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km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkg / o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf 1

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km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkg / o;

;Gbe{df ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf

# dx]z zdf{ kf}8]ni

!= ljifo k|j]z
pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿sf] Jojl:yt, k|0ffnLa4, j}1flgs / ;d'lrt ¿kdf kl/rfng u/L
pRrtd\ u'0f:t/ ;lxt ;+u7gsf lglb{i6 nIox¿ tf]lsPsf] ;dodf g} k|fKt ug]{ Jojl:yt
k|lqmof Joj:yfkg xf] . ;+u7gsf sfo{x¿ Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;+rfng ug{ / lgwf{l/t nIfx¿
ck]lIft ¿kdf xfFl;n ug{ Joj:yfkg h?/L x'G5 . s'zn Joj:yfkgsf dfWodn] h:tf];'s}
;d:of jf cj/f]w klg ;+jf]wg ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 . o; lsl;dsf] Joj:yfkgdf hgzlQm
Joj:yfkg, ef}lts Joj:yfkg, cfly{s Joj:yfkg, ;"rgf Joj:yfkg, kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg,
;do Joj:yfkg, ;+s6 Joj:yfkg, ;Dk"0f{ u'0f Joj:yfkg / clen]v Joj:yfkg h:tf
Joj:yfkgsf ljljw kIf / cfofdx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo jf sfo{ k|s[lt cg';f/
Joj:yfkgsf yk ljz]if k|s[ltsf cfofd klg x'g ;S5g\ . cbfntsf] sfdsf] k|s[lt /
ljlzi7tfsf cfwf/df plNnlvt Joj:yfkgsf cfofdsf cltl/Qm, d'2f Joj:yfkg, Ohnf;
Joj:yfkg, ax; Joj:yfkg / k]zL Joj:yfkg h:tf Joj:yfkgsf ljleGg cfofdx¿nfO{
;d]t cfTd;ft / k|of]u ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . cbfntdf plNnlvt ;a} lsl;dsf Joj:yfkgsf]
kIfx¿ h?/L eP klg d'2f Joj:yfkg ;jf{lws dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o;}n] d'2f Joj:yfkgnfO{
cbfnt Joj:yfkgsf] d'6'sf] ¿kdf jf s]G›Lo kIfsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . d'2fsf] btf{b]lv km};nf
gx'Fbf;Ddsf] cjlwdf pknAw ;|f]t ;fwg / hgzlQmsf] s'zntfk"j{s pkof]u u/L clwstd
/ u'0f:t/Lo ¿kdf pknlAw xfFl;n x'g] lsl;dn] d'2fdf ul/g] ;du| sfd sf/jfxL Jojl:yt
9Ëaf6 ;~rfng ug{ cjnDag ul/g] k|lqmof g} d'2f Joj:yfkg xf] . o;nfO{ d'2f k|jfx
Joj:yfkgsf] ;+1f klg lbg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . d'2f Joj:yfkgn] d"ntM zL3| / u'0f:t/Lo tyf
cg'e"t txsf] Gofosf] dfunfO{ ;+af]wg ug{' ;xlhs/0f ug{' k5{ . d'2f Joj:yfkgsf qmddf
km/s lsl;dsf d'2fx¿sf] Joj:yfkg Ps} lsl;dn] ubf{ ;d'lrt ¿kdf Joj:yfkg x'g
g;Sg] ePsfn] km/s lsl;dsf d'2f km/s lsl;dn] Joj:yfkg ug{ cfjZos 5 eGg]
cjwf/0ff ljsf; ePsf] 5 . g]kfndf klg @)&& ;fn >fj0f ! ut] b]lv ;a} lhNnf
cbfntx¿df / ef› ! b]lv ;a} pRr cbfntdf km/s d'2f Joj:yfkg nfu" eO;s]sf] 5 .

i
dfggLo GofofwLz, pRr cbfnt, lj/f6gu/ .
1
2 km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkg / o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf

oxL k[i7e"ldsf km/s d'2f Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff, o;sf] cfjZostf, cGt/f{li6«o cEof;,
g]kfndf o;sf] k|of]u tyf o;sf k|s[ofut Joj:yfx¿ / o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L jsLnsf]
e"ldsf ljifodf s]lG›t /xL k|:t't n]v n]Vg] hdsf]{ ul/Psf] 5 .
@= km/s d'2fdf km/s Joj:yfkgsf] kl/ro
k|To]s d'2fsf] k|s[lt / hl6ntf cg';f/ To:tf d'2fsf] sf/jfxLdf km/s–km/s tl/sfn] d'2fsf]
Joj:yfkg ug]{ k4lt g} km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkg -Differentiated Case Management-
DCM_ xf] . km/s d'2f Joj:yfkg d'2f Joj:yfkgsf] To:tf] tl/sf jf k4lt xf . h;df
cbfntn] k|To]s d'2fsf] k|s[lt / To:tf d'2fsf] cfjZostf cg';f/ ltgsf] sf/afxLdf km/s–
km/s lsl;dn] Joj:yfkg ug]{ u5{ . ;do tflnsf / Gofo k|0ffnLsf] ;|f]tsf] cfjZostfsf
cfwf/df x/]s d'2fsf] k|jfx jf k|s[ofsf] ;+oGq g} km/s d'2f Joj:yfkg xf] .1
cbfntdf ljjfbsf] ¿kdf pkl:yt x'g] d'2fx¿ ;dfg lsl;d / Pp6} k|s[ltsf x'Fb}gg\ .
sltko d'2fsf] sf/jfxL / lsgf/f zL3| ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 eg] sltko d'2fdf clns a9L ;do
nfUg ;Sg] x'G5 . d'2fsf] hl6ntf, lg¿k0f x'g' kg]{ ljifoa:t' Pj+ k|s[ofdf nfUg] ;do
;d]tsf cfwf/df d'2fx¿ km/s-km/s x'g] ePsfn] ;a} d'2fdf Ps} lsl;dsf] Joj:yfksLo
k|jGw pko'Qm x'Fb}g . ;-;fgf / u+eL/ k|s[ltsf ;a} d'2fdf Ps} lsl;dsf] Joj:yfksLo k|jGw
j}1flgs, Jofjxfl/s / s'zn Joj:yfkgsf b[li6n] ;d]t dgfl;a x'Fb}g . o:tf ljljw
k|sltsf d'2fdf leGg-leGg lsl;dn] k|s[ofsf ;dox¿ Jojl:yt u/L d'2fsf] Joj:yfkg klg
km/s ¿kdf ubf{ g} d'2fsf sf/afxL / k|s[ofdf r':ttf cfO{ zL3| Gofosf] dd{ ;fsf/ /
;fy{s x'g] x'G5 .2
cbfntdf cfpg] ;a} d'2fx¿ p:t} x'Fb}gg\, d'2fsf] k|s[lt, o;df p7fOPsf] k|Zg jf lg¿k0f
x'g' kg]{ k|Zg tyf d'2fsf] sf/jfxLdf nfUg] ;do ;d]tsf cfwf/df d'2fx¿ km/s-km/s x'g]
x'Fbf k|To]s d'2fnfO{ km/s–km/s tl/sfn] Joj:yfkg ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . h;/L Pp6} /f]u nfu]sf]
dflg;nfO{ klg cf}ifwLsf] dfqf / pkrf/ k4lt km/s–km/s x'g ;Sb5, To;/L g} Pp6}
gfdsf PseGbf a9L d'2fdf klg ;dfg sfo{ljlw, ;dofjlw tyf ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cfjZostf
gkg{ ;S5 . ;dfg jf p:t} k|s[ltsf d'2fdf klg ;+nUg kIfx¿sf] ;+Vof, lg¿k0f x'g'kg]{
laifo / o:tf d'2fsf] sf/jfxL / lg0f{odf nfUg] ;do / ;|f]t ;fwg km/s x'g] x'Fbf km/s–
km/s Joj:yfkg ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . s'g} d'2fsf] sf/jfxL / lsgf/f l56f] x'g ;S5 eg] csf]{df a9L
;do nfUg] x'g ;S5 . o;y{‚ d'2fsf] k|s[lt / sf/jfxL tyf lsgf/f ug{ nfUg] ;do cg';f/
km/s–km/s tl/sfn] Jojxf/ ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .3 o;/L dflg;sf :jefjsf cfwf/df km/s
lsl;dn] Jojxf/ u/] h:t} k|To]s d'2fdf cGt/lglxt k|s[lt cg';f/ km/s lsl;dn] Jojxf/
ug{' g} km/s Joj:yfkgsf] dd{ xf] .
km/s d'2f Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff ;/n 5 . d'2fsf] lg¿k0f x'g nfUg] ;do ;d]tsf
cfwf/df k|To]s d'2fx¿ km/s–km/s lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . ;a} d'2fdf Ps} lsl;dsf Goflos ;|f]t
1
https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/dcm.pdf x]l/Psf] ldlt @)&&.%.!) .
2
dx]z zdf{ kf}8]n, cbfntsf] Gofo lg¿k0fdf gofF cEof; M km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkg‚ nf]sfGt/ b}lgs‚ @)&& ;fpg !
https://lokaantar.com/story/113073/2020/7/16/article#
3
d'2f Joj:yfkg k4lt ljsf; ;DaGwL cWoog k|ltj]bg @)&%‚ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt k[= !* .
2
km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkg / o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf 3

;fwgsf] cfjZostf gkg{ ;S5 . oxL sf/0fn] ;a} d'2fdf Ps} lsl;dsf] k|s[of cjnDag ug{'
kg]{ cfjZostf x'Fb}g . km/s d'2f Joj:yfkgsf] k4ltn] cleof]hgsf] k|fyldstf, kIf jf
;fIfLsf] pd]/ tyf zf/Ll/s cj:yf jf :yfgLo ;fj{hlgs rfvsf] ljifo jf cGo ljljw
lsl;dsf cfwf/df d'2fdf k|fyldstf lbg cbfntnfO{ ;Ifd ;d]t agfpF5 .4 km/s d'2f
Joj:yfkgdf d'2f cbfntdf k|j]z ubf{s} cj:yfdf To; d'2fsf] k|s[lt / Gofo k|0ffnLsf]
;|f]tsf] cfjZostfsf cfwf/df d'2fnfO{ juL{s/0f ul/g] lsl;dsf] ljz]iftf /x]sf] x'G5 . k|To]s
d'2fnfO{ d'2fsf] sf/afxL k|s[ofdf x'g] cgfjZos lanDag x6fpg pko'Qm lsl;dsf] dfu{
k|bfg ug]{ / Goflos / cGo ;|f]tsf] lat/0f ul/G5 . 5
km/s d'2f Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff d'2fsf] k|s[ofdf ;'wf/ ug]{ / d'2fsf x/]s r/0fdf Goflos
x:tIf]k ug{' kg]{ cj:yfnfO{ x6fpg' xf] . o; p2]Zo k"lt{sf nflu k|To]s d'2fsf] k|s[lt /
Goflos ;|f]tsf] cfjZostfsf cfwf/df d'2f cbfntdf k|j]z u/];+u} k|f/Dedf g} To:tf]
d'2fnfO{ juL{s/0f ul/G5 .6 km/s d'2f Joj:yfkg k4ltn] k/Dk/fut ¿kdf x'Fb} cfPsf] klxn]
cfPsf] d'2f klxn] km};nf ug]{ -first-in, first-out_ / ;a} lsl;dsf d'2fnfO{ Pp6} 8fnf]df xfn]/
x]g]{ jf ;a}nfO{ Ps} lsl;dsf] dfgL sf/afxL jf d'2fsf] k|jfx ug]{ k4ltnfO{ OGsf/ ub{5 .
km/s d'2f Joj:yfkgn] k|To]s d'2fdf /x]sf] ljz]if jf km/skgfsf] cj:yf jf kl/l:yltnfO{
cbfntaf6 ;+jf]wg ug{sf nflu ;xhtf / nrstfsf] cj:yf ;[hgf k|bfg ub{5 .7
d'2fdf lglxt /x]sf] sfg"gL k|Zg, ljifoj:t'sf] ufDeLo{tf, ;+nUg kIf, cjnDag ul/g]
sfo{ljlw Pjd\ d'2fsf] k|fyldstf ;d]tsf cfwf/df d'2fx¿sf] dfu{ ;d"x lgwf{/0f u/L
lgwf{l/t dfu{ ;d"xsf nflu tf]lsPsf] ;do ;Ldfleq Goflos k|lqmof ;DkGg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{
km/s d'2fsf nflu km/s Joj:yfkg k4lt elgG5 . o; k4ltdf d'2fsf] k|s[lt ;d]tsf
cfwf/df dfu{ ;d"x lgwf{/0f u/L lgwf{l/t dfu{ ;d"xsf nflu tof/ sfo{tflnsf adf]lhd sfo{
;Dkfbg ug]{ ul/G5 .8 k|To]s d'2fnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ GofofwLz sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ;+Vof,
d'2fsf] ufDeLo{tf, ;dfj]z sfg"gL k|Zg / sfo{ljlw h:tf ljifoj:t'sf cfwf/df d'2fdf /x]sf]
hl6ntf tyf ljljwtf b[li6sf]0faf6 d'2fnfO{ dfu{ ;d"xdf juL{s/0f ul/G5 .9
sltko d'2fx¿ ;dfg gfdsf t x'G5g\ t/ tL d'2fx¿df /x]sf kIfx¿sf] ;+Vof, lg¿k0f
x'g'kg]{ laifo, sfo{ljlw / k|s[of k"/f ug{ tyf lg0f{o ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ nfUg] ;do km/s
x'g ;S5 . o;}n] d'2fsf] gfdsf cfwf/df dfq klg d'2f ;dfg ge} km/s x'g] x'Fbf o:tf
d'2fx¿nfO{ klg km/s–km/s ¿kdf Joj:yfkg ug{' kg]{ cj:yf ;[hgf x'G5 . sltko d'2fx¿
b]jfgL / kmf}hbf/L tyf ;/sf/jfbL / b'lgofjfbL egL sfg"gaf6 g} km/s k|s[lt 5'l§P klg
To:tf d'2fx¿df klg leGg–leGg k|s[lt, cj:yf, u+eL/tf / sfo{ljlw k"/f ug{ cfjZos kg]{

4
https://www.american.edu/spa/jpo/differentiated-case-management.cfm x]l/Psf] ldlt @)&&.%.!) .
5
https://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/cct/departments/dcm.html x]l/Psf] ldlt @)&&.%.!! .
6
https://mdcourts.gov/circuit/harford/dcmplans x]l/Psf] ldlt @)&&.%.!! .
7
https://www.ohnd.uscourts.gov/differentiated-case-management x]l/Psf] ldlt @)&&.%.!! .
8
e›sfnL kf]v/]n‚ Gofokflnsfdf ;'wf/sf cEof;‚ uf]/vfkq‚ @)&& >fj0f ! .
https://gorkhapatraonline.com/opinion/2020-07-16-18570 x]l/Psf] ldlt @)&&.%.!)
9
https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/Publications/ResourceGuideonStrengthening
JudicialIntegrityandCapacity/11-85709_ebook.pdf x]l/Psf] ldlt @)&&.%.@*
3
4 km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkg / o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf

;do km/s x'g ;S5 . To;}n] o:tf d'2fx¿nfO{ klg cem} ;d"xLs/0f ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . d"ntM
o; lsl;dsf] Joj:yfkgdf cbfntn] k|To]s d'2fnfO{ a}olQms/0f ug]{ k4lt cjnDag u/L
km/s lsl;dsf d'2fnfO{ km/s ¿kdf Jojxf/ / Joj:yfkg ul/G5 . t/ sfg"gn] Joj:yf
u/]sf sfo{ljlw / k|s[ofx¿df s'g} ;Demf}tf eg] ul/Fb}g .
#= km/s d'2fdf km/s Joj:yfkgsf] ljsf;sf] k[i7e"ld
km/s d'2f Joj:yfkgsf] Oltxf; w]/} nfdf] 5}g . cbfntdf ljleGg lsl;dn] d'2f
Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ eO/x]sf] eP tfklg d'2fnfO{ zL3| ¿kdf ;Dkflbt ug{ cd]l/sfsf sltko
cbfntdf aL;f} ztflAbsf] ;Q/Lsf] bzssf] xf/fxf/Ldf d'2fsf k|s[ltsf cfwf/df d'2fnfO{
ljleGg dfu{df laefhg u/L d'2fsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkgsf] cEof;
k|f/De ePsf] kfOG5 . cd]l/sfsf ljleGg /fHo / txsf cbfntdf o; lsl;dsf] km/s d'2f
Joj:yfkg sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 . t/ km/s d'2f Joj:yfkgdf d'2fsf] juL{s/0f, dfu{ tyf
tT;DaGwL dkb08 Ps} k|sf/sf] eg] kfOb}g .
The Superior Court of The District of Columbia n] ;g\ !(&* b]jfgL d'2fsf] sf/jfxLnfO{
Complex / Routine u/L b'O{ dfu{df laefhg u/L d'2fsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ k|f/De u/]kl5
km/s d'2f Joj:yfkgsf] ;'?jft ePsf]10 / !(*^ df Berrien County, New Jersey n] DCM
k4lt ;'? u/]sf] lyof] . o;kl5 U.S. Department of Justice cGtu{tsf] Bureau of Justice
Assistance -BJA_ n] km/s d'2f Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;xfotf / cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg
yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . o; Ao'/f]n] ;g\ !(*& df Soflnkmf]lg{ofdf /x]sf] ETM gfds Ps
u}/gfkmfd"ns ;+:yfnfO{ DCM sfo{qmdsf] ljsf; / k|fljlws ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg]
k|of]hgsf nflu cg'bfg pknAw u/fPsf] lyof] . o; ;xfotf sfo{ cGt/ut ;g\ !(** df %
j6f /fHosf ;'? cbfntx¿df gd"gf cfof]hgfsf ¿kdf DCM ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] .11
To;kl5 ;g\ !(*( df DCM sfo{qmdsf] yk ljsf; tyf lg/Gt/tfsf nflu cfjZos sfo{
ug]{ lhDd]jf/L American University's School of Public Affairs nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .12
o;/L cd]l/sfsf] Gofo ljefu cGt/utsf] Jo"/f] ckm hl:6; Pl;:6]G;n] cg'bfg / ;xfotf
k|bfg km/s d'2f Joj:yfkgsf] ljsf;sf nflu sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;kl5 cd]l/sfsf w]/}
cbfntx¿df o; lsl;dsf] km/s d'2f Joj:yfkg k4lt nfu" ePsf] b]lvG5 .
$= km/s d'2fdf km/s Joj:yfkgsf] cfjZostf
d'2fsf] zL3| / Jojl:yt ¿kdf km5\of}{6 ug{sf nflu d'2f Joj:yfkgsf] s'zntfk"j{s lgjf{x
ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . km/s d'2f Joj:yfkg kl5Nnf] ;dodf ljsl;t d'2f Joj:yfkgsf] t'ngfTds
¿kdf j}1flgs / Jojl:yt k4ltsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . x/]s d'2f Ps} x'Fb}gg\ / d'2fdf /x]sf]
k|s[lt / rl/qsf cfwf/df k|To]s d'2fnfO{ j}olQms/0f u/L To; d'2fdf nfUg] ;do / cGo
k|s[ofx¿sf] k|If]k0f u/L ;d"xLs[t ug]{ / 7Ls lsl;dn] d'2fsf] sf/afxL cl3 a9fpg] km/s

10
David C. Steelman et.al., Caseflow Management: The Heart of Court Management in the New Millennium,
National Center for State Courts, US, 3rd Edition, 2004, p.4 d'2f Joj:yfkg k4lt ljsf; ;DaGwL cWoog k|ltj]bg
@)&%‚ ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 p¢[t ul/Psf] .
11
https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/dcm.pdf x]l/Psf] ldlt @)&&.%.#! .
12
pxL .
4
km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkg / o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf 5

d'2f Joj:yfkg cfjZos dflgG5 . o;sf] cfjZostfnfO{ b]xfosf a'Fbfx¿df pNn]v ug{
;lsG5 .
x d'2fsf] k|s[ltn] dfu u/] cg';f/ Jojl:yt ¿kdf sf/afxL cl3 a9fpg
x d'2fdf j}1flgs Jo:yfkg k4ltsf] cjnDag ug{‚
x zL3| Gofo lg¿k0f ug{‚
x d'2fsf] sf/jfxLdf lglZrttf k|bfg ug{‚
x d'2fdf nfUg] vr{df sdL u/fpg,
x d'2fsf] sf/afxLdf cbfntsf] lgoGq0f sfod /fVg,
x d'2fsf] ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ aLr ;dGjodf clea[l4 ug{‚
x Goflos k|lqmofsf] u'0f:t/Lotf sfod ug{‚
x d'2fsf] sf/jfxLnfO{ k"jf{g'dfgof]Uo agfpg,
x d'2fsf] km};nf ug{'kg]{ ;do;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug{‚
x cbfntk|ltsf] hgcf:yfdf clej[l4 ug{ .
%= km/s d'2fsf] Joj:yfkgsf] tl/sf / dfu{ lgwf{/0fsf cfwf/
km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkgdf d'2fsf] k|s[lt / sf/afxL ug{ nfUg] ;do ;d]tsf cfwf/df
d'2fx¿nfO{ ljleGg/ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L To;/L ljefhg ul/Psf d'2fsf] dfu{x¿ lgwf{/0f
ul/G5 . cbfntdf d'2f btf{ ubf{ ;fy s'g ;d"x jf dfu{df kg]{ egL olsg ul/G5 . o;sf
nflu ;ˆ6jo]/ g} ljsf; ul/Psf] x'G5 . k|To]s dfu{sf] nflu sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug]{ 5'§f5'§}
;do;Ldf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;fdfGotof d'2fsf] uDeL/tf, d'2fdf ;+nUg kIfsf] ;+Vof,
Dofb ;"rgf tfd]n ug{ nfUg] ;do‚ d'2fdf cjnDag ul/g] sfo{ljlw, d'2fdf ;'g'jfO ubf{
nfUg] ;do / d'2fnfO{ lbg' kg]{ k|fyldstf ;d]tsf cfnf]s / cfwf/df d'2fdf ;d"x ljefhg
/ ;f] ;d"x adf]lhd dfu{ lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . slt j6f dfu{ cjnDag ug]{ eGg] ljifodf s'g}
lg/k]If l;4fGt / cEof;df Ps¿ktf b]lvFb}g . d'n'ssf cbfntsf cfjZostfsf cfwf/df
o:tf dfu{ to ul/G5 .
^= km/s d'2fdf km/s Joj:yfkg k4lt ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cEof;
^=! ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf
km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkg k4lt cd]l/sfdf g} ljsf; ePsf] xf] . cd]l/sfsf ljleGg
/fHo txsf cbfntdf o; k4ltsf] k|of]u / cjnDag ePsf] 5 . t/ ;a} cbfntx¿df Ps}
lsl;dsf] cEof; /x]sf] cj:yf eg] 5}g . The Circuit Court for Harford County, Maryland
df b]jfgL, kmf}hbf/L, kf/Ljfl/s / afn Gofosf ;DaGwdf km/s d'2f Joj:yfkg ckgfOPsf]
5 . b]jfgL d'2fsf ;DaGwdf Track 1 - Expedited, track 2- Standard / track 3- Complex
u/L tLg lsl;dsf dfu{ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] / oL dfu{ ;d"x cGt/ut ljleGg d'2fx¿sf] ;"lr
tf]lsPsf] 5 . oL dfu{ ;d"xsf d'2fx¿ qmdzM !*) lbg, @() lbg / $*) lbgdf km5\of}{6

5
6 km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkg / o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf

ul/;Sg] u/L s] s'g sfdsf nflu slt ;do eGg] klg lglb{i6 ul/Psf] 5 .13 kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf
rf/ lsl;dsf dfu{x¿ 14 kfl/jfl/s d'2fdf rf/ lsl;dsf dfu{x¿15 / afnaflnsf ;DaGwL
d'2fdf 5 lsl;dsf dfu{x¿ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .16 aflN6df]/ l;l6sf] ;ls{6 cbfntdf b]jfgL
d'2fdf cf7 lsl;dsf dfu{ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .17 Michigan District Court df ;ft
lsl;dsf dfu{ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .18
^=@ ;+o'Qm clw/fHo
;+o'Qm clw/fHodf b]jfgL d'2fdf ;–;fgf bfjL ePsf dfu{ -The small claims track_, ›'t dfu{
-The fast track_ / ax'dfu{ -The multi-track_ u/L tLg lsl;dsf dfu{df juL{s/0f u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;fy} cfjZostf cg';f/ o:tf dfu{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg] u/L Joj:yf ;d]t /x]sf] 5 .
o;/L dfu{ juL{s/0f ug]{ cfwf/x¿df cfly{s c+ssf] bfjL, vf]lhPsf] pkrf/sf] k|s[lt, tYo,
sfg"g / k|df0fsf] hl6ntf, kIfsf] ;+Vof / kIfx¿sf] cj:yf nufotsf ljifoj:t'sf cfwf/df
juL{s/0f ug]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .19
^=# lkmlnlkG;
lkmlnlkG;df rf/ lsl;dsf dfu{ ;d"xsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . Fast Track h;df ^
dlxgfleq, Complex Track h;df !* dlxgf leq, Standard Track df Fast / Complex
Track df kg]{ afx]ssf d'2fx¿ h;df !@ dlxgf leq km5\of}{6 ul/;Sg' kg]{ Jo:yf ul/Psf]
5 . o;sf ;fy} Holding Track df d'2f km5\of}{6sf] ;do olsg ug{ g;lsg] k|s[ltsf
d'2fx¿nfO{ /flvPsf] / @ jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L ;dodf km5\of}{6 ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 .20
&= g]kfndf km/s d'2fdf km/s Joj:yfkgsf] kxn / k|of;
g]kfndf d'2f Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ljifodf ;do ;dodf ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 cWoog x'Fb}
cfPsf 5g\ . o:tf cWoogx¿ dWo] s]xLn] ;d"xut d'2f ;'g'jfO k|0ffnL ;d]tsf] l;kmfl/;
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; lsl;dsf cWoogx¿n] ljz]if k|s[ltsf d'2f x]g]{ ljz]if lsl;dsf cbfnt
jf Gofoflws/0fsf] u7g ug]{ / d'2fdf p7fOPsf] ljifoj:t', k|Zg / d'2fsf] k|s[ltsf cfwf/df
d'2fnfO{ cnu–cnu bfo/Ldf btf{ u/L ;f]xL cfwf/df kmfF6 ljefhg ;d]t u/L Ps} k|s[ltsf
d'2f Ps} lbg Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ug]{, 21 d'2fsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ cnu lbgsf] k]zL /fVg] Joj:yf
ug]{, 22 d'2fx¿nfO{ k|s[lt cg';f/ ljefhg ug]{ sfo{sf] nflu ljz]if1 ;d"x u7g ug]{, 23

13
https://mdcourts.gov/sites/default/files/import/circuit/harford/pdf/civildcmplan.pdf x]l/Psf] ldlt @)&&.%.@* .
14
la:t[t cWoogsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ .
https://mdcourts.gov/sites/default/files/import/circuit/harford/pdf/criminaldcmplan.pdf
15
x]g'{xf]; https://mdcourts.gov/sites/default/files/import/circuit/harford/pdf/familydcmplan.pdf
16
x]g'{xf]; https://mdcourts.gov/sites/default/files/import/circuit/harford/pdf/juveniledcmplan.pdf
17
x]g'{xf]; https://www.baltimorecitycourt.org/court-divisions/civil/differentiated-case-management-system/
18
x]g'{xf]; https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/2017/CJRA-06-MIW-AA-2.pdf.
19
The Civil Procedure Rules, 1998 Rule 26.1
20
https://www.aseanlawassociation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/workshop2-phil.pdf x]l/Psf] ldlt @)&&.%.@( .
21
cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ;'emfj k|ltj]bg, @)%% .
22
cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f ;'emfj ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)%* .
6
km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkg / o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf 7

GofofwLzx¿sf] ;d"x k4ltaf6 d'2f km5\of}{6 ubf{ hgtfn] l56f] 5l/tf] / sd vr{df Gofo
k|fKt u/]sf] k|ToIf cg'e"lt u/]sf] kfO{of] . ;d"xut ¿kdf d'2f x]g]{ k4lt k|efjsf/L /x]sf]
b]lvbf o; k4ltnfO{ ;+:yfut ub}{ n}hfg' kg24 !))) yfg eGbf a9L d'2fsf] nut ePsf
k'g/fj]bg cbfntx¿ -lj/f6gu/, /fhlj/fh, hgsk'/, x]6f}+8f, kf6g / j'6jndf klxnf]
r/0fdf ;d"xut k|0ffnL nfu" u/L d'2f ;'g'jfOsf] k|jGw ug]{25 ;dfg k|s[ltsf k|Zg lglxt
d'2fx¿sf] klxrfg To:tf d'2fx¿nfO{ ljleGg ;d"xdf ;d"xLs[t ug]{26 nufotsf ;'emfax¿
lbPsf] kfOG5 . oL ;'emfjx¿df km/s d'2f Joj:yfkg gelgP klg p:t} k|s[ltsf d'2fdf
Ps} ;d"xdf /fvL ;'g'jfO ug]{ egL l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] / ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf To;/L ;'g'jfO
;d]t x'g] u/]sf] x'Fbf km/s lsl;dsf d'2fdf ;'g'jfOsf xsdf eP klg s]xL xb;Dd km/s
Joj:yfkg cjnDag u/]sf] eGg ;lsG5 .
km/s d'2fdf km/s Joj:yfkgsf] ljifodf g} s]lG›t /x]/ klg ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 cWoog
ePsf 5g\ . o:tf cWoogx¿n] km/s–km/s d'2fdf km/s Joj:yfkg k4lt nfu" ug]{
k|of]hgsf] nflu ;a} txsf d'2fx¿nfO{ ;/n, ;fwf/0f, hl6n / clt hl6n u/L rf/ ;d"xdf
ljefhg ;f] cg';f/ km5\of}{6sf] nflu k|ltpQ/ k/]sf] jf kg]{ cjlw gf3]sf] ldltaf6 qmdzM ^
dlxgf, * dlxgf, !) dlxgf / !@ dlxgfsf] cjlw lgwf{/0f ug]{,27 d'2fnfO{ k|s[lt cg';f/
juL{s/0f ug]{ cfwf/x¿sf] lgwf{/0f / DCM dfu{ -Track_ sf ljz]iftfx¿sf] af/]df cbfnt,
jf/, ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo tyf ;]jfu|fxL ;d]t jLr ;xdltu/L cGt/lgsfout ;dGjo,
;xof]u Joj:yfkg ug]{ / DCM nfu" ug{ cfjZos sfg"g / sfo{ljlwsf] lgdf{0f / kl/dfh{g
ug]{ 28 b]jfgL, kmf}hbf/L d'2f / l/6 lgj]bgnfO{ k|s[lt cg';f/ btf{b]lv g} 5'§fO{ km/s–km/s
tl/sfn] Joj:yfkg ug{'kg]{ / d'2fx¿nfO{ ;/n, hl6n / clthl6n k|s[ltdf juL{s/0f u/L ;f]
juL{s/0f cg';f/ Ps} k|s[ltsf d'2fnfO{ Ps} ;fy k]z ug{'kg]{,29 km/s–km/s d'2fdf km/s
Joj:yfkg -Differentiated Case Management_ k4lt nfu" ug]{ -d'2fsf] k|s[lt, sfg"gL k|Zg,
;+nUg kIfsf] ;+Vof, sf/jfxLdf nfUg] u/]sf] ;/b/ ;donfO{ b[li6ut u/L d'2fsf] ;/n,
;fwf/0f, hl6n / clt hl6n ;d"x dfgL juL{s/0f ug]{_ / ;f]xL cg';f/ k]zL Joj:yfkg ug]30 {
@)&& ;fn >fj0f ! b]lv DCM ;lxtsf] sfo{tflnsf k4lt ;a} lhNnf cbfntx¿ / ;a}
pRr cbfntdf btf{ ;'? d'2f, k'g/fj]bg / /L6 nufotsf ;a} k|sf/sf d'2fdf nfu" ug]{ / ;f]
k"j{ btf{ eO{ ljrf/fwLg d'2f / l/6 lgj]bgx¿df ;fljs adf]lhd g} sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug]{ 31

h:tf ;'emfjx¿ cWoog k|ltj]bgdf lbOPsf] lyof] .

23
;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k/]sf d'2fx¿df l56f]5l/tf] sf/jfxL lsgf/f ug{ ckgfpg' kg]{ pkfo ;DjGwdf ul/Psf] cWoog k|ltj]bg,
@)^) .
24
;jf]{Rr cbfntdf ;d"x k4ltaf6 d'2f ;'g'jfO{sf] k|efj cWoog ug{ul7t ;ldltsf] cWoog k|ltj]bg, @)^^ .
25
k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{df ;d"x k4lt nfu" ug]{ ;DjGwdf ;DefJotf cWoog k|ltj]bg, @)^& .
26
;jf]{+Rr cbfntdf ;d"xut ;'g'jfOsf] nflu ul/Psf] cWoog k|ltj]bg @)&$ .
27
d'2f Joj:yfkg k4lt ljsf; ;DaGwL cWoog k|ltj]bg, @)^^ .
28
d'2f Joj:yfkgsf] nflu km/s km/s d'2fdf km/s Joj:yfkg k4lt nfu" ug{ cfjZos k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f tyf tof/L ;DjGwL
k|ltj]bg, @)^^ .
29
;jf]{Rr cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg d'2fx¿df km/s d'2fsf nflu km/s Joj:yfkg k4lt sfof{Gjog ;DjGwL cWoog k|ltj]bg, @)&) .
30
;jf]{Rr cbfntdf d'2fsf] sfo{jf]emnfO{ sd ug{ ckgfpg' kg]{ klqmof, ug{' kg]{ Joj:yfksLo ;'wf/ jf cjnDjg ug{'kg]{
/0fgLltx¿ ;lxtsf] cWoog k|ltj]bg, @)&# .
31
d'2f Joj:yfkg k4lt ljsf; ;DaGwL cWoog k|ltj]bg, @)&% .
7
8 km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkg / o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf

Gofokflnsfsf] bf];|f] k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgfdf klg of] ljifon] k|j]z klg kfPsf] lyof] .
t/ o;sf] sfof{Gjog eg] x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . d'2f Joj:yfkg k4lt ljsf; ;DaGwL cWoog
k|ltj]bg, @)&% n] ;'emfPsf] km/s d'2fdf km/s Joj:yfkg nfu" ug]{ ljifo ;jf]{Rr
cbfntsf] ldlt @)&%.!!.!% sf] k"0f{ a}7ssf] lg0f{on] cg'df]bg ePsf] lyof] . o;} cg'¿k
Gofokflnsfsf] rf}yf] k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgfdf of] ljifo ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . km/s
d'2f Joj:yfkg k4lt @)&& ;fn >fj0f ! ut] b]lv ;a} lhNnf cbfntx¿df nfu" ePsf] 5
eg] @)&& ef› ! b]lv ;a} pRr cbfntdf o; lsl;dsf] Joj:yfkg nfu" eO{ ;s]sf] 5 .
*= g]kfndf km/s d'2f Joj:yfkgdf /xg] dfu{ ;d"x
;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 pRr cbfnt tyf lhNnf cbfntsf nflu 5'§f5'§} km/s d'2f Joj:yfkg
lbubz{g, @)&^ hf/L ePsf 5g\ . oL lbUbz{gdf d'2f cg';f/ s'g}df ;/n‚ ;fdfGo / ljz]if
u/L tLg j6f dfu{ / s'g}df ;/n / ;fdfGo b'O{ j6f dfq dfu{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;/n
dfu{df ;–;fgf k|s[ltsf sd ;do nfUg] d'2f, ;fdfGo dfu{df t'ngfTds ¿kdf dWod
vfnsf] ;do nfUg] d'2f / ljz]if dfu{df sf/afxL lsgf/fdf clns a9L ;do nfUg] tyf
t'ngfTds ¿kdf hl6n k|s[ltsf d'2fx¿ k5{g\ .
*=! pRr cbfntdf /x]sf dfu{ ;d"x
pRr cbfntdf b]jfgL d'2f / b'lgofjfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] ;'? sf/afxL tyf k'g/fj]bg /
l/6df ;/n / ;fdfGoo u/L b'O{ j6f dfu{ tyf ;/sf/ jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] ;'? sf/afxL /
k'g/fj]bgdf ;/n, ;fdfGo / ljz]if u/L tLg lsl;dsf] dfu{nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . ;/n
dfu{sf d'2fx¿ 5 dlxgf leq‚ ;fdfGo dfu{sf d'2fx¿ !@ dlxgfleq / ljz]if dfu{sf d'2fdf
c7f/ dlxgfleq km};nf ul/;Sg' kg]{ u/L ;do;Ldf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . cfjZostf cg';f/
dfu{x¿ kl/jt{g klg ug{ ;lsG5 .32
*=@ lhNnf cbfntdf /x]sf dfu{ ;d"x
lhNnf cbfntdf ;'? sf/afxLsf ;a} lsl;dsf b]jfgL / kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf tLg j6} dfu{ /
k'g/fj]bsLo ¿kdf x]l/g] d'2fdf ;/n / ;fdfGo b'O{ lsl;dsf dfu{ dfq /x]sf 5g\ . ;/n
dfu{sf d'2fx¿ 5 dlxgfleq‚ ;fdfGo dfu{sf d'2fx¿ !@ dlxgfleq / ljz]if dfu{sf d'2fdf
c7f/ dlxgfleq km};nf ul/;Sg' kg]{ u/L ;do ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . cfjZostf
cg';f/ dfu{x¿ kl/jt{g klg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf cfwf/x¿ lbUbz{gdf /x]sf 5g\ . 33
*=# dfu{x¿sf] ljefhg / sfo{ tflnsf
;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 hf/L lbUbz{gx¿df dfu{ ljefhgsf] s;/L ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf :ki6
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, lhNnf cbfntdf ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw ckgfpg] d'2f,
ljz]if cbfntsf] sfo{ljlw ckgfpg] d'2f‚ lg/Gt/ ;'g'jfO x'g] d'2f, k|fyldstf k|fKt d'2f,
lgif]wf1fsf] lgj]bg, jfbL jf lghsf] sfg"g Joj;foLn] k|ltjfbLsf gfdsf] Dofb tfd]n ug{

32
km/s d'2f Joj:yfkg lbub{z{g, @)&^ -lhNnf cbfntsf nflu_ http://supremecourt.gov.np/web/legalmaterials
33
km/s d'2f Joj:yfkg lbub{z{g, @)&^ -lhNnf cbfntsf nflu_ .
http://supremecourt.gov.np/web/legalmaterials.

8
km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkg / o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf 9

dfu u/]sf] d'2f, cleof]ukq ;fy ;a} k|ltjfbL k]z ePsf] d'2f, d'ntjL tfd]nLaf6 hfu]sf],
d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] cg';"rL # sf d'2f, lhNnf cbfntaf6 sf/afxL x'g] ;a}
k'g/fj]bg / @ hgf;Dd k|ltjfbL jf b'Oj6f;Dd nufp ePsf d'2fx¿ ;/n dfu{df / # b]lv
!) hgf;Dd k|ltjfbLx¿ jf # b]lv !) yfg;Dd nufp ePsf d'2fx¿ ;fdfGo dfu{df /xg]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . !) hgf eGbf a9L k|ltjfbLx¿ jf !) yfg eGbf a9L d'2f nufp ePdf
/ ljb]zdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ Dofb k7fpg' kg]{ cj:yf /x]df eg] ljz]if dfu{df /flvG5 . 34
d'2fdf ug{' kg]{ d'2f btf{b]lv km};nf;Ddsf sfdx¿ slt lbgleq ;DkGg ug]{ egL k|To]s
d'2fdf dfu{ ;d"xsf cfwf/df sfo{ tflnsf agfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . of] sfo{ tflnsfnfO{ cg'z/0f
klg ug{' k5{ . sfo{ tflnsfsf nflu ;ˆ6jo/ g} ljsf; ePsfn] o;n] sfo{tflnsfnfO{
lglZrttf lbG5 . ;fdfGotof tf/]v nufotsf sfd ;ˆ6j]o/n] b]vfPs} ;dodf ug{' kg]{
x'G5 . o;}n] s'g lbgdf s] sfd ug]{ jf tfl/v slxn] lbg] eGg] h:tf s'/fdf JolQmn] ge}
k|ljlwn] g} lglb{i6 ug]{ ePsfn] d'2fsf] sf/afxLnfO{ cg'dfg of]Uo agfpg, ;Dkflbt
sf/afxLdf a9L kf/bzL{tf u/fpg, d'2fdf ;do >dsf] art / zL3|tf Nofpg] cj:yf
/xG5 . o;af6 cbfntaf6 ;Dkflbt x'g] sfo{x¿ a9L k|0ffnLa4 / j}1flgs ;d]t x'g] x'G5 .
(= km/s d'2f Joj:yfkgdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf
;/sf/L jsLn kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ caoj xf] . ;/sf/L jsLnsf] ;fy,
;xof]u / ;dGjo lagf km/s d'2f Joj:yfkg cbfntaf6 ;kmntfk"j{s sfof{Gjog ug{ sl7g
x'g] x'G5 . o;}n] ;/sf/L jsLnn] cbfntnfO{ o; Joj:yfkgsf] sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u /
;xhtf k|bfg ug]{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . o;/L g} ;/sf/L jsLnn] ug]{ d'2fsf] Joj:yfkg jf
cfkm"n] ug]{ d'2f k|jfx;+u ;DalGwt s'/fdf klg ;/sf/L jsLnsf] sfo{ k|s[lt cg'¿ksf] km/s
d'2f Joj:yfkg cjnDag ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 . leGg k|sf/sf d'2fdf leGg lsl;dsf] d'2f dfu{
jf k|jfx cfjZos kg{ ;S5 . 35 o;}n] km/s d'2f Joj:yfkgdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf
nflu cbfntsf] km/s d'2f Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]uL e"ldsf / cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hgdf
;d]t km/s d'2f Joj:yfsf] cjnDagsf] e"ldsf u/L b'j} kIfaf6 ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
(=! ;/sf/L jsLnsf] cbfntdf ul/g] km/s d'2f Joj:yfkgdf e"ldsf
;/sf/L jsLnsf] cbfntdf x'g] km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkgdf b]xfo adf]lhd
e"ldsf /xG5 M
x ldlt @)&&.$.! ut] b]lv lhNnf cbfntx¿df / ef› ! b]lv ;a} pRr
cbfntx¿df km/s d'2f Joj:yfkg nfu" eO{;s]sf] ;Gbe{df km/s d'2f
Joj:yfkgsf af/]df ag]sf lbUbz{g / cbfnt ;Da4 lgodfjnLdf ePsf ;+zf]wg
af/]df cfFkm" cWofjlws x'g] . o; af/]df cfˆgf] sfof{nosf cGo sd{rf/LnfO{ klg
;fdfGo ¿kdf cled"lvs/0f ug]{ .

