md. Nakibul Islam
Roll: 18
Batch: 63
Shift: First Shift
Lab Number: 01
Lab Name: Feminization with electrical equipment’s.
Theory: Electrical equipment includes so many machines that help us in our lab. But there are
few equipment that are deemed as necessity by most. We are going to discuss those equipment
that are mostly used by us.

Apparatus:
1.Breadboard,
2.Resistor,
3.Connecting wire,
4.Power supply,
5.Multimeter.

Discuss about these five Apparatus:

1.Breadboard: A breadboard is a rectangular plastic board with a bunch of tiny holes in it. These
holes let one easily insert electronic components to prototype (meaning to build and test an early
version of) an electronic circuit, like this one with a battery, switch, resistor, and an LED (light-
emitting diode). A breadboard is used to make temporary circuits for testing or to try out an idea.
No soldering is required so it is easy to change connections and replace components. Parts are
not damaged and can be re-used afterwards. Breadboards have many tiny sockets (called 'holes')
arranged on a 0.1" grid. The leads of most components can be pushed straight into the holes. ICs
are inserted across the central gap with their notch or dot to the left.

2.Resistor: A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical
current in an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an
active device such as a transistor. All other factors being equal, in a direct-current (DC) circuit,
the current through a resistor is inversely proportional to its resistance, and directly proportional
to the voltage across it. This is the well-known Ohm's Law. Resistors can be fabricated in a
variety of ways. The most common type in electronic devices and systems is the carbon-
composition resistor. Fine granulated carbon (graphite) is mixed with clay and hardened. There
is a large number of different types of resistor that can be bought and used. The properties of
these different resistors vary, and it helps to obtain the right type of resistor for any given design
to ensure that the best performance is obtained. Although many resistors will work in a variety of
applications the type of resistor can be important in some cases. Accordingly it is necessary to
know about the different resistor types, and in which applications each type of resistor can be
used.
3.Connecting wires: Connecting wires allows an electrical current to travel from one point on a
circuit to another because electricity needs a medium through which it can move. Most of the
connecting wires are made up of copper or aluminum. it is often useful to use colored connecting
wire to indicate such items as electronics wire used for connecting the supplies, signals, and
grounds. In this way it is easier to identify the different signals and lines and this reduces the
possibility of errors. In addition to this it is sometimes necessary to have connecting wire of a
particular size to ensure the connections are made in the right manner. If the wire is too thick it
may not be easy to accommodate in some situations, whereas thicker wire may be needed for
higher currents of physical strength or robustness in other situations.

4. Power Supply: A power supply is a component that supplies power to at least one electric
load. Typically, it converts one type of electrical power to another, but it may also convert a
different form of energy – such as solar, mechanical, or chemical - into electrical energy. A
power supply provides components with electric power. The term usually pertains to devices
integrated within the component being powered. For example, computer power supplies convert
AC current to DC current and are generally located at the rear of the computer case, along with
at least one fan. A power supply is also known as a power supply unit, power brick or power
adapter.

5. Multimeter: A multimeter is a device consisting of one or more meters, as an ammeter and

Procedure:

1. Breadboard:

Place the push button anywhere on the breadboard (do not put both leads on the same row).
Connect it from one side to the ground bus (-) a via jumper wire. Connect the other side of the
push button directly to the resistor. “Directly” means there’s no need for jumper wire (remember
that every five holes in the same row are connected by default). Connect the negative lead
(cathode) of the LED directly to the resistor. 4) Connect the positive lead (anode) of the LED to
the positive bus (+) via a jumper wire. Finally, connect the ground wire (-) from the power
supply to the ground bus (-) on the breadboard, then connect the positive wire (+) from the power
supply to the positive bus on the breadboard (+).Press the push button to test the circuit. The
LED should light up.

2. Resistors: We use resistors in breadboard, resistors of different colors have different values
and mostly we use resistors based on those values or colors. There is nothing else to say about
resistors in specific.
3.Connecting wires: These wires are wires that are used to make connections on a breadboard.
They have stiff ends that are easy to push into the breadboard holes. There are several different
options available when purchasing connecting wires. Flexible connecting wires are made of a
flexible wire with a rigid pin attached to both ends.

4.Power Supply: Power supply is easy to use, most useful bread board component that can be
added with any breadboard related projects where 5V, 3.3V or both power requirements are
required. Its ease of use allows users to connect any DC power supply unit that has 6.5-12 VDC
power output from a barrel jac.

5.Multimeter: The display usually has four digits and the ability to display a negative sign. A few
multimeters have illuminated displays for better viewing in low light situations. The selection
knob allows the user to set the multimeter to read different things such as milliamps (mA) of
current, voltage (V) and resistance (Ω). Two probes are plugged into two of the ports on the front
of the unit. COM stands for common and is almost always connected to Ground or ‘-’ of a ircuit.
The COM probe is conventionally black but there is no difference between the red probe and
black probe other than color. 10A is the special port used when measuring large currents (greater
than 200mA). mAVΩ is the port that the red probe is conventionally plugged in to. This port
allows the measurement of current (up to 200mA), voltage (V), and resistance (Ω). The probes
have a banana type connector on the end that plugs into the multimeter.

Discussion:
From this lab, we discussed and learn about five apparatus or equipment that we will be using in
our laboratory mostly to carry out verification of various equations and to check electricity,
voltage and resistance. In an Electronics laboratory these are the most important components.
Knowledge about these apparatus is extremely important so we can carry out our verifications
properly and acquire correct measurements. These electrical equipment are pretty common and
easy to use.