34
la:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 pRr / lhNnf cbfntsf nflu km/s d'2f lbUbz{g x]g{'xf];\ .
35
A standardized approach to identify and document functional requirements and application components when
procuring a prosecutor case management/tracking system September 2018 https://ndaa.org/wp-
content/uploads/PCMS-Functional-Specifications.pdf x]l/Psf] ldlt @)&&.%.@( .
9
10 km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkg / o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf

x cleof]ukq jf k'g/fj]bg nufotsf d'2f cbfntaf6 btf{sf qmddf To; d'2fsf]

dfu{ to ul/g] / s'g ;dodf s] sfd ug]{ eGg] ;ˆ6j]o/ dfkm{t ;do tflnsf g}
agfOg] ePsfn] cfFkm"n] k]z u/]sf] cleof]u jf k'g/fj]bg s'g dfu{ ;d"xdf k/]sf] 5
egL hfgsf/L lng'sf ;fy} ;do tflnsf klg lng] .
x o;/L to ul/Psf] dfu{ ;d"x jf ;do tflnsfdf s'g} k|ltlqmof jf ;+zf]wg x'g' kg]{
cj:yf /x]sf] ePdf ;DalGwt cbfnt ;dIf cg'/f]w ug]{ .
x cbfntn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfu{ ;d"xsf cfwf/df ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{non] klg
d'2fsf kmfOndf hgfpg'sf ;fy} dfu{ ;d"x ;d]t clen]vdf v'nfpg] k|aGw ug]{ /
;do tflnsfnfO{ kmfOndf ;+nUg u/L ;f] ;do tflnsf cg';f/sf] cfFkm"n] ug{' kg]{
sfo{ ug{df ;b}j tbf?stf b]vfpg] .
x d'2fx¿sf] dfu{ ;d"x cg';f/sf] d'2fsf] kmfOnsf] /Ë jf l:6s/sf] Joj:yf u/L
;xh} klxrfg ug{ ;lsg] agfpg pko'Qm x'g] .
x clt cfjZos cj:yfdf afx]s el/;So k]zL :ylut gug]{ .
x ax; Joj:yfkgsf qmddf cbfntaf6 lgwf{l/t ul/Psf] ;dosf] cwLgdf /xL ax;
ug]{ / ax;nfO{ cgfjZos ¿kdf nfdf] gagfpg] .
x Gofo If]q ;dGjo ;ldltdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] ;d]t k|ltlglwTj x'g] ePsfn] o;sf]
a}7sdf ;lqmotfk"j{s ;xefuL eO{ /rgfTds k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug]{ .
x km/s d'2f Joj:yfkg lbUbz{gx¿df ;/sf/L jsLn ;d]t;Fu lgoldt ¿kdf
5nkmn ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psfn] o:tf] 5nkmndf ;d]t ;lqmotfk"j{s ;xefuL eO{
/rgfTds k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug]{ .
x dfu{ ;d"xdf /x]sf d'2fsf] u+eL/tf / hl6ntf x]/L ax; k}/jLdf ;/sf/L jsLn
v6fpg] .
x cbfntaf6 tf]lsPsf] ldltdf g} ;fIfL pkl:ylt u/fpgsf nfuL cg';Gwfg
clwsf/LnfO{ ;b}j ;hu agfpg] / ;fIfL pkl:yt gePsf] sf/0fn] d'2fsf] ;do
tflnsfdf c;/ gk/f]; eGg] s'/fdf Wofg lbg] .
x kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ adf]lhd k/]sf lgj]bg / k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg
k/L k|ToyL{ lemsfOPsf d'2fdf pRr ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no / lhNnf ;/sf/L
jsLn sfof{nox¿af6 tTsfn ldl;n lemsfpg] / k7fpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .
(=@ ;/sf/L jsLnsf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf qmddf km/s d'2f Joj:yfkgsf]
cjnDagsf] e"ldsf
clxn] nfu" ePsf km/s d'2f Joj:yfkg cbfntaf6 x'g] d'2fsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu xf] .
s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf qmddf klg s;"/sf] k|s[lt cg';f/ km/s lsl;dsf
d'2fdf km/s lsl;dsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;/sf/L jsLnn] cg';Gwfg /
cleof]hgsf qmddf km/s d'2f Joj:yfkgsf] cjnDagsf] e"ldsfnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd
k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5M

10
km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkg / o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf 11

x s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf ljifodf km/s s;"/sf d'2fdf km/s Joj:yfkg

;DaGwdf ;+efAotf, o; ;Gbe{df cfjZos sfg"gL, gLltut / sfo{ljlwut
k|jGwx¿af/] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{noaf6 cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 .
x km/s d'2f Joj:yfkgdf k/Dk/fut ¿kdf x'Fb} cfPsf] klxn] cfpg] d'2fnfO{ klxn]
km5\of}{6 ug]{ eGg] cjwf/0ffsf] ;§f d'2fsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ km/s–km/s ;d"xdf afF8L
km5\of}{6sf] ;do lgwf{/0f ul/P h:t} s;"/sf] uDeL/tf, cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgdf
nfUg ;Sg] ;do ;d]t cfwf/df ;fdfGo, u+eL/ / h3Go s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg /
cleof]hg u/L ;Sg] ;donfO{ lgwf{l/t u/L ;–;fgf s;"/df zL3| cg';Gwfg /
cleof]hg ug]{ Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu st{Ao Hofg / ce› Jojxf/
d'2fsf] cg';GwfgnfO{ ;dfg ;do / Pp6} :t/sf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf]
hgzlQm cfjZos kb}{g .
x dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] bf];|f] k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgfdf ;/sf/L
jsLnsf] ljifout ljlzi6Ls/0f ug]{ /0fgLlt k|If]lkt ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df
d'2fsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ ;/sf/L jsLnsf] ljz]if1tf x]/L cg';Gwfgsf qmddf x'g]
aofg, cleof]hg / cbfntdf x'g] ax; k}/jLdf ;/sf/L jsLn v6fpg ;lsG5 .
o;af6 cg';Gwfg cleof]hg / ax; k}/jLsf] Joj:yfkgsf] xbdf km/s d'2fdf
km/s Joj:yfkgsf] dd{ cfTd;ft x'g] x'G5 .
x k'g/fj]bg tyf bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ug]{ Dofbleq klg d'2fsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ ;do
sd / a9L nfUg] d'2fx¿df juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 .
!) cGTodf
km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo eg]sf] Jojl:yt ¿kdf / zL3|tfk"j{s d'2fsf]
sfd sf/jfxL ;Dkflbt tyf ;DkGg ug{' xf] . lhNnf cbfnt / pRr cbfnt txdf km/s d'2f
Joj:yfkg nfu" eO;s]sf] ;Gbe{df o;n] d'2fsf] sf/jfxLnfO{ k"jf{g'dfgof]Uo agfpg d2t
ug{], cbfntn] tflnsfa4 ¿kdf sfd ug]{‚ sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo / k|efjsf/L agfO{
cbfntk|ltsf] hgcf:yfdf clej[l4 ;d]t x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .
km/s d'2f Joj:yfkgsf] sfof{Gjog r'gf}tL/lxt eg] 5}g . sf]le8 !( sf sf/0f cbfntsf
sfd sf/afxL ;d]t ca?4 x'g k'u]sf] x'Fbf k|f/Dedf g} sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg] hf]lvd b]lvPsf]
5 . o;sf ;fy} of] Joj:yfkg k4lt xfd|f nflu gofF cEof;sf] ;'?jft ePsfn] o;df
cEo:t x'g klg s]xL ;do nfUg ;S5 . ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;fy ;xof]u / ;dy{g lagf klg
o;sf] sfof{Gjogn] ;fy{stf kfpg ;Sb}g . o; ;Gbe{df ;Dk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ o;
k4lt nfu" x'g] / o;sf ljifoj:t'af/] ;"rgfx¿ ;Dk|if]0f u/L clwstd ¿kdf
;/f]sf/jfnfaf6 ;xof]u lng' / ;dGjo sfod ug{' cfjZos x'G5 . ;Da4 Goflos
hgzlQmnfO{ o;sf ljifoa:t' / ;ˆ6j]o/df hfgsf/ tyf cEo:t agfpg klg plQs} h?/L
x'G5 . sfof{Gjogsf qmddf xfFl;n ePsf cg'ej / l;sfOx¿sf cfwf/df cfjlws ¿kdf
;dLIff u/L cl3 a9\g' cem a9L Jofjxfl/s x'g] x'G5 .

YZ

11
12 km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkg / o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf
km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkg / o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf 13

jif{ #, c° !

d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf]

klxnf] jif{M ;hfodf 5'6;DaGwL
Joj:yfsf] k|of]usf] cj:yf

# ls/0f kf}8]ni

!= ljifo k|j]z
lgs} nfdf] ;dosf] k|of;kl5 hf/L ePsf d'n'sL ;+lxtfx¿ dWo] kmf}hbf/L tk{msf b'O{j6f
;+lxtf36 tyf b'O{j6f P]g37 dfk{mt g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;gdf ljleGg km/s
dfGotfnfO{ leq\ofOPsf] 5 . oL sfg"gx¿ cGt/ut leq\ofOPsf dfGotf dWo] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{
s'/f b08 Joj:yfnfO{ ;'wf/fTds lbzflt/ 8f]¥ofpg vf]Hg' xf] . d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$
sf] kl/R5]b–$ df ul/Psf s;"/sf] uDeL/tf a9fpg] tyf 36fpg] cj:yfx¿, kl/R5]b– % df
/x]sf] ;hfo / cGTfl/d Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf ;hfosf k|sf/ cGt/ut s}bsf] ;§f
;fd'bflos ;]jfsf] Joj:yf tyf s;"/bf/n] cfk"mn] u/]sf] s;"/ :jLsf/ u/L To; s;"/sf
;DaGwdf k|df0f h'6fpg, cGo cleo'Qm jf To;sf] lu/f]x jf dltof/nfO{ kqmfp ug{ jf
cg';GWffg jf cleof]hg kIf jf cbfntnfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofPsf]df sfg"g adf]lhdsf] ;hfo 5'6
lbg ;lsg] Joj:yfnfO{ o;;DaGwL ;f/jfg Joj:yfsf pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . o;sf
;fy} kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ df s;"/bf/nfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{
;DaGwdf ljleGg ;f/jfg tyf sfo{ljlwut Joj:yf ul/Psf 5g\38 . o;s} Pp6f ;fgf] c+zsf
¿kdf cleo'QmnfO{ ;hfodf 5'6 lbO{ cleof]ukq bfo/ ug]{ Joj:yfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o;
n]vfO{df cleof]hg ubf{ ;hfodf 5'6sf] bfaL lnP/ ug{ ;lsg] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] klxnf] Ps
jif{sf] k|of]unfO{ x]g]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

i
dfggLo GofofwLz, pRr cbfnt, kf6g .
36
d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ / d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ .
37
kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ / s]xL g]kfn sfg"gnfO{ ;+zf]wg, PsLs/0f, ;dfof]hg / vf/]h ug]{
P]g, @)&$ .
38
o; P]gdf o; P]gsf ;'wf/fTds Joj:yfx¿ g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]s]sf] ldltb]lv k|f/De x'g]
elgPsf] 5 . /, oL Joj:yf k|f/De ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] )&^-FN-)%%$ -)&^-WO-)(#(_ g+= sf] lgj]bgdf ldlt
@)&&. !. !& df cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] 5 .
12
14 d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] klxnf] jif{M ;hfodf 5'6;DaGwL Joj:yfsf]===

@= ;hfodf 5'6sf] cjwf/0ff

cleo'Qmn] cfk"maf6 x'g uPsf] s;"/ :jLsf/ u/]sf cj:yfdf lgh pk/sf] dfu bfaLdf
cleof]Qmfn] 5'6 lbO{ cleof]ukq bfo/ ug]{ Joj:yf ;hfo 5'6 xf] . c+u]|hLdf Plea-bargaining
eGg] zAbaf6 ;Daf]wg ul/g] o; ljifonfO{ g]kfnLdfbfaLsf] ;f}bfafhL klg eGg] ul/Psf] 5 .
c+u|]hL cd]l/sL sfg"g k|0ffnLdf Plea-bargaining39 df tLg k|sf/sf 5'6sf] cEof; /x]sf] kfOG5 .
tL dWo] klxnf] xf], ;hfodf 5'6 . o; cGt/ut sd ;hfosf] bfaL lng] s'/f kb{5 . bf];|f] xf],
;fgf] cleof]usf] bfaL . t];|f] xf], s;"/sf] k6sdf 5'6 . cd]l/sfdf t w]/} ;kmn cleof]hgx¿
Plea-bargaining af6} 6'lª\uG5g\40 . cGj]if0ffTds sfg"g k|0ffnL ckgfpg] k|mfG; tyf hd{gL h:tf
b]zx¿ klg cleof]Qmfn] cleo'QmnfO{ cleof]hgsf] ;§f lbzfGt/ ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf]
kfOG541 .
#= g]kfn sfg"gdf ;hfodf 5'6 lbg] Joj:yf tyf ltgsf] k|of]usf] cj:yf
g]kfn sfg"gdf ;hfo 5'6 lbO{ cleof]hg ul/g] Joj:yf ;fljssf] d'n'sL P]gdf /x]sf] 5'§f5'§}
ljifodf 5'§f5'§} sfg"g agfP/ ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg] k|fjwfg cg';f/42 ;+lxtf k|f/De x'g'
eGbf klxn] b]lv g} of] Joj:yf /xL cfPsf] lyof] . /, o:tf] ljz]if Joj:yf s]xL ljz]if sfg"gdf
dfq ul/Psf] kfOG5 . k|rlnt sfg"gx¿ dWo] o;/L ;hfo 5'6 lbO{ cleof]hg ul/g] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] klxnf] sfg"g nfu" cf}ifw -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)## xf] . o; P]gdf ul/Psf] t];|f] ;+zf]wg,
h'g ldlt @)%).@.#@ b]lv k|f/De ePsf] xf], o; ;+zf]wgaf6 ;hfodf 5'6 x'g] eGg] zLif{s
cGt/ut o; ;DaGwL Joj:yf yk ul/Psf] 543 . o; P]gdf ul/Psf] Joj:yf x]bf{ :jo+ ;+nUg
/x]sf] jf g/x]sf] nfu" cf}ifwsf] sf/f]af/sf] lu/f]xsf] d'Vo ck/fwL kQf nufO{ lbO{ kqmfp ug{
;xof]u ug{] JolQmnfO{ lgh ck/fwdf ;+nUg eP klg lghnfO{ x'g] ;hfodf k"0f{ jf cf+lzs
¿kdf 5'6 x'g] u/L cleof]ukqdf dfu bfjL ePdf d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/Ln] klg ;f]xL cg';f/
;hfodf 5'6 lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o; P]gdf s:tf] cj:yfdf ;hfodf 5'6
x'g;S5 eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] eP tfklg slt;Dd 5'6 x'g ;Sg] xf] eGg] s'g} ;Ldf tf]lsPsf]
b]lvFb}g . ;hfodf slt 5'6sf] bfaL ug]{ eGg] lhDdf cleof]QmfnfO{ lbOPsf] b]lvG5 . o;
k|sf/sf] bfaL ubf{ cg';Gwfgstf{sf] e"ldsf s] /xg] eGg] sNkgf o; P]gdf ul/Psf] kfOFb}g .
ck/fw cg';Gwfgdf ;xof]u u/]sf] cleo'Qmn] cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ePkl5 cfk\mgf] ;xof]unfO{
lg/Gt/ g/fv]df lghsf xsdf ul/Psf] ;hfo 5'6sf] bfaLsf] cj:yf s] x'g] eGg] ;DaGwdf klg
o; P]gdf s'g} pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g .

39
https://www.britannica.com/topic/plea-bargaining -x]l/Psf] ldltM @)&&.!.*_
40
https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/plea_bargain -x]l/Psf] ldltM @)&&.!.*_
41
Judge Peter J. Messitte, PLEA BARGAINING IN VARIOUS CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS , p 14
;|f]tMhttps://www.law.ufl.edu/_pdf/academics/centers/cgr/11th_conference/Peter_Messitte_Plea_Bargaining.pdf -x]l/Psf]
ldltM
@)&&. !. *_
42
d'n'sL P]g, efu !, k|f/lDes sygsf], $ g+=;|ftMwww.lawcommission.gov.np/np/ -x]l/Psf] ldltM @)&&. !. !!_
43
of] Joj:yf lgDg cg';f/ 5M
k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg o; P]g cGtu{t ;hfo x'g] s'g} nfu" cf}ifwsf] sf/f]af/df :jo+ ;+nUg /x]sf]
lu/f]x jf cGo s'g} lu/f]xsf] af/]df hfgsf/L / ;'/fs lbO{ ;f] ;DaGwdf d'Vo ck/fwL kQf nufOlbO{ kqmfp ug{ ;xof]u ug{]
JolQmnfO{ lgh ck/fwdf ;+nUg ePklg o; P]g cGtu{t x'g] ;hfodf k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf ;hfodf 5'6 x'g] u/L cleof]ukqdf
dfu bfjL ePdf d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/Ln] klg ;f]xL cg';f/ ;hfodf 5'6 lbg ;Sg]5 . -bkmf !*u_
;|f]tM www.moljpa.gov.np/category/P]gpage/28/ -x]l/Psf] ldltM @)&&. !. !)_
13
d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] klxnf] jif{M ;hfodf 5'6;DaGwL Joj:yfsf]=== 15

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f;Fu ;DalGwt sfg"gx¿ o; Joj:yf ;lxt ag]sf bf];|f] qmdsf sfg"g x'g\ .
clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* df ldlt @)%(.$.#) b]lv k|f/De x'g] u/L
ul/Psf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wgaf6 o; P]gdf ;f] Joj:yf yk ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;}u/L ;f]xL ldlt b]lv
k|f/De ePsf] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( df klg of] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . e|i6frf/ 44

lgoGq0f;Fu ;DalGwt oL sfg"gx¿df /x]sf] ;hfodf 5'6 ;DaGwL Joj:yf nfu" cf}ifw -
lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)## df /x]sf] eGbf s]xL km/s b]lvG5 . oL P]gx¿df cg';Gwfgsf] sfd
sf/afxLdf ;xof]u ug]{ cleo'QmnfO{ cg';Gwfgstf{n] cfk\mgf] ;fIfLsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ug]{ Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 . ;hfosf] dfu bfaLdf ul/g] 5'6sf ;DaGwdf oL P]gx¿df klg :ki6 Joj:yf gu/L
k"0f{ jf cf+lzs 5'6 lbg ;Sg] elgPsf] 5 . oL P]gx¿df ;hfodf 5'6 lbO{ cleof]ukq bfo/
ul/Psf] cleo'Qmn] u/]sf] ;xof]u cGo ;a'b k|df0faf6 k|dfl0ft gePdf jf lgh cbfntdf
k|lts"n ¿kdf k|:t't ePsf cj:yfdf lgh pk/ cleof]ukq bfo/ ug{ ;lsg] k|ltaGwfTds
Joj:yf b'j} P]gdf /x]sf] 5 . ;hfodf 5'6 lbO{ cleof]ukq bfo/ ul/Psf cleo'Qm cbfntdf
k|lts"n ¿kdf k|:t't ePdf k"/f ;hfo x'g] u/L cleof]ukq bfo/ ug{ ;lsg] of] Joj:yf g]kfn
sfg"gdf klxnf] k6s ul/Psf] xf] . cleof]Qmfn] ;hfo 5'6sf ;fy cleof]hg ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf
/fvL o;kl5 ag]sf ;a} P]gx¿df k'gM cleof]u bfo/ ug{ ;lsg] o; k|sf/sf] k|ltaGwfTds
Joj:yfn] lg/Gt/tf kfO/x]sf] 5 .
;hfodf 5'6 lbO{ cleof]hg ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f -dgL nfpG8l/ª_ lgjf/0f
P]g, @)^$ df tyf a}lª\s s;"/ tyf ;hfo P]g, @)^$ df e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f;Fu ;DalGwt
45 46

sfg"gx¿df /x]sf] ;hfodf 5'6 ;DaGwL plNnlvt Joj:yfnfO{ g} lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] kfOG5 .
;hfodf 5'6 lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] csf]{ P]g dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ -lgoGq0f_
P]g, @)^$ xf] . o; P]gdf ;hfodf 5'6sf] Joj:yf ul/Fbf pk/f]Qm plNnlvt ;a} P]gx¿df eP
eGbf km/s Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o; P]gdf cfk"mn] u/]sf] s;"/ :jLsf/ u/L ;f] s;"/sf
47

;DaGwdf k|df0f h'6fpg, cGo cleo'Qm jf To;sf] lu/f]x jf dltof/nfO{ kqmfp ug{ k|x/L,

44
oL b'j} P]gdf ul/Psf] Joj:yf lgDg cg';f/ 5M
o; P]g adf]lhdsf] cg';Gwfgsf] sfd sf/afxLdf ;xof]u ug]{ cleo'QmnfO{ cfof]u÷cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] cfk\mgf] ;fIfLsf] ?kdf
k|:t't u/L lghnfO{ ;hfosf] dfu bfaLdf k"0f{ jf cf+lzs 5"6 lbg ;Sg]5 . -clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf !( sf] pkbkmf -!%_tyf e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf %%_ ;|f]t -qmdzM_M http://www.moljpa.gov.np/category/
P]g-x]l/Psf] ldltM @)&&. !. !)_ tyf www.moljpa.gov.np/category/P]gpage/22-x]l/Psf] ldltM @)&&. !. !)_
45
o; P]gdf ul/Psf] Joj:yf lgDg cg';f/ 5M
o; P]g adf]lhdsf] cg';Gwfgsf] sfd sf/afxLdf ;xof]u ug]{ cleo'QmnfO{ cg';Gwfg clws[tn] cfk\mgf] ;fIfLsf] ?kdf k|:t't u/L
lghnfO{ ;hfosf] dfu bfaLdf k"0f{ jf cf+lzs 5'6 lbg ;Sg]5 . t/=== -bkmf $$_
;|f]tM www.moljpa.gov.np/category/P]gpage/33/ -x]l/Psf] ldltM @)&&. !. !)_
46
o; P]gdf ul/Psf] Joj:yf lgDg cg';f/ 5M
o; P]g adf]lhdsf] cg';Gwfgsf] sfd sf/afxLdf ;xof]u ug]{ cleo'QmnfO{ cg';Gwfg clws[tn] cfk\mgf] ;fIfLsf] ?kdf k|:t't u/L
lghnfO{ ;hfosf] dfu bfaLdf k"0f{ jf cf+lzs 5'6 lbg ;Sg]5 . t/=== -bkmf @^_
;|f]tM www.moljpa.gov.np/category/P]gpage/20/-x]l/Psf] ldltM @)&&. !. !)_
47
o; P]gdf ul/Psf] Joj:yf lgDg cg';f/ 5M
o; P]g adf]lhdsf] s;"/ u/]sf] egL cleof]u nfu]sf] s'g} cleo'Qmn] cfk"mn] u/]sf] s;"/ :jLsf/ u/L ;f] s;"/sf ;DaGwdf k|df0f
h'6fpg, cGo cleo'Qm jf To;sf] lu/f]x jf dltof/nfO{ kqmfp ug{ k|x/L, ;/sf/L jsLn jf cbfntnfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofPsf] / lghn]
klxnf] k6s s;"/ u/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] s;"/df cbfntn] ;hfo tf]Sbf lghnfO{ x'g] ;hfosf] a9Ldf kRrL; k|ltzt;Dd ;hfo
5'6 lbg ;Sg]5 . t/=== b]xfosf cj:yfdf o; bkmf adf]lhd ;hfosf] dfu bfaLdf 5'6 lbg ;lsg] 5}gM
-s_ d'Vo cleo'QmnfO{ ;hfosf] dfu bfaL 5'6 lbg,
-v_ afnaflnsf a]rlavg jf cf];f/k;f/ u/]sf]df,
-u_ Psk6s ;hfo 5'6sf] ;'ljwf kfO;s]sf] . -bkmf @!_
;|f]tMwww.moljpa.gov.np/category/ P]g/page/22/-x]l/Psf] ldltM @)&&. !. !)_
14
16 d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] klxnf] jif{M ;hfodf 5'6;DaGwL Joj:yfsf]===

;/sf/L jsLn jf cbfntnfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofPsf] cleo'QmnfO{ klxnf] k6ssf] s;"/bf/ eP dfq /
a9Ldf kRrL; k|ltzt;Dd dfq ;hfodf 5'6 lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf ;fy}
d'Vo cleo'QmnfO{, afnaflnsf a]rlavg jf cf];f/k;f/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf tyf Psk6s ;hfo
5'6sf] ;'ljwf kfO;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;hfosf] dfubfaLdf 5'6 lbg g;lsg] Joj:yf o; P]gdf
ul/Psf] 5 . o; P]gdf o:tf] 5'6sf] dfubfaL u/L cleof]ukq bfo/ ul/g] elgPsf] 5}g, a?
cbfntn] ;hfo tf]Sbf 5'6 lbg ;lsg] elgPsf] 5 . cyf{t\ o; P]gsf] Joj:yf cg';f/
cleof]Qmfaf6 ;hfo 5'6 ;DaGwL dfu bfaL eP klg geP klg cbfntn] ;hfodf 5'6 lbg
;S5 . t/ cleo'Qmn] u/]sf] ;xof]u cGo ;a'b k|df0faf6 k|dfl0ft gePdf jf lghn] k|x/L jf
;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ u/]sf] ;xof]u k|lts"n x'g] u/L cbfnt ;dIf aofg lbPdf lgh pk/ k'gM
d'2f bfo/ ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf]n] o; cj:yfdf ;hfodf 5'6 glbgsf nflu k"/f ;hfo
xf];\ egL cleof]ukq bfo/ ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .
dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)^$ df pNn]v eP ;/x s]xL km/s
:j¿ksf zt{ /fv]/ ;hfosf] dfu bfaLdf 5'6 lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] csf]{ P]g ;ª\ul7t
ck/fw lgjf/0f P]g, @)&) xf] . klxnf] k6ssf] s;"/bf/nfO{ ;hfodf 5'6 lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf
48

ul/Psf] o; P]gdf ;hfodf x'g] 5'6sf] dfqf eg] krxQ/ k|ltzt;Dd x'g ;Sg] elgPsf] 5 .
o;sf nflu cleo'Qmn] cfk"mn] u/]sf] ck/fw :jLsf/ ug'{ kg]{ / ;f] ck/fwsf ;DaGwdf k|df0f
h'6fpg tyf To; s;"/df ;+nUg cGonfO{ kqmfp ug{ ;xof]u u/]sf] x'g' kg]{ x'G5 . o; P]gdf
;hfodf 5'6 x'gsf nflu eg] cleof]hg g} ug{ kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o; P]gdf klg dfgj
a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)^$ df eP h:t} ;hfo 5'6sf] bfaL lng cGo
zt{ klg /flvPsf] 5 . h; cg';f/ d'Vo cleo'QmnfO{, s'g} ;ª\ul7t ck/fwdf kfPsf] s}b
;hfo e'Qmfg ePsf] tLg jif{ k"/f geP;Dd / Psk6s ;hfo 5'6sf] ;'ljwf kfO;s]sf] cj:yf
ePdf ;hfodf 5'6sf] dfu bfaL ug{ ;lsFb}g . cleo'Qmn] u/]sf] ;xof]u cGo k|df0faf6
k|dfl0ft gePdf jf lghn] cg';Gwfgsf ;dodf u/]sf] ;xof]usf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L cbfnt
;dIf aofg lbPdf lgh pk/ k'gM d'2f bfo/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
;+lxtfx¿ k|f/De x'g' eGbf klxn] ag]sf pk/f]Qm P]gx¿sf ;hfo 5'6 ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf]
cEof; tyf k|of]u eg] clt g} sd ePsf] kfOG5 . plNnlvt sfg"gx¿ dWo] nfu" cf}ifw -
lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)## / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f;Fu ;DalGwt sfg"gx¿df /x]sf oL Joj:yfsf]
49

c;fWo} sd dfqfdf k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . tL b'O{j6f sfg"gsf ;Gbe{df tyf cGo sfg"gn] u/]sf

48
o; P]gdf ul/Psf] Joj:yf lgDg cg';f/ 5M
k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;ª\ul7t ck/fwsf] cleof]u nfu]sf] s'g} cleo'Qmn] cfk"mn] u/]sf] ck/fw
:jLsf/ u/L ;f] ck/fwsf ;DaGwdf k|df0f h'6fpg tyf cGo cleo'Qm jf To;sf] lu/f]x jf dltof/nfO{ kqmfpug{ k|x/L, ;/sf/L
jsLn jf cbfntnfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofPdf / lghn] klxnf] k6s ;ª\ul7t ck/fw u/]sf] b]lvPdf To:tf] ;ª\ul7t ck/fwdf lghnfO{
x'g] ;hfodf krxQ/ k|ltzt;Dd 5'6 lbg] u/L dfu bfjL lnO{ d'2f bfo/ ug{ ;lsg]5 .
t/ lghn] u/]sf] ;xof]u cGo ;a't k|df0faf6 k|dfl0ft gePdf jf lghn] k|x/L jf ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ u/]sf] ;xof]u k|lts"n x'g]
u/L cbfnt ;dIf aofg lbPdf o; P]g jf k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg lgh pk/ k'gM d'2f bfo/ ug{
;lsg]5 .
=== b]xfosf cj:yfdf o; bkmf adf]lhd ;hfosf] dfu bfaLdf 5'6 lbg kfOg] 5}gM
-s_ d'Vo cleo'QmnfO{ ;hfosf] dfu bfaL 5'6 lbg,
-v_ s'g} ;ª\ul7t ck/fwdf s}b ;hfo kfPsf]df s}b e'Qmfg ePsf] tLg jif{ k"/f geP;Dd,
-u_ Psk6s ;hfo 5'6sf] ;'ljwf kfO;s]sf] ePdf . -bkmf @!_
;|f]tM www.moljpa.gov.np/category/ P]g÷page/32/-x]l/Psf] ldltM @)&&. !. !)_
49
nfu" cf}ifw -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)## sf] sfof{Gjogsf] k|efjsfl/tf cg';Gwfgd"ns cWoog k|ltj]bg @)&!, k[= #) .
;|f]tMhttps://ag.gov.np/publication?page=5 -x]l/Psf] ldltM @)&&. @. #@_
15
d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] klxnf] jif{M ;hfodf 5'6;DaGwL Joj:yfsf]=== 17

o; ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] k|of]u ;xh / :jfefljs 9+un] ul/Psf] kfOFb}g . csf]{ zAbdf eGbf pQm
Joj:yfsf] k|of]u g} ePsf] 5}g eGbf klg ldNg] cj:yf 5 .
$= ;hfodf 5'6 ;DaGwdf d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtfdf ul/Psf Joj:yf
;hfodf 5'6 ;DaGwL Joj:yf d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ -o;kl5 o; n]vfOdf ck/fw 50

;+lxtf elgPsf]_ tyf d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ -o;kl5 o; n]vfOdf kmf}hbf/L
51

sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf elgPsf]_ df klg ul/Psf] 5 . ck/fw ;+lxtfdf s'g} vf; sfdnfO{ s'g} ljz]if
P]gåf/f 5'§} s;"/ dfgL ;hfo ug]{ Joj:yf ePsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] s;"/sf ;DaGwdf ;f]xL P]g
nfu" x'g]5 -bkmf %_ eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] Pj+ kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfdf s'g} s;"/sf]
52

cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg, d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/If]q, ;'g'jfO{, k}m;nf sfof{Gjog jf cGo s'g} sf/afxLsf
;DaGwdf 5'§} P]gdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] ljifodf o; ;+lxtfsf] Joj:yfn] c;/
kfg]{ 5}g -bkmf #_ eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] x'Fbf oL ;+lxtfx¿sf] x}l;ot ;fdfGo sfg"gsf] xf] eGg]
53

50
o; ;+lxtfdf ul/Psf] Joj:yf lgDg cg';f/ 5M
-!_ s'g} s;"/bf/n] cfk"mn] u/]sf] s;"/ :jLsf/ u/L To:tf] s;"/sf ;DaGwdf k|df0f h'6fpg, cGo cleo'Qm jf To;sf] lu/f]x jf
dltof/nfO{ kqmfp ug{ jf cg';GWffg jf cleof]hg kIf jf cbfntnfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofPsf]df sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] ;hfosf]
a9Ldf krf; k|ltzt;Dd ;hfo 5'6 lbg ;lsg]5 .
-@_ b]xfosf] s;"/bf/n] ;hfodf 5'6 kfpg ;Sg] 5}gM
-s_ ===Ps k6s ;hfo 5'6 kfO;s]sf],
-v_ s}b ;hfo x'g] s;"/df bf]ifL 7x/ eO{ s}b e'Qmfg u/]sf] cjlw tLg jif{ k"/f gu/]sf],
-u_ h'g s;"/df ;hfo 5'6 dfu ul/Psf] xf] ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] s;"/df Ps k6s ;hfo kfO;s]sf] .
-#_ === ;hfodf 5'6 lbFbf cleo'Qmn] cg';Gwfg jf k'k{Ifsf] s'g cj:yfdf s;"/ :jLsf/ u/]sf] xf] / s:tf] kl/l:yltdf To:tf] s;"/
:jLsf/ u/]sf] xf] To:tf] s'/fnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{5 . -bkmf $&_
;|f]tM www.lawcommission.gov.np/np/archives/category/documents/prevailing-law/statutes-acts/ d'n'sL–ck/fw–;+lxtf Pg]–@)
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51
o; ;+lxtfdf ul/Psf] Joj:yf lgDg cg';f/ 5M
-!_ === s'g} s;"/sf] cleo'Qmn] cg';Gwfg clwsf/LnfO{ To:tf] s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPdf To; afkt To:tf]
cleo'QmnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] ;hfodf 5'6 x'g cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] ;/sf/L jsLn ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ === l;kmfl/; eO{ cfPdf jf cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg jf ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftaf6 cleo'Qmn] cg';Gwfgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]
b]lvPdf;/sf/L jsLnn] To:tf] l;kmfl/; jf ;xof]unfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L To:tf] cleo'QmnfO{ x'g] ;hfodf 5'6 lbg
k|:tfj u/L zt{ ;lxtsf] dfu bfjL lnO{ cleof]ukq bfo/ ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-#_ === ;/sf/L jsLnn] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ;hfo 5'6sf]] k|:tfj u/L cleof]ukq bfo/ ug{ ;Sg]5M
-s_ cleo'Qmn] cfk"mn] u/]sf] s;"/ cg';Gwfg clwsf/L jf ;/sf/L jsLn ;dIf k"0f{ ?kdf :jLsf/ u/L ;flatL ePdf lghnfO{
x'g] ;hfodf kRrL; k|ltzt;Dd 5'6,
-v_ cleo'Qmn] cfk"m ;d]t ;+nUg ePsf] s;"/df ;flat eO{ ;f] s;"/df ;+nUg cGo s;"/bf/ jf lu/f]x jf s;"/ u/fpg lgb]{zg
lbg] d'Vo AolQm jf s;"/sf] ;DaGwdf lj:t[t tYo atfpg jf s;"/df ;+nUg AolQmnfO{ kqmfp ug{ jf s'g} ;Ël7t jf
;d"xut ?kdf ePsf] s;"/ eP ;f] s;"/df ;+nUg cGo AolQmx? jf To:tf] s;"/sf] cfk/flws if8oGq x'g] :yfg b]vfpg,
s;"/ ug{ k|of]u x'g] ;jf/L ;fwg, oGq, pks/0f jf cGo j:t' jf xftxltof/ a/fdb ug{ jf hkmt ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofPsf]
eP lghnfO{ x'g] ;hfodf krf; k|ltzt;Dd 5'6 .
-$_ === ;hfo 5'6sf] dfu bfjL ug{sf] nflu ;DalGwt d'2fsf] ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftaf6 To:tf] cleo'Qmn] To:tf] ;xof]u u/]sf]
s'/f :ki6 ?kdf b]lvg' kg]{5 .
-%_ === b]xfosf s;"/sf ;DaGwdf jf cj:yfdf ;hfodf 5'6 x'g] dfu bfjL ug{ ;lsg] 5}gM
-s_ Psk6s o; bkmf cGtu{tsf] ;'ljwf kfO;s]sf],
-v_ s}b ;hfo kfPsf]df To:tf] s}b e'Qmfg u/]sf] cjlw tLg jif{ k"/f gu/]sf],
-u_ h'g s;"/df cleof]u nufOg] xf] To:t} s;"/df Ps k6s ;hfo kfO;s]sf] .
-^_ === ;hfodf 5'6 kfpg] u/L cleof]ukq bfo/ eO;s]kl5 cleo'Qmn] cbfntdf cg';Gwfg clwsf/L jf ;/sf/L jsLn ;dIf
lbPsf] eGbf km/s aofg lbPdf jf k|lts"n k|df0f lbPdf jf cfk\mgf] s;"/ OGsf/ u/]df jf Goflos sf/afxLdf ;xof]u
gk'¥ofPdf lghn] o; bkmf adf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf kfpg ;Sg] 5}g .
-&_ === -pk/f]Qm adf]lhd ;hfodf 5'6sf] ;'ljwf kfpg g;Sg]_ cj:yfdf ;/sf/L jsLnn] ===k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5'6 ;hfo /2
u/L yk ;hfosf] dfu u/L cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 / To:tf] lgj]bg ;f]xL cleof]u kqsf] cleGg cË x'g]5 . -bkmf
##_
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52
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53
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16
18 d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] klxnf] jif{M ;hfodf 5'6;DaGwL Joj:yfsf]===

b]lvG5 . oL ;+lxtfx¿sf] pk/f]Qm Joj:yfn] ubf{ ;f/jfg ljifodf tyf sfo{ljlwsf ;DaGwdf
km/s Joj:yf u/]sf sfg"gx¿ cfh klg aGg ;S5g\ / sfof{Gjog x'g ;S5g\ .
oL ;+lxtfx¿n] u/]sf] ;hfodf 5'6 ;DaGwL Joj:yf To:tf] Joj:yf eO{ /x]sf plNnlvt
kl5Nnf sfg"gsf k|fjwfg;Fu ldNbf] g} b]lvG5 . ck/fw ;+lxtfdf ;hfo 5'6 lbg ;lsg]
;DaGwdf tLgj6f zt{x¿ /flvPsf] kfOG5 . h'g lgDg 5g\M
x s;"/bf/n] cfk"mn] u/]sf] s;"/ :jLsf/ u/]sf],
x pQm s;"/sf ;DaGwdf k|df0f h'6fpg / To;df ;+nUg cGo cleo'Qm ;d]tnfO{ kqmfp
ug{ cg';GWffgstf{, cleof]Qmf jf cbfntnfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofPsf]Pj+
x pk/f]Qm cj:yfdf ;hfodf 5'6 lbg ;lsg] xb x'g] ;hfosf] krf; k|ltzt;Dd dfq
x'g] .
lgDg cj:yfsf] s;"/bf/n] eg] ;hfodf 5'6 kfpg g;Sg] eGg] Joj:yf o; ;+lxtfdf ul/Psf]
5M
x Ps k6s ;hfo 5'6 kfO;s]sf],
x s}b ;hfo eO{ s}b e'Qmfg u/]sf] tLg jif{ k"/f gu/]sf] /
x ;hfo 5'6 dfu ul/Psf] k|s[lts} s;"/df Ps k6s ;hfo kfO;s]sf] .
o; ;DaGwdf o; ;+lxtfdf km/s / yk Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o; Joj:yf cg';f/ ;hfodf
5'6 lbFbf cleo'Qmn] cg';Gwfg jf k'k{Ifsf] s'g cj:yfdf / s:tf] kl/l:yltdf s;"/ :jLsf/
u/]sf] xf] ;f] s'/fnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o; k|sf/sf] Joj:yf o; cl3 ag]sf
sfg"gdf ul/Psf] lyPg . ;hfodf 5'6 lbg] jf glbg] eGg] clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ d'2f x]g]{
lgsfodf /x]sf ;Gbe{df cleof]Qmfn] ;hfo 5'6sf] bfaL ub}{df d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/Ln] ;hfodf
5'6 lbg} k5{ eGg] dfGotfdf of] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvb}g .
ck/fw ;+lxtfdf ul/Psf] ;hfo 5'6 ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfdf lgDg
¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/L Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5M
x cleo'Qmn] s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]df lghnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd x'g]
;hfodf 5'6 x'g cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] ;/sf/L jsLn ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg]
x pk/f]Qm adf]lhd cg';Gwfg clwsf/Laf6 l;kmfl/; eO{ cfPdf jf cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg
jf ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftaf6 cleo'Qmn] cg';Gwfgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] b]lvPdf
;/sf/L jsLnn] pQm l;kmfl/; jf ;xof]unfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L To:tf] cleo'QmnfO{ x'g]
;hfodf 5'6 lbg k|:tfj u/L zt{ ;lxtsf] dfu bfjL lnO{ cleof]ukq bfo/ ug{ ;Sg]
To;/L ;hfo 5'6sf]] k|:tfj u/L cleof]ukq bfo/ ubf{ ;/sf/L jsLnn] b]xfosf] cj:yfdf
b]xfo adf]lhdsf] 5'6sf]] k|:tfj ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfdf ul/Psf] 5M
x cleo'Qmn] cfk"mn] u/]sf] s;"/ k"0f{ ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/L ;flatL ePdf x'g] ;hfodf
kRrL; k|ltzt;Dd 5'6,

17
d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] klxnf] jif{M ;hfodf 5'6;DaGwL Joj:yfsf]=== 19

x cleo'Qmn] cfk"m ;d]t ;+nUg ePsf] s;"/df ;flat eO{ ;f] s;"/df laleGg x}l;otdf
;+nUg cGo s;"/bf/sf af/]df jf s;"/sf] ;DaGwdf lj:t[t tYo atfpg jf s;"/df
;+nUg AolQmnfO{ kqmfp ug{ jf ;Ël7t jf ;d"xut ¿kdf ePsf] s;"/ eP ;f]
s;"/df ;+nUg cGo JolQmx¿ jf ;f] s;"/sf] cfk/flws if8oGq x'g] :yfg b]vfpg,
s;"/ ug{ k|of]u x'g] ;jf/L ;fwg, oGq, pks/0f jf cGo j:t' jf xftxltof/ a/fdb
ug{ jf hkmt ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofPsf] eP x'g] ;hfodf krf; k|ltzt;Dd 5'6 .
o;afx]s kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfdf ;hfodf 5'6 kfpg] u/L cleof]ukq bfo/ eO;s]kl5
cleo'Qmn] cbfntdf cg';Gwfgsf ;dodf lbPsf] eGbf km/s aofg lbP jf k|lts"n k|df0f
lbP jf cfk\mgf] s;"/ OGsf/ u/] jf Goflos sf/afxLdf ;xof]u gk'¥ofP lghn] ;hfo 5'6sf]
;'ljwf kfpg g;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To;/L ;hfo 5'6sf] ;'ljwf kfpg g;Sg] cj:yfdf
;/sf/L jsLnn] k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5'6 ;hfo /2 u/L yk ;hfosf] dfu u/L cbfntdf lgj]bg
lbg' kg]{ / ;f] lgj]bg ;f]xL cleof]u kqsf] cleGg cË x'g] Joj:yf klg kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw
;+lxtfdf ul/Psf] 5 .
;hfodf 5'6 lbg ;lsg] egL g]kfn sfg"gdf ul/Psf] Joj:yfn] cd]l/sL cEof;df /x]sf] Plea-
bargaining sf] ;du| cjwf/0ff nfO{ ;d]6\g ;Sg] t b]lvFb}g t/, ;a} k|sf/sf s;"/sf] cleof]hg
54

ubf{ nfu" ug{ ;lsg] u/L ;fdfGo sfg"gsf] x}l;otdf /x]sf kmf}hbf/L tk{msf pk/f]Qm b'O{
;+lxtfdf ul/Psf] plNnlvt Joj:yf klxnf] k6s NofOPsf] xf] .
;+lxtfx¿ k|f/De ePkl5 klg ljz]if P]gdf ;hfo 5'6 lbO{ cleof]hg ug]{ Joj:yf /fVg]
cEof;n] lg/Gt/tf kfO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] kl5Nnf] pbfx/0f /fh:j r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg tyf
lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)%@ df o; P]gsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wg P]g, @)&^ af6 yk ul/Psf] Joj:yf xf] . 55

o;df cg';Gwfgsf] sfd sf/afxLdf ;xof]u ug]{ cleo'QmnfO{ cg';Gwfg clws[tn] cfk\mgf]
;fIfLsf] ¿kdf k|:t't u/L k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd lghnfO{ ;hfosf] dfubfaLdf k"0f{ jf
cf+lzs 5'6 lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
%= ;+lxtfx¿df ul/Psf] ;hfo 5'6sf] Joj:yfsf] k|of]usf] bfo/f
kmf}hbf/L tk{msf ;f/jfg tyf sfo{ljlw b'j} ;+lxtfx¿df ljz]if P]gaf6 ljz]if Joj:yf ug{
;lsg] egL elgPsf] s'/f dfly pNn]v eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . pQm Joj:yfsf] ;fy;fy} ck/fw
;+lxtfdf kmf}hbf/L Gofosf ;fdfGo l;4fGtx¿ -kl/R5]b–@_, cfk/flws if8\oGq, pBf]u,
b'?T;fxg / dltof/ -kl/R5]b–#_, s;"/sf] uDeL/tf a9fpg] tyf 36fpg] cj:yfx¿-kl/R5]b–
$_ Pj+ ;hfo / cGTfl/d Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwL Joj:yf -kl/R5]b–%_ eGg] Joj:yf u/L oL
Joj:yfx¿ cGo P]g cGt/utsf s;"/sf ;DaGwdf ;d]t ;fdfGotM nfu" x'g] elgPsf] 5 . 56

o; cfwf/df x]bf{ ;hfo 5'6 ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] k|of]u ;Lldt bfo/fdf dfq x'g ;Sg] xf] egL

54
k"j{ kfb l6Kk0fL ^ g+= k[= # .
55
o; P]gdf /x]sf] Joj:yf lgDg adf]lhd 5M
o; P]g adf]lhdsf] cg';Gwfgsf] sfd sf/afxLdf ;xof]u ug]{ cleo'QmnfO{ cg';Gwfg clws[tn] cfk\mgf] ;fIfLsf] ¿kdf k|:t't
u/L k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd lghnfO{ ;hfosf] dfubfaLdf k"0f{ jf cf+lzs 5'6 lbg ;Sg]5 . t/===-bkmf @#s_
;|f]tM www.moljpa.gov.np/category/P]g÷page/24/-x]l/Psf] ldltM @)&&. !. !)_
56
o; ;+lxtfsf] bkmf $ df /x]sf] pQm Joj:yf o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M
;fdfGo ?kdf nfu" x'g] l;4fGt / Joj:yfx¿ M o; ;+lxtfsf] efu ! sf] kl/R5]b–@, #, $ / % adf]lhdsf l;4fGt / Joj:yfx?
o; ;+lxtf / cGo P]g cGtu{tsf s;"/sf ;DaGwdf ;fdfGotM nfu" x'g] 5g\ .
18
20 d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] klxnf] jif{M ;hfodf 5'6;DaGwL Joj:yfsf]===

dfGbf klg ck/fw ;+lxtfdf pNn]v ePsf s;"/ nufot ;/sf/ jfbL eO{ d'2f rNg] ;a}
k|sf/sf s;"/sf ;DaGwdf o; Joj:yfsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 .
kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfdf /x]sf o; ;+lxtfsf cg';"rL–! / cg';'rL–@ cGtu{tsf s;"/sf]
;DaGwdf ;/sf/L jsLnaf6 cleof]ukq k]z gu/L s'g} AolQm pk/ d'2f rNg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf
-bkmf %@ sf] pkbkmf -%__ tyf o; ;+lxtfsf cg';"rL–! / cg';"rL–@ cGtu{tsf s;"/
;DaGwL d'2fdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ jfbL sfod u/L d'2fsf] sf/afxL rnfOg]5 eGg] Joj:yf -
bkmf %^_ nfO{ x]bf{ ;/sf/ jfbL eO{ d'2f rNg] s;"/nfO{ o; ;+lxtfdf cGo s;"/ -JolQm jfbL
eO{ rNg] kmf}hbf/L d'2f_eGbf km/s 9+un] ;Daf]wg ug{ vf]h]sf] :ki6 b]lvG5 . ;/sf/ jfbL eO{
d'2f rNg] s;"/df cg';Gwfgsf] lhDd]jf/L lbOFbf o; ;+lxtfdf cg';"rL–! cGtu{tsf s;"/sf
;DaGwdf k|x/LnfO{ lbOPsf] 5 eg] / cg';"rL–@ cGtu{tsf s;"/sf ;DaGwsf cGo ;/sf/L
57

clwsf/L jf sfof{nonfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . b'j} ;+lxtfdf ;hfo sd ug]{ dfu bfjL lnO{ s'g} s;"/
58

ljz]ifdf cleof]u kq bfo/ ug{ g;lsg] u/L Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOFb}g . pk/f]Qm cfwf/df x]bf{
;hfodf 5'6sf] Joj:yfsf] k|of]u slDtdf g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL eO{ d'2f rNg] ;a} s;"/x¿df
;dfg ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 .
^= ;+lxtf hf/L ePsf] klxnf] jif{df ;hfodf 5'6sf] Joj:yfsf] k|of]u / To;sf]
ljZn]if0f
cfly{s jif{ )&%÷&^ df ;hfodf 5'6sf] dfu bfaL u/L bfo/ ePsf cleof]ukqsf] ljj/0f
lgDg cg';f/ b]lvG5 M 59

qm=;+= lhNnf ;hfo 5'6 ug]{ bfaL bfo/ ul/Psf s}lkmot

;/sf/L lnO{ bfo/ ul/Psf hDdf
jsLn cleof]ukqsf] ;+Vof cleof]ukqsf]
sfof{no ;+Vof
!= kfFry/ ! !%$ b]ze/Lsf lhNnf
;/sf/L jsLn
@= pbok'/ @ #)&
sfof{noaf6 bfo/
#= ka{t ! !@& ul/Psf hDdf
$= kfNkf ! !%* cleof]ukqx¿sf]
;+VofM @(#((
%= afFs] !# ()*
hDdf !* !^%$
pk/f]Qm tYof+snfO{ k|ltztdf ljZn]if0f ubf{ lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nox¿ dWo] kfFry/af6
bfo/ cleof]ukqsf] )=^$(Ü df dfq, pbok'/af6 bfo/ cleof]ukqsf] )=^%!Ü df dfq,
kj{taf6 bfo/ cleof]ukqsf] )=&*&Ü df dfq, kfNkfaf6 bfo/ cleof]ukqsf] )=^#@Ü df dfq

57
lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nfluM o; ;+lxtfsf bkmf @ -6_, bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -!_ / bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -!_ .
58
lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nfluM o; ;+lxtfsf bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -&_, bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -&_ .
59
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, cfly{s jif{ )&%÷&^, k[ #%& .
;|f]tMhttps://ag.gov.np/storage/postFile/Annual%20Report_075_076_1588577351.pdf -x]l/Psf] ldltM @)&&. @. @$_
19
d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] klxnf] jif{M ;hfodf 5'6;DaGwL Joj:yfsf]=== 21

/ afFs]af6 bfo/ cleof]ukqsf] !=$#!Ü df dfq ;hfo 5'6 ug]{ bfaL lnOPsf] b]lvG5 . kfFr
j6f lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{non] dfq ;hfodf 5'6 lbg] u/L cleof]ukq bfo/ u/]sf]
kfOG5 . of] ;+Vof g]kfnsf lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nosf] ;+Vofsf] ^=$(#Ü dfq xf] .
cfly{s jif{ )&%÷&^ df b]ze/Lsf lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nox¿af6 bfo/ ul/Psf hDdf
cleof]ukqx¿sf] ;+Vof @(#(( /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; ;+Vofsf cfwf/df x]bf{ ;hfodf 5'6sf]
dfubfaL u/L bfo/ ul/Psf cleof]ukqsf] k|ltzt )=)^! dfq x'g cfpF5 .
cleof]hgsf ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug]{ tyf cleof]ukq bfo/ ug]{ lhDdf /x]sf] csf]{ ;/sf/L jsLn
sfof{no ljz]if ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no klg xf] . o; sfof{non] pQm cfly{s jif{df u/]sf]
cleof]hg ;DaGwL lg0f{o ;+Vof j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljifosf d'2f @#* j6f, a}+lsª s;"/ ;DaGwL
d'2f !%*& j6f tyf ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f ;DaGwL d'2f ( j6f b]lvG5 . pQm s'g} d'2fdf klg
;hfo sd ug]{ bfaL lnO{ cleof]hg ;DaGwL lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvb}g . 60

&= ;hfodf 5'6sf] dfubfaL ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] k|of]u gx'g'sf sf/0f

;fdfGo sfg"gdf / ;a} k|sf/sf s;"/df k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] u/L NofOPsf] ;hfodf 5'6sf] dfu
bfaL u/L cleof]hg ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yfsf] k|of]u gx'g' kg]{ sf/0f s] xf]nf eGg] k|Zgsf
;DaGwdf 5nkmn ul/g' cfjZos nfUb5 . ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fusf] lgs} nfdf] ;dosf]
5nkmn / k|of; kl5 d"t{ ¿k lng ;s]sf tyf k|f/De x'g] ldlt eGbf nueu Ps jif{ cufj}
k|df0fLs/0f ePsf oL ;+lxtfx¿df ul/Psf Joj:yfx¿ sfof{Gjogdf cfpg g;Sg' b'Mvb
61

cj:yf xf] eGg] nfU5 .

g]kfnsf cg';Gwfgstf{ k|x/L / cleof]hgstf{ ;/sf/L jsLnx¿sf] bf];|f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng
@)&^62 df dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf tk{maf6 k|:t't tyf ;xGofoflwjQmfsf] g]t[Tjdf
/x]sf] ;d"xaf6 tof/ ul/Psf]d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf / ;'wf/sf
If]qx¿ ljifos sfo{kqdf63 o; ;DaGwdf elgPsf] 5M
æ;hfo 5'6sf] bfaL lng] / ;hfo 5'6 lbg] ;+lxtfsf k|fjwfgx¿sf] cEof;df
cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg clwsf/Laf6 la/n} dfq ;Lldt d'2fdf ;Lldt
cleo'Qmsf xsdf cEof; ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;Lldt d'2fdf o; k|sf/sf]
cEof; ePtf klg ;hfo 5'6sf] bfaL lng] / ;hfo 5'6sf] ;'lawf lbg] b'j}
ljifo ;dGofosf lx;fan] k|of]u x'g g;sL ;d:of b]lvPsf 5g\ . ck/fw
;+lxtfsf] of] k|fjwfgsf] k|of]u g} gx'g] / k|of]u ePsf d'2fsf cleo'Qmsf
xsdf ;xL 9+un] k|of]u gePsf]n] sfg"g sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf r'gf}ltk"0f{
5 .Æ
;f]xL ;Dd]ngdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nos} tk{maf6 k|:t't tyf ;xGofoflwjQmfs} g]t[Tjdf
/x]sf] ;d"xaf6 tof/ ul/Psf] d'ns ' L kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] sfof{Gjogsf]

60
pxL, k[ !^( .
61
oL ;+lxtfx¿ ldlt @)&% efb| ! b]lv k|f/De x'g] u/L ldlt @)&$. ^. #) df k|df0fLs/0f ePsf x'g\ .
62
of] ;Dd]ng @)&^ ;fn k'; $, % / ^ df cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .
63
ljZj/fh sf]O/fnf ;d]t -;+_, g]kfnsf cg';Gwfgstf{ k|x/L / cleof]hgstf{ ;/sf/L jsLnx¿sf] bf];|f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng @)&^
;Dd]ng ljz]iffÍ, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, g]kfn÷ k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no, sf7df8f}F, @)&^ k';, k[i7 !^ b]lv @& ;Dd .
20
22 d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] klxnf] jif{M ;hfodf 5'6;DaGwL Joj:yfsf]===

cj:yf / ;'wf/sf If]qx¿ ljifos sfo{kqdf64 o; ;DaGwdf lgDg cg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf]
kfOG5M
æk|:t't sfg"gL Joj:yfn] cg';Gwfg / sf/afxLdf nfUg] ;do arfpg],
s;"/bf/nfO{ cfk\mgf] s;"/ :jLsf/ u/L ;'lw|g / ;dfhdf k'g:yf{kgf x'g
;xof]u x'g], s;"/df ;+nUg lu/f]x jf d'Vo s;"/bf/ ;Dd k'uL To:tf
s;"/bf/nfO{ sfg"gsf] bfo/fdf NofO{ sfg"g / Joj:yf sfod /fVg ;xof]u
k'Ug] ck]Iff ul/Psf] ePtfklg of] Joj:yfsf] k|of]u sfof{Gjog txdf k|foM
gu0o b]lvG5 . ;hfo 5'6sf] ;f}bfafhLnfO{ Jojxf/df s;/L k|of]u ug]{ <
;f}bfafhLsf] sfo{ljlw s:tf] x'g] <To;df s] s] s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z ug]{ <
-cleo'Qm_ :jfefljs ¿kdf ;flat x'g] jf ;hfodf 5'6 x'g] sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] nfe lng] lx;fan] ;flat x'g] s'/fnfO{ cg';GwfgnfO{ ;3fpg
;flat ePsf] xf] eGg] s;/L 5'6\ofpg] jf ljZn]if0f ug]{ ljifodf :ki6
sfo{ljlw tyf lgb]{lzsfsf] cefj /x]sf] / of] sfg"gL Joj:yfaf6 nfe lng
;lsG5 egL lghL sfg"g Joj;foLn] ;DalGwt cleo'QmnfO{ pko'Qm
lsl;dsf] k/fdz{ lbg] tk{m ;lqmotf gb]lvPsf] cj:yfn] of] sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] k|of]u pT;fxhgs gePsf] cj:yf 5 .Æ
pk/f]Qm ;d:ofsf] ;DaGwdf ;'wf/sf If]q egL lgDg cg';f/ pNn]v ePsf] 5M
æ;fdfGo sfg"gsf] ¿kdf ;+lxtfdf Joj:yf ePsf] of] ljifo sfof{Gjogsf]
;Gbe{df k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;hfo 5'6 bfaLsf] ;f}bfafhLsf ljifo,
If]q, o;sf] ;Ldf / cf}lrTosf] ljifodf k|i6tf gePsf], sfof{Gjogsf]
sfo{ljlw ;'lglZrt gePsf], ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo jf nfeu|fxLdf o;sf]
;~rf/ gePsf], cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgstf{n] o;nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg
pT;'stf gb]vfPsf] ;fy} obfsbf o;sf] k|of]u ePsf] eP tfklg o;
cjwf/0ff / sfg"gsf] k|of]usf] ljZj;gLotfdf z+sf u/L k|ltjfbLn]
cbfntdf k|lts"n aofg lbg] kl/kf6L Jojxf/df b]lvPsf]n] ;hfo 5'6sf]
;f}bfafhLsf] cjwf/0ff, cf}lrTo, cfjZostf, o;sf cfwf/, ;Ldf / Gofo
k|0ffnLdf kfg]{ ;sf/fTds k|efjsf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/Lsf ;fy o;sf]
k|of]usf] nflu cfjZos sfo{ljlw jf lgb]{lzsf lgdf{0f u/L o;sf]
sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;DalGwt ;a} kIfsf] ;sf/fTds kxn cfjZos
b]lvG5 .Æ
*= ;hfodf 5'6sf] dfu bfaL ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] k|of]usf] ;'?jftsf] k|:tfj
cbfntdf s;"/df ;fljt x'g] cleo'Qmn] k"/f ;hfo kfpg] t/ OGsf/ x'g] cleo'Qmn] ;kmfO
kfpg] cj:yf cfpg ;Sg] kl/kf6L slt pko'Qm xf] < cfk\mgf] s;"/ :jLsf/ u/L uNtL :jLsf/
ug]{ / Gofo ;Dkfbgdf ;xof]u ug]{ cleo'Qmn] ;hfodf 5'6 kfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf lsg ug{
g;lsg] < h:tf k|Zgx¿ g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;gsf ;DaGwdf o;sf

64
pxL, k[i7 @* b]lv $& ;Dd .
21
d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] klxnf] jif{M ;hfodf 5'6;DaGwL Joj:yfsf]=== 23

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf aLrdf p7\b} cfPsf lyP . >L ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 st{Jo Hofg d'2f k}m;nf
ubf{sf qmddf cbfntdf klg s;"/ :jLsf/ ug]{ cleo'QmnfO{ ;hfodf 5'6 lbg' k5{ eGg]
dfGotfnfO{ s;"/ ubf{sf] cj:yf / s;"/ kl5sf] cleo'Qmsf] Jojxf/nfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ agfO
c:jLsf/ u/]sf]ckjfbfTds cj:yf65 df afx]s :jLsf/ u/]sf] kfOG566 . log} ljleGg
cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;sf/fTds ;Daf]wg ug{ tyf g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofok|0ffnLnfO{ klg ljZjsf
cGo kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLsf] ;dsIfL t'Nofpgsf nflu kmf}hbf/L tk{msf ;+lxtfx¿df ;hfodf
5'6sf] dfu bfaL ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf]nf eGg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
o; ;DaGwdf kmf}hbf/L tk{msf ;+lxtfdf ul/Psf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ of] lgs}
;/n Joj:yf g} b]lvG5 . kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfdf cg';Gwfgsf ;dodf cfk"mn] u/]sf]
s;"/k"0f{ ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/L ;flat x'g] cleo'QmnfO{ x'g] ;hfodf kRrL; k|ltzt;Dd 5'6
lbg ;lsg] egL ul/Psf] Joj:yfsf] k|of]udf s'g} cndndf kg'{ k5{ h:tf] nfUb}g . To;
;+lxtfdf /x]sf ljleGg zt{nfO{ ljrf/ u/L ;hfodf 5'6 lbg ;lsg] cj:yfsf cleo'QmnfO{
cleof]Qmfn] lbg ;lsg] b]v]sf] 5'6 ;hfodf lbgsf nflu dfu u/Lcleof]ukq bfo/ ubf{
eof] . oBlk ;hfo 5'6sf] dfu bfjL ug{sf] nflu ;DalGwt d'2fsf] ldl;n ;+nUg
sfuhftaf6 To:tf] cleo'Qmn] To:tf] ;xof]u u/]sf] s'/f :ki6 ¿kdf b]lvg' kg]{ eGg] o;
;+lxtfdf Joj:yf /x]sf] sf/0fn] cleof]Qmfn] ;hfo 5'6sf] dfu bfaL hyfefjL ug{ kfpg]
b]lvb}g, t/ kRrL; k|ltzt;Dd ;hfodf 5'6 bfaL lngsf nflu cleo'Qmn] s;"/ k"0f{ ¿kdf
:jLsf/ u/L ;flat ePsf] cj:yf x'g' kof{Kt b]lvG5 . o; ;+lxtfdf ePsf] klxnf]
;+zf]wg67af6 ;hfodf 5'6 lbO{ cleof]ukq btf{ ug{sf nflu cg';Gwfg clwsf/Laf6
l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] x'g' kg]{ Joj:yfnfO{ jfWofTds gagfO{ :jo+ ;/sf/L jsLnn] cg';Gwfg
k|ltj]bg jf ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftaf6 cleo'Qmn] cg';Gwfgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] b]lvPdf ;f]
;xof]unfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L ;hfodf 5'6 lbg k|:tfj u/L cleof]ukq bfo/ ug{ ;Sg]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'Fbf of] Joj:yfsf] k|of]usf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDdf cleof]QmfnfO{ g} lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
o; Joj:yfsf] k|of]u ubf{ x'g] em~em6 eg]sf] cbfntdf d'2f uO{ ;s]kl5 cleo'Qmn] cfk\mgf]
s;"/ OGsf/ u/]dfjf Goflos sf/afxLdf ;xof]u gk'¥ofPdf lgh pk/ k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5'6
;hfo /2 u/L yk ;hfosf] dfu u/L cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg' kg]{ cj:yf cfpg] dfq xf] . h'g

65
d[tsnfO{ dfg]{ k"j{ of]hgf cg';f/ v's'/L h:tf] 3fts xltof/ lnO{ d[tsnfO{ /ftsf] ;dodf PsfGt:yndf nuL 6fpsfdf v's'/L k|xf/
u/L st{Jo u/]sf] / nfznfO{ bafP l5kfPsf] b]lvFbf kqmfp kl5 cg';Gwfg / cbfntdf ;d]t s;"/df ;flat x'Fb}df cbfntL
k|lqmofnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] dfgL ;hfoaf6 pGd'lQm lbg jf 5'6 lbg ldNg] b]lvFb}g .— g] sf k @)&@, lg g+ (#($, c+ % .
66
cleo'Qmsf] pd]/ !( jif{ dfq b]lvPsf] / lghn] cbfntdf ;To s'/f u/L ck/fw u/]df ;fljt ePsf] s'/fnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ ck/fw
u/]sf] kl/l:ylt ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ ul/Pdf ;j{Zj;lxt hGds}bsf] ;hfo ubf{ rsf]{ kg]{ tyf s}b jif{ !% ;hfo ubf{ k'Ug] b]lvPsf]n]
k|ltjfbLnfO{ c= a+= !** g+= k|of]u u/L jif{ !% dfq ;hfo x'g] — g] sf k @)$*, lg g+ $#^(, c+ (, !) .
s;"/ u/] tfklg cg';Gwfg / cbfntdf ;d]t s;"/df ;fljt eO{ cbfntL k|lqmofnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] OdfGbf/ ck/fwL / ck/fw
u/]/ klg clGtd ;Dd cfk\mgf] ck/fw n'sfO{ ;hfoaf6 pDsg rfxg] ck/fwLnfO{ Pp6} t/fh'df /fvL ;dfg ;hfo tf]lsg' Gofo /
sfg"gsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 pko'St x'Fb}g . o:tf b'j} k|s[ltsf ck/fwLnfO{ ;dfg ;hfo tf]Sg] xf] eg] eljiodf s;"/df ;fljt eO{ Goflos
k|lqmofdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] k|j[lQdf lg?T;fxg x'g hfg] / ck/fw :jLsfg]{ k|j[lQdf klg gsf/fTds c;/ x'g] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt oL
;a} tYonfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't d'2fdf k|ltjfbLnfO{===k"/} ;j{:j;lxt hGds}bsf] ;hfo ubf{ rsf]{ kg{ hfg] b]lvPsf]n] c= a+= !** g+=
adf]lhd===!) jif{ s}b ;hfo x'g] 7x5{ .— g] sf k @)^&, lg g+ *@(&, c+ ! .
k|ltjfbLn] pQm 36gfnfO{ gn'sfO{ cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg tyf cbfntnfO{ ;xof]u ;d]t u/]sf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ sfg"g
adf]lhd Hofg ;DaGwLsf] dxnsf] !# -#_ g+= adf]lhd ;j{:j ;lxt hGds}bsf] ;hfo ubf{ rsf]{ kg]{ eO{ lghnfO{ !) jif{ s}b ;hfo
ug{ dgfl;a b]vL c= a+= !** g+= adf]lhd===JoQm ePsf] /fo d'gfl;a g} b]lvG5 . — g] sf k @)&#, lg g+ (%#&, c+ ! .
67
of] ;+zf]wg ldlt @)&^. !. @ b]lv k|f/De ePsf] xf]] .
22
24 d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] klxnf] jif{M ;hfodf 5'6;DaGwL Joj:yfsf]===

lgj]bg ;se/ To; cleo'Qmsf ;DaGwdf y'g5]s cfb]z x'g'eGbf klxn] lbOg' k5{68 .
;hfodf kRrL; k|ltzt 5'6 ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] k|of]u geO{ /x]sf] ;dodf krf; k|ltzt
5'6 ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] k|of]usf ;DaGwdf k|:tfj ug'{ xtf/ u/]sf] g} dflgPnf .
(= cbfntsf] e"ldsfsf ;DaGwdf ;fgf] ljZn]if0f
cleof]Qmfaf6 ;hfo sd ug]{ dfu bfjL lnO{ cleof]ukq bfo/ ePsf] cj:yfdf cbfntn]
cleo'QmnfO{ s;"/bf/ 7x/ u/L k}m;nf u/]sf cj:yfdf ;hfo ubf{ cleof]ukqdf lnOPsf]
5'6sf] dfubfaL adf]lhdsf] 5'6 lbO{ k}m;nf ug'{ kg]{69 elgPsf] eP klg ck/fw ;+lxtfdf
;hfodf 5'6 lbFbf cleo'Qmn] cg';Gwfg jf k'k{Ifsf] s'g cj:yfdf s;"/ :jLsf/ u/]sf] xf] /
s:tf] kl/l:yltdf To:tf] s;"/ :jLsf/ u/]sf] xf] To:tf] s'/fnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{5 eGg]
Joj:yf /x]sf] x'Fbf cbfntn] ;hfodf 5'6 lbFbf To:tf] s'/fnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .
o; ;DaGwdf cd]l/sL cEof;nfO{ x]bf{ ;hfodf 5'6 lbg] ljifo cleof]Qmf / cleo'Qm -p;sf]
k|lt/IfL sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ;xof]udf_sf aLrsf] ;demf}tf xf] o;df GofofwLzsf] e"ldsfnfO{
lgif]w ul/Psf] x'G570 . GofofwLzn] pQm ;demf}tfnfO{ :jLsf/ jf c:jLsf/ h] klg ug{
;S571 . ck/fw ;+lxtfdf /x]sf] pk/f]Qm k|fjwfg s]xL xb;Dd oxL cd]l/sL dfGotfsf] glhs
5 h:tf] nfU5 . kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] bkmf !@# sf] pkbkmf -!_ df /x]sf tTsfn
k}m;nf ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yfsf] k|ltaGwfTds k|fjwfg72n] klg o; s'/fnfO{ k'li6 u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
o; Joj:yfn] t cleo'Qmn] cf/f]lkt s;"/df ;fljt eP/ klg ;hfodf 5'6 jf sdL x'g' kg]{
lhls/ lng ;Sg] s'/fnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] 5 . t/, Pshgf dfq k|ltjfbL ePsf] d'2fdf
k|ltjfbLn] cf/f]lkt s;"/df ;fljt eO{ ;hfodf 5'6 jf sdL x'g'kg]{ lhls/ glnPsf]
cj:yfdf cleof]ukq dfubfaL adf]lhdsf] ;hfodf 5'6 lbO{ tTsfn} k}m;nf ug{nfO{ o;
sfg"gL Joj:yfn] afwf kg]{ b]lvFb}g .
!)= ;hfodf 5'6sf] dfubfaL ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] k|of]udf cfpg ;Sg] ;d:of
o; Joj:yfsf] k|of]udf s'g} s;"/nfO{ afx]s ul/Psf] b]lvFb}g . ck/fw ;+lxtfdf ;hfosf]
Joj:yf ul/Fbf b'O{ k|sf/sf hGd s}bsf] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] kfOG5 . To;df klxnf] xf]M s;"/bf/
hLljt /x];Dd s}b ug{' kg]{ hGd s}b73 -bkmf $!_ / bf];|f] xf]M hGds}b74 -bkmf $@_ . bf];|f]

68
lgod !*, d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)&% ;|f]tM http://supremecourt.gov.np/web/legalmaterials-x]l/Psf] ldltM @)&&.
#. !(_
69
lgod !(, pxL .
70
k"j{ kfb l6Kk0fL g+= ^, k[ % .
71
pxL, k[ ^ .
72
cleo'Qmn] s;"/ :jLsf/ u/] d'2fsf] k}m;nf tTsfn ug'{ kg]{ M -!_ s'g} cleo'Qmn] lgh pk/ nfu]sf] s;"/sf] cf/f]k :jLsf/ u/L
cbfntdf ;fljtL aofg u/]df cbfntn] To:tf] aofgsf] ;Totf / ljZj;gLotfnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L tTsfn pQm d'2fsf] k}m;nf
ug{ ;Sg]5 . t/, – -s_ cleo'Qmn] To:tf] ;fljtL aofg u/] tfklg ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0f, s;"/ ubf{sf] kl/l:ylt jf cGo s'g}
s'/fn] lghsf] ;fljtL ;fFrf] xf]Og eGg] ljZjf; x'g] s'g} sf/0f ePdf cbfntn] o; bkmf adf]lhd d'2f k}m;nf gu/L sf/0f
;lxtsf] cfb]z krf{ v8f u/L d'2fdf yk k|df0f a'emg cfb]z lbg'kg]{5, -v_ cf/f]lkt s;"/df ;fljtL ePsf] cleo'Qmn] ;hfodf
5'6 jf sdL x'g' kg]{ lhsL/ lnPdf To; ;DaGwL ;a} s'/f v'nfO{ lghsf] aofg lnO{ tt\;DaGwL k|df0f a'e\mg k5{ .
73
hGd s}b x'g] M o; P]gdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg b]xfosf] s'g} s;"/ ug{] s;"/bf/nfO{ hGds}bsf] ;hfo ubf{
To:tf] s;"/bf/ hLljt /x];Dd s}b ug{' kg{]5 M– -s_ qm"/ oftgf lbO{ jf lgd{dtfk"j{s Hofg df/]sf], -v_ jfo'ofg ckx/0f u/L jf
jfo'ofg ljikmf]6 u/L Hofg df/]sf], -u_ ckx/0f u/L jf z/L/aGws lnO{ Hofg df/]sf], -3_ ;fj{hlgs ?kdf pkef]u x'g] k]o jf
vfB kbfy{df ljif xfnL Hofg df/]sf], -ª_ s'g} hft, hflt jf ;Dk|bfosf] cl:tTj g} ljgfz ug]{ hfltxTof -h]gf];fO8_ u/]sf] jf
ug]{ p2]Zon] s;"/ u/]sf] jf -r_ hjh{:tL s/0fL u/L Hofg df/]sf]. -bkmf $!_ .
23
d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] klxnf] jif{M ;hfodf 5'6;DaGwL Joj:yfsf]=== 25

k|sf/sf] hGd s}bsf] u0fgf ubf{ kRrL; jif{ s}b ;hfo x'g] u/L ug{' kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf]n]
o;df dfubfaL cg';f/sf] ;hfo 5'6 lbg] u/L k}m;nf ubf{ ;d:of kg]{ b]lvb}g t/ klxnf]
k|sf/sf] hGd s}bdf of] Joj:yf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] b]lvFb}g . o;afx]s o; Joj:yfsf] k|of]udf
;d:of kg]{ cGo s'g} klg cj:yf b]lvFb}g .
s] cj:yf cg';f/ klxnf] k|sf/sf] hGd s}bdf ;hfo 5'6 lbOPsf] kl/0ffd :j¿k s;"/bf/n]
ef]Ug' kg]{ ;hfo bf];|f] k|sf/sf] hGd s}b x'g ;Snf <
!!= ;hfodf 5'6sf] dfu bfaL ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] k|of]usf ;DaGwdf ljsNk
kRrL; jif{ klxn] ljz]if sfg"gdf klxnf] k6s /fv]/ ;'? ul/Psf] ;hfo 5'6sf] dfu bfaL
;DaGwL Joj:yf kRrL; jif{ kl5 ;fdfGo sfg"gdf g} /fVbf klg ;xh 9ª\udf k|of]u ug{
;s]sf] b]lvPg . kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfdf ;'?df ;hfodf 5'6 lbg k|:tfj u/L cleof]u
dfubfaL lngsf nflu cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] ;hfodf 5'6 x'gsf nflu l;kmfl/; ug'{ kg]{ sfg"gL
Joj:yf /x]sf]df o; ;+lxtfdf ePsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wgaf6 cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] ;hfodf 5'6
x'gsf nflu l;kmfl/; gu/]sf] cj:yfdf klg cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg jf ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftaf6
cleo'Qmn] cg';Gwfgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] b]lvPdf o:tf] ;xof]unfO{ ljrf/ u/L ;hfodf 5'6sf]
bfjL lnO{ cleof]ukq bfo/ ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf /flvof] . o; ;+zf]wgn] ;hfodf 5'6sf] bfjL lnO{
cleof]ukq bfo/ ug{] ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ lbP klg o; Joj:yfsf] k|of]usf
;DaGwdf kl/0ffd km/s /x\of] eGg ;lsg] cfwf/ b]lvFb}g .
sfo{ljlw sfg"gdf /x]sf Joj:yf k|of]udf cfpFb}gg\ eg] cfnª\sfl/s k|of]hgsf nflu sfg"gdf
/flv/xg'sf] s'g} cf}lrTo /xFb}g . ;+;f/sf cGo d'n'ssf kmf}hbf/L sfg"gdf /x] ;/xsf Joj:yf
xfd|f] sfg"gdf klg 5g\ t/ ltgnfO{ k|of]u ug{ eg] ;lsPsf] 5}g eGb} k|:t't x'g' kg]{ cj:yfn]
kSs} klg xfd|f] OHht a9fpFb}g . t;y{, cfk"m ;dIf s;"/df ;flat x'g] cleo'Qm s] s;/L
;flat ePsf] 5 < p;sf] ;flatL ;hfodf 5'6 lbO{ cleof]ukq bfo/ x'g] cj:yfsf] xf] xf]Og <
eGg] s'/f g} 5'6\ofpg ck/fw cg';Gwfg ug]{ tyf cleof]hg ug]{ clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ ufx|f] kg]{
cj:yf xf] eg] o; k|s[ltsf sfg"gL Joj:yf k|rlnt sfg"gaf6 xfnnfO{ x6fO{ pk/f]Qm k|Zgsf]
hafkm v'6\ofpg ;Sg] hgzlQmsf] pknAwtf ePkl5 o; k|sf/sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/g'
pko'Qm xf]nf eGg] nfU5 .
!@= ;fdfGo sfg"gsf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g] u/L ljz]if sfg"g aGg'sf] cf}lrTo
;+lxtfx¿ k|f/De eP kl5 /fh:j r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg tyf lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)%@ df @)&^
;fndf klxnf] ;+zf]wg u/L cg';Gwfgsf] sfd sf/afxLdf ;xof]u ug]{ cleo'QmnfO{ cg';Gwfg
clws[tn] cfk\mgf] ;fIfLsf] ¿kdf k|:t't u/L k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd lghnfO{ ;hfosf]
dfubfaLdf k"0f{ jf cf+lzs 5'6 lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;fdfGo sfg"gdf g} ;hfodf
5'6 lbO{ cleof]u bfo/ ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf eO{ /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;fdfGo sfg"geGbf km/s Joj:yf
gu/L k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd 5'6 lbg] egL ljz]if sfg"gdf Joj:yf ug'{sf] s'g} cy{ b]lvFb}g .

74
hGDf s}bsf] u0fgfM bkmf $! df plNnlvt cj:yfdf afx]s hGd s}bsf] ;hfo u0fgf ubf{ kRrL; jif{ s}b ;hfo x'g] u/L u0fgf
ug{' kg{]5 . -bkmf $@_ .

24
26 d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] klxnf] jif{M ;hfodf 5'6;DaGwL Joj:yfsf]===

!#= pk;+xf/
cleo'QmnfO{ ;hfodf 5'6 lbO{ cleof]hg ug]{ Joj:yf xfd|f] cfk\mg} gofF vf]h x}g . ;+o'Qm /fHo
cd]l/sfsf clwsf+z /fHo tyf ;+3df ;d]t cToflws k|of]u ul/Psf] of] Joj:yf ;+;f/sf
ljsl;t elgPsf ljleGg k|sf/sf sfg"g k|0ffnL cf cfk\mg} 9ª\udf k|of]u ul/Fb} cfOPsf] 5 .
To;} Joj:yfnfO{ cfk\mg} tl/sfn] xfd|f] sfg"g k|0ffnLdf leq\ofPsf] ;Dd xf] . sfg"gdf tf]lsPsf]
Joj:yf cg';f/ g]kfnsf cbfntn] klg s;"/df ;flat x'g] cleo'QmnfO{ ;hfodf 5'6 lbg]
cEof; ul/cfPsf] kfOG5 . ;+lxtf k|f/De x'g'eGbf klxn] st{Jo Hofgsf] s;"/sf cleo'Qmsf
xsdf dfq k|of]u ul/Psf] of] Joj:yf ;+lxtf k|f/De ePkl5 hGd s}bsf] ;hfo ug'{ kg]{ d'2fsf
xsdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] ePsf] 575 . o; k|lqmofn] d'2f km5\of}{6df ;xhtf NofpF5 eGg]
s'/fnfO{ o;sf k|of]ustf{x¿n] :jLsf/L cfPsf 5g\ . s;"/ :jLsf/ ug]{ cleo'Qmsf xsdf
;'wf/sf] df}sf klg k|fKt x'G5 eGg] dfGotf klg /flvPsf] kfOG5 . xfd|f] cEof;sf qmddf o;sf
gsf/fTds k|efj dfq b]lvPsf cj:yfdf k'glj{rf/ u/f}Fnf xfnnfO{ ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf
;dodf cleo'Qmn] u/]sf] ;xof]usf cfwf/df o; Joj:yfsf] OdfGbf/ k|of]u ug]{ k|of; ul/g'
pko'Qm xf]nf eGg] nfU5 .

YZ

75
d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ bkmf !$%===
-!s_ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd hGd s}b ug{'kg]{ d'2fsf] cleo'Qmn] s;"/ u/]sf] s'/fdf cbfntdf ;flat ePsf]df To:tf] s;"/
ubf{sf] kl/l:yltnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ hGd s}bsf] ;hfo ug{' Gofosf] /f]xdf a9L kg]{ eO{ GofofwLzn] sf/0f;lxt 36L ;hfosf] k|:tfj
u/L /fo;lxt km};nf u/]sf]df To;/L km};nf ePsf] ldltn] k}+tL; lbg leq ldl;n ;lxt k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] cbfntdf /fo k]z ug{'
kg]{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!s_ adf]lhd /fo k]z ePsf]df k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] cbfntn] To;/L ul/Psf] 36L ;hfonfO{ ;b/ u/]sf]df ;jf]{Rr
cbfntdf /fo k]z ug{' kg]{5 .
25
km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkg / o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf 27

jif{ #, c° !

g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLM

l;4fGt / Jojxf/

# 8f= lbjfs/ e§i

!= kl/ro
/fHo ;+oGqsf] d"n clek|fo ;dfhdf sfg"g nfu" u/L bf]ifL jf ck/fwLnfO{ ;hfo ug{' /
kLl8tnfO{ Gofo k|bfg ug{' xf] . kmf}hbf/L sfg"g tyf Gofosf] d"ne"t p2]Zo bf]ifLnfO{ ;hfo
ug{' jf lgbf]{ifnfO{ ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{' xf] . kmf}hbf/L Gofon] ck/fwx¿nfO{ ;dfh lj/f]wL jf
;fdflhs zflGt ;'Joj:yfdf r'gf}tL l;h{gf ug]{ sf/s tTjsf] ¿kdf lnPsf] x'G5 . cleo'Qm
jf bf]ifLnfO{ cbfnt jf Gofosf] s73/f;Dd k'¥ofpg] b'O{ j6f df]8]nx¿ 5g\ . tL x'g\
cleof]hgfTds k|0ffnL / cGj]if0ffTds k|0ffnL x'g\ . oL b'j} k|0ffnLdf vf;u/L Gofo
k|zf;gsf ;Gbe{df cf–cfkm\g} lgodx¿ :yflkt 5g\ . tyflk b'j} k|0ffnLn] bf]ifLnfO{ ;hfo
lbg' / lgbf]{ifnfO{ ck/fw tyf ck/fwLaf6 ;'/Iff k|bfg u/L plrt Ifltk"lt{ lbnfpg' g} xf] .
To;tkm{ kmf}hbf/L Gofosf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ k|x/L jf cg';Gwfgstf{, cleof]hgstf{, cbfnt,
k|lt/IfL sfg"g Joj;foL / gful/s ;dfhn] ;d]t sfo{ ug{' kb{5 elgG5 . cGj]if0ffTds /
cleof]hgfTds k|0ffnLdf cg';Gwfgstf{, cleof]hgstf{ / cbfntsf] lhDd]jf/L, cGt/;DaGw
/ ;+nUgtf s'g k|sf/sf] /xG5 . To:tf] ;+nUgtfsf] b[li6af6 x]bf{ g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo
k|0ffnLsf] klxrfg s'g ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 eGg] nufotsf oL b'j} k|0ffnLsf ljz]iftf, u'0f /
bf]ifx¿nfO{ ;'Id ¿kdf o; n]vdf ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
@= kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] ;fdfGo k|0ffnL l;4fGt
kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;gsf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿sf aLr qmdfut ¿kdf ulx/f] / glhssf]
;DaGw /xG5 / x'g' kb{5 . To;}n] elgG5 klg Pp6f lgsfosf] Oupt csf]{ lgsfosf] nflu
Input x'g k'Ub5 . lsgsL kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnL ;}4flGts ¿kdf s'g} k|0ffnLdf cfwffl/t
geO{ o;sf] cfkm\g} ;dfGo k|0ffnLut l;4fGt -General System Theory of Criminal Justice)
/x]sf] 5 . kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] ;fdfGo k|0ffnLsf] dfGotf cg';f/ o; leqsf ;a} ;xofqLx¿
l7s l7s cj:yfdf /xL sfo{/t /xg' kb{5 eGg] xf] . o; k|0ffnLn] cfut / lgutsf] -Input
and Output_ b[li6sf]0faf6 k|x/L jf cg';Gwfgstf{n] d'2fdf u/]sf] cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg /
Gofo lg/f]k0fsf] sfo{nfO{ x]l/g' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . o;s|ddf cg';Gwfgstf{n] u/]sf]

i
dfggLo GofofwLz, pRr cbfnt, kf6g
26
28 g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLM l;4fGt / Jojxf/

sfo{ ;/sf/L jsLnsf nflu Input xf] eg] :jo+ k|x/Lsf Output nflu xf] . To;}u/L ;/sf/L
jsLnn] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfo{ Output cbfntsf nflu Input xf] . t;y{ ha;Dd Input /fdf]
x'Fb}g, ta;Dd /fd|f] Output sf] sNkgf ug{ ;lsFb}g\ . csf]{ zAbdf eGg' kbf{ kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf
x'g] ck/fwsf] j}1flgs jf k|efjsf/L cg';Gwfgn] dfq ;kmn cleof]hg / lgikIf Gofo
lg/f]k0f x'g ;Sb5 . cGoyf d'2f cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / Gofo lg/f]k0fsf] sfo{ a9L
cf}krfl/s / k|s[ofd'vL aGg k'uL Gofo k|fKt ug]{ s'/f uf}0f aGg hfG5 . d'2fdf Gofo kg{
g;Sg' eg]sf] d'n'sn] cjnDag u/]sf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnL leq sxLF g sxLF ;DalGwt
;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfon] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{ / lhDd]jf/ axg ug]{ ;Gbe{df k|0ffnLut sdL
sdhf]/L 5g\ egL a'‰g' kb{5 . kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf x'g] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg Ps cfk;df
cGt/lge{/ / cGt/;DalGwt kIfx¿ x'g\ . s'g} Pssf] ck"0f{tf / c:j:ytfn] csf]{ lgsfosf]
;kmntfnfO{ k|efljt u/]sf] x'G5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo cleof]Qmfx¿sf] e"ldsf ;DaGwL
1

dfu{bz{g -Un Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors, 1990_ sf] wf/f @) n] lgikIf /
k|efjsf/L cleof]hgsf nflu cleof]hgn] k|x/L, cbfnt, sfg"g Joj;foL, ;fj{hlgs k|lt/IfL
/ ;/sf/sf c? lgsfo jf ;+:yfx¿sf] ;DaGw ljsf; ug{'kg]{ eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 Œ 2

To;}u/L cleof]hgstf{ lgikIf, :jtGq / j:t'lgi7 x'g' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf ;d]t /xL cfPsf]
5-Prosecutors must be fair, independent and objective_. 3

o;} ;DaGwdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo cleof]Qmfx¿sf] e"ldsf ;DaGwL dfu{bz{g -Un Guidelines on
the Role of Prosecutors) wf/f !! n] :yfgLo cEof;x¿;Fu d]n vfg] u/L sfg"gn] clwsf/
k|bfg u/]sf] xb;Dd cg';Gwfg sfo{df ;lqmo e"ldsf v]Ng] / cg';Gwfgsf] j}wtfsf nflu
;'kl/j]If0f ug{ kfpg] / ;fj{hlgs xs lxtsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;Sg] / cbfntaf6 ePsf
km};nfsf] sfof{Gjog eP gePsf] ;'kl/j]If0f ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ cleof]QmfnfO{ x'g] Joj:yf
5elg cleof]hgsf] cg';Gwfgdf ;+nUgtfsf] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 . olt dfq} geO{ ;/sf/ 4

kIf x'g] jf ;fj{hlgs xs lxt jf ;/f]sf/sf d'2fdf cleof]hgsf] uxg lhDd]jf/L af]]s]sf]
lgsfo cleof]hgn] s;"/df ;+nUg JolSt pk/ cleof]hg ul/g' kb{5 / lgbf]{if JolStn]
cgfjZos ¿kdf b'Mv / x}/fgL Joxf]g'{ gk/f];\ egL cleof]hgsTff{n] x]Ssf /fVg' kb{5 eGg]
dfGotf ;d]t /xL cfPsf] 5 -It is the duty of prosecutors to make sure that the right person
is prosecuted for the right offence and to bring offenders to justice wherever possible_ . 5

To;} u/L d'2fdf ;/sf/L jsLnn] lbg] lg0f{o :jR5, lgikIf / OdfGbf/Lk"j{s u/L kLl8t ;fIfL,
k|ltjfbL / ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ Gofosf] ;'lglZrttf ul/g' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . Tolt dfq}
geO{ cleof]hgstf{n] sfg"gsf] oyf]lrt kl/kfngf x'g' kb{5 / ;Da4 / ;fGble{s
k|df0fx¿dfq cbftn ;dIf /flvg' kb{5 / ;f]sf] kf/blz{tf ;'lglZrt ul/g' kg]{ s'/fdf
cleof]hgstf{sf] dfu{bz{gn] hf]8 lbPsf] 5 (Casework decisions taken fairly, impartially
and with integrity help to secure justice for victims, witnesses, defendants and the public.

1
9f= o'j/fh ;+u|f]nf, g]kfnL kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLM gofF ljw]osx¿sf] ;Gbe{ / k4ltut ljZn]if0faf6 lgM;[t lgisif{x¿, kmf}hbf/L
Gofo k|0ffnL sfg"gzf:q, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, -@)^(_ k]h $!-$@ .
2
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo cleof]Qmfx¿sf] e"ldsf ;DaGwL dfu{bz{g !(() sf] wf/f @) .
3
pxL wf/f @@ .
4
pxL wf/f !! .
5
pxL wf/f !$ .
27
g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLM l;4fGt / Jojxf/ 29
Prosecutors must ensure that the law is properly applied; that relevant evidence is put
before the court; and that obligations of disclosure are complied with).

kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnL leq ck/fw cg';Gwfg ug]{ k|x/L / cleof]hg ug]{ ;/sf/L jsLnsf]
;DaGwsf af/]df Code of Crown Prosecutor sf] lgod #.@ n] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . ;f] Joj:yf
x]bf{ k|x/L / cGo cg';Gwfg ug]{n] 3l6t ePsf] ck/fwsf ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg ug]{ / ;f]sf
nflu cfkm";Fu ePsf] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] s;/L v6gk6g ug]{ s'/fdf lhDd]jf/ x'g' kb{5 elgPsf]
5 . o;sf ;fy} pQm s'/fn] cg';Gwfg hf/L /fVg] g/fVg] / cg';Gwfgsf] If]q ;d]t ;d]6\b5 .
To;}u/L cleof]hg jf k|x/LnfO{ sfg"gL k|Zgsf ljifodf jf k|df0f ;+sngsf ljifodf
cg';Gwfgsf ;+efJo z'qx¿ jf k|df0fsf] clgjfo{tfsf ljifodf /fo ;Nnfx lbg ;Sg]5 eGg]
dfGotf /flvPsf] 5\ . o;sf ;fy} cleof]hgstf{n] k|x/L / cGo cg';Gwfg clwsf/LnfO{
plrt ;do leq cg';Gwfg ;DkGg / cleof]hgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu
cg';GwfgnfO{ lgb]{zg lbOg]5 eGg] s'/fdf ;d]t hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . o;/L cleof]hgstf{sf]
6

e"ldsf / Jofj;flos cfr/0f ;DaGwL lgodx¿n] cg';Gwfgdf cleof]hgsf] ;'kl/j]If0f /

;xof]usf] ck]Iff ug'{sf ;fy} :jR5 lgikIf / j:t'lgi7 cleof]hgsf] dfGotfdf ;d]t hf]8
lbPsf] 5 . Tof] g} kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] ;fdfGo k|0ffnLut cjwf/0ff xf] .
#= cGj]if0ffTds k|0ffnL / o;sf cfwf/e"t kIfx¿
of] k|0ffnL vf;u/L /f]dg tyf hd{g sfg"g k|0ffnL jf dxflåkLo sfg"g k|0ffnL ckgfpg]
b]zx¿ h:t}M k|mfG;, O6fnL, hd{gL, kf]r{'un, u|L;, OG8f]g]l;of cflb b]zx¿df k|rgngdf 5 .
cGj]if0ffTds k|0ffnLdf Gofo ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ cleof]Qmf, k|x/L, k|lt/IfL sfg"g Joj;foL
jf Gofosf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xsfo{sf] pkh dflgG5 . ck/fw cg';Gwfg, k|df0fsf] ;+sng,
cleof]hg, ;fIfL k/LIf0fdf cbfntsf] ;lqmo e"ldsf /xg'sf ;fy} Gofosf] ds;b k"/f x'g] xf]
eg] ;fgfltgf q'l6x¿sf] pk]Iff ug]{ s'/fnfO{ cGoyf dflgGg . cbfntsf tkm{af6 vl6g]
k|x/Lx¿n] (Judicial Police) GofofwLz jf cleof]hgstf{sf] lgb]{zgdf cg';Gwfg ;DkGg u/L
cleof]hg dfkm{t cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ub{5g\ / bfo/ ul/Psf] d'2f cbfntn] rfx]df h'g;s}
cj:yfdf klg cGTo x'g ;Sb5 .
s'g} JolQm bf]ifL xf] xf]Og egL s;"/ k'li6 eO{ ;s]kl5 cfˆgf] lgbf]{liftfsf] k|df0f cleo'Qmn]
k]z ug{' kb{5 . cleo'Qmn] Gofo;Dkfbgsf] sfo{df cleof]Qmf jf cbfntnfO{ ;xof]u ug{' kg]{
x'G5 . cbfntsf] sfo{ d'2fdf cleo'QmnfO{ ;hfo ug{' eGbf klg d"ne"t ¿kdf ;To kQf
nufpg'df s]lGb«t x'G5 . To;}n] cleo'Qmsf tkm{af6 sltko cj:yfdf sfg"gL k|ltlglwTjnfO{
uf}0f dflgG5 . cleo'QmnfO{ cfˆgf] aofg lbFbf r'k nfUg] clwsf/ 5}g . Gofo ;Dkfbgsf nflu
lhDd]jf/ lgsfox¿ cbfnt, cleof]hg, k|x/L / k|lt/IfL sfg"g Joj;foLn] ;Tosf] vf]hL jf
:yfkgfsf nflu (Seeking Truth) cbfntnfO{ ;xof]u ug{' kg]{ st{Jo dflgG5 . cleo'Qmn]
;d]t Gofo k|flKtsf nflu cbfntnfO{ ;xof]u ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . o; k|0ffnLsf] sdL sdhf]/L
x]bf{ o;df cbfntsf] ;lqmo e"ldsfn] cbfnt s'g} kIf k|lt k"jf{u|xL ePsf] 5 ls egL z+sf
ul/G5 . ;Tosf] vf]hLsf] qmddf cleo'Qmsf sltko clwsf/ dfly g} r'gf}tL v8f x'g hfG5 .
sfg"gsf] ;jf]{Rrtf, sfg"gsf] ;dfg k|of]u / :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf] dfGotfsf] ljkl/t Gofo;Dkfbg
6
x]g'{ xf];\ sf]8 ckm s|fpg k|f]l;So'6/ -@^ cS6'j/ @)!*_ lgod #.@ .
28
30 g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLM l;4fGt / Jojxf/

ePsf] xf] sL egL o; k|0ffnLsf] cfnf]rgf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . cleo'Qmn] cfˆgf] lj?4 af]Ng' kg]{
x'gfn] p;sf] uf]kgLotfsf] clwsf/ dfly g} r'gf}tL l;h{gf x'g hfG5 . cleof]hg / k|x/Lsf]
clwsf/sf] k|of]u ;Gbe{df leGgleGg sfg"g eP klg clwsf/ If]qsf] pNn+3g x'g] cj:yf
/xG5 . o;/L cGj]if0ffTds k|0ffnLsf klg ;an / b'j{n kIfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . 7

$= cleof]hgfTds k|0ffnL / o;sf cfwf/e"t kIfx¿

cleof]hgfTds k|0ffnL vf;u/L cd]l/sf, a]nfot, ci6«]lnof, ef/t / cGo sdgj]Ny
d'n'sx¿df k|rngdf 5 . o; k|0ffnLdf cbfntsf] e"ldsf v]nsf] /]k|mL jf cDkfo/sf] ¿kdf
/xG5 . o; k|0ffnLdf jfbL k|ltjfbLsf] aofg / askqsf qmddf lghx¿sf tkm{sf sfg"g
Joj;foLx¿sf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /xG5 . of] k|0ffnLdf sfg"gsf] plrt k|s[of -Due Process_ /
kIfx¿ aLrsf] ;dfg Jojxf/nfO{ s]G› laGb'df /fvL Gofo;Dkfbg ul/G5 . k|x/L /
cleof]hgstf{ tyf cbfntn] cfˆgf] sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ sfg"gsf] plrt k|s[ofsf] k"0f{ ¿kdf
kfngf ub{5g\ . cbfntn] Gofo;Dkfbg ubf{ k|x/L tyf cleof]hgstf{n] sfg"gsf] plrt
k|s[of kfngf u/] gu/]sf] d"NofÍg ub{5 . cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgn] cleo'Qmsf kmf}hbf/L
Gofo ;DaGwL xssf] ;+/If0fdf plrt Wofg lbP glbPsf] tkm{ hf]8 lbO{ d'2fsf] sf/jfxLnfO{
cufl8 a9fpF5 . Gofo;Dkfbgsf] ;Gbe{df cbfntsf] t6:y e"ldsfn] Gofo;DkfbgnfO{ ;xh
agfpg d2t u/]sf] x'G5 . cleof]hgfTds k|0ffnLdf cleo'Qmsf] r'k nfUg] clwsf/nfO{
cbfntn] ;+/If0f ug{df ;r]t /xG5 . k|x/Ln] cg';Gwfgsf qmddf cleo'Qmaf6 ;xof]u k|fKt
ug{ ;Sb}g\ . cleof]hgn] z+sf/lxt tj/n] cleo'Qm pk/ nufPsf] s;"/bf/ k'li6 ug{' kb{5 .
cleof]hgfTds k|0ffnLdf sfg"gsf] ;jf]{Rrtf, :jR5 ;'g'jfO / uf]kgLotfsf] clwsf/sf] plrt
;+/If0f u/L lgikIf Gofo;Dkfbg ug{' kg]{ ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Lsf] st{Jo dflgG5 . of] k|0ffnLdf
Gofo, :jtGqtf / sfg"gsf] plrt k|lqmofdf lgs} hf]8 lbOG5 . sfo{ljlwut kIfdf a9L hf]8
lbOg] x'Fbf Gofo;DkfbgnfO{ a9L ljj]sk/s agfpg ;lsG5 . sfg"gsf] ;jf]{Rrtf, :jR5
;'g'jfO / uf]kgLotfsf] xssf] ;+/If0faf6 cleo'Qmn] Gofo k|fKt u/]sf] cg'e"lt ub{5 . cbfnt
Gofo;Dkfbgdf t6:y /xg] x'gfn] jfbL k|ltjfbL kIfn] cbfntnnfO{ a9L ljZjf; ug]{ cj:yf
/xG5 . t/ o; k|0ffnLsf s]xL b'a{n kIfx¿ gePsf klg xf]Ogg .8 h:t}M sfg"gsf] plrt
k|s[of kfngfsf] gfddf ;fgfltgf sfo{ljlwut q'l6sf sf/0f Gofo;DkfbgnfO{ a9L hl6n
agfpF5 .
%= ck/fw cg';Gwfgdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf: t'ngfTds ;Gbe{
ck/fw cg';Gwfgdf cGj]if0ffTds k|0ffnL / cleof]hgfTds k|0ffnLdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] cf–
cfˆg} k|s[ltsf] ;+nUgtf / e"ldsf /xG5 . o; ;DaGwdf ljleGg d'n'sdf km/s km/s cEof;
/x]sf 5g\ . b'j} sfg"g k|0ffnLnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ b]zx¿sf cEof; ;DaGwdf oxfF ljj]rgf
ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . h:t}M sf]i6fl/sfdf ;/sf/L jsLnn] Goflos k|x/LnfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] /
cg';Gwfg ug{ nufpg] ub{5 eg] 3fgfdf u[x dGqfno cGtu{tsf] k|x/Ln] ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg

7
Madhav Acharya, Inquisitorial V. Adverserial Legal System, Kathmandu School of Law, Vol. 1, 2003 pp. 63-
70.
8
Id.
29
g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLM l;4fGt / Jojxf/ 31

ug]{ / sfg"g dGqLsf] ¿kdf /xg] dxfGofoflwjQmf cGtu{tsf ;/sf/L jsLnx¿ d'2fsf]
cg';Gwfgdf k|x/LnfO{ sfg"gL ;Nnfx lbg] / cfjZostf cg';f/ d'2f bfo/ ug{' eGbf cl3 yk
cg';Gwfg ug{ nufpg ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 .
To;}u/L cleof]hgfTds k|0ffnL ckgfpg] d'n's ef/tdf ;+3Lo sfg"g cGtu{tsf d'2fdf
s]G›Lo k|x/L Jo'/f] / /fHo sfg"g cGtu{tsf d'2fdf /fHo k|x/Ln] cg';Gwfg ug'{sf ;fy} w/f}6L
jf hdfgt nfUg] d'2fdf -Bailable Cases_ cfkm}n] / ;f] gnfUg] d'2fdf cbfntsf] cfb]zn]
cg';Gwfg ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ k|x/LnfO{ 5 . cg';Gwfg k|x/LnfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] clwsf/ ;/sf/L
jsLnnfO{ geP klg cg';Gwfg clws[tn] sfg"gL k/fdz{ dfu]df k/fdz{ lbg] eGg] Joj:yf
5 . tyflk s]G›Lo k|x/L Jo'/f]n] b}lgs ¿kdf ;/sf/L jsLnaf6 ljleGg d'2fdf sfg"gL ;Nnfx
lnPsf] kfOG5 . s]G›Lo k|x/L Jo'/f] leq} klg ;/sf/L jsLn / cGo sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/sf]
sfg"g ljefu /x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
To;}u/L sdg n k|0ffnL ckgfpg] d'n's s]Gofdf k|x/Ldf kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg ug]{
lhDd]jf/L 5 eg] ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf]sfg"gL k/fdz{ lng ;Sg]
Joj:yf 5 . dn]l;ofdf ;/h]G6 eGbf dflyNnf] k|x/L clwsf/Ln] cg';Gwfg ug]{ / cleof]Qmfn]
d'2f rnfpg] clwsf/ 5 . k|x/Ln] cg';Gwfgsf qmddf ;/sf/L jsLnaf6 cfb]z k|fKt ug{' kg]{
x'G5 . cg';Gwfgsf] k|efjsfl/tf / pkfb]otfsf ;DaGwdf k|x/LnfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg ;/sf/L
jsLnn] lbg] ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . To;}u/L dflNbE;df k|lt/Iff / /fli6«o ;'/Iff dGqfno
cGtu{tsf k|x/Ln] dfq ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ clwsf/ 5 . ;/sf/L jsLnn] cg';Gwfg
clws[tnfO{ cg';Gwfgsf] tf}/tl/sf ;DaGwdf lgb]{zg lbg] clwsf/ geP tfklg d'2f bfo/
ug{' eGbf klxn] yk cg';Gwfg ug{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg] cj:yf 5 .
cleof]hgfTds k|0ffnL ckgfpg] d'n's kfls:tfgdf ;+3Lo k|x/L / k|fGtLo k|x/Ln] d'2fsf]
cg';Gwfg ug]{ ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfgsf] ;Gbe{df k|x/Ln] ;/sf/L jsLnaf6 sfg"gL ;Nnfx lng]
/ ;/sf/L jsLnn] yk cg';Gwfg ug{ lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . l;+ufk'/df u[x dGqfno
cGtu{tsf] k|x/Ln] ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ clwsf/ /fVb5 / dxfGofoflwjQmf cGtu{tsf
;/sf/L jsLnn] cg';Gwfg clwsf/LnfO{ lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg] jf yk cg';Gwfg u/fpg ;Sg]
eGg] Joj:yf 5 . >Ln+sfdf u[x dGqfno cGtu{tsf] k|x/Ln] ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ clwsf/
/fVb5 . ;/sf/L jsLnn] cg';Gwfg clwsf/LnfO{ cg';Gwfgdf ePsf sdL sdhf]/LnfO{
;'wfg{sf nflu lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg] jf yk cg';Gwfg u/fpg ;Sg] eGg] Joj:yf 5 .
yfONof08df u[x dGqfno cGtu{tsf] k|x/Ln] ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ clwsf/ /fVb5 /
sfg"g dGqfno cGtu{t /xg] dxfGofoflwjQmf jf ;/sf/L jsLnn] ;a} vfnsf cleof]hg ug{
;Sg] / cg';Gwfgsf] ldl;nnfO{ d"Nof+sg ug{ ;Sg] eGg] Joj:yf 5 . To;}u/L hflDaofdf u[x
dGqfno cGtu{tsf] k|x/Ln] ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ clwsf/ /fVb5 . /fHo cleof]Qmfn] ;a}
lsl;dsf uDeL/ k|s[ltsf d'2fdf cg';Gwfg ug{ kfpg] k"0f{ clwsf/ /fVb5 / ljz]if
cg';Gwfg Ph]G;Laf6 ul/Psf] cg';Gwfg kof{Kt gePsf k'gM cg';Gwfg u/fpg ;Sg] clwsf/
5 . cGj]if0ffTds sfg"gL k|0ffnLaf6 k|efljt rLgdf ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff lgsfo ck/fwsf]
cg';Gwfg ug{sf nflu lhDd]jf/ 5 / ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Ln] u/]sf] e|i6frf/, 3'; / kbLo

30
32 g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLM l;4fGt / Jojxf/

lhDd]jf/Laf6 Ro't ePsf] ;DaGwL d'2fdf cg';Gwfg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;'/Iff lgsfo ck/fwsf]
cg';GwfgnfO{ tf]lsPsf] 5 eg] d'2fsf] cleof]hgsf] lhDdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] /x]sf] 5 .
OG8f]g]l;ofdf ;z:q ;}Go cGtu{t /xg] k|x/L ;fdfGo ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L 5
/ cleof]Qmfn] k|x/LnfO{ cg';Gwfg ug{sf nflu lgb]{zg lbg / pNn]Vo k|efj kfg{ ;Sg]
clwsf/ / cleof]Qmfn] cfjZostf cg';f/ z+lstsf] y'gfsf] Dofb yk ug{ ;Sg],
cleof]QmfnfO{ k|x/Lsf ;fy} cg';Gwfg ug]{ clwsf/LnfO{ lgb]{zg lbg], cg';Gwfg of]hgf
agfpg] / uDeL/ k|s[ltsf d'2fdf cfkm} klg cg';Gwfg ug{ ;Sb5 . To;}u/L a]nfotdf k|x/L
/ cGo cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] cg';Gwfg ug]{ / qmfpg k|f]l;So'6/n] cg';Gwfg clwsf/LnfO{
sfg"gL ;Nnfx Pj+ ;'emfj lbg]/ d'2f rnfpg] / grnfpg] clwsf/ /fVb5 . cleof]hgfTds
k|0ffnL ckgfpg] d'n's cd]l/sfdf ;+3Lo tyf /fHo cg';Gwfg clwsf/Lx¿n] kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf
cg';Gwfg ug]{ clwsf/ /fVb5 / ;+3Lo tyf /fHo cleof]Qmfn] d'2f rnfpg] / grnfpg]
lg0f{o ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 . 9

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df s'/f ubf{ u[x dGqfno cGtu{tsf] k|x/L jf sfg"g adf]lhd tf]lsPsf
cg';Gwfg clws[tn] ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ / dxfGofoflwjStf cGtu{tsf ;/sf/L jsLnn]
cg';Gwfg clwsf/LnfO{ lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg], cleo'Qmsf] cfkm" ;dIf aofg u/fpg ;Sg] / d'2f
rNg] grNg] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ 5 . ;+lxtfa4 sfg"g nfu" eP kZrft\ g]kfnL kmf}hbf/L Gofo
k|0ffnLdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] ck/fw cg';Gwfgdf ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/Lx¿ yk ePsf
5g\ .
^= g]kfnL kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;qmd
g]kfnsf] Gofo k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; qmdnfO{ x]bf{ g]kfnL ;dfh wd{df cf:yf /fVg] / zf;g
k|0ffnL ;d]t wd{zf:qsf dfGotf cg'¿k ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsfn] g]kfndf ls/ftL /
lnR5jLsfndf Gofo k|zf;g wd{zf:q / ;dfhdf k|rlnt k|yf k/Dk/fsf cfwf/df ;~rflnt
lyof] eGg' kbf{ cGoyf gxf]nf. ls/fFtsfnsf] Gofo k|zf;g ls/ftL ;fdflhs tyf wfld{s u|Gy
d'Gw'dsf] dfWodaf6 ;~rflnt ePsf] / o;nfO{ ls/ftLx¿n] ;fdflhs sfg"gsf] ¿kdf
:jLsf/ u/]sf lyP . tTkZrft\ lnR5ljsfnLg kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLsf] cEof;nfO{ x]bf{
vf;u/L ljleGg k|sf/sf lxGb" wd{zf:q h:t}M of1jNSo tyf dg':d[lt h:tf wfld{s u|Gysf]
cfwf/df Gofo;Dkfbg x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf nflu /fHosf tkm{af6 s'g}
k|x/Lsf] Joj:yf geP klg åf/] jf k/dfgx¿ sxfF ph'/L u/L s;"/bf/nfO{ lemsfO{ ;fljt
u/fpg] Joj:yf lyof] .
g]kfnsf] Gofo k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;sf b[li6n] dNnsfnnfO{ Ps :j0f{ o'usf] ¿kdf dfGg ;lsG5 .
dNnsfndf gf/b:d[ltnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL dNn /fhf hol:ylt dNnn] dfgj Gofozf:q nfu"
u/]sf lyP / ;f] sfg"gn] vf; u/L kmf}hbf/L tyf k|df0f sfg"gsf Joj:yfx¿nfO{ a9L
;d]6]sf] b]lvG5 / To;nfO{ ljåfgx¿n] Gofoljsfl;gL egL gfdfs/0f ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .10
tTkZrft\ zfxsfnLg /fhfx¿ h:t}M /fdzfx / k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] g]kfnsf] Gofok|0ffnLdf

9
x]g'{xf];\ sf]8 ckm s|fpg k|f]l;So'6/ -@^ cS6'j/ @)!*_ lgod @ !-@:!# .
10
k|f= lbg]z/fh kGt, Gofofljsfl;gL, e"ldsf, ;xk|sfzg sfg"g Joj;foL Snj sf7df8f}+, -@)^%_ .
31
g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLM l;4fGt / Jojxf/ 33

pNn]v ;'wf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . /fdzfxsf] ljleGg l:ylt / /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] kfnfdf
hf/L ePsf ljleGg ;gb, ;jfn / aGb]hx¿n] ljleGg ck/fwsf] kl/efiff u/]sf] / b08
;hfosf] Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] kfOG5 . 11

g]kfnsf] sfg"gnfO{ lnlvt ¿kdf nfu" ug]{ k|of; :j¿k hf/L ePsf] d'n'sL P]g, !(!) n]
;j{k|yd ;fljsdf 5l/P/ /x]sf sfg"gx¿nfO{ Psa4 u/L d'n's e/L nfu" x'g] u/L Ps}
k|sf/sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf nfu" ug{ ;+ej agfof] . tyflk pQm sfg"gn] ;a}sf nflu ;dfg
sfg"g / b08 k|0ffnLsf] dfGotf eg] c+ufNg ;s]g . hft cg';f/ vtsf] kl/efiff / ;hfosf]
;d]t Joj:yf ug{'sf ;fy} ljleGg k|sf/sf s7f]/ / cdfgjLo b08x¿ ;d]tnfO{ yk dfGotf
lbof] .
g]kfnsf] sfg"gL k|0ffnLnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f ug]{ qmddf g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg"g, @))$
nfO{ cjwf/0ffut ¿kdf lgs} dxTjsf ;fy x]l/G5 . pQm sfg"gn] g]kfnsf] sfg"gL k|0ffnLdf
lgs} ;'wf/ ug]{ k|of; u/of] . cleof]hg s} s'/f ubf{ ;d]t g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos k/]sf]
a]nfdf sfg"gL /fo ;Nnfx k]z ug{nfO{ Pp6f k|wfg sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/ >L # af6 lgo'Qm x'g]
Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . k|wfg sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/nfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd
Joj:yflksf ;efsf] Ps jf b'j} ;bgdf af]Ng kfpg] / ax; ug{ kfpg];Ddsf clwsf/ ;d]t
k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm ;+ljwfg sfo{Gjogdf gcfPsf] ePtf klg To;n] klxnf] k6s
;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg cGtu{t ;/sf/L jsLn ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf]df s'g}
låljwf 5}g\ .
To;}u/L lj=;+= @))( ;fndf hf/L ePsf] k|wfg Gofofno P]g, @))* nfO{ k|yd k6s
;+zf]wg u/L P6gL{ hg/nsf] kbsf] Joj:yf u/L lghsf] sfd, st{Jo / ;'ljwfsf] af/]df
Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . pQm P]gn] P6gL{ hg/nn] ;/sf/nfO{ sfg"gL ljifodf /fo ;Nnfx lbg]
/ d'2f dfldnfdf ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 sf/jfxL ug]{ e"ldsf k|bfg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
o;} sfnv08df hf/L ePsf] g]kfnsf] clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% df eg] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
kbsf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf x'g ;s]g . tTsfnLg cfjZostfnfO{ k/k"lt{ ug{sf nflu lj= ;+=
@)!^ ;fn ebf} !! ut] :j= zDe'k|;fb 1jfnLn] sfo{sf/L lg0f{oaf6 P6gL{ hg/nsf] kbdf
lgo'Qm eO{ axfnL u/]sf lyP . g]kfndf lj= ;+= @)!& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kl5 hf/L
ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( df dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kbnfO{ ;+j}wflgs kbsf] ¿kdf
Joj:yf ul/of] / lghn] ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL ljifodf /fo lbg' / ;/sf/ jfbL d'2fsf] k|lt/Iff
ug]{ sfd st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsf] lyof] .
g]kfndf lj= ;+= @)!& kZrft\ g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLdf ;d]t pNn]Vo kl/jt{g
ePsf 5g\ . ljZjdf k|rngdf /x]sf sfg"gL k|0ffnLsf] cEof;sf b[li6sf]0faf6 g]kfnsf]
kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] lj=;+= @)!& ;fn;Dd g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnL
cfˆg} df}lns Goflos dfGodf cfwfl/t lyof] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . lj= ;+= @)!& ;fn
eGbf klxn] g]kfndf ck/fwsf] kLl8t JolQmn] cbfntdf :jo+ d'2f bfo/ ug{' kb{Yof] /
cbfntsf tkm{af6 cg';Gwfg ug{sf nflu ;DalGwt jf/bft:yndf ;h{ldg ug{ cg';Gwfg
11
ljzfn vgfn, g]kfnsf] Gofo k|zf;g P]ltxfl;s l;+xfjnf]sg, P]ltxfl;s l;+xfjnf]sg e[s'6L Ps]8]lds klAns];G; k'tnL
sf7df8f}+ k]h !$)-!$@ .
32
34 g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLM l;4fGt / Jojxf/

;d"x vl6g] ub{y] . k|x/L ;dIf lnPsf] ;fljtLnfO{ k|df0fsf] ¿kdf u|x0f u/L d'2fsf] km};nf
ul/GYof] . lj= ;+= !(!) sf] d'n'sL P]gdf rf]/L ug]{nfO{ k|x/Ln] oftgf lbO{ aofg lng] clwsf/
;d]t k|x/LnfO{ lbOPsf] lyof] . ph'/L ug]{ kIfn] k|df0f u'hfg{ g;sL d'2f c;kmn ePdf
;hfosf] eflubf/ x'g] Joj:yf lyof] h'g s'/f ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)!& sf]
k|:tfjgfaf6 ;d]t :ki6 x'G5 . ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)!& nfu" eP kl5 g]kfnsf]
12

k/Dk/fut Gofo k|0ffnLsf] dfGotfdf cfd"n kl/jt{g cfO{ ck/fw cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf]
sfo{ /fHosf sfo{kflnsf cGtu{tsf sd{rf/Lx¿af6 x'g] Joj:yf eof] Œ
g]kfndf nfu" ePsf] k|x/L P]g, @)!@ ;j{k|yd /fHosf tkm{af6 ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfgdf vl6g]
k|x/Lsf] Joj:yf u¥of] eg] ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)!& n] ck/fw cg';Gwfg /
cleof]hgdf k|x/L / ;/sf/L jsLnsf] ;+o'Qm ;+nUgtf /x]g Joj:yf u¥of] . ;/sf/L d'2fsf]
cleof]hgdf ;/sf/L jsLn / cg';Gwfg k|x/Lsf] km/s km/s k|ltj]bgaf6 d'2f bfo/ ePdf
lhNnf cbfntn] s'g} Pssf] /fonfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ d'2fsf] km};nf ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
lyof] . t/ ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)!& df ;j{k|yd Gofo lg/f]k0fsf] sfo{nfO{ ck/fwsf]
cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg eGbf leGg agfof] . tTkZrft\ g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnL
k/Dk/fut jf cGj]if0ffTds k|0ffnLsf] dfGotf eGbf cleof]hgfTds k|0ffnLtkm{ cu|;/ ePsf]
kfOG5 .
olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)!& n] d'2fdf cg';Gwfgn] ;+sng u/]sf
k|df0fsf cfwf/df d'2fsf] km};nf ug{' kg]{ / cfjZos ePdf k'gM cg';Gwfgsf nflu k7fpg
;Sg] Joj:yf eg] sfod g} /fv]sf] lyof] . To; afx]s klg cbfntn] kIfsf] cg'/f]wdf ;fIfL
kl/If0f ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/] cg'¿k lj= ;+= @)!& b]lv @)$( ;Ddsf] g]kfnsf] sfg"gL
k|0ffnL cGj]if0ffTds / cleof]hgfTds k|0ffnLsf] ldl>t ¿k lyof] . t/ lj= ;+= @)$(
;fndf hf/L ePsf] ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]gn] g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnL
cleof]hgfTds k|0ffnLtkm{ cem a9L cu|;/ agfof] . csf]{ zAbdf eGg' kbf{ ;/sf/L d'2f
;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] cg';"rL ! sf d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg k|x/Laf6 / @ cGtu{tsf d'2f
tf]lsPsf] cg';Gwfg clws[taf6 x'g] / d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] egL lg0f{o ug]{ clGtd
clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ x'g] / lghdf ;+ljwfgn] ;'Dk]sf] clwsf/ dftxtsf clws[tnfO{
k|Tofof]hg x'g ;Sg] Joj:yfaf6 g]kfndf cleof]hgfTds k|0ffnLsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; ePsf]
kfOG5 . tyflk ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^ -@_ n] cg';Gwfg clwsf/af6
13

;/sf/L jsLnn] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k|fKt u/]kl5 cg';Gwfg ;DaGwdf lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg] u/L
cg';Gwfgdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] ;+nUgtfnfO{ eg] sfod g} /fVof] . jt{dfg d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L
sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf !) sf] pkbkmf * n] ;f] Joj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] 5 /
;/sf/L jsLnsf] cg';Gwfgdf ;+nUgtfnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 .

12
;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)!& sf] k|:tfjgf .
13
;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !& -@_, d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ bkmf #@ n] ;/sf/L jsLnaf6 ;/sf/ jfbL
d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg ldl;n k|fKt ePkl5 cg';"rL ! / @ n] ;DalGwt cbfntdf cleof]ukq bfo/ ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . dftxtsf
;/sf/L jsLnaf6 dxfGofoflwjStfaf6 k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ k|of]u u/L d'2f bfo/ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . dftxt ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ ldlt
@)&@.^.# sf] /fhkqaf6 dxfGofoflwjStfaf6 dftxt ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/
k|Tofof]lht ePsf] 5 .
33
g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLM l;4fGt / Jojxf/ 35

cleof]hgfTds kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLsf] dfGotfnfO{ cjnDag ug]{ ;Gbe{df k|df0f P]g,
@)#! sf] bkmf @% n] cleof]u k'li6 ug]{ ef/ cleof]hgstf{ jf jfbLdf /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . k|df0fsf] k/LIf0fdf cbfntsf] e"ldsf :jLsf/ t ul/Psf] 5 t/ k|df0fsf] ;+sngdf
cbfntsf] e"ldsf uf}0f /x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnn] cleof]hgfTds sfg"g k|0ffnL cjnDag
u/]tfklg s]xL sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿ x]bf{ g]kfnsf] sfg"gL k|0ffnLdf cGj]if0ffTds sfg"gL
k|0ffnLsf rl/qx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] cj:yf 5 . h:t}M d'n'sL P]g, @)@) sf] cbfntL
aGbf]a:tsf] dxnsf] !!% g+ n] cbfntn] ga'emL gx'g] ;fIfLx¿nfO{ Dofb hf/L u/L a'‰g ;Sg]
Joj:yf lyof] eg] To;}u/L b]jfgL d'2fdf ;d]t c=j+= !#( g+= adf]lhd k]6af]nLsf dflg;x¿
a'‰g ;Sg] dfGotfnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/of] . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg kl5Nnf] ;dodf g]kfnsf] sfg"g
k|0ffnL cGj]if0ffTds k|0ffnLsf dfGotf eGbf cleof]hgfTs sfg"gL k|0ffnLdf a9L cu|;/
ePsf] b]lvG5 .
&= g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnL ldl>t Gofo k|0ffnLsf ¿kdf
g]kfnL sfg"gL k|0ffnL clef]hgfTds sfg"gL k|0ffnLsf] glhs x'Fbfx'Fb} klg cGj]if0ffTds sfg"g
k|0ffnLsf ljz]iftfx¿ ;d]t xfn;Dd klg ljBdfg 5g\ . ;f] s'/f s]xL sfg"gdf ePsf
k|df0fsf] ef/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf / cbfntn] d'2fdf k|df0f a'‰g ;Sg] Joj:yfsf cfwf/df eGg
;lsG5 . h:t}M dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ d'2fdf lgb]{fliftf k'li6 ug]{ k|df0fsf] ef/
k|ltjfbLdf /x]sf] 5 egL bkmf ( n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L nfu" cf}ifw -lgoGq0f_ P]g,
@)#! sf] bkmf !@ n] cfˆgf] ;fyaf6 j/fdb ePsf] kbfy{ lghsf] ;fydf sfg"g adf]lhd
/x]sf] s'/fsf] k|df0fsf] ef/ k|ltjfbLdf /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)$( sf] bkmf @)-!_ n] cfkm" ;fydf /x]sf] rn crn ;Dkltsf] ;|f]t j}w 5 eGg] k'li6 ug]{
k|df0fsf] ef/ k|ltjfbLdf /xg] / ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf @*
df cfkm" ;fy ePsf] ;DklQsf] ;|f]t j}w xf] egL k'li6 ug]{ k|df0fsf] ef/ k|ltjfbLdf /xg]
Joj:yf 5 .
k|ltjfbLdf k|df0fsf] ef/ /xg] Joj:yf :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf b[li6n] lgbf]{liftfsf] cg'dfgsf] xs
lj?4 tyf cfˆgf] lj?4 ;fIfL a:g s/ gnfUg] lj?4sf] xs ljkl/t /x]sf] 5 egL lhls/ lnO{
k'g/fj]bg bfo/ ePsf]df ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 o;nfO{ l;ˆ6]8 a8{g ckm k|'km -Shifted burden
of proof_ sf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;f] km};nfdf k|ltjfbL pk/ nufOPsf] cleof]u
k'li6 ug]{ k|df0fsf] ef/ jfbLdf /xg] / ;f] k'li6 e};s]sf] cj:yfdf dfq k|ltjfbLdf ;f] P]g
adf]lhd lgbf]{liftfsf] k|df0f ef/ ;g]{ Joj:yf xf] egL JofVof ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] jt{dfg
;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] Gofo ;DaGwL xssf] Joj:yfnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] lgZro klg lgisif{df
k'Ug ;lsG5 ls g]kfnn] jt{dfgdf cfˆgf] sfg"g k|0ffnLdf cleof]hgfTds k|0ffnLsf] dfGotf
/ cEof;x¿af6 a9L ;d]l6 cufl8 a9]sf] 5 . tyflk g]kfnsf] sfg"g k|0ffnLsf] ;+lxtfs/0fsf
qmddf ePsf d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$, d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ n]
3]/}h;f] cj:yfdf cleof]hgfTds k|0ffnL ckgfP klg s]xL cj:yfdf cGj]if0ffTds k|0ffnLsf
dfGotfx¿nfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf pbfx/0fx¿ b]Vg ;lsG5 . h:t}M d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw
;+lxtf @)&$, bkmf !@) kIfn] lgj]bg lbPdf d'2fdf ;l/s u/fOg] ;Sg] Joj:yfnfO{ :jLsf/
ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L d'n'sL b]jfgL sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf !&^ n] d'2fsf kIfn]
;fIfLsf] ;f]wk'5sf nflu cbfntnfO{ cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 .
34
36 g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLM l;4fGt / Jojxf/

cbfntn] ljz]if1 ;fIfLsf] askqsf nflu a'em\g ;Sg] / k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @& s]xL
d'2fdf lgbf]{liftf k|dfl0ft ug]{ ef/ k|ltjfbLdf /x] Joj:yf 5 . d'n'sL P]g, @)@) sf] c= j+=
sf] !!% sf] Joj:yf d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf !!@ n] s]xL ;+zf]lwt
¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . t/ ;f] Joj:yfn] cbfnt cfkm} k|df0f a'‰gdf ;+nUg geO{
jfbL kIfaf6 lnlvt ¿kdf lgj]bg ;fy cg'/f]w eO{ cfPdf dfq cbfntn] To:tf] ;fIfL k|df0f
a'‰g ;Sg] dfGotfnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] g]kfnsf] sfg"g k|0ffnL ldl>t k|0ffnL xf]
sL eGg ;lsg] cj:yf 5 .
*= cleof]hgsf] :jtGqtf / pGd'lQm ;DaGwdf Goflos b[li6sf]0f
g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLdf dxTjk"0f{ pknlAwsf ¿kdf /x]sf] :jtGq / :jfoQ
cleof]hgsf] cawf/0ffn] ;j{k|yd g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !!) dfkm{t
dfGotf k|fKt u¥of] . ;/sf/sf] xs, lxt jf ;/f]sf/ /x]sf] d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] lg0f{o
ug]{ clGtd clwsf/ dxfGofofoflwjQmdf /x]sf] / ;f]sf] k|of]u lgh jf lgh dftxtsf
clws[taf6 sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd k|Tofof]lht eO{ k|of]u x'g] dfGotfnfO{ ;f] wf/fn]
c+ufNg k'Uof] . ;+ljwfgsf] pQm Joj:yfnfO{ tTkZrftsf ;+ljwfgx¿n] lg/Gt/tf lbPsf 5g\ /
tTDaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿ klg ePsf 5g\ .
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] cleof]hg ;DaGwdf u/]sf] lg0f{o clGtd xf] jf cGo lgsfox¿af6
k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;lsg] xf] eGg] ljifodf a›Ljxfb'/ sfsL{ lj= clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]u14 ePsf] k|Zg p7]sf]df ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 JofVof ub}{ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ k|fKt /fo
;Nnfx lbg] clwsf/, >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ clwsf/, h'g;'s} cbfnt
sfof{no jf kbflwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt x'g] clwsf/, ;+;bdf pkl:yt x'g kfpg] clwsf/,
cleof]hg jf k|lt/Iffsf] clwsf/ nufot ;+ljwfg / sfg"g adf]lhd k|fKt clwsf/ k|of]u ubf{
Pp6f Jofj;flos JolQm jf lgsfon] k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/, ;'ljwf jf pGd'lQm ;j} k|fKt
x'G5g\ . dxfGofoflwjQmfn] ;bfzotfk"j{s cfˆgf] ljj]s k|of]u u/L u/]sf To:tf sfo{ pk/
k|Zg ug]{ s;}sf] clwsf/ /xFb}g . To; ;DaGwdf lghnfO{ Jofj;flos pGd'lQm k|bfg ul/Psf]
x'G5 egL dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ ;/sf/ jfbL d'2fdf cleof]hg ug]{ jf gug]{ ;DaGwdf clGtd
clwsf/ x'g] egL af]lnof] .
To;}u/L g/]G›axfb'/ rGb lj= clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u15 ePsf] d2fdf ;/sf/L
jsLnnfO{ Ps Jofjf;flos JolQmnfO{ k|fKt pGd'lQm / :jtGqtf x'G5 x'Fb}g / dxfGofoflwjQmf
dftxt sfo{/t ;/sf/L jsLn sf]k|lt lhDd]jf/ x'G5 egL k|Zg p7]sf]df ;/sf/L jsLnn]
cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt u/]sf] k|Tofof]lht clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ dxfGofoflwjQmf ;/xsf] pGd'lQm /
;'ljwf k|fKt x'G5 / lghn] ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfd sf/jfxLsf nflu lgh dxfGofoflwjQmf /
ljefluo k|d'v k|lt hjfkmb]xL / lhDd]jf/ x'G5 egL ;/sf/L jsLnsf] Jofj;flos pGd'lQm
ePsf] JofVof ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
cl3Nnf] d'2fdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] d'2f rnfpg] jf grfnpg] clwsf/ Ps clGtd
cleof]hgstf{sf] ¿kdf xf] / ;f] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ e|i6frf/ jf jblgot afx]s cGo
14
g]sfk @)%* c+s %/^ lg= g+= &))! .
15
g]sfk @)%( c+s !/$ lg= g+= &)*@ .
35
g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLM l;4fGt / Jojxf/ 37

cj:yfdf lgh :jtGq / :jfoQ -Indepdent and Autonomous_ 5g\ egL JofVof x'g uof] eg]
bf];|f] d'2fdf dxfGofoflwjQmf cGtu{tsf ;/sf/L jsLnx¿ cleof]hgsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{
;Gbe{df dxfGofoflwjQmf hlt g} clwsf/ ;DkGg 5g\ / lghx¿n] cleof]hg u/]sf] s'/fdf
Joj;flos pGd'lQm -Professional Immunity_ k|fKt ub{5g\ egL JofVof eof] . oL b'j}
l;4fGtsf] JofVof ubf{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo cleof]hgstf{sf dfu{bz{g !(() sf] wf/f # b]lv
& ;Ddsf wf/fx¿n] ;f] dfGotfnfO{ ;d]t cfTd;ft ePsf] b]lvG5 .16
t/ s]xL d'2fx¿df tTkZrftsf lbgx¿df dxfGofoflwjQmsf] cleof]hgsf] clGtd clwsf/ xf]
cyjf lghn] s'g} d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] ;DaGwdf u/]sf] lg0f{o k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sg] xf]
eGg] ;DaGwdf k|Zg p7]sf] kfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;'GtnL wfdL lj= lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn
sfof{no cemfd ;d]t17 ePsf] d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 b]zsf] pRrtd\ cbfnt ePsf]
sf/0f gful/sx¿sf] xs k|rng u/fpg] sfddf o; cbfntnfO{ k|fKt c;fwf/0f clwsf/
;+ljwfgåf/f k|fKt dfq xf]Og Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ o; cbfntsf] clwsf/ Inherent
Right dfGg' k5{ . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f #@ sf] xs gful/snfO{ k|fKt eP
kl5 ;+ljwfgn] g} o; cbfntsf] wf/f !)&-@_ sf] o; cbfntsf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ug{
kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ exclude or Limit ug]{ u/L :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] cj:yf, dfGo l;4fGt
cg';f/ Political question ;dfj]z ePsf] ljifo jf ljwflosfsf] cfGtl/s sfo{ Joj:yfkgsf]
ljifo / o; cbfnt wf/f !)&-#_ cGtu{t clGtd ePsf ljifox¿df Writ against judiciary
x'g g;Sg] dfGo l;4fGtsf] cj:yfdf afx]s cGo cj:yf / ljifodf dfGo l;4fGtdf /x]/
sfo{kflnsftkm{sf k|To]s clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{osf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;S5 egL
;/sf/L jsLnaf6 s]xL k|ltjfbLx¿ pk/ d'2f grnfpg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o k'g/fjnf]sg ;d]t
eof] .
To;} u/L gf/fo0f l;+x /fhk't lj= dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no ;d]t18 ePsf] d'2fdf ;d]t
;f]xL k|Zg p7]sf]df ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 xfd|f] b]zsf] jt{dfg cleof]hg k|0ffnL cGj]if0ffTds -
Inquisitorial_ geO{ cleof]hgfTds -Adversarial_ xf] . o:tf] k|0ffnLdf ck/fwsf]
cg';Gwfgsf] lhDdf /fHon] lnG5 . ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] sfo{sf] nflu k|x/Lsf] Joj:yf x'G5 /
k|df0f s]nfpg], d'2f rnfpg] cbfntdf k|lt/Iffsf] nflu ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] kIfaf6 jsLn;d]t
Joj:yf u/L lbPsf] x'G5 / clGtd cj:yf;Dd ;/sf/af6} kLl8tsf] tkm{af6 d'2fdf k|lt/Iff
nufotsf] sfd ul/G5 . kLl8tsf] x}l;ot ujfxdf ;Lldt x'G5 . xfd|f] sfg"g k|0ffnLdf
kLl8tn] cfkm}+n] d'2f rnfpg ;Qm}g . kLl8tn] /fHoaf6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] k|x/L / ;/sf/L
jsLndf e/ kg{'kg]{ x'G5 . kLl8tn] cfkm" kLl8t ePsf] Joxf]/f;lxt k|x/Ldf ls6fgL ph"/
ubf{;d]t k|x/L / ;/sf/L jsLnn] d'2f x]g]{ cbfntdf d'2f grnfpFbf Tof] cj:yfdf kLl8tn]
Gofo kfpg] df}lns xsaf6 al~rt x'g k'Ub5g\ . t;y{ o; cj:yfdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn]
Gofosf] ;'lglZrttftkm{ klg b[li6 lbg' kb{5 egL cleo'St jf bf]ifL pk/ cleof]hg nufpg'
kb{5 egL JofVof eof] .

16
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo cleof]hgstf{sf dfu{bz{g !(() sf] wf/f #-& .
17
g]sfk @)^* c+s ! lg g+ *%$! .
18
g]sfk @)&) c+s ! lg= g+= *&$( .
36
38 g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLM l;4fGt / Jojxf/

To;}u/L uf]ljGb zdf{ aGbL lj==dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no ;d]t19 ePsf] d'2fdf ;d]t
;'GtnL wfdLsf] d'2fdf ePsf] JofVofnfO{ cjnDag ub}{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] d'2f rnfpg] jf
grnfpg] clGtd clwsf/ sfo{kflnsLo lgsfo jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf nflu dfq clGtd xf] /
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] k"0f{ Gofosf nflu ;f] lg0f{onfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;Sb5 egL JofVof ePsf]
5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] cleof]hgsf] clGtd clwsf/nfO{ oBlk plQs} hf]8
lbPsf] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb xf]Og . t/ s'g} ckjfbfTds cj:yfdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] lg0f{oaf6
kLl8tn] Gofo gkfPsf] jf Gofo g} k/f:t ePsf] jf uDeL/ cGofo k/]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 eg]
Gofosf] k|flKt / ;'lglZrttfsf] xsaf6 s'g} klg JolQm jl~rt x'g' x'Fb}g eGg] dfGotfdf
;jf]{Rr cbfnt ePsf JofVofx¿df hf]8 lbOPsf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfnL sfg"gL k|0ffnLn] c+ufn]sf] kl5Nnf] Joj:yf x]bf{ d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtfsf] bkmf #@ n]
ck/fw ;+lxtfsf] cg';"rL ! jf cg';"rL @ adf]lhdsf] s'g} vf; lsl;dsf ;fgfltgf s;"/df
d'2f bfo/ ug{' Jofjxfl/s gePsf] jf ;fj{hlgs lxtnfO{ vf; c;/ gkg]{ b]lvPdf ;/sf/L
jsLnn] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] :jLs[lt lnO{ To:tf] d'2f bfo/ gug]{ lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] sfg"gL
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;/L d'2f grnfOPsf] tTsfn} To;sf] ;"rgf lbg' kg]{ / ;f]sf] k|of]hgsf
nflu To:tf] lg0f{o ePsf] ;"rgf k|fKt ePsf] ldltaf6 sfg"g adf]lhdsf] xbDofb k|f/De
ePsf] dflgg] Joj:yf 5 . 20

g]kfnsf] jt{dfg sfg"gn] s]xL lglZrt cj:yfdf kL8LtnfO{ lghL cleof]hgsf] af6f] v'nf
u/]sf] 5 / Tof] ;a} cj:yfdf k|of]u / kfngf x'g ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvb}g . tyflk g]kfnn]
kl5Nnf] ;dodf cjnDag u/]sf] cleof]hgfTds sfg"gL k|0ffnLsf] dfGotfn] ;/sf/ jfbL x'g]
kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cleof]hgsf ;Gbe{df dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] g} dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xg] / s'g}
ljz]if sf/0fjz d'2f grnfOPsf] s]xL ckjfbfTds cj:yfdf kLl8t JolQmn] cbfntdf d'2f
bfo/ ug]{ ;Sg] cEof;n] cleof]hgfTds k|0ffnLdf Gofosf] ;'lglZrtf ug]{ ;Sg] pkfonfO{ yk
alnof] agfPsf] ts{ ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}u/L ljutdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
d'2f grnfpg] u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ Goflos ;lqmotfaf6 dxfGofoflwjStfsf] d'2f grnfpg]
u/L ePsf] lg0f{o k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ eGbf klg k|0fflnut ¿kdf k"0f{ Gofosf] s]xL ckjfbfTds
cj:yfdf lghL cleofhgsf] (Private Prosecution) dfu{ ckgfpg' a9L tfls{s, Jofjxfl/s /
ljj]sk/s x'g] b]lvG5 .
cleof]hgfTds k|0ffnL s} dfGotf cg'¿k g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfg, @)&@ sf] wf/f @) df
Gofo ;DaGwL xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] / ;f] wf/fn] cleo'Qmsf kmf}hbf/L Gofo ;DaGwL xs
;d]6]sf] cj:yf 5 . h:t}M s'g} klg cleof]u nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ lghn] u/]sf] s;"/ k|dfl0ft
geP;Dd s;"/bf/ gdflgg], s'g} klg JolQm lj?4 cbfntdf Ps} s;"/df Ps k6s eGbf
21

a9L d'2f rnfOg] / ;hfo gul/g], s'g} s;"/sf] cleof]u nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf] lj?4
22

;fIfL x'g afWo gkfl/g], k|To]s JolQmnfO{ :jtGq, lgikIf / ;Ifd cbfnt jf Goflos
23

19
g]sfk @)^( c|s # lg= g+= *&*( .
20
d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtfsf] bkmf #@-*_ .
21
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_ wf/f @) -%_ .
22
pxL wf/f @)-^_ .
23
pxL wf/f @)-&_ .
37
g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLM l;4fGt / Jojxf/ 39

lgsfoaf6 :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf] xs x'g] / c;dy{ kIfnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd lgMz'Ns sfg"gL
24

;xfotf kfpg] xs x'g] cflb . oL clwsf/x¿ cleof]hgfTds k|0ffnL ckgfpg] d'n'sn]

25

;+ljwfgtM k|Tofe"t u/] cg'¿k cd]l/sL ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ;g\ !(^^ df Miranda V. State
of Arizona ePsf] d'2fdf s'g} klg cleo'QmnfO{ cfˆgf] lj?4df r'k nfUg] clwsf/ x'g] /
26

p;n] r'k gnfuL af]n]df ;f] s'/f lghsf] lj?4 k|df0fdf nfUg,] cleo'QmnfO{ d'2fdf sfg"gL
k|ltlglwTjsf nflu sfg"g Joj;foLsf] k/fdz{ / k|ltlglwTjsf] clwsf/ x'g] / lghn] ;f] /fVg
g;s]df /fHon] sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] st{Jo x'g] egL JofVof ePsf]
km};nf ;b}sf nflu sfnhoL ag]sf] 5 .
cleo'Stsf] r'k nfUg] clwsf/ / /fHosf tkm{af6 sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg'
kg]{ /fHosf] bfloTj xf] egL ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 o1d"lt{ aGhf8] lj= b'uf{bf; sf7df8f}+ ljz]if
cbfnt27 ePsf] d'2fdf ePsf] JofVof klg sfnhoL g} /x]sf] 5 . o:tf Goflos JofVofn]
g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLdf cleof]hgfTds k|0ffnLsf pGgt dfGotfx¿sf] ljsf;
x'gdf 7"nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
(= g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLdf ePsf s]xL r'gf}tLx¿
ck/fw cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgnfO{ Ps csf{af6 :jtGq / :jfoTj agfpg t lgs} /fd|f] kIf
xf] t/ ck/fw cg';Gwfg j}1flgs, j:t'lgi7, e/kbf]{, :jtGq, lgikIf / k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]g
eg] To;nfO{ ;Rofpg] jf ;xL af6f]df 8f]¥ofpg] ;Gbe{df cleof]hgstf{sf] plrt Wofg k'Ug
;s]g eg] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnL t c;kmn x'G5 g} . To;n] d'n'sdf b08xLgtf a9\g uO{
28

d'n'sdf sfg"gL zf;gsf] dfGotf g} cf]em]ndf kg{ hfG5 . d'n'sdf 3l6t ePsf uDeL/
k|s[ltsf d'2fx¿sf] cg';Gwfg x'g g;s]sf sf/0f cg';Gwfg k|0ffnLsf] ;Ifdtf dfly g}
a]nfa]nfdf k|Zg gp7]sf] xf]Og . To;}n] cg';Gwfg k|0ffnLnfO{ s;/L ;Ifd agfpg] / To;df
/fHosf cGo lgsfo / gful/s ;dfhsf] s'g lsl;dsf] ;xsfo{ x'g ;Sb5 eGg] s'/fsf]
af/]df ;f]Rg' h?/L 5 . cg';Gwfgdf dxfGofoflwjStfsf] ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g ;Sg]
s'/fnfO{ d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] bkmf @& n] :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;+lxtfdf g]kfn
;/sf/ jfbL d'2fdf s'g} s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg ckof{Kt ePsf] jf To:tf] s;"/df s'g} vf; pkfo
jf ljlw gckgfOPsf] jf yk cg';Gwfg ug'{ kg]{ b]v]df cg';Gwfg clwsf/L jf lghsf]
ljefuLo k|d'vnfO{ h'g;'s} ;do lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg] egL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f] Joj:yfnfO{
s]xL uDeL/ k|s[ltsf d'2fsf] cg';Gwfgsf qmddf pko'St dfu{sf ¿kdf lnO{
dxfGofoflwjStfaf6 lgb]{zg x'g ;s] cg';Gwfgdf 7"nf] d2+t k'Ug] b]lvG5 .
g]kfnn] jt{dfgdf ckgfPsf] cleof]hgfTds k|0ffnLn] s]xL dfGotfx¿n] em'7f] af]Ng]
cleo'StnfO{ k'/is[t u/]sf] cfefif x'g] cEof;nfO{ ;d]t r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf lnO{ ;f] ;Gbe{
NofOPsf] s;"/sf] ;f}bfjfhL ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] ;DaGwdf ;f]Rg' kg]{
cj:yf 5 . cGoyf em'7f] af]Ng]n] k|>o kfpg] ;fFrf] af]Ng] ck/fwdf u9fp x'g] cj:yf /xg]
vt/f /x]g b]lvG5 . To;}u/L cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgfnfO{ j}1flgs / j:t' agfpg] ;Gbe{df

24
pxL wf/f @)-(_ .
25
pxL wf/f @)-!)_ .
26
384 U.S. 436 (1966)
27
g]sfk @)@& k[= !#$ .
28
8f= o'j/fh ;+u|f}nf, ck/fw cg';Gwfgstf{ tyf cleof]hgstf{ aLr ;DaGw ;'wf/sf lglDt k|:t't k|:tfj, ck/fw cg';Gwfg tyf
cleof]hgdf k|efjsfl/tf, dxfGofoflwjStfsf] sfof{no / o'gfO6]8 :6]6\; OlG:66Ro'6 ckm lk;, -@)^(_, k[= %)-%# .
38
40 g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLM l;4fGt / Jojxf/

tL b'j} ;+:yfdf ;/sf/sf] kof{Kt nufgL / ;+:yfut ;anLs/0fsf nflu ljz]if Wofg hfg'
h?/L b]lvG5 .
d'n'sdf ljleGg :yfgdf xfn;Dd ljlwlj1fg k|of]uzfnfsf] :yfkgf x'g g;Sg' / cg';Gwfgsf]
sfo{df vl6g] 5'§} k|x/Lsf] Joj:yf gx'g' / cg';Gwfgsf nful k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] ljsf;
gx'g'af6 ;d]t cg';Gwfg sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ ag]sf] 5 . ;fy} cleof]hgnfO{ a9L Jofj;flos
agfpg] ;Gbe{df ljlzi6Ls/0fsf] dfGotfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L ;f] cg'¿ksf k|;+zgLo k|of;x¿
eO{ cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf aLr Jofj;flos Psa4tf hufpg] sfo{ ;d]t ePsf 5g\ .
o:tf ;sf/fTds k|of;x¿n] glthf lbgsf nflu ;/sf/L jsLndf cleof]hgsf] dfq 1fgn]
kof{Kt geO{ s'g d'2fdf s:tf] cg';Gwfg k4lt ckgfpg' h?/L x'G5 egL 1fg x'g' kb{5 .
;fy} ;/sf/L jsLnn] cg';Gwfg clwsf/LnfO{ lbg] lgb]{zg / ;f]sf] kl/kfngf / cg'udg
k|efjsf/L xfn;Dd ;d]t aGg g;s]af6 h'g p2]Zo /fvL ;f] Joj:yfnfO{ sfg"gn] ;d]6]sf] xf]
;f]sf] k|of]hg cem} sf/u/ x'g afFsL g} 5 . To;}u/L ck/fw cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg aLrsf]
29

;dGojdf ;'wf/ b]lvP klg To;nfO{ cem} dha't Jofj;flos / sf/u/ a9fpg' h?/L 5 .
jt{dfg sfg"gdf ck/fw cg';Gwfgdf cbfntsf] e"lddf gePsf] cj:yfdf s]xL ckjfbsf
cj:yfdf cbfntsf] ;d]t cg';Gwfgdf e"ldsf /xg' kg]{ xf] sL eGg] s'/f klg k"/} gsfg{
gl;sg] cj:yf 5 . lsgeg] ck/fwsf] cg';GwfgnfO{ alnof] agfpg / kmf}hbf/L Gofo
k|0ffnLsf d"ne"t ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ aLr ;xsfo{n] dfq ;kmn glthf lbg ;Sb5 .
!)= lgisif{
k|To]s sfg"g k|0ffnLsf cfˆg} ;an / sdhf]/ kIfx¿ 5g\ . ljZjdf ljZjJoflks/0fsf] o'udf
s'g} klg Gofo k|0ffnL k"0f{ ¿kdf cleof]hg jf cGj]if0ffTds k|0ffnL xf] egL eGg ;lsg]
cj:yf 5}g\ . cd's Gofo k|0ffnL leq csf]{ Gofo k|0ffnLsf u'0f jf /fd|f kIfx¿ ldNg uPsf
k|;:t pbfxf/0f 5g\ . cleof]hgfTds sfg"gL k|0ffnLdf klg cbfntsf] e"ldsf :jLsfo{ dflgb}
cfPsf] 5 / cGj]if0ffTds sfg"g k|0ffnL leq klg :jR5 ;'g'jfO / cbfntsf] t6:y e"ldsf]
cfjZostf x'G5 eGg] dfGotfdf lgs} hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . t;y{ ljZjdf s'g} klg Gofo k|0ffnL
cfkm}df k"0f{ 5}g / Ps csf{af6 ck|efljt 5}g . g]kfnsf] sfg"g k|0ffnL w]/} xb;Dd
cleof]hgfTds sfg"g k|0ffnLsf] glhs eP klg sltko dxTjk"0f{ k|fjwfgx¿ cGj]if0ffTds
k|0ffnLaf6 k|efljt x'g k'u]sf 5g\ .b'j} sfg"g k|0ffnLdf cg';Gwfgdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf]
k|efjsf/L e"ldsfnfO{ plQs} dxTjsf ;fy x]l/G5 . h] h:tf] eP klg x/]s Gofo k|0ffnLsf]
d"ne"t clek|fo :jR5, lgikIf / k|efjsf/L Gofo ;Dkfbg ug'{ xf] . s'g} klg sfg"g k|0ffnL
;kmn / k|efjsf/L aGgsf nflu cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / Goflos jf cw{ Goflos lgsfosf]
Ifdtf ljsf; x'g' h?/L x'G5 . k|0ffnLut ¿kdf x]bf{ jt{dfgdf g]kfnn] ckgfPsf] jf
cjnDag u/]sf] cleof]hgfTds k|0ffnLsf w]/} ;an kIfx¿ x'Fbfx'Fb} klg o; k|0ffnLdf /x]sf
s]xL sdhf]/L jf b'a{n kIfx¿nfO{ ;+af]wg ug{sf nflu sdg n k|0ffnLsf] hggL a]nfot /
l5d]sL d'n's ef/tn] ;d]t ;do;dodf cfof]u u7g u/L kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/sf
nflu cfof]usf] l;kmfl/; lnO{ ;'wf/ of]hgf agfPsf] cg'ej /xFbf g]kfnn] ;d]t To; tkm{
Wofg lbg' kg]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5 eGg ;lsg] b]lvG5 .
YZ

29
x]g{'xf];\ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, jflif{s k|ltj]bg -@)^(_ .
39
g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLM l;4fGt / Jojxf/ 41

jif{ #, c° !

b'is[lt ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff, sfg"g /

ljsf;M Ps ljZn]if0f

# >Ls[i0f d'NdLi

!= b'is[ltsf] kl/ro / kl/efiff

jf:tjdf b'is[lt sdg n cEof;af6 ljsf; ePsf] b]jfgL k|s[ltsf] ljifosf] pkrf/ ;DaGwL
l;4fGt xf] . To;}n] a tort is a civil wrong klg eGg] ul/G5 . of] s/f/, ck/fw cflb eGbf
km/s k|s[ltsf] pkrf/sf nflu bfjL ug{ ;lsG5 . b'is[lt jf:tjdf JolQmsf] sfg"\gåf/f
;+/lIft clwsf/df xflg k'¥ofpg] bVnn k'¥ofpg] Jojxf/ ug]{, s;}sf] dof{bf OHHotdf xflg
ug]{, s;}sf] ;DklQsf] k|of]u tyf pkof]udf xflg gf]S;fgL, cfly{s gf]S;fgL, uf]kgLotfsf]
pNn+3g ug]{ cflb lj?4sf] pkrf/ dfUg] sfo{ xf] . To;}n] b'is[lt where there is a wrong,
there is a remedy eGg] Nofl6g l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t 5 . of] ;dfhdf b]jfgL k|s[ltsf] sfg"gL
clwsf/sf] pNn+3g jf gf]S;fgL pk/ Ifltk"lt{ ug{ ljsf; ePsf] dfGotf xf] .
b'is[ltnfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ ;Gbe{df Salmond tyf Winfield sf b[li6sf]0fx¿ dxTjk"0f{
dflgG5g\ . ;fnd08n] Tort sf] kl/efiff o;/L k|:t't u/]sf 5g\– Tort is a civil wrong for
which the remedy is a common law action for unliquidated damages, and which is not
exclusively the breach of a contract or the breach of a trust or other merely equitable
obligation.1 Winfield n] b'is[lt ;DaGwL bfloTj ;[hgf ;DaGwdf eg]sf 5g\– Tortious
liability arises from the breach of a duty primarily fixed by law; this duty is towards
persons generally and its breach is redressable by an action for unliquidated damages.2
ef/tsf] xbDofb ;DaGwL sfg"gdf – ætortæ means a civil wrong which is not exclusively
the breach of a contract or the breach of a trust.3

b'is[lt ck/fw eGbf km/s s'g cy{df x'G5 eg] ck/fw /fHosf] lj?4 x'G5 / o;n] ;fj{hlgs
clwsf/ / bfloTjsf] pNn+3g u/]sf] x'G5 eg] b'is[ltn] JolQmsf] lghL clwsf/df bVvn
ub{5 . ck/fwdf bf]ifL ;hfosf] eflubf/ x'G5 eg] b'is[ltdf Ifltk"lt{ jxg ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .
lg0f{osf] ;Gbe{df s'/f ubf{ ck/fwdf dg;fosf] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg x'g] ePsf]n] ;hfo ug{'eGbf
cufl8 z+sf/lxt tj/n] k'li6 -Beyond reasonable doubt_ x'g'kb{5 eg] b'is[ltdf htflt/

i
lgb{]zs, /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fg
1
R.F.V. Heuston Salmond on the Law of Torts 13 (17th ed. 1977)
2
https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/tort-law/tortuous-negligence-liability.php(Accessed on 28 Aug. 2020.
3
Indian Limitation Act 1963, Section 2(m)

40
42 g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLM l;4fGt / Jojxf/

k|df0f alnof] eof] p;s} kIfdf -Preponderance of evidence_ km};nf x'g ;S5 . ck/fw
lnlvt sfg"gåf/f kl/eflift ul/Psf] x'G5 eg] b'is[lt GofofwLz lgld{t sfg"g xf] .
To:t} b'is[lt tyf s/f/sf] ;Gbe{df 5nkmn ubf{ s/f/sf] d'Vo cfwf/ cfk;L ;xdlt xf] . t/
b'is[lt ;xdltsf] cfwf/df l;h{gf ePsf] x'Fb}g . s/f/ sfg"gsf] p2]Zo s/f/Lo afrf k"/f
u/fpg' xf] . t/ b'is[ltdf xflg /f]Sg' jf xflgsf] x:tfGt/0f jf ljt/0f ug{' xf] . s/f/Lo
pkrf/ right in personam pNn+3gsf] pkrf/ xf] . t/ b'is[lt right in rem sf] pNn+3g xf] .
b'is[lt / s/f/df km/s eg]sf] s/f/df k"j{ lgwf{l/t Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf x'g ;Sb5 . t/
b'is[ltdf k"j{ lgwf{l/t Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf x'gf ;fy ;f] ljifo b'is[ltjf6 lgoldt x'g] geO{
s/f/jf6 lgoldt x'g] x'G5 . t;y{ b'is[ltdf Ifltk"lt{ clgwf{l/t -Unliquidated_ x'G5 .
s/f/jf6 l;lh{t ;DaGwjf6 b'is[ltsf] klg l;h{gf x'g ;S5 .4 t/ b'is[ltaf6 s/f/ l;h{gf
x'g ;Sb}g . s/f/sf] Ifltk"lt{ cfly{s xflgnfO{ k"lt{ ug]{ x'G5 eg] b'is[ltdf d'Vo p2]Zo
xflgk"lt{ x'g] eP klg JolQmsf] JolQmTj, efjgf tyf rl/q cflbdf Iflt ePsf cj:yfdf klg
pkrf/ k|fKt x'g ;S5 .
@= g]kfndf b'is[lt ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] ljsf;
g]kfndf b]jfgL k|s[ltsf] ljifodf l56km'6 ¿kdf Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] Joj:yf / b'lgofF jfbL
kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf pkrf/sf] s]xL Joj:yf ePsf] eP tfklg vf;} b'is[ltsf] cjwf/0ff ljsf;
ePsf] lyPg . sfg"gn] of] s'/f ug{ x'Fb}g egL pNn]v u/]sf] s'/f afx]s c?sf] ;DklQ jf cGo
zf/Ll/s ¿kdf gf]S;fg / c;/ u5{ eGg] b]jfgL s'/fdf s;}n] Tolt klg Wofg lbg] u/]sf]
kfO{Fb}g . ;j{;fwf/0f JolQmx¿ lxF8\g] af6f] ;8sdf hyfefjL vfN8f] vg]/ /fVg] / To;af/]
oyf]lrt ;"rgf ;d]t g/fVg] sf/0fn] dfG5]x¿ v;]/ 3fOt] x'g] / d[To';d]t ePsf] o:tf s]xL
k|ltlglw 36gf 5g\ . zx/L If]qdf 3/ tyf af6f] agfpg] a]nfdf ;j{wf/0f lx8\g] af6f]df
;fdfg /fvL hf]lvdo'Qm agfO{ /fVg] / To;sf sf/0f b'3{6gfx¿ ePsf] w]/} pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\ .
t/ To:t} x]nr]So|fOF jf nfk/jfxL pk/ bfloTj axg u/fO{ Ifltkl"\t e/fPsf] pbfx/0f 5}g .
o;n] ubf{ JolQmx¿n] cfkm" pk/ cGofo ePsf] dx;'; x'Fbf klg pkrf/ gkfpg] cj:yf
lyof] . To; cj:yfdf t'+uzdz]/ h=a=/f= lj= Ol08og Po/nfOG; skf]{/]zg, sf7df8f}+5 ePsf]
d'2fdf xjfO{ b'3{6gfdf k/]/ cfˆgf gflt gfltgf 5f]/f5f]/L ;d]t * hgf afnaRrfsf] Ps} ;fy
cfsl:ds d[To' x'g hfgfn] jfbLx¿nfO{ dfgl;s / cfly{s cf3ft k'Ug uPsf] ;d]t sf/0fn]
Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ kfpF eGg] b'is[lt k|s[ltsf] d'2f k/]sf] lyof] .
gful/s clwsf/ P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf !@ / bkmf !& -!_ cg';f/ d[t JolQmsf] Hofg jfktsf]
Ifltk"lt{df xsjfnfsf] bfjL nfUg ;Sg] g;Sg] s] xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ pQm b'j} bkmfx¿ ;+o'Qm
¿kdf dgg u/L x]bf{ bkmf !@ df s'g} klg JolQmsf] eGg] jfSof+z /fvL clwsf/ kfpg]
JolQmnfO{ ;+s]t u/]sf] / bkmf !& -!_ df s;}n] s;}sf] eGg] / clwsf/ cf3ft ePsf]
JolQmnfO{ eGg] jfSof+z /fvL h;sf] clwsf/ cf3ft ePsf] 5 p;} JolQmnfO{ hgfPsf]n] pQm

4
Donoughe v. Stevenson (1932) k|:t't d'2f a]nfotsf] House of Lords n] u/]sf] Landmark d'2f xf] . jfbL / pgsf ;fyL Pp6f
/]i6'/]G6df uO{ ljo/ vfG5 / ljo/df s'x]sf] lrKn]ls/f k/]sf] b]V5 . To;n] ubf{ jfbL l3gfpF5 / lj/fdL x'G5 . c:ktfndf pkrf/
;d]t ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L pgLx¿n] vl/b u/]sf] ;fdfgdf bf]ifk"0f{ ePsf] ;fdfgsf sf/0f xflg ePsf] x'gfn] To;sf] Ifltk"lt{
ljo/ pTkfbgstf{n] lbg'kg]{ cbfntn] km};nf u5{ .
5
g]sfk @)@(, j}zfv, lg=g+= ^($ .
41
b'is[lt ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff, sfg"g / ljsf;M Ps ljZn]if0f 43

bkmfx¿ cg';f/ h;sf] clwsf/ cf3ft ePsf] 5 p;} JolQmn] bfjL ug{;Sg] l:ylt /x]sf]
cj:yf;Dd To:tf] JolQmn] bfjL u/L gfln; u/]sf]df clwsf/ k|fKt cbfntn] 7x/ u/]df
clwsf/ k|fKt cbfntn] 7x/ u/]adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{ lbg'kg]{ pQm bkmfx¿sf] dg;fo k|i6
x'G5 . pQm bkmfx¿sf] tfTko{sf] nflu sfg"gsf] cefjdf d[t JolQmsf xsjfnfx¿ clwsf/
cf3ft ePsf] JolQm dflgg g;Sg] x'gfn] pQm bkmf !@ adf]lhd clwsf/ xgg\ ePsf]df d[t
JolQmsf] Hofgjfktsf] Ifltk"lt{ xsjfnfn] bfjL ug{ kfpg] pQm bkmf !& -!_ n] clwsf/
lbPsf] b]lvg cfpFb}g / gful/s clwsf/ P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf @) sf] * dlxgfsf] xbDofbleq
kg{ gcfPsf] egL Ifltk"lt{ lbnfpg c:jLsf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . o; km};nfn] g]kfndf emg nfdf]
;do;Dd b'is[lt ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ug{ afwf v8f u¥of] .
t/ g]kfndf d'n'sL b]jfgL ;+lxtf, @)&$ ldlt @)&% ;fn ef› ! ut] b]lv nfu" ePkl5 ;f]
;+lxtfdf b'is[lt ;DaGwL Joj:yf bkmf ^&@ b]lv ^*$ ;Dd u/]sf] 5 . ;+lxtfdf cfPsf] s]xL
cGo Joj:yfx¿ klg b'is[lt / Ifltk"lt{;Dd ;DalGwt /x]sf 5g\ . ;+lxtfsf] bkmf ^&@ n]
s;}n] cfˆgf] jf cfkm}n] bfloTj jxg ug{' kg]{ c¿ s;}sf] q'l6, x]nrqmofO{F jf nfk/jfxL
h];'s}af6 eP tfklg u/]sf] s'g} sfd -sld;g_ jf csd{0otf -cf]ldzg_ af6 s;}sf] hLp,
Hofg jf ;DklQ jf sfg"g adf]lhd ;+/lIft xs jf lxtdf s'g} lsl;dn] xflg, gf]S;fgL
k'¥ofpg' x'Fb}g . To:tf] sfd jf csd{0otfsf ;DaGwdf kIfx¿ aLr s'g} k"j{ s/f/ ;DaGw
ePsf] /x]g5 eg] To:tf] sfd jf x]nr]So|fOFsf] kl/0ffd :j¿k pTkGg xflg, gf]S;fgLnfO{
b'is[lt u/]sf] dflgg]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
b'is[lt u/]sf]df To:tf] sfo{ ug]{ JolQmn] o; kl/R5]b adf]lhd bfloTj Joxf]g{' kg]{ sfg"gL
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;y{ s'g} sfd ug{ jf gug{sf nflu sfg"gL ¿kdf afWotf ePsf]df
To:tf] sfd gu/] jf u/]df bfloTj ;[hgf x'G5 . dfqfsf] cg'kftdf cnu cnu bfloTj
lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsPdf ;f]xL adf]lhd / g;lsPdf b'is[ltsf] nflu lhDd]jf/ JolQm ;a}n] ;dfg
¿kdf bfloTj Joxf]g{' kg]{ Joj:yf klg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf b]jfgL ;+lxttsf]
bkmf $($ sf] pkbkmf ! sf] b]xfo -r_ / -5_ df b'is[lt tyf q'l6k"0f{ pTkfbg sfg"gaf6 klg
bfloTj ;[hgf x'g] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
#= b'is[lt ;DaGwL b'O{ l;4fGtx¿
b'is[ltsf w]/} l;4fGtx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . klxnf] t b'is[ltdf Ifltk"lt{sf] bfjL ug{ s;}n] cfˆgf]
sfg"gL clwsf/df bVvn k'of{ Psf] x'g'kb{5 . sfg"gL clwsf/df bVvn x'gf ;fy Iflt eP
klg jf geP klg To:tf] clwsf/df bVvn k'of{lpg] JolQmn] bfloTj jxg ug{'kb{5 . o;
;DaGwdf Damnun sine injuria (damage without injury) / Injuria sine damno (injury
without damage) b'is[ltdf dxTjk"0f{ l;4fGtx¿ dflgG5 . klxnf] sfg"gL clwsf/sf] bVvn
geO{ Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg gx'g] / sfg"gL clwsf/sf] bVvn ePdf Iflt geP klg Ifltk"lt{
e/fpg ;Sg] l;G4fGt xf]. To;}u/L bf];|f] s;}sf] sf/0fn] Iflt x'G5 . t/ p;sf] sfg"gL
clwsf/df bVvn x'Fb}g eg] Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg ldNb}g .

42
44 b'is[lt ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff, sfg"g / ljsf;M Ps ljZn]if0f
6
Gloucester Grammar School's case df o; :s'nsf] cufl8 To;} :s'nsf] k"j{ lzIfsn] To:t}
vfnsf] :s'n vf]n]/ ljBfyL{x¿ egf{ lnG5 / Gloucester Grammar School df ljBfyL{x¿ sd
eP/ :s'n gf]S;fg x'G5 . To;df Gloucester Grammar School n] gofF :s'n lj?4 3f6f
u/fPsf]n] d'2f bfo/ u/L Ifltk"lt{ bfjL u5{ .o;df ljkIfLaf6 Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg gldNg]
7x/fpF5 . lsgeg] ljkIfLn] sfg"g adf]lhd :s'n :yfkgf u/L ;+rfng u/]sf]n] To;af6
jfbLsf] s'g} klg sfg"gL clwsf/sf] pNn+3g ePsf] b]lvFb}g eGg] km};nf x'G5 . To:t} csf]{
Ashby v. White sf] d'2fdf jfbLnfO{ cfˆgf] ;a} sfuhft ePsf] / s'g} klg cfwf/df
7

dtbfgaf6 al~rt ug{'kg]{ cj:yf geP tfklg pgnfO{ dtbfg ug{ hfFbf dtbfg ug{af6
al~rt u/fpF5 . t/ pgn] dg k/]sf] bnn] g} lgjf{rgdf ljho xfl;n u5{ . t}klg pgn]
cfˆgf] dtbfgsf] clwsf/af6 al~rt u/fPsf]n] dtbfg ug{af6 al~rt u/fpg] clwsf/L
lj?4 Ifltk"lt{sf] bfjL u5{ . o; d'2fdf cbfntn] pgsf] dtbfgsf] clwsf/ u}/sfg"gL tj/n]
al~rt u/]sf] x'gfn] lghn] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] 7x/ u5{ . To:t} Bhim Singh v. State of Jammu
and Kashmir8 sf] d'2fdf jfbL MLA nfO{ k|x/Ln] u}/sfg"gL tj/n] kqmfp u/L y'gfdf /fV5,
s'g} xflg x'Fb}g . t/ p;n] n]lh:n]l6e P;]DEnLdf efu lng kfpFb}g . pgdfly k|x/Laf6 ePsf]
b'Jo{jxf/sf] sf/0fn] cfTd;Ddfgdf 7]; nfu]sf] cfwf/df ljkIfL k|x/Laf6 krf; xhf/
Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] km};nf u/]sf] 5 .
$= cglws[t k|j]z -Trespass_
af:tjdf cglws[t k|j]z -Trespass_ eGgfn] s;}sf] JolQmut ¿kdf z/L/df bVvn ug]{, 3/
hUuf jf j:t'efp jf ;DklQdf cglws[t k|j]z ug]{ jf sAhf hdfpg] hgfpF5 . sdg n
k|0ffnLdf o;nfO{ dg;fout k|s[ltsf] b'is[lt -Intentional Tort_ klg elgG5 . o; af/]df
b]jfgL ;+lxtfsf] bkmf ^*) sf] :ki6Ls/0fdf “cglws[t k|j]z” eGgfn] crn ;DklQ eP
csf{sf] xs, ef]urng jf :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;DklQdf u}/sfg"gL k|j]z, To;sf] pTkfbgsf]
sAhf cglws[t Iflt, x:tIf]k jf u}/sfg"gL lvrf]nf / rn ;DklQ eP csf{sf] xs, ef]urng
jf :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;DklQ ha/h:tL sAhf ug]{, n}hfg], To;af6 k|fKt nfe lng] jf
ef]urng ug{nfO{ afwf lj/f]w ug]{ sfd ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] s'g} klg lsl;dsf]
;DklQnfO{ cglws[t ¿kdf lgoGq0f ug]{ sfd ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 egL kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 .
o; kl/efiffnfO{ x]bf{ n'6lk6 d'2f klg o;} cGtu{t kg{ ;Sg] h:tf] b]lvG5 . t/ ck/fw
;+lxtfsf] bkmf @*^ n] s;}n] cfkm\gf] xs gk'Ug] jf cGo s;}sf] :jfldTj, lhDdf jf
lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] ;DklQ rf]/L jf 7uL u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s c? s'g} lsl;dn] ha/h:tL
u/L jf gu/L vf];L, w/ks8 jf n5f/ k5f/ u/L jf To:tf] ug]{ wDsL lbO{ n}hfg] jf xflg,
gf]S;fgL ug]{ lgotn] s'g} sfd u/]df n'6lk6 u/]sf] dflgg]5 egL kl/efiff u/L n'6lk6 u/]sf]
lauf]sf] kRrL; k|ltzt;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 / n'6lk6 ePsf] ;DklQsf] lauf]
s;"/bf/af6 kLl8tnfO{ e/fO{ lbg' kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
o;}u/L ck/fw ;+lxtfsf] bkmf @*$ cfk/flws k|j]z ug{ gx'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . s'g} sfd
ug]{ lgotn] x"n x'Hht u/L jf gu/L cglws[t ¿kdf csf{sf] :jfldTj jf sAhfdf /x]sf] s'g}
6
(1410) YB 11 Hen IV, fo. pl. 201, 23
7
(1703)92 ER 126.
8
AIR 1986 SC 494
43
b'is[lt ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff, sfg"g / ljsf;M Ps ljZn]if0f 45

;DklQdf To:tf] JolQmsf] cg'dlt glnO{ k|j]z u/]df jf cg'dlt lnO{ k|j]z u/]sf]df To:tf]
s'g} sfd ug]{ lgotn] ;f] ;DklQdf al;/x]df, cf]u6]df jf ;DklQ pkef]u u/L /x]df lghn]
cfk/flws k|j]z u/]sf] dflgg] Joj:yf 5 . of] Joj:yf ck/fw ;+lxtfdf Joj:yf ePsf] /
JolQm jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2f ePdf o; cGtu{t klg sf/jfxL ug{ ;S5 .
a]nfotL Cope v. Sharpe9 sf] d'2fdf jfbLsf] 3/ ;DklQdf cfunfuL x'G5 . To;nfO{ lgefpg]
p2]Zon] 3/ dflnssf] cg'dlt ljgf k|ltjfbL 3/ leq k;]/ cfuf] lgefpg] k|of; u5{ . t/
3/ dflnsn] cfˆgf] cg'dlt ljgf k|ltjfbL 3/leq k;]sf] x'gfn] cglws[t k|j]z eg]/
Ifltk"lt{sf] bfjL u5{ . cbfntn] cfjZostfsf cfwf/df k|ltjfbL cfuf] lgefpg jfbLsf]
3/df k;]sf] xf] . To;}n] Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg ldNb}g egL km};nf u5{ . t/ Carter v. Thomas 10

sf] d'2fdf cfuf] nfu]sf] a]nfdf bdsn nufot cGo cfjZos JolQmx¿n] cfuf] lgefO{ /x]sf]
cj:yfdf a];/f]sf/sf JolQm ljgf cg'dlt 3/leq k:5 eg] Tof] cglws[t k|j]z xf] / To;/L
k:g]af6 Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg ldN5 egL km};nf u/]sf] 5 .
cGo b]zsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ x]bf{ cglws[t k|j]znfO{ g]kfnn] xfn u/]sf] kl/efiff eGbf cln lj:t[t
cyf{t JolQmsf] z/L/dfly bVvn k'¥ofpg];d]tnfO{ lng] ul/Psf] 5 . t;y{ o; cGtu{t
JolQm lj?4 rf/ k|sf/sf cglws[t k|j]z -Trespass_ sf sfo{x¿ kb{5g\ . s'6lk6 -Battery_,
xdnf -Assault_, cglws[t y'gf -False Imprisonment_ / kmf}hbf/L s[t\ -Mayhem_ kb{5g\ .
o;df dg;fo cfjZos x'G5 / cbfntn] km};nf ubf{ dg;fo ePsf] k|dfl0ft ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .
oL ;a} s'/f g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] ;/sf/ jfbL kmf}hbf/L jf b'lgofF jfbL
kmf}hbf/L d'2fx¿sf] ¿kdf x]g]{ ul/Psf] 5 .
$=! s'6lk6 -Battery_ / xdnf -Assault_
a]nfotsf] Ps Vosburg v. Putney d'2fdf jfbLn] k|ltjfbLnfO{ s'6lk6 u/L rf]6k6s
11

k'¥ofPsf] x'gfn] To; pk/sf] Ifltk"lt{ u/fpg'kg]{ 7x/fpF5 egL l;4fGt sfod ePsf] 5 .
xdnf -Assault_ cGtu{t Stephen v= Myers12 sf] d'2fdf a}7ssf] cWoIftf u/L /x]sf] JolQm
lj?4 a}7sdf nDsL emDsL x'G5, s'6lk6 ug{ vf]H5 . t/ s;}n] /f]s]sf] sf/0fn] s'6lk6 x'g
kfpFb}g . o; d'2fdf pgn] cfˆgf] lj?4 xdnf u/]sf]n] cfˆgf] ;Ddfgdf rf]6 k'u]sf] / a]OHht
ePsf] dx;'; u/L Ifltk"lt{sf] bfjL u5{ / cbfntn] klg jfbLnfO{ k|ltjfbLaf6 Ifltk"lt{
e/fpg] km};nf u5{ . s'6lk6 ;DaGwL s'/fx¿ g]kfndf b'lgofF jfbL kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] ljifo /
;fljsdf d'n'sL P]gsf] s'6lk6sf] dxndf Joj:yf ePsf] eP tfklg a]nfot tyf sltko
cGo b]zdf b'is[lt cGtu{t /xg] Joj:yf 5 . xfn d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtfdf s'6lk6 jf cËeË
;DaGwL s;"/ ljifos zLif{sdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . s;}n] s;}nfO{ b]xfosf] s'g} sfo{ u/]df
lghn] s'6lk6 u/]sf] dflgg]5M–
-s_ s'g} lsl;dsf] zf/Ll/s kL8f k'¥ofPdf,
-v_ s'g} sfd u/L /f]u ;f/]df,

9
[1912] 1 KB 496
10
697 F.2d 288 (2d Cir. 1982)
11
(1891) - 80 Wis. 523, 50 N.W. 403, 1891 Wisc. LEXIS 234
12
CCP 17 Jul 1830
44
46 b'is[lt ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff, sfg"g / ljsf;M Ps ljZn]if0f

-u_ cGo s'g} sfo{ u/L czQm agfPdf .

;fy} s;}n] s;}sf] cËeË ug{ jf u/fpg x'Fb}g . s;}n] s;}nfO{ hfgLhfgL s'6lk6 ubf{ b]xfo
adf]lhdsf] kl/0ffd ePdf cËeËsf] s;"/ u/]sf] dflgg]5M–
-s_ cfFvfsf] x]g]{ zlQm xLg u/L jf cfFvf kmf]/L b[li6ljxLg agfO{ lbPdf,
-v_ gfssf] ;'F£g] zlQm gfz ul/lbPdf,
-u_ sfgsf] ;'Gg] zlQm gfz ul/lbPdf,
-3_ lha|f]sf] af]Ng] zlQm gfz ul/lbPdf,
-ª_ dlxnfsf] :tg sfl6lbPdf,
-r_ dlxnfnfO{ afFemf]kg jf k'?ifnfO{ k'?ifTjxLg agfPdf,
-5_ d]?b08, 8F8fNg'xft v'§f jf To:tf cËsf] hf]gL{ efFrL, kmf]/L, km'sfnL a]sDdf
kfl/lbPdf,
-h_ s'6lk6sf] sf/0faf6 cfˆgf] k]zfsf] sfd ug{ g;Sg] u/L c;Ifd agfO{ lbPdf .
pNn]lvt ljifosf cltl/Qm t]hfa jf cGo /f;folgs, h}ljs jf ljiffn' kbfy{ k|of]u u/L
s'¿k kfg]{, uDeL/ pQ]hgf jf /L;sf] cfj]zaf6 s'6lk6 jf cËeË ug]{, nfk/afxLk"0f{ sfd
u/L jf x]nr]So|fOF u/L s'6lk6 ug{ jf cËeË jf cGo rf]6 k'¥ofpg] cflb sfo{sf lj?4
;"rgf k|fKt ePsf]df k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg To:tf] ;"rgf k|fKt
ePsf] ldltn] ;f7L lbgleq ;DalGwt JolQmn] d'2f bfo/ ug{ rfx]df d'2f bfo/ ug{ ;Sg]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .13
$=@ cglws[t y'gf tyf dfgl;s 3ft -False Imprisonmentand Infliction of Emotional
Distress_

s;}n] klg cglws[t jf u}/sfg"gL hj/h:tL ¿kdf s;}nfO{ y'gfdf /fVg jf :jtGqtfaf6
al~rt ug{ x'Fb}g . o:tf] d'2fdf kLl8tn] Ifltk"lt{sf] bfjL ug{ ;S5 . /fHosf] tkm{af6
u}/sfg"gL hj/h:tL ¿kdf kqmfp ul/g] / lgoGq0fdf lng] sfo{df klg Ifltk"lt{sf] bfjL ug{
;S5 jf ;Sb}g eGg] ljifodf :ki6 5}g . ufnL a]OHhtLdf Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] eP tfklg klxn]
dfgl;s Ifltsf nflu Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] ul/GgYof] . s'g} zf/Ll/s ¿kdf Iflt eO{ b'is[ltsf]
nflu bfjL ug{ ;Sg] ljifodf dfgl;s Iflt pk/ klg bfjL ug{ ;S5 .14 t/ a]nfotsf]
Wilkinson v. Downton15 d'2fdf Thomas Wilkinson sf] >LdtLnfO{ Mr. Downton eGg]
JolQmn] tkfO{Fsf] >Ldfg\ uDeL/ b'3{6gf ePsf] 5, b'O6} v'§f efFlrPsf] 5 / p;nfO{ lng d;Fu
6\ofS;Ldf hfg'k5{ egL em'7f] s'/f u5{ . Wilkinson sf] >LdtLn] To;nfO{ ;'g]/ pgsf] g;f
k|0ffnLdf c;/ u5{ . pgnfO{ jfGtf x'G5 . pgsf] skfn ;]tf] eP/ cfpF5 . cbfntn] o;
d'2fdf Mr. Downton n] dg;fok"0f{ tj/n] unt ;"rgf u/]sf] x'gfn] cbfntn] Mrs.

13
kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf #@ -&_ .
14
http://www.columbiaforensic.com/mental-injury-tort-law.html(Accessed on Aug. 27, 2020).
15
[1897] EWHC 1 (QB)
45
b'is[lt ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff, sfg"g / ljsf;M Ps ljZn]if0f 47

Wilkinson nfO{ Ps ;o kfp08 Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] / ;fy} Mrs. Wilkinson n] cfˆgf] >Ldfg\
3fOt] ePsf] :yfgdf dfG5] k7fpg ePsf] vr{sf] Ifltk"lt{ klg e/fpg] lg0f{o u5{ . o;
d'2fdf s'6lk6 -Battery) jf -Assault_ u/]sf] k|dfl0ft geP tfklg Ifltk"lt{ lbg'kg]{ lg0f{o
u/]sf] 5 . o:t} Pp6f Janvier v. Sweeney16 sf] csf]{ d'2fdf ePsf] 5 . h'g d'2f k|yd
ljZjo'4 tfsfsf] xf] . Janvier n] cfˆgf] k|]dL hd{gL hf] a]nfotsf] zq' b]zsf] gful/s x'g\,
lgh;Fu kqfrf/ u/]sf] ;"rgfsf cfwf/df u'Ktr/sf cg';Gwfgstf{ Sweeney n] uf]Ko ;"rgf
pgaf6 lng vf]h]sf] sf/0f Janvier nfO{ dfgl;s ¿kdf c;/ eO{ g;f ;DaGwL Iflt -
Nervous shock_ x'G5 . To;sf nflu pgnfO{ cbfntn] Sweeney af6 @%) kfp08 Ifltk"lt{
lbnfpF5 .
To:t} g]kfnsf] Ps d'2fdf cf}iflw pkrf/ afkt ?= !,!&,!!(.($ / kLl8tsf] pd]/, cfly{s
l:ylt ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /fVbf, lghsf] x]g]{ zlQmx/0f ePsf], z/L/ s'¿k ePsf] tyf
lghnfO{ k'u]sf] dfgl;s kL8f ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ Ifltk"lt{ jfkt ?= %,)),))).–-kfFr nfv_
;d]t e/fpg'kg]{df ;'? Ifltk"lt{ ;ldltn] u/]sf] lg0f{o s]xL pN6L e} kLl8tn] k|ltjfbL 8fS6/
/ lSnlgsaf6 bfdf;fxLn] ?= %,)),))).– kfFr nfv ;d]t e/L kfpg] 7x5{ egL tTsfnLg
k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;b/ u/]sf] 5 .17 o; d'2fdf s;/L s'g
dfqfdf dfgl;s kL8f ePsf]n] Ifltk"lt{ lgwf{/0f ul/of] eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g . jf:tjdf
dfgl;s xflg egL dfgl;s ¿kdf vnn -kfun_ g} x'g'kb{5 eGg] x'Fb}g . ;fdfGo ;fIfLsf]
egfO{ jf kLl8t cfkm}n] egL cGo k|df0faf6 k'li6 gePsf] -Uncorroborated_ egfO{ klg
dfgl;s kL8fsf nflu Ifltk"lt{ lbg kof{Kt x'g ;Sb5 .18 ;fy} s;}nfO{ lgoGq0fdf lnP/
dfgl;s ¿kdf oftgf lbPsf] / xflg k'¥ofPsf]df klg bfjL lng ;Sg] g;Sg] 5nkmnsf]
ljifo xf] .
$=# Mayhem
of] Ps lsl;dsf] s'6lk6 jf rf]6k6s k'¥ofpg] sfo{ xf] . of] Ps k|sf/sf] s;}n] s;}sf]
z/L/sf] s'g} c+usf] s'¿k kfg]{ -Disfigurement_, c+ue+u ug]{, z/L/sf] s'g} c+u a]sDdf kfg]{
sfo{ xf] . o;/L s;}sf] z/L/sf] s'g} efu sfd gnfUg] agfpg], gf]S;fg ug]{ jf s'¿k u/]df
Ifltk"lt{sf] eflubf/ x'G5 . Fetter v. Beale19 sf] d'2fdf ljkIfLn] aGb's rnfO{ jfbLsf]
6fpsf]df g/fd|f] rf]6 k'of{sPsf] x'gfn] To;sf] Ifltk"lt{sf nflu ljkIfLnfO{ cbfntn]
ljkIfLnfO{ bfloTj jxg u/fPsf] 5 . g]kfndf o;nfO{ d'n'sL P]gdf s'6lk6sf] dxnn]
sf/jfxL x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . xfn ck/fw ;+lxtfdf s'6lk6 / c+ue+u ;DaGwL s;"/
;DaGwL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
%= b'is[lt ;DaGwL ljsf; ePsf s]xL l;4fGtx¿
s;}n] s'g} hf]lvdnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] sf/0fn] s'g} gf]S;fgL ePdf To:tf]df Ifltk"lt{sf] bfjL
ug{ ;Sb}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu s;}n] km'6an x]g{ hfFbf km'6ann] nfuL s'g} 3fOt] ePdf
16
[1919] 2 KB 316
17
8f= lbg]zljqmd zfx lj= l;h{gf s]=;L=, g]sfk @)^^, c+s !!, lg=g+= *@^@ .
18
Supra note 14.
19
(1701) 91 ER 1122
46
48 b'is[lt ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff, sfg"g / ljsf;M Ps ljZn]if0f

km'6an xfGg] jf cfof]hsnfO{ bfloTj jxg u/fpg ;lsFb}g . lsgeg] pQm bz{snfO{ km'6ann]
nfUg ;S5 eGg] hf]lvd hfg]/} uPsf] xf] . o; ;DaGwdf Stanley v. Pawell20 sf] d'2fdf jfbL
lzsf/ v]Ng hfFbf -shooting party_ uf]nLn] nfUg ;S5 egL hfgL hfgL ;xeflutf x'G5 /
pgnfO{ geGb} do'/nfO{ tfs]/ xfg]sf] uf]nL ?vdf nfu]/ kmsL{ k|ltjfbLsf] cfFvfdf uf]nL nfu]/
pgsf] gf]S;fg x'G5 . of] b'3{6gf xf] . To;sf/0f o; d'2fdf cbfntn] Ifltkl"\t{ gkfpg] km};nf
u5{ .
Bird v. Holbrook21 sf] d'2fdf u'nfkmsf] au}rfdf s;}sf] k|j]z u/L gf]S;fg u/]sf] x'gfn] ;f]
/f]Sg] p2]Zon] s'g} ;"rgf glbO{ Spring gun /fV5 / To:n] jfbL Bird 3fOt] x'G5 . k|ltjfbLn]
s'g} ;"rgf glbO{ rf]/L x'gaf6 arfpg Spring gun nufO{ /fv]sf] sf/0fn] Bird eGg] JolQm
3fOt] ePsf] x'gfn] k|ltjfbL bfloTj jxg ug{'kb{5 egL cbfntn] af]n]sf] kfOG5 . lsgeg]
k|ltjfbLn] vt/gfs 7fpFdf hfg gx'g] s'/f ;"lrt ug{ r's]sf] / s'g} lgbf]{if JolQm klg kg{
;Sg] cbftnn] sf/0f b]vfPsf] 5 .
b}jL k/]sf] sf/0fn] -Act of God_ s;}nfO{ s;}sf] ;DklQsf] sf/0fn] gf]S;fg ePdf jf xflg
ePdf Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg x'Fb}g . t/ JolQmut sf/0fn] gf]S;fg ePdf jf xflg ePdf JolQmn]
bfloTj jxg ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . Ramlinga Nadar v. Narayana Reddiar22 sf] d'2fdf jfbLn] cfˆgf]
uf8L n'6]sf] / cfˆgf] s]xL gnfUg] eO{ b}jL k/]sf] -Act of God_ egL Ifltk"lt{ bfjL u/]sf]
d'2fdf cbfntn] o:tf] 36gf b}jL 36gf xf]Og / Ifltk"lt{ kfpg ;Sb}g egL bfjL u/]sf] 5 .
s;}n] Pssf] ;fdfg e"njz ljqmL u5{ eg] To;k|lt p;n] g}bfloTj jxg ug{'kb{5 .
Consolidated Co. v. Curtis sf] d'2fdf csf{sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;DklQ e"njz lnnfdL
23

x'G5 . kl5 pQm ;dfgsf] dflnsn] Ifltk"lt{sf] bfjL lnG5 . cbfntn] lnnfdL ug]{af6
Ifltk"lt{ egfpg] km};nf u5{ .
cfjZostf l;4fGt cg';f/ Ifltk"lt{ ge/fpg] cj:yf klg x'g ;S5 . Cope v. Sharpe24 sf]
d'2fdf cglws[t k|j]z -Trespass_ ;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . o;df Cope sf] ;DklQdf cfunfuL
x'G5 . To;nfO{ lgefpg] p2]Zon] 3/ dflnssf] cg'dlt ljgf k|ltjfbL 3/ leq k;]/ cfuf]
lgefpg] k|of; u5{ . t/ 3/ dflnsn] cfˆgf] cg'dlt ljgf k|ltjfbL 3/leq k;]sf] x'gfn]
lvrf]nf eg]/ Ifltk"lt{sf] bfjL u5{ . cbfntn] cfjZostfsf cfwf/df k;]sf] xf] . To;}n]
Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg ldNb}g egL km};nf u5{ . t/ Carter v. Thomas sf] d'2fdf cfuf] nfu]sf]
25

a]nfdf bdsn nufotsf cfjZos JolQmx¿n] cfuf] lgefO{ /x]sf] cj:yfdf a];/f]sf/sf
JolQm 3/leq k:5 eg] Tof] lvrf]nf xf] / To;/L k:g]af6 Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg ldN5 egL km};nf
u/]sf] 5 .
;fdfGotofM k|fs[lts jf Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf x'g] s'/f;Fu Ifltk"lt{sf] bfjL ug{ ldNb}g . t/ s'g}
JolQmsf sf/0fn] hfgLhfgL b'v lbg] lsl;dn] x'g] jf ug]{ pk/ Ifltk"lt{sf] bfjL lng ldN5 .

20
[1891] 1 Q.B. 86. 10 (1957) 97 C.L.R. 465. Page 4. Nov. 1960.
21
130 Eng. Rep. 911 (1825)
22
AIR 1971 Ker 197
23
(1892) 1 QB 495
24
[1912] 1 KB 496
25
697 F.2d 288 (2d Cir. 1982)
47
b'is[lt ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff, sfg"g / ljsf;M Ps ljZn]if0f 49

Smith v. London and South Western Railway Co.26 sf] d'2fdf /]Nj] sDkgLsf] sd{rf/Ln] /]n
rnfpFbfsf] 3if{0fn] cfuf] lg:sg ;S5 egL yfxf x'Fbfx'Fb} /]Nj]sf] lnsdf 3fF; /fvL /]n
rnfpFbf 3if{0f eO{ cfuf] nfuL jfbLsf] 3/ 6x/f hn]sf] x'gfn] jfbL bfjL cg';f/ /]Nj]n]
Ifltk"lt{ Joxf]g{'kg]{ km};nf u/]sf] 5 . of] d'2f k/bfloTjsf] l;4fGt;Fu klg ;DalGwt 5 .
^= pkb|j -Nuisance_
sdg n k|0ffnLdf pkb|j -Nuisance_ df klg Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg ;Sg] l;4fGt /x]sf] 5 . pkb|j
-Nuisance_ vf;u/L b'O{ lsl;d -Private and Public Nuisance_ df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
lghL pkb|j -Private Nuisance_ JolQmut clwsf/ xgg\ -Right in Personam_ eof] egL bfjL
ug]{ s'/f xf] . t/ ;fj{hlgs pkb|j -Public Nuisance_ ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf JolQmx¿sf] clwsf/
xgg\ -Right in Rem_ egL bfjL ug]{ s'/f xf] . ;fj{hlgs pkb|jdf w]/} JolQmsf] clwsf/sf]
pNn+3g ePsf] x'g ;S5 . o;y{ s'g} s;}sf] JolQmut ;DklQ jf JolQmnfO{ xflg jf x}/fgL
x'g] ePdf lghL pkb|j -Private Nuisance_ xf] . Palmer v. Loder27 sf] d'2fdf lg/Gt/
c;fdfGo cfjfhn] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ b'Mv x}/fgL lbg x'Gg . To;sf nflu ljkIfLn] bfloTj
jxg ug{'kb{5 egL o; d'2fdf af]n]sf] lyof] . To:t} csf]{ Solatu v. De Held28 sf] d'2fdf
rr{n] lg/Gt/ lbg /ft 3G6L ahfO{ ;fj{hlgs pkb|j -Public Nuisance_ u/L ;fj{hlgs
¿kdf JolQmx¿sf] clwsf/ xgg u/]sf] x'gfn] k|ltjfbLn] To; pk/ bfloTj jxg ug{'kg]{
pNn]v u/]sf] lyof]/ To;sf nflu k|ltjfbL lj?4 To:tf] 3G6L gahfpg cbfntn] lgif]wf1fsf]
cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/]sf] lyof] .
&= k/bfloTjsf] l;4fGt -Vicarious Liability_
k/bfloTjsf] l;4fGt -Vicarious Liability_ eg]sf] Psn] u/]sf] q'l6 jf xflgdf csf]{ JolQmnfO{
bfloTj jxg u/fpg] sfo{ xf] . of] lg/k]Ifsf] Ps :j¿k xf] . sfdbf/n] u/]sf] q'l6df lgbf]{if
dflnsn] bfloTj jxg ug{'kg]{ x'g ;S5 . vf;u/L b]xfosf] tLg ;DaGwdf Psn] u/]sf] q'l6 jf
xflgdf csf]{ JolQmn] bfloTj Joxf]g{'kg]{ x'G5 . dflns / gf]s/ aLrsf] ;DaGw, lk|lG;kn /
Ph]G6 aLrsf] ;DaGw / ;fem]bf/Lx¿ aLrsf] ;DaGw /x]sf 5g\ . gf]s/n] u/]sf]df dflns,
Ph]G6n] u/]sf]df lk|lG;kn / Pp6f ;fem]bf/Ln] u/]sf]df csf]{ ;fem]bf/Ln] bfloTj Joxf]g{ kg]{
cj:yf x'g ;S5 . d'n'sL b]jfgL ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf ^&# b]lv bkmf ^&( ;Dd dfyj/n]
bfloTj jxg ug{'kg]{ Joj:yfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . h'g b]xfo cg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnsf] sfg"gn] rf}w jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfn] u/]sf] bfloTj cfdfafa'n], xf]; 7]ufg gePsf]
JolQmn] u/]sf] xflg gf]S;fgL jfkt lghsf] ;+/Ifs jf dfyj/n], sfddf nufPsf] sfdbf/ jf
sd{rf/Ln] sfo{af6 s;}nfO{ xflg, gf]S;fgL ePdf To;/L sfddf nufpg] JolQm jf ;+:yfn] /
cfkm"n] kfn]sf jf cfˆgf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] kz'n] xflg gf]S;fgL jfktsf] bfloTj kz' wgLn]
Joxf]g{'kg]{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} 3/ lgdf{0f ubf{sf avt s;}nfO{ s'g} lsl;dsf] xflg,
gf]S;fgL ePsf]df ;DalGwt 3/ wgLn] bfloTj Joxf]g{' kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . s'g} j:t' kmfn]sf]

26
(1870-71) LR 6 CP 14
27
Palmer v. Loder (1962) CLY 2333).
28
(1851) Sim NS 133
48
50 b'is[lt ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff, sfg"g / ljsf;M Ps ljZn]if0f

sf/0faf6 s;}nfO{ xflg, gf]S;fgL ePsf]df ;DalGwt 3/ d'nLn] bfloTj Joxf]g{' kg]{ Joj:yf
klg /x]sf] 5 .
cd]l/sfsf] o; Fletcher v. Baltimore29 sf] d'2fdf jfbLn] cfkm"nfO{ k|ltjfbL sDkgLsf]
sfdbf/n] /]naf6 aflx/ kmfn]sf] sf7n] nfuL 3fOt] ePsf] x'gfn] Ifltk"lt{sf] bfjL u5{ . ;w}F
h;f] k|ltjfbLn] /]naf6 sf7 cgnf]8 ug]{ ;Gbe{df aflx/ ˆofFSbf cs:dft jfbLnfO{ nflu
3fOt] x'G5 . cbfntn] sf7 cgnf]8 ug]{ pQm sfdbf/ sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 sfd ul//x]sf]
x'gfn] p;nfO{ JolQmut ¿kdf lhDd]jf/ gagfO{ sDkgLn] g} bfloTj jxg ug{' kb{5 egL
sDkgLaf6 Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] cfb]z lbG5 . To:t} Rajasthan v. Vidyawath30 ePsf] d'2fdf
;/sf/L uf8L Uof/]haf6 agfP/ 3/ cfpFb} u/]sf] cj:yfdf crfgs uf8Ldf cfPsf] v/fjLsf
sf/0fn] b'3{6gf eO{ Ps hgf af6f]df lxFl8/x]sL dlxnfnfO{ 7Ss/ lbO{ pgsf] d[To' x'G5 . To;
d'2fdf rfnsnfO{ bfloTj jxg gu/fO{ /fHon] g} Ifltk"lt{ lbg'kg]{ egL cfb]z ePsf] lyof] .
To:t} Anita Bhandari & Ors. V. Union of India31 sf] d'2fdf a}ssf] ;'/Iff uf8{n] jfbLsf
>Ldfg\sf] a}sdf crfgs uf]nL xflg xTof u5{ . d[tssf >Ldfg\ / pgsf afnaRrfx¿n]
a}ssf ;'/Iff uf8{n] sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 sfd ul//x]sf] p;sf] tkm{af6 u/]sf] q'l6sf] eflubf/
a}+s x'g]5 egL bfjL u/L Ifltk"lt{sf] bfjL u5{ . a}sn] uf]nL xfGgsf nflu cfb]z glbPsf]
bfjL u5{ . t/ cbfntn] ;'/Iff uf8{nfO{ aGb's lbg'sf] cy{ cfjZos ;dodf xfGg] cfb]z xf]
eGg] cy{df a'‰g' k5{ . To;} sf/0f a}+ssf] tkm{af6 ePsf] sfdsf] nflu a}+s lhDdjf/ x'G5
egL km};nf u¥of] .
*= lg/k]If bfloTjsf] l;4fGt -Strict Liability_
lg/k]If bfloTjsf] l;4fGt -Strict Liability_ b'is[ltsf] dxTjk"0f{ l;4fGt xf] . b'is[ltdf
;fdfGotf q'l6 u/]kl5 q'l6 ug]{ Ifltk"lt{ eg{'kg]{ l;4fGt xf] . t/ o;df s'g} q'l6 jf dg;fo
jf cfk/flws dg;fo ljgf u/]sf] sfddf nflu bfloTj jxg u/fpg] s'/f xf] . o;df dg;fo
lyPg . nfk/jfxL jf x]nr]So|fO{F ePsf] 5}g eGg] bfjL c;fGble{s x'G5 . of] Iflt tyf sfg"gL
clwsf/sf] pNn+3g ePsf] 5 5}g eGg] ljifodf dfq nlIft x'G5 . o; ljifodf Ps dxTjk"0f{
d'2f /x]sf] 5 . a]nfotsf] Rylands v. Fletcher32 sf] d'2fdf k|ltjfbLn] 7]s]bf/nfO{ kfgL hDdf
ug{sf nflu kfgL kf]v/L agfpg nufpF5 . t/ sfd ug]{ dfG5] c;fjwfgLsf] sf/0f kfgL
kf]v/L r'x]/ jf ToxfFsf] kfgL aflx/ uP/ c?sf] sf]OnfvfgL aufpF5 / sf]OnfvfgL ;a} gf;
x'G5 . sf]OnfvfgL dflns Rylands n] Fletcher lj?4 Ifltk"lt{sf] nflu d'\2f bfo/ u5{ . k|:t't
d'2fdf k|ltjfbL Fletcher sf] s'g} q'l6 geO{ 7]s]bf/sf c;fjwfgLsf sf/0f gf]S;fgL ePsf] eP
tfklg k|ltjfbL Fletcher n] Ifltk"lt{ ltg{'kg]{ km};nf xfp; ckm n8{n] u/]sf] 5 . o; d'2f
k|ltjfbLn] cfˆgf] hUufdf plrt ;fjwfgL gk'¥ofO{ ck|fs[lts jf c;fdfGo -Non-natural_
lsl;dsf] kf]v/L lgdf{0f u/]/ ToxfFsf] kfgL aflx/ -Escape_ uO{ jfbLsf] sf]OnfvfgLdf gf]S;fg
u/]sf] x'gfn] jfbL Ifltsf nflu eflubf/ x'G5 eGg] lg/k]If bfloTj ;DaGwL JofVof ePsf] xf] .
o;df jf:tjdf lg/k]If bfloTj ;[hgf ljz]if u/L ck|fs[lts jf c;fdfGo -Non-natural_ sfd

29
168 U.S. 135 (1897)
30
1962 AIR 933, 1962 SCR Supl. (2) 989
31
(2004) 1 GLR 13
32
[1868] UKHL 1
49
b'is[lt ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff, sfg"g / ljsf;M Ps ljZn]if0f 51

jf j:t' agfP/ To;af6 aflx/ -Escape_ uO{ s;}sf] gf]S;fg x'G5 eg] ;fdfGot To:tf] sfd
ug]{ JoQmn] bfloTj jxg ug]{ xf] . o; sf/0f c? b'is[lt eGbf o;df s] km/s 5 eg] cfkm"n]
gf]S;fg k'¥ofPsf] 5}g eGg] k|df0fsf] ef/ k|ltjfbLdf /xG5 . t/ lg/k]If bfloTj ;[hgf gx'g]
s]xL ckjfbx¿df ck|fs[lts jf c;fdfGo -Non-natural_ sfd jf j:t' aflx/ -Escape_ guO{
ePsf] b'3{6gf jf gf]S;fg, b}jL sf/0faf6 ePsf] gf]S;fg, b'O{ kIfsf] ;femf p2]Zon] sfd ubf{
ePsf] gf]S;fg, s;} c? t];|f] JolQmn] ubf{ ePsf] gf]S;fg cflb /x]sf 5g\ .
(= k"0f{ bfloTj -Absolute Liability_
of] k"0f{ bfloTjsf] ljifo d'2faf6 g} ljsf; ePsf] eP tfklg ef/tdf
klgRylands v. Fletcher
MC Mehta v. Union of India -Oleum Das Leak Case_33 sf] d'2fdf >L/fd km'8 P08
kml6{nfOh;{ lj?4 k/]sf] d'2faf6 klg lng ;lsG5 . lsgeg] o; sDkgLsf] Uof; cs:dft
lns x'G5 / w]/} dfG5]sf] d[To' x'G5 / w}/} hgf ckf+u / 3fOt] x'G5 . clt xflgsf/s Uof;sf
sf/0f Ps hgf jsLnsf] klg d[To' x'G5 . ef/tsf rlr{t sfg"g Joj;foL Pd ;L= d]xtfn]
bfo/ u/]sf] o; d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] kLl8t ;a}nfO{ Ifltk"lt{ lbg'kg]{ km};nf u/]sf] 5 .
of] d'2f ef/tsf] k"0f{ bfloTj bfloTjsf] dxTjk"0f{ l;4fGtsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 .
To:t} csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ d'2fsf] ¿kdf Bhopal Gas Leak Case xf] . Union Carbide India Ltd.
Ps cd]l/sL sDkgLn] e08f/0f ul//x]sf] Uof; cs:dft lns x'Fbf tLg xhf/ dfG5]sf] xtfxt
x'G5 / xhf/f} JolQmx¿ 3fOt] / ckf+u x'G5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] o;sf nflu hDdfhDdL $&)
ldlnog o'=P;= 8n/ Ifltk"lt{ lbg'kg]{ cfb]z u/]sf] 5 . o; d'2fdf k|ltkfbg ePsf] l;4fGt
Rylands v. Fletcher eGbf s] s'/fdf km/s 5 eg] o;n] gfkmfd"ns sDkgLn] s'g}
hf]lvdd"ns j:t'sf sf/0f b'3{6gf ePdf bfloTj Joxf]g{' kg]{ s'/f u5{ . o;df To:tf]
hf]lvdo'Qm j:t' sf/vfgf leq dfq eO{ aflx/ gcfO{ gf]S;fg ePsf] eP klg dflnsn]
bfloTj Joxf]g{' kb{5 . lg/k]If bfloTjdf h:tf] k"0f{ bfloTj -Absolute Liability_ df ckjfbx¿
x'Fb}g / sDkgLsf] ;DklQ cyf{t\ k'FhLsf] cfwf/df Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg ;S5 .
!)= nfk/jfxL -Negligence_
nfk/jfxL / x]nr]So|fO{F klg b'is[ltsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf] . sfg"gL ¿kdf x]/rfx ug{'kg]{
lhDd]jf/L ePsf JolQmn] lhDd]jf/L jxg gu/]sf sf/0f s;}nfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL ePdf of]
ljifo cfslif{t x'G5 . h'g txdf uDeL/ eO{ sfd ug{'kg]{ jf lhDd]jf/ eO{ lhDd]jf/L jxg
ug{'kg]{ xf], ;f] gePdf klg nfk/jfxL jf x]nr]So|fO{F x'G5 . vf;u/L d]l8sn If]qdf ePsf]
nfk/jfxL jf x]nr]So|fO{F ;DaGwL w}/} d'2fx¿ b]lvG5 . g]kfndf vf;u/L 8fS6/n] la/fdL leq
5f]8\g' gx'g] lrlsT;f pks/0f 5f]8\g], unt z/L/sf] efudf zNolqmof ug]{, OGkmf]d{8 sG;]G6
k|fKt gu/L la/fdLsf] ;xdlt lagf s'g} zNolqmof ug]{, unt cf}iflw lbg], plrt Pj+ oy]i6
k/fdz{ glbg] cflb h:tf x]nr]So|fO{F tyf nfk/jfxLx¿ ;'lgG5g\ . g]kfndf d'n'sL ck/fw
;+lxtfn] Onfh ;DaGwL s;"/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;+lxtfsf] bkmf @#! n] ablgot lrtfO{
Onfh ug{ gx'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 / u/]sf]df Hofg uPsf]df hGds}b jf c+ue+u ePsf]df
ck/fw ;+lxtfdf ePsf] c+ue+u ;DaGwL Joj:yf adf]lhd ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To;

33
1987 SCR (1) 819, AIR 1987 965
50
52 b'is[lt ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff, sfg"g / ljsf;M Ps ljZn]if0f

cltl/Qm bkmf @#@ n] nfk/afxL jf x]nr]So|fOF u/L Onfh ug{ gx'g] eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . sfg"g adf]lhd Onfh ug{ kfpg] JolQmn] s;}sf] Onfh ubf{ uDeL/ nfk/afxL jf
x]nr]So|fOF u/L Onfh ug{, cf}iflw vfg lbg jf vfg l;kmfl/; ug{ jf lr/kmf/ ug{ x'Fb}g
elgPsf] 5 . t/ nfk/afxLk"0f{ sfd u/]sf] sf/0faf6 Hofg d/]df jf cËeË ePdf kfFr
jif{;Dd s}b / krf; xhf/ ¿k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf / x]nr]So|fOF u/]sf] sf/0faf6 d/]sf]df jf
cËeË ePsf]df tLg jif{;Dd s}b / tL; xhf/ ¿k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . bkmf @#( s;"/ u/]sf] sf/0faf6 Hofg uP jf c+ue+u eP Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf
5 . o; ;DaGwL d'2fsf] sf/jfxL d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw cg';"rL ! cGtu{tsf] cGo
;/sf/ jfbL d'2f ;/x sf/jfxL x'g] Joj:yf 5 . To:t} g]kfn d]l8sn sfplG;nsf] sfo{sf]
¿kdf cfrf/ ;+lxtf pNn‹g ug]{ lrlsT;s pk/ tf]lsP adf]lhd sf/afxL u/L btf{
lstfaaf6 gfd x6fpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] g]kfn d]l8sn sfplG;nsf] lgoddf
lrlsT;ssf] nfk/jfxL 7xl/Pdf klxn] lrlsT;snfO{ ;r]t u/fpg] / bf];|f] r/0fdf b'O{
jif{;Dd nfO;]G; vf/]h ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
t/ ef/tdf nfk/jfxL -Negligence_ b]jfgL q'l6sf] ¿kdf sf/jfxL x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
JagadishRam v. State of Himachal Pradesh34 sf] d'2fdf 8fS6/n] Pg]:y]l;ofsf] cf]e/8f]hsf
sf/0fn] lj/fdLsf] d[To' x'G5 . o; d'2fdf a]xf]; ug]{ 8fS6/nfO{ bfloTj jxg u/fO{ d[tssf]
kl/jf/nfO{ Ifltk"lt{ lbg'kg]{ b'is[lt ;DaGwL km};nf u/]sf] 5 . b'is[ltsf] ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf]
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] klg Ps dxTjk"0f{ d'2fdf35 ;f]xL cg';f/ km};nf u/]sf] 5 . h'g oxfF
pNn]vgLo 5 . pQm d'2fdf 8fS6/n] lgj]lbsfnfO{ Tegrital cf}iflw ;]jg ug{ Prescribe u/]sf]
t/ nfdf] ;do ;]jg ubf{ c? c;/x¿ b]lvPdf cf}iflw ;]jg aGb u/L t'?Gt c:ktfn hfg]
jf cfkm" sxfF ;Dks{ /fVg cfpg' egL ;Nnfx glbPsf]n] 8fS6/n] pkrf/ ubf{ dgfl;j /
cfjZos xf]lzof/ Due / Reasonable care k'¥ofPsf] b]lvPg . o:tf] sfo{nfO{ Negligence
sfo{ dfGg' k5{ . tTsfnLg k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gn] 8fS6/ / lSnlgs b'a}nfO{ bf]ifL 7x/fO{
ljkIfLx¿af6 ?= ^,!&,!!(.($ e/fpg] u/L ePsf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] 5 . Ifltk"lt{ afktsf]
pQm /sd s;/L e/fpg] eGg] ;DaGwdf x]bf{ lSnlgs ;d]tsf] x}l;otdf pkrf/ u/] ePsf]
eGg] lgj]lbsfsf] Prescription af6 b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf gl;{Ë xf]dn] klg l;lh{t
kl/0ffdaf6 pGd'lQm kfpg] b]lvFb}g . h;/L ;/sf/L c:ktfndf sfo{/t 8fS6/sf] nfk/jfxLsf
sf/0f lj/fdLnfO{ Iflt k'u]df To:tf] c:ktfn Tort df Liable x'G5 . To:t} u/L lghL ¿kdf
;~rflnt gl;{Ë xf]d klg Liable x'g] x'Fbf e/fO{ lbg] pQm Ifltk"lt{ /sd cfwf cfwf ¿kdf
e/fO{ lbg'kg]{ 7x5{ egL km};nf u/]sf] 5 . To:t} ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] 8f= a'nGb yfkf lj= ;'idf
yfkf36sf] d'2fdf kLl8tsf] pkrf/sf] qmddf k|ltjfbL 8fS6/af6 ePsf] sdL, sdhf]/L / lgh
k|ltjfbLn] k"0f{ ;fjwfgL gckgfPsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ kLl8tn] cfˆgf] ;+j]bgzLn c+u g} u'dfpg'
k/]sf] cj:yfdf dfgl;s, ef}lts tyf zf/Ll/s Iflt ePsf]n] ¿=(,@),))). dfu u/]sf]df
;f] xb;Dd Ifltk"lt{ ;ldltsf] lg0f{o dgfl;j b]lvG5 egL km};nf u/]sf] 5 . To:t} csf]{

34
2008 ACJ 433
35
8f= lbg]zljqmd zfx lj= l;h{gf s]=;L=, g]sfk @)^^, c+s !!, lg=g+= *@^@ .
36
g]sfk @)&$, k[= *&! .
51
b'is[lt ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff, sfg"g / ljsf;M Ps ljZn]if0f 53

g];f/ cxdb ldof lj?4 8f= k|df]b kf}8}n ;d]t37 ePsf] d'2fdf d[ts /flhof vft'gnfO{
;]K6L;]ldof ePsf], ;]K6L;]ldofsf] sf/0f ;/;kmfO / lgd{nLs/0fsf] cefj xf] eGg] ;xh}
a'‰g ;lsG5 . k|:t't ljjfbsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ lrlsT;s / ;]jfu|fxL aLrsf] ;~rf[/ / ;Dks{ /
pkrf/sf] clen]vLs/0fdf b'j}tkm{ s]xL sdL sdhf]/L b]lvP klg c:ktfndf cfwf/e"t
ef}lts ;'ljwf pknAw ePsf] cj:yfdf ;+qmd0f -Septicemia_ /f]Sg ;lsg] kl/l:ylt x'Fbf
c:ktfnaf6 nfk/jfxL ePsf] 7x¥ofPsf] Ifltk"lt{ ;ldltsf] ? $%,))). e/fpg] lg0f{o
ldn]sf] b]lvof] . k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnsf] km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf pN6L x'G5 egL km};nf
ePsf] 5 .
To:t} Ps csf]{ a]nfotL d'2f the Wagon Mound Case df sDkgLn] t]n kf]vfPsf] x'G5 /
38

tLg lbg kl5 Tof] t]n ;'S5 . t/ kl5 ToxL 7fpFdf cfunfuL x'G5 / To;af6 7"nf] gf]S;fgL
x'G5 . To;sf nflu t]n kf]vfpg] jf cfuf] nufpg] s;nfO{ lhDd]jf/L agfpg] eGg] ;Gbe{df
t]n kf]vfP/ klg ;'sL ;s]sf] x'gfn] t]n kf]vfpg] / c?nfO{ klg bfloTj jxg u/fpg ldNb}g
egL km};nf ePsf] 5 . csf]{ k|l;4 Donoghue v. Stevenson39 sf] d'2fdf a]nfotsf] xfp;
ckm n8{;n] nfk/jfxLsf] ;DaGwdf dxTjk"0f{ km};nf u/]sf] 5 . k|:t't d'2fdf jfbL / pgsf
;fyL Pp6f /]i6'/]G6df uO{ vfg] s'/f / ljo/ vfG5 / ljo/df s'x]sf] lrKn] ls/f k/]sf] b]V5 .
To;n] ubf{ jfbL l3gfpF5 / lj/fdL x'G5 . c:ktfndf pkrf/;d]t ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L
pgLx¿n] vl/b u/]sf] ;fdfgdf nfk/jfxLk"0f{ pTkfbg eO{ Wofg gk'u]sf] -Lack of duty of
care_ sf/0f xflg ePsf] x'gfn] To;sf] Ifltk"lt{ ljo/ pTkfbgstf{n] lbg'kg]{ cbfntn] km};nf
u5{ . vf;u/L nfk/jfxL tLg lsl;ddf ljefhg u/L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 .
!)=! cfˆg} sf/0fn] ePsf] xflg gf]S;fgL -Contributory Negligence_
vf;u/L o; vfnsf] nfk/jfxLdf jfbLs} nfk/jfxLsf] sf/0fn] ePsf] xflg gf]S;fgLdf jfbLn]
c? JolQmaf6 Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg ;Sb}g . cfkm}n] nfk/jfxL u/]/ c?nfO{ bfloTj jxg u/fpg
ldNb}g eGg] l;4fGt xf] .b]jfgL ;+lxtfsf] bkmf ^*@ -!_ n] b'is[lt afktsf] bfloTj Joxf]g{' kbf{
b'is[lt ug]{n] Ifltk"lt{ Joxf]g{' kg]{ 5 eGg] Joj:yf c?n] u/]sf] nfk/jfxLdf bfloTj jxg
u/fpg' x'Fb}g eGg] dfGotf glhs /x]sf] 5 . Ps rlr{t Butterfield v. Forrester40 sf] d'2fdf
k|ltjfbLn] cfˆgf] 3/ dd{t ug]{ l;ln;nfdf 3/ cufl8 Pp6f kf]n /fv]sf] x'G5 . jfbL /ftL *
ah]sf] ;dodf xfO :kL8df cfO{ To; kf]ndf 7Ss/ nfuL 3f]8faf6 n8L 3fOt] x'G5 / pgn]
cbfntdf k|ltjfbLn] af6f] kf]n /fv]sf] x'gfn] n8]sf] egL Ifltk"lt{sf] bfjL u5{ . cbfntn]
jfbL cfkm} ;fdfGo Wofg ;d]t glbO{xfO{ :kL8df bf}8]sf] x'gfn] Ifltk"lt{ gkfpg] km};nf u5{ .
!)=@ s;af6 nfk/jfxL ePsf] xf] eg]/ ul/g] -Comparative Negligence_
o;df s'g txdf jfbL jf k|ltjfbLn] nfk/jfxL u/]sf] sf/0fn] xflg gf]S;fgL ePsf] xf] eGg]
x]g]{ xf] . w]/}h;f] ;jf/L b'3{6gf ;DaGwL d'2fdf af6f] lxF8\g] dfG5]sf] nfk/jfxLsf] sf/0fn]
b'3{6gf ePsf] xf] jf rfnssf] nfk/jfxLsf] sf/0fn] ePsf] xf] eGg] x]l/G5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf

37
g]sfk @)&%, k[= !$)* .
38
UKPC 2, AC 388, 1 All ER 404
39
1932 UKHL 100
40
11 East. 60, 103 Eng. Rep. 926 (K.B. 1809)
52
54 b'is[lt ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff, sfg"g / ljsf;M Ps ljZn]if0f

h;af6 a9L nfk/jfxL ePsf] b]lvG5 p;}nfO{ bfloTj jxg u/fOG5 . To; a]nf Negligence
is to be proved by preponderance of evidence klg eGg] ul/G5 . b]jfgL ;+lxtfsf] bkmf ^*@
-@_ n] s'g} JolQmsf] cfˆg} ;d]tsf] csd{Gotf, q'6L, nfk/jfxL jf x]nr]So|fOFsf] sf/0faf6 s'g}
b'is[lt ePsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] Ifltk"lt{sf] dfqf sd x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf o; l;4fGt;Fu d]n
vfG5 .
!)=# kmf}hbf/L k|s[ltsf] nfk/jfxL -Criminal Negligence_
b]jfgL nfk/jfxL kmf}hbf/L nfk/jfxL eGbf km/s dflgG5 . o;df bfloTj jxg ubf{ ;fdfGo
eGbf s]xL km/s x'G5 . c?nfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL ug]{ lgotk"j{s uDeL/ nfk/jfxL klg x'g ;S5
. d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtfsf] bkmf !)& df vfB kbfy{df ld;fj6 ug{ gx'g], bkmf !)* / !)(
df em'SofFgdf kf/L s'g} a:t' laqmL lat/0f ug{ gx'g], bkmf !!! df kfgL b'lift kfg{ gx'g]
lkpg] kfgL jf d'xfgnfO{ b'lift kfg{ gx'g] / bkmf !!@ df jftfj/0f b'lift kfg{ gx'g] cflbnfO{
pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
!!= b'3{6gf ug]{ JolQmaf6 Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] g;lsg] l;4fGt -Remoteness of Damage_
w]/} hgfsf] ;xeflutf jf sf/0faf6 s;}sf] zf/Ll/s Iflt tyf sfg"gL clwsf/df bVvn
ePdf s;nfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfO{ Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] eGg] d'2fdf -Remoteness of Damage_ eGg]
l;4fGt /x]sf] 5 . h;sf] nfk/jfxL tyf q'l6sf] sf/0f jf hl/ofaf6 Iflt ePsf] xf] p;}nfO{
lhDd]jf/ agfpg' kb{5 eGg] o; l;4fGtsf] dd{ xf] . a]nfotsf] Scott v. Shephard41 sf]
d'2fdf Psn] k8\sfPsf] k6sf -Squib_ csf]{nfO{ lbG5 / To;n] klg csf]{nfO{ lbG5 / p;n]
klg csf]{nfO{ lbG5 . o;/L rf}yf] JolQm;Dd k'Ubf rf}yf] JolQmnfO{ k6sf k8\s]sf] sf/0fn]
cfFvfdf rf]6 nfU5 . o; d'2f tx txaf6 k6sf rf}yf]df cfPsf] x'gfn] t];|f] jf cGo aLrdf
lbg]x¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/ gagfO{ klxnf] k6sf ˆofFSg]nfO{ bfloTj jxg u/fpg' kb{5 egL km};nf
u/L Ifltk"lt{ e/fPsf] 5 . To:t} Haynes v. Harwood42 sf] d'2fdf k|ltjfbL nfk/jfxLk"j{s
Eofg;d]t /x]sf] 3f]8fx¿ dfG5] ePsf] 7fpFdf j]jfl/;] 5f]l8/x]sf] x'G5 / To;a]nf b'O{ hgf
s]6fn] 3f]8fx¿nfO{ 9'+uf xfG5 . To;kl5 3f]8f tl;{P/ efU5 / dlxnf / afnaflnsfx¿ 3fOt]
x'G5 . Haynes eGg] k|x/L clws[tn] /f]Sg vf]H5 . t/ pm klg 3fOt] x'G5 . k|:t't d'2fdf
cbfntn] s;nfO{ bfloTj jxg u/fpg] eGg] ;Gbe{df nfk/jfxLk"j{s 3f]8f ;8sdf 5f]8\g]
JolQmn] g} bfloTj jxg ug{'kb{5 g ls 9'+uf xfGg] afnsx¿ .
!@= ablgotk"j{ssf] cleof]hg -Malicious Prosecution_
s;}n] klg b'Mv lbg] lgotn] d'2f dfldnf ug{ x'Fb}g . Ram Lal v. Mahendra Singh43 sf]
d'2fdf /fdnfnsf] 5f]/fn] u/]sf] cfTdxTof dx]G› l;+xsf sf/0f ePsf] xf] eGg] xNnfsf]
cfwf/df /fdnfnn] dx]G›l;+x lj?4 d'2f u5{ / tLg dlxgf;Dd dx]G› l;+x h]ndf ;d]t
a:g'kg]{ x'G5 . To;kl5 cgfjZos ¿kdf b'v x}/fgL lbPsf] egL dx]G›l;+xn] /fdnfn lj?4
d'2f u5{ . t/ aLrdf /fdnfnsf] d[To' x'G5 . k|:t't ljifodf cbfntn] /fdnfn lj?4 dx]G›
l;+xnfO{ cgfjZos b'v x}/fgL u/]sf] 7x/ u5{ . t/ /fdnfnsf] d[To' eO ;s]sf] x'gfn]
41
[1773] 96 Eng. Rep. 525
42
[1935] 1 KB 146
43
RAM LAL v MAHENDRA SINGH - CFA Case No. 30 of 1989 [2007] RD-RJ 4373 (5 September 2007)
53
b'is[lt ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff, sfg"g / ljsf;M Ps ljZn]if0f 55

/fdnfnnfO{ s'g} ;hfo jf Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg'kg]{ rflx 7x/fpFb}g . sfg"g adf]lhd cg';Gwfg
tyf cleof]hg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L kfPsf clwsf/Ln] g]kfndf o:tf] k|s[ltsf] sfo{ u/]df kmf}hbf/L
s;"/ dfgL sf/jfxL ul/g] Joj:yf 5 .44
!#= ufnL a]OHhtL -Defamation_
ufnL a]OHhtLnfO{ b'is[ltaf6 klg Ifltk"lt{ ug]{ ul/G5 . of] JolQm lj?4 p;sf] ;Ddfgdf
bVvn lbg] sfo{sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . of] b'j} lnlvt tyf df}lvs ¿kdf x'g ;S5 . s'g} klg
unt ;"rgf -False Statement_ ;fj{hlgs u/]/ s;}sf] ufnL a]OHhtL ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .
lnlvt, rnlrq, cyf{t\ t:jL/af6 x'g] sfo{nfO{ a]OHhtL -Libel_ dflgG5 . of] :yfoL k|s[ltsf]
x'G5 . t/ df}lvs jf Ozf/faf6 ePdf ufnL -Slander_ elgG5 . ;fljsdf ufnL a]OHhtL
;DaGwL P]g cg';f/ x'g] eP tfklg xfn ck/fw ;+lxtfn] ufnL a]OHhtL ;DaGwL s;"/ 5'§}
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;df k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg To:tf] ;"rgf
k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] ;f7L lbgleq ;DalGwt JolQmn] d'2f bfo/ ug{ rfx]df d'2f bfo/ ug{
;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .45
!$= lgisif{
Nofl6gdf b]jfgL sfg"gdf Where there is a wrong, there is a remedy eGg] l;4fGt eP tfklg
g]kfndf b'is[lt ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] ljsf; ePsf] lyPg . sfg"gn] of] s'/f ug{ x'Fb}g egL
pNn]v u/]sf] s'/f afx]s q'l6 jf nfk/jfxL u/]/ c?sf] ;DklQ jf cGo zf/Ll/s ¿kdf
s;}sf] gf]S;fg / c;/ u5{ eGg] b]jfgL pkrf/sf] s'/fdf z'Go h:t} lyof] . b]jfgL ljifodf
s;}sf] x]nr]So|fOF jf nfk/jfxL pk/ bfloTj axg u/fO{ Ifltkl"\t{ e/fPsf] pbfx/0f 5}g .
o;n] ubf{ JolQmx¿n] cfkm" pk/ cGofo ePsf] dx;'; x'Fbf klg pkrf/ gkfpg] cj:yf
lyof] . b]jfgL Gofo ;DaGwL Joj:yf ck"/f] h:t} lyof] . To; cj:yfdf t'+uzdz]/ h=a=/f= lj=
Ol08og Po/nfOG; skf]{/]zg, sf7df8f}+ ePsf] d'2fdf gful/s clwsf/ P]gsf] bkmf !@ /
bkmf !& -!_ cg';f/ d[t JolQmsf] Hofg jfktsf] Ifltk"lt{df xsjfnfsf] bfjL nfUg ;Sg]
g;Sg] egL sfg"gL Joj:yf eP klg Where there is a wrong, there is a remedy eGg]
l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ;sf/fTds lg0f{o geO{ yftL /x]sf] b'is[lt ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf;
em08} $$ jif{kl5 @)&% ;fndf b]jfgL ;+lxtf nfu" ePkl5 sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ¿kdf cfPsf]
5 . t/ a]nfot nufot sdg n sfg"g k|0ffnL ePsf d'n'sdf cbfntL lg0f{o tyf
glh/x¿af6 ljsf; ePsf] sltko b'is[lt cGtu{tsf] Intentional Tort tyf Negligence
k|s[ltsf] ljifo b'lgofF jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] ¿kdf ljleGg sfg"g Joj:yf u/L ;hfo tyf
Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] u/L cfPsf] lyof] . xfn cfP/ g]kfndf ljwflosL sfg"gaf6 g} b'is[lt /
b'is[lt k|s[ltsf] sfg"gsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . x'g t @)^^ ;fndf Ps dxTjk"0f{ d'2fdf46
g]kfnsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] nfdf] ;dodf cf}iflw ;]jg ubf{ c? c;/x¿ b]lvPdf cf}iflw ;]jg
aGb u/L t'?Gt c:ktfn hfg] jf cfkm" sxfF ;Dks{ /fVg cfpg' egL ;Nnfx glbPsf]n]
8fS6/n] pkrf/ ubf{ dgfl;j / cfjZos xf]lzof/ Due / Reasonablecare k'¥ofPsf]
44
d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf (( .
45
d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] #@-&_ .
46
8f= lbg]zljqmd zfx lj= l;h{gf s]=;L=, g]sfk @)^^, c+s !!, lg=g+= *@^@ .
54
56 b'is[lt ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff, sfg"g / ljsf;M Ps ljZn]if0f

b]lvPg . o:tf] sfo{nfO{ Negligence sfo{ dfGg' k5{ . t;y{ 8fS6/ / c:ktfnnfO{ lhDd]jf/
agfO{ bf]ifL 7x/fO{ Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] u/L ePsf] km};nf u/]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 s]xL yf]/}
d'2fx¿df ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] 8fS6/x¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/L agfO{ Ifltk"lt{ e/fPsf] pbfx/0fx¿
/x]sf 5g\ .47 d'2fx¿df c:ktfnnfO{ klg bfloTj jxg u/fPsf] lg0f{on] k|zf;lgs
nfk/afxLsf sf/0f clS;hg 6\of+s cefj eof] eGg] jf c:ktfnsf] bogLo cj:yf jf vr{
sd ug{nfO{ c:ktfndf cTofjZos kg]{ Pdcf/cfO{ h:tf d]l;g gSsnL jf sd;n NofO{
nfk/jfxL ug]{ ;d]tnfO{ lhDd]jf/L agfO{ ;hfo ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . o:tf glh/ tyf sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf sf/0f k"0f{ ¿ksf] b]jfgL Gofo k|bfg ug{ cbfntnfO{ yk ;xof]u k'Ug ;S5 . o'P;
a+unf Po/nfOG;sf] ljdfg cjt/0fsf] qmddf s]xL jif{ cufl8 sf7df8f}df b'3{6gfdf k/]sf
kLl8t & hgfsf kl/jf/n] 5'§f5'§} sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf Ifltk"lt{sf nflu bfo/ d'2faf6
klg yk b'is[lt ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjog / JofVof ug{ ;xof]u x'G5 xf]nf . b'is[lt
;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf eP klg d'2fx¿ vf;} k/]sf] gb]vL /x]sf] cj:yfdf b'is[lt ;DaGwL
sfg"gsf] ljsf;sf nflu sfg"g Joj;foLx¿n] cbfntdf Nofpg] d'2f tyf cbfntx¿n]
cfufdL lbgdf ug]{ km};nfdf e/ k5{ .

YZ

47
g]sfk @)&$, k[= *&! / g]sfk @)&%, k[= !$)* .

55
b'is[lt ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff, sfg"g / ljsf;M Ps ljZn]if0f 57

jif{ #, c° !

;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM

;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t

# Zofds'df/ e§/fO{i

k|ltlglw cfb]zx¿sf] ;dLIffsf] k|oTg

Goflos JofVofx¿ ul0ftLo bz{gaf6 rNb}gg\ . Gofostf{x¿sf] ljifout 1fg, cWoog,
cg'ej / ;}4flGts w/ftn / j}olQms k[i7e"ld Pjd\ Goflos Oltxf;n] klg Goflos cfb]zdf
JoQm /fo k|efljt x'g] ub{5g\ . sltko JofVof x]bf{ ;'Gbf /fd|f b]lvG5g\ t/ ltgLx¿sf]
;}4flGts cfwf/ sdhf]/ x'G5 . sltko cfnf]Ro cfb]z / km};nfx¿sf] ;}4flGts hu dha't
x'G5 . Gofo;Dkfbg sfo{ cfwf/ / sf/0f;lxt x'g] ub{5 . cfwf/ / sf/0f;lxtsf lg0f{on] g}
lg0f{osf] cf}lrTo bzf{pFb5g\ . lg0f{odf Gofostf{x¿ cfkm\gf wf/0ff k|s6 ug{ :jtGq x'G5g\ .
lg0f{ostf{sf] x}l;ot klg ;dfg x'G5 . of] Goflos :jtGqtfsf] dfGotfdf klg cfwfl/t /x]sf]
ljifo xf] . g]kfnsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 klg ljleGg ;+j}wflgs ljjfbx¿ lg¿k0f ubf{ cem
egf}+ l/6 If]qflwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ sltko cfb]zdf ax'dt cNkdt x'g] u/]sf] 5 .1 To;/L
leGg /fo k|s6 ePsf cfb]zx¿sf] ;;{tL{ cWoog ubf{ ax'dtsf /fox¿ k|foMh;f] kl/j]zaf6
k|]l/t jf k|efljt b]lvG5g\ eg] cNkdtsf /fox¿ Gofo / sfg"gsf] d"No dfGotf /
l;4fGtaf6 k|efljt Pjd\ lgb]{lzt ePsf b]lvG5g\ . sltko cfb]zx¿ GofofwLzsf] j}olQms
k[i7e"ld jf lghL b[li6sf]0faf6 klg k|efljt ePsf] h:tf] klg b]lvG5 . csf]{tkm{ km/s dt
k|s6 ug{sf nflu ;Ifdtf klg cfjZos kb{5 . ;a} ljrf/x¿ ;w}+ cNkdtdf klg kb}{gg\ .
Goflos /fox¿ ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL cEof;nfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ dfWod x'g\ . o;}
k[i7e"lddf /xL k|:t't n]vdf lj=;+= @)$& kl5 ;+j}wflgs ljjfb / l/6 If]qdf ;jf]{Rr
cbfntaf6 ax'dt cNddtsf cfwf/df ePsf k|ltlglw cfb]zx¿sf] af/]df;+lIfKt ;dLIff ug]{
k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .2

i
;xGofoflwjQmf, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, g]kfn
1
;+ljwfgn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{tsf] l/6 If]qflwsfsf/sf] k|of]u u/L hf/L ePsf cfb]zx¿sf] ;dLIff ul/Psf]
x'Fbf ;+j}wflgs ljjfb elgPsf] xf] . of] n]vdf b]jfgL tyf kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf ePsf] km/s dtsf] cEof;sf] af/]df ljj]rgf ul/Psf]
5}g .
2
of] n]v tof/ ug]{ qmddf dfggLo GofofwLzx¿, k"j{ GofofwLzx¿, sfg"gsf k|fWofksx¿, / ;+j}wflgs sfg"gsf ljleGg ljåfg;Fu
5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] qmddf clwjQmf >L dfwj s'df/ a:g]taf6 k|fKt hfgsf/Ln] ljj/0f cBfalws ug{ / Goflos
b[li6sf]0fsf] ;dLIff ug{ cToGt w]/} ;xof]u k'Uof] . k|f= >L k"0f{dfg zfSo / 8f= >L xl/j+z lqkf7Laf6 dxTjk"0f{ dfu{bz{g k|fKt
ePsf] 5 . d pxfFx¿k|lt xflb{s cfef/ k|s6 ub{5' . cbfntsf cfb]zx¿sf] ;j]{If0fdf h] b]lvof] / cWoog ubf{ h] cg'e"lt ul/of] To;}nfO{ of] n]vdf k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 . Goflos :jtGqtfsf] pGgogsf nflu km/s dtsf] cEof; ckl/xfo{ dflgg] xfd|f] sfg"g k|0ffnLsf] dfGotfnfO{ hu]gf{
ug]{ Wo]]on] of] n]v tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . Goflos hutsf w/f]x/x¿ h;n] oL ljifodf JofVof u/L ;+j}wflgs ljlwzf:qsf] ljsf;sf
56
58 ;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t

k|wfg GofofwLz cNkdtdf

!= k|wfg GofofwLzdf l;+uf] Gofok|zf;g ;~rfngsf] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . k|wfg
GofofwLz cNkdtdf kg'{ x'Fb}g eGg] t xf]Og t/ ;fdfGotM k|wfg GofofwLzx¿ d'2fsf]
;'g'jfO ubf{ cNkdtdf kb}{gg\ . lsgeg] Ohnf;df sf] sf] GofofwLz /fVg] eGg] clwsf/
k|wfg GofofwLznfO{ g} x'G5 . t/ g]kfnsf k|wfg GofofwLz lvn/fh /]UdL cGtl/d
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] cWoIfdf lgo'lQm ePsf] ljifodf ePsf] cfb]zdf k|wfg GofofwLz
sNof0f>]i7sf] /fo cNkdtdf k¥of] .3 g]kfndf k|wfg GofofwLz cNkdtdf k/]sf s]xL
;Lldt pbfx/0fx¿ dWo] of] Pp6f 36gf lyof] .4 To;sf] k|efj olt uDeL/ k¥of] ls
;f] cfb]zkl5 Ps jif{eGbf a9L cjlw;Dd ;+j}wflgs Ohnf; a:g} ;s]g . Gofo
kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df tf]lsPsf ;+j}wflgs Ohnf;sf GofofwLzx¿ k|wfg GofofwLzn]
dfq rfx]/ kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf x'b}gYof] . To;}n] k|wfg GofofwLz sNof0f >]i7sf]
afFsL sfo{sfn / k|wfg GofofwLz ;'zLnf sfsL{sf] k"/} sfo{sfndf ;+j}wflgs Ohnf;
ck]lIft ¿kdf lqmofzLn x'g ;s]g . gofF ;+j}wflgs ;+/rgfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ;+j}wflgs
Ohnf; nfdf] cjlw;Ddsf] z'Gotfn] ;+j}wflgs ljjfbx¿ lsgf/f x'g w]/} ;do nfUof] .
@= k|wfg GofofwLz cNkdtdf k/]sf pbfx/0f cGoq klg /x]sf 5g\ . ef/tdf k|wfg
GofofwLz ljkL l;Gxf Syedna Taher Saifuddin v. State of Bombay5 and Automobile
Transport (Rajasthan) v. State of Rajasthan d'2fdf cNkdtdf k/]sf lyP .6 k|wfg
GofofwLz cNtdf; slj/ Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of
Smuggling Activities Act, 1974 sf] sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf lgjf/s gh/aGbsf] cfb]zdf
cNkdtdf k/]sf lyP . talaq-e-biddat ;DaGwL rlr{t ljjfbdf k|wfg GofofwLz h] P;
s]x/ cNkdtdf k/]sf lyP .7
;+j}wflgs JofVofdf km/s dtsf] glthf Kf|wfg GofofwLz x'g /f]sfj6
#= ef/tLo ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf P8LPd hjnk'/ lj=lzjsfGt z'Snf -h;nfO{ Habeas
Corpus case eg]/ klg lrlgG5_ ePsf] l/6df GofofwLz x+z/fh vGgfsf] /fo ;}4flGts
¿kdf ;xL x'Fbfx'Fb} klg cNkdtdf k¥of] . pgn] ;f] cfb]zdf eg]sf lyP M The
Constitution and the laws of India do not permit life and liberty to be at the mercy of
the absolute power of the Executive . The question is whether the law speaking
through the authority of the court shall be absolutely silenced and rendered mute...
detention without trial is an anathema to all those who love personal liberty. x+;/fh
vGgf ltg} GofofwLz x'g\ h;n] s]zjfgGb ef/tLsf] l/6df ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/e"t

nflu of]ubfg lbg'eof]] pxfFx¿ k|lt xflb{s ;Ddfg k|s6 ub{5' . ljj]rgfsf] qmddf x'g uPsf q'l6 sdhf]/Lsf nflu Ifdf ofrgf
ub{5' .
3
8f= rGb|sfGt 1jfnL lj= dlGqkl/ifb\ cWoIf ;d]t, g]sfk ;+j}wflgs Ohnf; v08 @)&% c+s ! lg=g+= )))& df l/6 vf/]h ug]{
ljifodf ;a} GofofwLz Ps dt eP klg k|wfg GofofwLzsf] /fodf ul/Psf] l6Kk0fLdf eg] ax'dt GofofwLzsf] c;xdlt /x\of] .
4
o;cl3 klg o:tf s]xL lg0f{ox¿ ePsf lyP . pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf lgj]bs cd[tnfn dfemL yf? lj= ef]nfjtL rf}w/fOg ePsf]
lh/fot d'2fdf k|wfg GofofwfLz /Tgaxfb'/ lji6 cNkdtdf kg'{ ePsf] lyof] . g]sfk @)#! c+s ! lg=g+= *)( .
5
AIR 1962 SC 853
6
1962 AIR 853, 1962 SCR Supl. (2) 496
7
https://www.news18.com/news/india/when-chief-justices-are-in-the-minority-1499631.html
57
;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t 59

;+/rgfsf] af/]df JofVof u/]sf lyP . pgsf] dfly plNnlvt cfb]zsf] glthf /fd|f]
8

ePg . pgn] cfz+sf u/] h:t}9 k|wfg GofofwLzsf] /f]nqmddf /x]sf pgnfO{ 5f]8]/
pgLeGbf slgi7 GofofwLz Pd Pr j]u k|wfg GofofwLz lgo'Qm eP . ef/tdf sfg"gf
Joj;foLx¿n] of] sbdsf] w]/} 7"nf] lj/f]w u/] . t/ lg0f{o ;lRrg ;Sg] cj:yf g}
lyPg . Go"of]s{ 6fOD;n] clk|n #), !(&^ sf] c+sdf “Fading Hope in India”
zLif{sdf “If India ever finds its way back to the freedom and democracy that were
proud hallmarks of its first eighteen years as an independent nation, someone will
surely erect a monument to Justice H. R. Khanna of the Supreme Court., It was Mr.
Justice Khanna who spoke out fearlessly and eloquently for freedom this week
dissenting from the Court's decision upholding the right of Prime Minister Indira
Gandhi's Government to imprison political opponents at will and without court
eg]/ n]Vof] . o;/L Go"of]s{ 6fOD;df olt dxTjsf ;fy c¿ ljb]zL
hearings.”10
GofofwLzsf] af/]df zfob} n]lvPsf] xf]nf . ax'dtsf] /fo n]Vg] dWo]sf kL= Pg=
eujtLn] Tof] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ lyof] eg]/ kl5 :jLsf/ klg u/] .11 qmd ldlrPkl5
x+z/fhn] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLzaf6 /fhLgfdf lbP . ef/tLo ;jf]{Rr Gofofnodf
jl/i7tf k/flht ePsf] / /fhgLlts k|efj lj:tf/ ePsf] of] lgSs} g} pNn]Vo 36gfsf]
¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
$= km/s dtsf] cEof; ul/Psf] ef/tLo dxfåLksf] ;a}eGbf rlr{t d'2f s]zjfgGb ef/tL
lj= :6]6 ckm s]/nf xf] . “Fundamental Rights Case” eg]/ lrlgg] of] d'2fdf !#
;b:oLo Ohnf; & / ^ sf] ;+Vofdf ljefhg ePsf] lyof] . oxL d'2fdf ;+ljwfgsf]
cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfsf] l;4fGtsf] af/]df klxnf] k6s JofVof ul/Psf] lyof] . o; d'bfdf
ul/Psf] JoVofn] ljutsf] Golak Nath v. State of Punjab sf] d'2fdf12 ef/tLo ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] sfod u/]sf] ?lnª sfod /x]g . of] cfb]zdf w]/} hgf GofofwLzx¿n] cfkm\gf]
/fo n]v]sf lyP . k|wfg GofofwLz S M Sikri n] g]t[Tj u/]sf] ax'dtsf] /fodf
GofofwLzx¿ K S Hegde, A K Mukherjea, J M Shelat, A N Grover, P Jaganmohan
Reddy, and H R Khanna sf] ;dy{gdf /fo k|s6 ePsf] lyof] . GofofwLzx¿ A N Ray,
D G Palekar, K K Mathew, M H Beg, S N Dwivedi, and Y V Chandrachud sf] km/s
dt /x]sf] lyof] .13 of] cfb]znfO{ OlGb/f ufGwLsf] ;/sf/n] k6Ss} ?rfPg . o;sf] olt
uDeL/ c;/ k¥of] ls o;kl5 ePsf] k|wfgGofofwLzsf] lgo'lQmdf jl/i7tf ldlrof] .
ax'dtsf] /fo k|s6 ug]{ tLg hgf jl/i7 GofofwLzx¿ J. M. Shelat, K.S. Hegde / A.N.
Grover nfO{ pl5g]/ 26 April 1973 df km/s dt /fVg] GofofwLz Ajit Nath Ray k|wfg

8
Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalvaru v State of Kerala [1973] INSC 258, (1973) 4 SCC 225, AIR 1973 SC 1461
9
Before delivering this opinion, Justice Khanna mentioned to his sister: I have prepared my judgment, which is going to cost me
the Chief Justice-ship of India.Anil B. Divan (15 March 2004). "Cry Freedom".The Indian Express.
10
https://www.nytimes.com/1976/04/30/archives/fading-hope-in-india.html
11
https://www.firstpost.com/politics/a-chief-justice-of-india-says-i-am-sorry-but-thirty-years-too-late-85799.htmlֿof] cGt/jftf{
o'6\o'jdf klg ;'Gg ;lsG5 .
12
Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967 AIR 1643, 1967 SCR (2) 762) of] d'2fdf k|wfg GofofwLz s] ;'Jjf /fjn] doctrine of
prospective overruling sf] af/]df k|sfz kf/]sf lyP . ;f] d'2fdf P3f/ ;b:oLo Ohnf;df ^ hgfsf] ax'dtn] ;+ljwfg
;+zf]wgsf] kIfdf cfb]z u/sf] lyof] eg] % hgfn] km/s dt k|:t't u/]sf lyP . ax'dtsf] cfb]zdf df}lns xsnfO{ ;+zf]wgsf]
clwsf/ k|of]u u/L x6fpg gldNg] JofVof ul/Psf] lyof] .
13
AIR 1973 SC 1461.
58
60 ;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t

GofofwLzdf lgo'lQm ul/P . To;sf] tLg lbg cl3dfq pQm km};nf ePsf] lyof] . Tof]
km};nf x'g] lbg k|wfg GofofwLz l;qmLsf] ;]jfsf] clGtd lbg klg lyof] .
km/s dt k|s6 ug]{ cEof; xfd|f] Gofokflnsfsf] klg ljutb]lv s} cEof; xf]
%= g]kfnsf] Goflos Oltxf;df leGgleGg /fo n]Vg] rng ljutb]lv g} x'Fb} cfPsf] xf] .
af;'b]j ef/tL lj?4 jL/ axfb'/ ePsf]] 8fFsf n'6lk6 d'2fdf gf} ;b:oLo Ohnf;df rf/
j6f /fo k|:t't ePsf lyP .14 k|wfg GofofwLz clg?b|k|;fb l;+x, GofofwLzx¿
dLgaxfb'/ yfkf, d'lQmsfGt d}gfnL, x]/Da/fh / /+ugfy kfFr hgfsf] Pp6f /fo lyof]
eg] GofofwLzx¿ /Tgaxfb'/ lji6 / ltns zdz]/sf] cnu cnu /fo lyof] .
GofofwLzx¿ l;l4axfb'/ dNn / kz'kltk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] csf]{ /fo sfod ePsf]
lyof] . k|:t't n]v kl5Nnf ;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf s]lGb|t ePsf]n] of] ljifonfO{ ;Gbe{sf]
¿kdf dfq pNn]v ul/Psf] xf] . To;}n] oxfF pQm d'2fsf] ljifoj:t'sf] af/]df pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5}g .
^= g]kfnsf] Goflos Oltxf;sf !& hgf GofofwLzx¿sf] a[xt\ k"0f{ Ohnf; a;]sf] Pp6f
b'n{e 36gf @)%@ ;fn j}zfv !% ut] 36]sf] lyof] .15 Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf ( adf]lhdsf] k'g/fj]bg / bkmf !@ adf]lhdsf] bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpmsf] lgj]bg s'g nfUg]
eGg] JofVof ePsf] ;f] cfb]zdf klg GofofwLzx¿sf aLrdf dtleGgtf k|s6 eof] .
rf/ j6f cnu cnu /fo n]lvP . k|wfg GofofwLz ljZjgfy pkfWofosf] /fonfO{ (
hgf GofofwLzx¿sf] ;dy{g /Xof] .16 GofofwLz pbo/fh pkfWofosf] /fonfO{ rf/ hgf
GofofwLzx¿sf] ;dy{g /Xof] .17 GofofwLzx¿ lqnf]sk|tfk /f0ff / nId0fk|;fb cof{nn]
cnu cnu /fo n]vL ax'dtsf] /fo;Fu c;xdlt k|s6 ug'{ eof] . of] cfb]zsf cfwf/df
;jf]{Rr cbfntdf btf{ ePsf ;of}+ k'g/fj]bgx¿ vf/]h eP . d'2f km5\of}{6df t o;n]
;xof]u g} u¥of] xf]nf . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] k|fljlws cfwf/df Gofo;Dkfbg ubf{ Gofo
slt k|efljt eof] of] csf]{ d"Nof+sgsf] ljifo /x\of] . ;f] km};nfsf] k"0f{ kf7 cWoog ug]{
sfg"gsf] hf] sf]xL ljBfyL{n] o;nfO{ km};nf dfq eGg ;S5 t/ OG;fkm eGg d'l:sn
5 . of] km};nfdf k|fljlws cfwf/df ljjfbsf] 6'+uf] nufOPsf] 5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf of]
ljjfb ;fGble{s gePsfn] km/s dtsf] wf/ pNn]v ug'{ cfjZos ePg . 

14
g]sfk @)!% c+s ! lg=g++= $ .
15
o;kl5 g]kfnsf] Goflos Oltxf;df !( hgf GofofwLzx¿sf] a[xt\ k"0f{ Ohnf; @)&& h]i7 !% ut] a;]sf] lyof] . sf]le8 !( sf]
dxfdf/Lsf] ;dodf ePsf] ns8fpg -aGbfaGbL_ sf] cj:yfdf cbfntsf] Dofb xbDofbsf] af/]df of] cfb]zdf k|i6 kfl/Psf] lyof] .
oBlk of] cEof; ;xL eP gePsf] af/]df ljleGg l6sfl6Kk0fL ePsf] lyof] . cbfntsf] cfkm\g} k|ltj]bg / clwjQmf 6Lsf/fd
e§/fO{sf] ljkIfL ljxLg lgjb]gsf] ;'g'jfOsf] qmddf ;f] cfb]z ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljlwzf:qdf oyfy{jfbL ;Dk|bfosf]
cEof;sf] Pp6f /fd|f] pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf of] cfb]z hf/L ePsf] 5 .
16
of] /fonfO{ GofofwLzx¿ ?b|axfb'/ l;+x, cf]deQm >]i7, s[i0fh+u /fodfemL, c/ljGbgfy cfrfo{, xl/k|;fb zdf{{, k[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x,
g/]Gb|axfb'/ Gof}kfg] / OGb|/fh kf08]n] ;dy{g hgfpg' ePsf] lyof] . ax'dtsf] of] JofVof k|fljlws k|s[ltsf] lyof] . cbfntn] :jo+
k'g/fj]bg ug{ hfg' egL Dofb lbPsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t ;DalGwt kIf bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpg cfpg' kg]{ egL of] k'g/fj]bg vf/]h ul/Psf]
lyof] .
17
of] /fonfO{ GofofwLzx¿ ;'/]Gb|k|;fb l;+x, s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo, uf]ljGbaxfb'/ >]i7 / s[i0fs'df/ jdf{n] ;dy{g ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
cbfntn] lbPsf] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofbleq k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] cj:yfdf cbfntsf] uNtLn] kIfsf] xs hfFb}g eGg] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df
;DalGwt kIfnfO{ ;ft lbgsf] ;do lbg' kg]{ ;dGoflos JofVof of] /fodf ul/Psf] lyof] .
59
;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t 61

cfwf/ Goflos :jtGqtf M cEof; cfGtl/s cGt/;DaGwsf]

Goflos cfb]z / km};nfdf ax'dt cNkdt x'g' x'G5 ls x'Fb}g eGg] ljifodf ljleGg d'n'ssf
ljleGg cEof; 5g\ . l5d]sL d'n's ef/t / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf leGg /fo k|s6 ug]{
ljifonfO{ ;xh / :jefljs dflgG5 . sdg n sf] hggL b]z ;+o'Qm clw/fHo klg of]
ljifodf pbf/ 5 . a]nfotsf Lord Denning n] House of Lords df klxnf] d'2fd} c;Ddt
/fo JoQm u/]sf / To;df Viscount Simonds n] a]:;/L 5fF;]sf]18 dfq geO{ pgn] JoQm
u/]sf] c;Ddt /fo k|sflzt gu/]sf] ;d]t eg]/ n]v]sf 5g\ .19 To:t} O6fnLsf] ;+j}wflgs
cbfntdf c;Ddt /fo k|sfzg ul/Fb}g .20 cd]l/sL cEof;df t leGg dtsf af/]df cfb]zdf
g} s7f]/ l6Kk0fLo'Qm efiff;d]t k|of]u ul/G5 . oBlk ToxfFsf] sfg"g k|0ffnLdf pQm ljifonfO{
j}olQms k|lti7fsf] ljifo agfOFb}g a¿ :jfefljs ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf @&
d'n's dWo] @) d'n'sdf km/s dt k|s6 ug{ ;lsg] /fli6«o sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 . ;ft j6f
b]zdf eg] km/s dt k|s6 ug{ sfg"gfL ¿kdf g} /f]s nufOPsf] 5 .21 km/s dt k|s6 ug{
pko'Qm x'g] gx'g] ljifodf kIf / ljkIfdf ljleGg l6Kk0fL x'g] u/]sf 5g\ .22
Gofo;Dkfbgsf] qmddf GofofwLzn] lg0f{odf cfkm\gf] wf/0ff k|s6 ug]{ cEof;nfO{ Goflos
:jtGqtf;Fu hf]8]/ x]g]{ ul/G5 . cd]l/sL Gofo k|0ffnLdf Ps csf{sf /fok|lt s7f]/ l6Kk0fL
ug]{ klg ul/G5 . To:tf] l6Kk0fLnfO{ ;xh / :jfefljs ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . g]kfnsf] Goflos
Oltxf; x]bf{ ljleGg r/0fdf km/s dt k|s6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ kl5Nnf] cEof;df km/s
dt k|s6 ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/Psf] h:tf] b]lvFb}g . vf; u/]/ al/i7td\ GofofwLzx¿n]
leGg /fo k|s6 u/L /foafemL ug]{ jf km/s /fo k|s6 ug]{ cEof;nfO{ ;sf/fTds ¿kdf lng]
u/]sf] b]lvFb}g .23 sltko cj:yfdf t o:tf] cEof; d'2fsf] ljifoeGbf Ohnf;sf] ;+/rgf /
GofofwLzx¿sf] cfGtl/s Pjd\ j}olQms cGt/;DaGwaf6 ;d]t k|efljt ePsf] b]lvg] u/]sf]
5 .24 plNnlvt ;Gbe{ x]bf{ Gofofnodf x'g] cfb]zx¿ ax'dt / cNkdtsf] cfwf/df klg
lg0f{odf k'Ub5g\ / ltgLx¿sf] k[i7e"lddf To;kl5sf 36gfqmddf klg ljsf; x'g ;S5g\ /
sltko o:tf cfb]zn] kl5Nnf 36gfqmdnfO{ ;d]t k|efljt kfg{ ;S5 eGg] b]lvG5 . sltko

18
Lord Denning, THE DISCIPIPLINE OF LAW, Butterworths: London, (1981); Indian Reprint by Aditya Books Pvt. Ltd.:
New Delhi, at pp. 287-9.
19
Lord Denning, THE FAMILIY STORY, Butterworths: London at p. 194 (1981).
20
Katalin Kelemen, JUDICIAL DISSENT IN EUROPEAN CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS: A COMPARATIVE AND
LEGAL PERSPECTIVE; Routledge: Oxon, at p.9 (2018).
21
k|:t't n]v g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df s]lGb|t ePsf]n] t'ngfTds cWoogsf af/]df ;Gbe{sf] ¿kdf dfq pNn]v ul/Psf] xf] . of] ljifodf
yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g{ ;lsG5 M Rosa RAFFAELLI, Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs,
European Parliament af6 ul/Psf] cg';Gwfgd"ns cWoog Dissenting opinions in the Supreme Courts of the Member States
x]g{ ;lsG5 . https://www.europarl.europa.eu/document/activities/cont/201304/20130423ATT64963/20130423A TT64963EN
.pdf
22
;f] cWoogn] lgsfn]sf] lgisif{df elgPsf] 5 M The main arguments against separate opinions include: preserving the authority
of the courts, and of their judgments; protecting the independence of judges against undue political pressure; ensuring that the
final decision adopted by the tribunal is clear and unambiguous; and preserving collegiality among judges. The main
arguments in favour of separate opinions include: preserving the judges' integrity and moral independence and their freedom
of speech; improving the quality of judgments and their persuasiveness; promoting transparency; and improving dialogue
with future and lower courts.
23
k|:t't n]v tof/ ug]{ qmddf GofoIf]q ;Da4 ljleGg JolQmx¿;Fu ul/Psf] ;3g 5nkmnsf cfwf/df o:tf] wf/0ff cfPsf] xf] .
24
GofofwLzx¿sf] j}olQms cGt/;DaGwn] Goflos lg0f{odf k|efj kb{5 eGg] ef/tLo ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf !( hgf k|wfg GofofwLz
;lxt !!$ hgf GofofwLzx¿;Fu GofofwLzx¿;Fu ul/Psf] ;+jfbdf cfwfl/t k':ts Supreme Whispers sf] cWoogaf6 klg
b]lvG5 . pQm k':ts clegj rGb|r'8n] tof/ kfg'{ ePsf] xf] .
60
62 ;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t

cNkdtdf k/sf /fox¿ sfnfGt/df ax'dtdf ;d]t ¿kfGt/0f x'g ;S5g\ . g]kfnsf]
;+j}wflgs cEof;df km/s dtdf cleJoQm ljrf/x¿NffO{ ;Gbe{sf] ¿kdf ax;sf] qmddf
k|:t't ug]{ jf km};nf n]vgsf] qmddf p4[t ug]{ jf ljj]rgf ug]{ cEof; ljsf; x'g klg afFsL
g} b]lvG5 . k|:t't n]vdf ;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf km/s dt k|:t't ePsf cfb]zsf] ljj]rgfsf
nflu ;Gbe{jz dfq dflysf pbfx/0fx¿ pNn]v ul/Psf] xf] .
Gofo;Dkfbgdf /fo k|s6 ug]{ cEof;
;fdfGotM Gofo;Dkfbgsf] qmddf GofofwLzx¿n] k|s6 ug]{/fo tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M
ax'dtsf] /fo -Majority opinion_, c;xdt /fo -Dissenting opinion_ / ;djtL{ /fo -
Concurring Opinion_ . Gofo;Dkfbgsf] qmddf PseGbf a9L GofofwLz ;+nUg ePsf]
Ohnf;df k|foM Ps hgfsf] /fo x'G5 / c?n] To;df ;xdlt jf c;xdlt k|s6 ug]{ cEof;
x'G5 . t/ To:tf] /fodf ;xdt x'g g;Sg] cj:yfdf k|To]s GofofwLznfO{ cfkm\gf] /fo JoQm
ug]{ clwsf/ x'G5 .25 To;}n] elgG5 M Gofo;Dkfbgdf GofofwLzx¿sf] x}l;ot ;dfg x'G5 .
k|wfg GofofwLz klg ;dfgx¿ dWo]s} k|wfg -Chief justice is first among equal_ kb xf] .
To;}n] Goflos JofVofdf cfkm\gf wf/0ffx¿ k|s6 ug{ GofofwLzx¿ :jtGq x'G5g\ .
km/s dt -Dissenting opinion_ k|s6 ug]{ cEof; sdg n k|0ffnLaf6 ljsf; ePsf] xf] .
vf;u/L ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf k|wfg GofofwLz hf]g df;{nsf] sfo{sfn -;g\ !*)! b]lv
!*#%_ df of] cEof; cd]l/sL Gofo k|0ffnLdf ;+:yfut eof] . k|To]s GofofwLzn] s'g} klg
lg0f{odf ;dy{g ug]{ jf c;xdltdf km/s /fo k|s6 ug]{ cEof;nfO{ Tof] ;do :yflkt
ul/of] . clxn] ;+:ff/sf nf]stflGqs d'n'sx¿df GofofwLzn] ljjfbsf] ;dfwfgdf cfkm\gf] /fo
k|s6 ug]{ clwsf/ :yflkt ePsf] 5 . o;nfO{ GofofwLzsf] :jtGqtfsf] ¿kdf klg lng]
ul/G5 . cGttf]uTjf of] Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtfsf] Pp6f kf6f] klg xf] . oBlk km/s dtsf]
cEof;sf kIf / ljkIfdf alnof ts{x¿ /x]sf] kfOG5 . km/s dtsf ljkIfLx¿n] o;af6
cbfntsf] ljZj;gLotf sdhf]/ x'G5 / cgfjZos ljefhg l;h{gf x'G5 eGg] dfGb5g\ .26
km/s dtsf kIfkfltx¿n] eg] o;nfO{ Goflos :jtGqtfsf] cEof;sf] ¿kdf lng] ub{5g\ .
dfly pNNf]v ul/P h:t} sltko b]zdf eg] c;Ddt /fonfO{ aGb]h ul/Psf] klg 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs cEof;df km/s /fo k|:t't ePsf s]xL k|ltlglw ljjfbx¿
g]kfnsf] Goflos Oltxf;df klg ax'dt / cNkdtsf] /fo;lxt lg0f{o x'g] cEof; ljutb]lv
g} ljsf; ePsf] xf] . k|:t't n]v tof/ ug]{ qmddf ljut tL; jif{b]lvsf ;jf]{RRf cbfntsf
km};nf / cfb]zx¿df pNn]v ePsf ax'dt / cNkdtsf /fox¿nfO{ ldlxg ¿kdf cWoog
ug]{ k|of; u/]F . cWoog ubf{ ;+j}wflgs sfg"gsf JofVofdf /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs Pjd\

25
An opinion in the administration of justice is understood as the judge’s or court’s position on a certain legal issue or with regard
to a pending case, which also provides an explanation of the reasoning behind the position. The opinion of the majority of the
court is drawn up as the court judgment. The minority opinion, or the dissenting opinion or dissenting vote is the opinion
expressed by one judge or jointly by several judges who disagree with the decision reached by the majority in the case. Such a
separately expressed opinion can differ from the majority opinion for its reasoning, or reasoning and the conclusion.
https://www.juridicainternational.eu/?id=12590
26
The dissenting opinion endangers the authority, prestige and legitimacy of the court, it weakens the court’s credibility and
makes the judgments too closely connected to particular persons; the dissenting opinion endangers the unity and solidarity of
the court chamber, legal peace and legal certainty. It causes unnecessary confusion in understanding the judgment, it reduces
the persuasiveness of the judgment and the judgment no longer seems as a final decision by a court of law but as a majority or
minority opinion. https://www.juridicainternational.eu/?id=12590
61
;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t 63

;f+:s[lts kl/j]z Pjd\ GofofwLzx¿sf] j}olQms cGt/;DaGw Pjd\ k[i7e"ld h:tf kIfn]
k|efj kf/]sf] cfefif eof] . tL k|ltlglw cfb]znfO{ s]nfP/ x]g]{ k|of; u/]F . Pskl5 csf{
cfb]zx¿df k|o'Qm /fo Pjd\ cfGtl/s cGt/;DaGwsf] cj:yfsf aLr Pscsf{df ;sf/fTds
¿kdf ;x;DaGw :yflkt ePem}F nfUof] .27 k|:t't n]vdf lj=;+= @)$& ;fnkl5 ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] ;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf u/]sf] ljleGg c7f/ j6f cfb]znfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ljj]rgf
ul/Psf] 5 . oL cfb]zx¿ 5gf]6 u/]kl5 n]Vg yfNg' cufj} Pp6f wf/0ff cg'e"t ul/of]] M
g]kfnsf Goflos cEof;df k|s6 ePsf leGg dtsf cfb]zx¿ dWo] clwsf+z ax'dtsf]
cfb]zdf d'n'ssf] kl/j]zsf] k|efj k/]sf] b]lvG528 eg] cNkdtdf k/]sf k|foMh;f] km/s
dtx¿sf] :f}4flGts w/ftn alnof] /x]sf] kfOG5 . of] k|f/lDes kl/sNkgfnfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/
k|:t't n]v tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . oxfF ljj]rgf ug{ nfluPsf c7f/ j6f cfb]zsf] ;f/;+If]k
o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M
l;=g+= ljjfbsf] ljifo ax'dtsf] /fo k|s6 ug]{ GofofwLz km/s /fo k|s6 ug]{ cfb]zsf]
GofofwLz glthf
! aGbL k|ToIfLs/0f /fo M nId0f k|;fb cof{n x/uf]ljGb l;+x l/6 vf/]h
;DaGwL29 ;dy{g M df]xgk|;fb zdf{, k|wfg
s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo
5'6\6} /foaf6 ;dy{g M k|wfg
GofofwLz ljZjgfy pkfWofo
@ lghL ljBfnosf] /foM uf]ljGbaxfb'/ >]i7 df]xgk|;fb zdf{ l/6 hf/L .
;DklQ ;DaGwL g/]Gb|axfb'/ Gof}kfg] g]Tf[Tjsf] km/s
Jo:yfsf] Goflos /fo
k'g/fjnf]sg ;DaGwL30
# /fh:j ;d"x u7g /fo M s]bf/gfy pkfWofo lqnf]sk|tfk /f0ff l/6 hf/L .
;DaGwL lgodfjnLsf] nId0fk|;fb cof{n g]t[Tjsf] km/s
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg /fo
;DaGwL31
$ s/;DaGwL ljjfbdf /fo M k|wfg GofofwLz ljZjgfy /fo M lqnf]sk|tfk l/6 vf/]h
j}slNks clwsf/If]qsf] pkfWofo /f0ff
k|of]u ;DaGwL32 ;dy{g M df]xgk|;fb zdf{, ;dy{gM s[i0fs'df/
c/ljGbgfy cfrfo{, pbo/fh jdf{
pkfWofo, xl/k|;fb zdf{
% k|ltlglw;ef lj36g /foM ;'/]Gb| k|;fb l;+x /fo M nId0fk|;fb l/6 vf/]h
;DaGwL klxnf] ljjfb33 x/uf]ljGb l;+x k|wfg, ?b|axfb'/ l;+x cof{n

27
cNk1fgsf] sf/0f a:t'ut cj:yf lrq0f ug{ c;dy{ ePsf] eP Ifdfofrgf ub{5' .
28
o:tf] JofVofnfO{ kl/j]zhGo pkfud -contextual approach_ elgG5 . Edmonton Journal v. Alberta Attorney Genera [1989] 2
S.C.R. 1326,64 D.L.R. (4th) 577 nfO{ o;sf] k|f/lDes JofVof dflgG5 . o:tf] kl/j]zleq /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts
kl/j]zsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 .
29
cDa/axfb'/ u'?ª lj= lqe'jg ljdfg:yn ;'/Iff uf8{ sfof{no;d]t, g]sfk @)$( c+s ! lg=g+= $$%) .
30
a;Gtaxfb'/ >]i7 lj= dk; ;d]t, g]sfk @)%) c+s $ lg=g++= $&@! .
31
s]zjaxfb'/ yfkf lj= cy{ dGqfno;d]t, g]sfk @)%) c+s ^ lg=g+= $&%! .
32
k|bLks'df/ cu|jfn lj= s/ sfof{no, df]/ª;d]t, g]sfk @)%@ c+s & lg=g+= ^)#@ .
62
64 ;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t

l;=g+= ljjfbsf] ljifo ax'dtsf] /fo k|s6 ug]{ GofofwLz km/s /fo k|s6 ug]{ cfb]zsf]
GofofwLz glthf
/foM ljZjgfy pkfWofo s]zjk|;fb
/foM df]xgk|;fb zdf{ pkfWofo
s[i0fh+u /fodfemL, uf]ljGb axfb'/ /fo M cf]deQm >]i7
>]i7 /fo M s]bf/gfy
pkfWofo
^ k|ltlglw;ef lj36g /fo M k|wfg GofofwLz ljZjgfy /fo M lqnf]sk|tfk l/6 hf/L
;DaGwL bf];|f] ljjfb pkfWofo, ;dy{g ;'/]Gb|k|;fb l;+x, /f0ff
34

?b| axfb'/ l;+x, df]xgk|;fb zdf{, cf]deQm >]i7

s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo, nId0f k|;fb s[i0fh+u /fodfemL
cof{n, s]bf/gfy pkfWofo,
uf]ljGbaxfb'/ >]i7
& 6gsk'/ -dxfsfnL_ /fo M k|wfg GofoffwLz ljZjgfy lqnf]sk|tfk /f0ff l/6 hf/L .
;Demf}tf ;+;baf6 pkfWofo, ;dy{g ;'/]Gb|k|;fb
cg'df]bg ;DaGwL 35
l;+x,cf]deQm >]i7, uf]ljGbaxfb'/
>]i7
* lj36g / ;dfj]bg /fo M k|wfg GofofwLz cf]deQm /fo M df]xg k|;fb ;dfj]bgn]
s'gn] k|fyldstf kfpg] >]i7 zdf{ k|fyldstf
eGg] ;DaGwdf 36
;dy{g M s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo, ;dy{g M nId0f kfpg]
s[i0fh+u /fodfemL, pbo/fh k|;fb cof{n,
pkfWofo, xl/ZrGb| pkfWofo, s]bf/gfy pkfWofo,
6f]kaxfb'/ l;+x
( ;ef;b\n] ljz]if eQf /foM nId0fk|;fb cof{n, ;dy{g M s]bf/gfy pkfWofo l/6 hf/L .
kfpg] Joj:yfsf] s[i0fh+u /fodfemL, xl/k|;fb zdf{, bf]xf]/f]
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg s]bf/gfy cfrfo{, e}/jk|;fb k'g/fjnf]sg
;DaGwL37 nD;fn, lblnks'df/ kf}8]n,
uf]kfnk|;fb vqL, 1fOGb|axfb'/
>]i7
!) ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg /fo M sNof0f >]i7 cg'k/fh zdf{ l/6 hf/L
P]gsf] ;+j}wflgstf tkaxfb'/ du/, an/fd s];L
k/LIf0f ;DaGwL38
!! j}jflxs anfTsf/sf] /fo M cg'k/fh zdf{ an/fd s];L l/6 hf/L
;hfo;DaGwL 39
s]bf/ k|;fb lu/L
!@ clVtof/ b'¿kof]u /fo M s]bf/gfy pkfWofo nId0f k|;fb l/6 hf/L

33
xl/k|;fb g]kfn ;d]t lj= k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf;d]t, g]sfk @)%@ :j0f{ z'ehGdf]T;j ljz]if+fs lg=g+= )@ .
34
/lj/fh e08f/L ;d]t lj= k|wfgdGqL dgdf]xg clwsf/L;d]t, g]sfk @)%@ :j0f{ z'ehGdf]T;j ljz]iff+s lg=g+= )! .
35
afns[i0f Gof}kfg] lj= dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno;d]t, g]sfk @)%$ c+s @ lg=g+= ^#!# .
36
@)%$ ;fnsf] ljz]if ;+j}wflgs lgb]{z g+= !, g]sfk @)%$ c+s !) lg=g+= ^$$^ .
37
e/tdl0f h+ud lj= dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno;d]t, g]sfk @)%& c+s ( / !) lg=g+= &)#) .
38
sdn]z låj]bL lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t, g]sfk@)^$ c+s & lg=g+= &*^^ .
39
lhts'df/ ku]gL lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t, g]sfk @)^% c+s ^ lg=g+= &(&# .
63
;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t 65

l;=g+= ljjfbsf] ljifo ax'dtsf] /fo k|s6 ug]{ GofofwLz km/s /fo k|s6 ug]{ cfb]zsf]
GofofwLz glthf
cg';Gwfg cfof]u k|wfg GofofwLz ;'/]Gb| k|;fb l;+x cof{no
P]gsf] Goflos s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo, pbo/fh
k'g/fjnf]sg ;DAfGwL pkfWofo
40

!# GofofwLznfO{ jvf{:t /fo M e/t/fh pk|]tL lul/zrGb| nfn - l/6 vf/]h

ug]{ lg0f{o pk/sf] ;dy{gM ;'zLnf sfsL{ g]Tf[Tj ug]{
l/641 GofofwLz_
!$ ;DaGw ljR5]b;DaGwL /foM an/fd s];L k|]d zdf{ -bf];|f] lgb]{zgfTds
Joj:yfsf] Goflos df]xg k|sfz l;6f}nf k6s Goflos cfb]z hf/L
k'g/fjnf]sg ;DaGwL 42
k'g/fjnf]sg
ul/Psf]df s7f]/
l6KKf0fL_
!% /fli6«o kf]zfs ;DaGwL /fo M k|]d zdf{ lul/zrGb| nfn l/6 vf/]h
Joj:yfsf] 8f= e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
k'g/fjnf]sg43
!^ hgsk'/ r'/f]6 /fo M 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{ j}Bgfy pkfWofo l/6 vf/]h
sf/vfgfsf] sd{rf/L 8f= e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
lgodfjnL]{ ;DaGwL44
!& Dofb tfd]nL ;DaGwL] /foM k|wfg GofofwLz sNof0f >]i7, uf]kfn k/fh'nL l/6 vf/]h
l/645 ;dy{g M ;'zLnf sfsL{, bLks/fh
hf]zL, uf]ljGbs'df/ pkfWofo
!* afwf c8\sfp km'sfpg] /fo M j}Bgfy pkfWofo /fo M k|wfg l/6 vf/]h
cfb]z lj?4sf]] l/6 46
;dy{g M uf]kfn k/fh'nL GofofwLz sNof0f
cf]dk|sfz ld> >]i7
;dy{g M ;'zLnf
sfsL{
!= aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] ljjfb
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] km/s dt;lxt hf/L u/]sf] k|ltlglw cfb]zsf] ¿kdf cDa/axfb'/ u'?ªsf]
xsdf /d]zdfg :yflkt lj?4 lqe'jg ljdfg:yn ;'/Iff uf8{;d]t ePsf] aGbL k|ToIfLs/0fsf]
l/6nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . nfu" cf}ifw d'2fdf kqmfp k/]sf cDa/axfb'/nfO{ kqmfp k/]sf] rf/
lbgkl5 dfq Dofb yk u/L ;+ljwfgsf] Gofo ;DaGwL xssf] pNn+3g ePsf]n] y'gf d'Qm
ul/kfpm eGg] l/6 lgj]bg /x]sf] lyof] . pQm l/6sf] ;'g'jfO ub}{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] l/6 vf/]h
x'g] 7x/ ub}{ o:t} k|s[ltsf] l/6df o;cl3 ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] l/6 hf/L u/sf] cfb]z;Fu ;xdt

40
afns[i0f Gof}kfg] lj= clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u;d]t, g]sfk @)^& c+s @ lg=g+= *#!) .
41
u0f]z kl~hof/ lj= Gofo kl/ifb\;d]t, g]sfk@)^& c+s # lg=g+= *#@( .
42
s]zj/fh cof{n lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t, Gf]sfk @)^& c+s !) lg=g+= *$&@ .
43
;'lgn/~hg l;+x lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t, g]sfk @)^* c+s & lg=g++= *^$% .
44
hubLz lu/L lj= hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf;d]t, g]sfk @)^( c+s !) lg=g+= **(( .
45
dfwj/fh l3ld/] lj= sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfnt;d]t, g]sfk @)&# c+s ^ lg=g+= (^!) .
46
8f= rGb|sfGt 1jfnL lj= dlGqkl/ifb\ cWoIf;d]t, g]sfk ;+j}wflgs Ohnf; @)&% c+s ! lg=g+= )))& .
64
66 ;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t

x'g g;sL ?lnª sfod ug{sf nflu k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ug]{ cfb]z lbPsf] lyof] .47 ;f] l/6
lgj]bgsf] lsgf/f ug]{ qmddf k"0f{ Ohnf;df dt}Sotf x'g ;s]g . kfFr ;b:oLo a[xt\ k"0f{
Ohnf;df rf/ hgf GofofwLzn] klxn] cj}w ePsf] y'gf kl5 cbfntsf] cfb]zaf6 j}w
e};s]sf]n] l/6 hf/L ug'{ gkg]{ cfb]z ug'{ eof] eg] Ps hgf GofofwLzn] s'g} klg cj}w sfo{
kl5 j}w x'g g;Sg] eGb} l/6 hf/L x'g' kg]{ /fo k|s6 ug'{ eof] .48 ax'dtsf] /fodf k|x/Låf/f
lu/ˆtf/ u/L rf}aL; 306f leq d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt gu/fO{ y'gfdf /fVg]
sfo{nfO{ ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"g;+ut eGg gldNg] l6Kk0fL ul/Psf] 5 . y'gfdf /fVg] clwsf/L /
y'gfsf] k|s[ltdf g} tflTjs kl/jt{g cfO;s]sf]n] kqmfp ug]{n] sfg"gsf] /Lt gk'¥ofO{ y'g]sf]
sf/0fn] cbfntåf/f ul/Psf] /Ltk"j{ssf] y'g5]ssf] cfb]z klg u}/sfg"gL 5 egL 7x¥ofpg
ldNb}g eGg] GofofwLz nId0f k|;fb cof{nsf] /fodf pNn]v ePsf] 5 . k|wfg GofofwLz
ljZjgfy pkfWofon] pQm /fosf] ;dy{g ub}{ 5'§} /fo JoQm ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] /fodf
elgPsf] lyof] M
c;+j}wflgs y'gf cyjf ;+j}wflgs k|lts"ntfsf] l:ylt ;dfKt x'gf;fy of] ;+j}wflgs
pkrf/sf] cfjZostf / cf}lrTo klg ;dfKt x'G5 .
GofofwLz >L x/uf]ljGb l;+x k|wfgn] ;f] /fodf ;xdt x'g g;sL km/s dt /fVg'
ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] /fodf elgPsf] lyof] M ;+ljwfg ljk/Lt tf]lsPsf] cjlweGbf
a9L ;do;Dd d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/Lsf] cfb]z glnO{ y'gfdf /fVg] sfo{ cfkm}df u}/sfg"gL
5 . To:tf] u}/sfg"gL sfo{nfO{ hf/L /fVb} lgwf{l/t cjlw gfl3;s]kl5 d'2f x]g]{
clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt u/fPsf]n] To:tf] l:yltdf d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/Ln] y'gfdf /fVg]
cg'dlt lbP g} klg To:tf] y'gfsf] l:ylt j}wflgs x'g ;Sb}g .
ax'dtsf] /fodf lgj]bssf] y'gf u}/sfg"gL ePsf]df ;xdt eP klg nfu" cf}ifw d'2fdf y'gfdf
/x]sf JolQmnfO{ y'gf d'Qm ubf{ cfpg ;Sg] cko; jf gsf/fTds l6Kk0fLaf6 ;hu ePsf]
b]lvG5 eg] km/s dtn] aGbLsf] u}/ sfg"gL y'gf d'Qm ug]{ Gofofnosf] st{Jo :d/0f u/]sf]
5.
@= lghL ljBfnosf] ;DklQ ;fj{hlgs x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ;DaGwL
lzIff lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod !@) -!_ df ul/Psf] lghL If]qdf ;~rfng ePsf ljBfno
;'rf? ¿kn] ;~rfng eP;Dd tL ;+:yfx¿sf] :jfldTj ljBfnodf g} lglxt /xg] 5 . t/

47
lgj]bs pk/ ldlt @)$&.!@.$ df clwsf/ k|fKt sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf cleof]u nufO{ d'2f bfo/ ePkl5 cbfntaf6 k'k{Ifsf]
nflu y'gfdf /fv]sf] b]lvPsf]n] o:tf] kl/jlt{t cj:yfdf lgj]bsnfO{ u}/sfg"gL tl/sfaf6 y'gfdf /fv]sf] eGg ldNg] b]lvPg . k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgkq vf/]h x'G5 . t/ “q'l6k"0f{ cfb]z / unt k|lqmofaf6 /x]sf] y'gfsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ l/6 If]qdf k|j]z u/L ;s]sf]
x'Fbf / jt{dfg cj:yfdf ;f]xL cfb]zsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] ¿kaf6} y'gfdf /x]sf] b]lvPsf]n] ;f] u}/sfg"gL Dofb yk nufotsf sfdnfO{
dfGotf lbg gldNg] @$ 306f eGbf a9L lx/f;tdf /fv]sf] x'Fbf y'gfaf6 d'Qm u/fO{ lbg] egL @)$& ;fnsf] l/6 gDa/ (%& sf]
lgj]bs dLgf >]i7sf] xsdf lji0f'eQm >]i7 lj?4 sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfnt ;d]t ePsf] aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] l/6 lgj]bgkqdf o;
cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)$&.!).$.^ sf] cfb]zdf JoQm /fo;+u of] Ohnf; ;dt x'g g;s]sf]]n] lg0f{ofy{ k"0f{ Ohnf;
;dIf k]z ug{' eGg] ;d]tsf] o; ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)$*.&.!&.! sf] cfb]z . ;f] cfb]z cg';f/ of] ljifo k"0f{
Ohnf;df k]z ePsf] lyof] .
48
Kf|wfg GofoffwLz ljZjgfy pkfWofosf] g]t[Tjdf GofofwLzx¿ x/uf]ljGb l;+x k|wfg, df]xgk|;fb zdf{, s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo /
nId0fk|;fb cof{nsf] ;f] Ohnf;df GofofwLz nId0fk|;fb cof{nn] k|s6 ug'{ ePsf] /fodf GofofwLzx¿ df]xgk|;fb zdf{ /
s]zjk|;fb pkfWofon] ;xdlt hgfpg' ePsf] lyof] . k|wfg GofofwLzn] 5'§} /fo n]vL ;dy{g ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . GofofwLz
x/uf]ljGb l;+x k|wfgn] km/s dt k|s6 ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
65
;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t 67

ljBfno aGb ePdf jf rNg g;Sg] cj:yf ePdf pQm ;DklQ ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ dflgg] 5
eGg] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg ljk/Lt eof] egL a;Gtaxfb'/ >]i7n] bfo/ ug'{ ePsf] lgj]bgdf
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ljz]if Ohnf;df GofofwLzx¿ aLr dt}Sotf x'g ;s]g .49 ax'dtsf]
cfb]zdf elgPsf] 5 M
;DklQsf] :j¿k g} kl/jt{g x'g] dxTjk"0f{ ;f/afg Joj:yf olt ;lhnf];Fu
lgoddf Jojl:yt ul/Psf]nfO{ ;+ljwfg jf P]gn] lbPsf] clwsf/ ;Ldfleq /lx
ul/Psf] dfGg ldN5 eGg ;lsg] l:ylt b]lvFb}g . ;DklQ ;DaGwL df}lns xs
lgjf{w xs xf]Og eGg] s'/f l/=k'=O{=g+= %& lgj]bs gGbs'df/L /fjn lj= >L % sf]
;/sf/ ePsf] pTk|]if0f d'2fdf o; cbfntaf6 l;4fGt k|ltkflbt e};s]sf] 5 .50
lzIff lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod !@)-!_ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$&
sf] wf/f !!=!!-@_ åf/f k|Tofe"t df}lns xs;Fu aflemPsf] x'Fbf g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,@)$& sf] wf/f **-!_ åf/f k|bQ c;fwf/0f clwsf/sf]
k|of]u u/L hf/L ePsf] ldltb]lv nfu" x'g] u/L cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/Psf]
5.
;f] /fo;Fu Ohnf;sf] g]t[Tj ul//xg' ePsf GofofwLz df]xgk|;fb zdf{ ;xdt x'g' ePg /
5'§} /fo n]Vg' eof] . pxfFsf] /fodf lgodfjnLsf] pQm Joj:yf ab/ x'g] cj:yf 5}g eGg]
wf/0ff k|s6 ePsf] lyof] . ;f] /fodf elgPsf] lyof] M
ljBfnodf nufPsf] nufgL Ps kljq sfo{sf] nflu ul/Psf] nufgL xf], To;df
klg cfP/ ljBfyL{ / cleefjssf] rGbf / z'Nsaf6 a9fPsf] a9] ;DklQ klg
lghL ;DklQ eGg ;lsFb}g .
ax'dtsf] /fon] dft[ sfg"gsf] Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df P]gn] lgwf{/0f u/sf] ;Ldfleq gk/]sf] egL
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] dfWodaf6 cdfGo / ab/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . of] cfb]z lghL If]qsf]
e"ldsf lj:tf/ ug]{ v'nf / pbf/ cy{ Joj:yfsf] ;+/If0fsf lbzfdf s]lGb|t /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg]
cNkdtsf] /fon] ;DalGwt P]gsf] s;Ldf /fv]/ lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yfsf] dd{ / efjgfnfO{
;d]t cfTd;ft u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cNkdtsf] /fodf sfg"g aflemPsf] eGg] k'li6 ug'{ kg]{
lgj]bssf] bfloTjtkm{ klg Wofgfsif{0f u/fPsf] 5 . s'g} klg sfg"g hf/L x'g'sf] p2]Zodf
s]lGb|t eP/ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ dfGotfnfO{ klg ;f] /fodf cleJoQm ePsf]
b]lvG5 . csf{tkm{ km/s dtn] ;fj{hlgs lxtsf nflu df}lns ljwfogn] lbPsf] clwsf/sf]
;Ldfleq} /xL k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] ¿kdf lgodfjnL ag]sf] eGg] wf/0ff k|s6 u/sf] 5 .
#= /fh:j ;d"x u7g ;DaGwL lgodfjnLsf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ;DaGwL
/fhZj ;d"x -u7g, >]0fL, ljefhg, lgo'lQm / a9'jf_ lgodfjnL, @)$( hf/L ePkl5 /fHf:j
;d"xdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ul/of] . lgwf{l/t of]Uotf gePsf
sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ /fHf:j ;d"x eGbf aflx/ ;?jf ul/g] ljifonfO{ r'gf}tL lbO{ bfo/ ePsf]

49
GofofwLz uf]ljGbaxfb'/ >]i7sf] /fonfO{ GofofwLz g/]Gb| axfb'/ Gof}kfg]n] ;dy{g hgfPkl5 ax'dtsf] /fo cfb]zsf] ¿kdf /x\of] .
50
;f] l/6df ;DklQsf] xssf] cjwf/0ffut kIfsf] af/]df k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .
66
68 ;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t

s]zjaxfb'/ yfkfsf] l/6df klg GofofwLzx¿ aLr dt}So x'g ;s]sf] lyPg .51 pQm l/6sf]
;'g'jfOsf] qmddf ljz]if Ohnf;df GofofwLz s]bf/gfy pkfWofosf] /fonfO{ GofofwLz >L
nId0fk|;fb cof{nsf] ;dy{g /x]sf] lyof] . pQm /fodf GofofwLz lqnf]sk|tfk /f0ffsf] km/s
/fo /x]sf] lyof] .52 of] l/6df GofofwLz s]bf/gfy pkfWofosf] /fodf ;du| lgodfjnLsf]
Joj:yf ab/ gu/L lgj]bsnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ Joj:yf dfq ab/ ePsf] lyof] .
pQm Ohnf;sf] g]t[Tj ul//xg' ePsf GofofwLz >L lqnf]sk|tfk /f0ff pQm /fodf ;xdt x'g'
ePg . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] bkmf !@$ df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g, ;~rfng
/ ;]jfsf zt{x¿ P]gn] lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .53 ;f] Joj:yf ljk/Lt
ljutsf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)!# n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L hf/L ePsf] pQm /fh:j
;d"x -u7g, >]0fL ljefhg, lgo'lQm / a9'jf_ lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] ;|f]t g} ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!#! adf]lhd lgliqmo e};s]sf]n] pQm lgodfjnL ;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf g} sfof{Gjogdf cfpg ;Sg]
cj:yf g/x]sf] pxfFsf] /fo /x]sf] lyof] . ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfn] g} ;]jfsf zt{ P]gn] lgwf{/0f
ug]{ Joj:yf ePsf] ;Gbe{df ;f] ljk/Lt lgodfjNfLn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] zt{ dfGo gx'g]
dfGotfnfO{ cNkdtsf] /fodf cfTd;ft ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L x]bf{ ax'dtsf] /fon] sfo{/t /x]sf
sd{rf/LnfO{ kl5 ag]sf] of]Uotfn] k|efj kfg'{ gx'g] dfGotf;lxt lgj]bsnfO{ pkrf/ lbg]
b[li6sf]0f /fvL l/6 hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 . cNkdtsf] /fon] ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf / ;+j}wflgs
d"Nosf] hugf{ ug]{ lbzfdf cfkm"nfO{ k|:t't u/]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 .
$= s/ ;DaGwL ljjfbdf j}slNks clwsf/If]qsf] k|of]u ;DaGwL
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf !)-s_-!_ adf]lhd ^ jif{;Dd cfos/ 5'6 kfPsf]df
To:tf] s/ 5'6 gkfpg] egL cf=j= @)$@.)$# b]lvsf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ u/L ePsf] lg0f{o
ab/ u/L kfpmF egL of] l/6 lgj]bg k/]sf] lyof] . pQm l/6df ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df /foafemL
cfb]z eof] . GofofwLz nId0f cof{nsf] s/ lgwf{/0fsf] cfb]z pk/ /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf
hfg] j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] x'Fbfx'Fb} c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qdf cfPsf] x'Fbf l/6 vf/]h x'G5
eGg] /fo lyof] . GofofwLz uh]Gb|s]z/L jf:tf]nfsf] cf}Bflus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf
!)-s_-!_ adf]lhd ^ jif{;Dd s/ 5'6 x'g]df s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] gldn]sf] x'Fbf s/ lgwf{/0f
cfb]z ab/ x'G5 eGg] /fo lyof] . o;/L /foafemL e} k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6df
?lnª sfodsf nflu a[xt\ k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ug]{ cfb]z eof] . ;f] cfb]zdf k/z'/fd emf lj=
dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno;d]t ePsf] l/6df k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 @)$*.^.!) df ePsf] lg0f{o /
eG;f/ ljefu ;d]t lj= /fdl/Ifkfn ;d]t ePsf] l/6df k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 @)$*.*.( df

51
tLg ;b:oLo ljz]if Ohnf;df GofofwLzx¿ >L lqnf]s k|tfk /f0ff, >L nId0fk|;fb pkfWofo / >L s]bf/gfy pkfWofo /xg'
ePsf] lyof] . s]zjaxfb'/ yfkf lj= cy{ dGqfno;d]t, g]sfk @)%) -v_ c+s ^ lg=g+= $&%! .
52
s]xL ;do kl5 k/]sf] csf]{ l/6df ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf sfg"gx¿ lglZrt cjlwkl5 :JftM lgl:qmo x'g] k|fjwfgsf af/]df ePsf]]
JofVofdf GofofwLz lqnf]sk|tfk /f0ffsf] of] l/6df h:t} ;dfg wf/0ff /x]sf] lyof] . h;nfO{ k|:t't cfb]zdf lqnf]sk|tfk /f0ffsf]
eGbf leGg dtdf ;dy{g ug]{ GofofwLz nId0f k|;fb cof{Nfn] ;d]t ;dy{g ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ;f] cfb]zsf elgPsf] lyof] M :jtM
lgis[o x'g] Joj:yfsf] ;DaGwdf s[i0fk|;fb lzjfsf]6L lj= dk;;d]t ePsf] l/6df lj:t[Tf¿kdf cfb]z ePsf] 5 . ;f] cfb]zdf
elgPsf] 5 M wf/f !#! sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+z v08n] ;+ljwfg;Fu jflemg] k"/fgf sfg"g :jtM lg:s[o x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'Fbf jb/
/ cdfGo 3f]lift gePdf s[ofzLn /xL /xg] cj:yf kb}{g . of] cfb]z ug]{ ljz]if Ohnf;df k|wfgGofofwLz lqnf]sk|tfk /f0ff,
GofofwLzx¿ cf]deQm>]i7, s]za k|;fb pkfWofo / nId0f k|;fb cof{n / pbo/fh pkfWofo /xg' ePsf] lyof] . g]sfk @)%$ c+s
^ lg=g+= ^#*& .
53
wf/f !@$ M >L % sf] ;/sf/n] b]zsf] k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos ;]jfx¿sf] u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:tf ;]jfx¿sf] u7g,
;~rfng / ;]jfsf zt{x¿ P]gåf/f lgwf{l/t ul/Padf]lhd x'g]5g\ .
67
;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t 69

ePsf] lg0f{odf j}slNks pkrf/ ePsf] cj:yfdf c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cfslif{t x'g] gx'g]
;DaGwdf leGg leGg cfb]z ePsf] egL a[xt\ k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ug]{ u/L cfb]z ePsf]
lyof] . ;f] l/6 ;ft ;b:oLo a[xt\ k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 lsgf/f ubf{ dt}Sotf x'g ;s]g .
ax'dtn] l/6 vf/]h ug]{ cfb]z u¥of] . km/s dtn] l/6 hf/L x'g] /fo k|s6 u¥of] .54 ax'dtsf]
/fo k|wfg GofofwLz ljZjgfy pkfWofosf] /x]sf] lyof] h;df ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf GofofwLz
nId0fk|;fb cof{nsf] /fonfO{ ;dy{g ul/Psf] lyof] . l/6 If]qflwsf/sf] k|of]u k'g/fj]bsLo
clwsf/sf] ljsNk x'g ;Sb}g eGg] ;f/;lxt j}slNks clwsf/If]q sfod x'Gh]n l/6 If]qaf6
pkrf/ kfpg g;lsg]tkm{ of] /fo lgb]{lzt /x]s]f lyof] . k|wfg GofofwLz ljZjgfy pkfWofon]
cfkm}n] k/z'/fd emfsf] l/6df k|:t't u/]sf] /fo;Fu of] /fo lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .55
j}slNks pkrf/sf] cj:yf x'Fbfx'Fb} l/6 If]q lqmofzLn ePsf] ljutsf] Goflos cEof;nfO{
;d]t :d/0f ub}{ j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] ePsf] egL l/6 vf/]h ug'{ gx'g] egL k/z'/fd
emfsf] l/6df cfb]z hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm /fo klg k|wfg GofofwLz ljZjgfy pkfWofon]
g} k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
;f] cfb]z pk/ GofofwLz lqnf]sk|tfk /f0ff ;xdt x'g' ePg . pxfFn] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gn]
5'6 lbPsf] ljifodf kl5 hf/L ePsf] ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df 5'6 lbg gldNg] egL s/ lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] s/ clws[tsf] cfb]z clwsf/sf] clts|d0f u/L ePsf]n] z'Go x'g] / To:tf] cfb]z ab/
ug{ l/6 If]qdf cfpg kfpg] egL /fo k|s6 ug'{ ePsf] 5 . k"0f{ Gofosf nflu ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] l/6 If]qflwsf/nfO{ s7f]/tfk"j{s x]g'{ pko'Qm gx'g] wf/0ff pxfFsf] /fodf k|s6 ePsf]
5 .56 o; cl3 klg o;k|sf/sf ljjfbx¿ l/6 If]qflwsf/ cGtu{t k/L pkrf/ k|bfg ul/Psf]
eGb} km/s dtsf] /fodf l/6 hf/L ug]{ GofofwLz uh]Gb|s]z/L af:tf]nfsf] /fonfO{ dgfl;j
7x/fOPsf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* sf] bkmf @! df k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f
n]lvPsf] eP tfklg o; P]g / o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf lgodx¿df n]lvPsf hlt s'/fdf ;f]xL
adf]lhd x'g]5 eg] ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] ;Gbe{df klg km/s dtsf] /fodf pNn]v ub}{ :ki6
sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] pNn+3g u/L If]qflwsf/sf] cltqmd0f u/sf] s/ clws[tsf] cfb]znfO{ z'Go
sfod ug'{ kg]{ wf/0ff k|s6 ePsf] 5 . ax'dtsf] cfb]zdf ;f] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gsf]
ljz]ifflwsf/L Joj:yf ug]{ bkmf @! sf] ;DaGwdf s'g} ljj]rgf ul/Psf] b]lvFb}g . o;sf] csf]{
rfvnfUbf] kIf t s] 5 eg] k|bLks'df/ cu|jfnsf] lgjb]gsf] ;'g'jfO ub}{ k"0f{ Ohnf;n]
54
k|wfg GofofwLz ljZjgfy pkfWofosf] /fodf GofofwLzx¿ df]xg k|;fb zdf{, c/ljGbgfy cfrfo{, pbo/fh pkfWofo / xl/k|;fb
zdf{sf] ;xdlt /Xof] . l/6 hf/L x'G5 eGg] GofofwLz lqnf]sk|tfk /f0ffsf] /fodf GofofwLz s[i0fs'df/ jdf{sf] ;xdlt /x]sf]
lyof] .
55
k/z'/fd emfsf] l/6df k|wfg GofofwLz ljZjgfy pkfWofosf] /fodf elgPsf] 5 M sfg"gdf lglZrt pkrf/sf] Joj:yf x'Fbf x'Fb} klg
l/6 lgj]bsn] o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qaf6 pkrf/ k|fKt ug]{ k|of; u/]sf]n] lghn] af6f] la/fPsf] xf] ls h:tf] b]lvg
cfpF5 . t/ j}slNks pkrf/sf] o:t} k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf clwsf+z d'2fx¿df o; cbfntn] cfˆgf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qsf]
k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] -sdn zdz]/ lj?4 ;lrj, >L % sf] ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno ;d]t, @)$# g]=sf=k= #, lkt[eQm kf]v/]n lj?4 >L
% sf] ;/sf/ ;d]t ;+o'Qm Ohnf; lg0f{o ldlt )$$.$.!& e}/jk|;fb pkfWofo e§/fO{ lj?4 >L % ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb ;lrjfno
;d]t @)$$ g]=sf=k= $*!, b'uf{k|;fb bfxfn lj?4 k|zf;sLo cbfnt, @)$^ g]=sf=k= *(@, >L % sf] ;/sf/ lj?4 lkt[eQm
kf]v/]n, -@)$% g]=sf=k= !!@%_ / To;af6 o; cbfntn] cfˆgf lg0f{ox¿åf/f lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)!# sf] bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -
#_ nfO{ lglZrt pkrf/sf] Joj:yf dfGg c:jLsf/ u/L cfPsf] b]lvgfn] lgj]bsn] af6f] la/fPsf] egL bf]if nufpg' Gofo;+ut
x'Fb}g . o; cbfntsf lg0f{ox¿af6 sfod x'g uPsf] sfg"gL l:ylt cg'¿k g} lgj]bsn] o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q
u'xf/L pkrf/ dfUg cfPsf]n] lghnfO{ dfly pNn]lvt j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] b]vfP/ of] lgj]bgkq vf/]h ug{ pko'Qm x'Fb}g eGg]
lgisif{df d k'u]sf] 5' . j}slNks pkrf/sf] cfwf/df lgj]bgkq vf/]h x'g'k5{ eGg] k|ToyL{x¿sf] dfunfO{ d}n] :jLsf/ ug{ ;lsg .
k/z'/fd emf lj= sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfno;d]t, g]sfk @)$* c+s ^ lg=g+= $#))
56
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f ** df ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] clwsf/If]qdf k"0f{ Gofosf nflu cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]
clwsf/ /x]sf] lyof] .
68
70 ;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t

k/z'/fd emfsf] lgj]bgdf l/6 If]qaf6 pkrf/ k|bfg ug]{ / eG;f/ ljefu lj= /fdl/Ifkfn
cu|jfnsf] lgj]bgdf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ sfg"gL pkrf/sf] cjnDag gu/L l/6 If]qdf cfPsf]n]
vf/]h ug]{57 cfb]z ePsf] ;Gbe{df s'g lg0f{oaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt sfod ug]{ eGg] k|Zg
p7fP/ a[xt\ k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ePsf] cj:yfdf k/z'/fd emfsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf cfb]z ug]{
k|wfg GofofwLz ljZjgfy pkfWofo :jod\n] g]t[Tj u/L ;dfg ;+Vofsf] a[xt\ k"0f{ Ohnf;af6
cfb]z u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;'g'jfO k|lqmofsf] :jR5tfsf] k|Zg klg oxfF pkl:yt ePsf] cj:yf
5 . oBlk ;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf o:tf] cEof; ef/tLo Gofofnodf klg /x]sf] 5 . uf]nvgfysf]
d'2fdf ax'dtsf] /fonfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ GofofwLz l;lqm kl5 k|wfg GofofwLz ePkl5
s]zjfGfGbsf] d'2fdf ;xefuL eO{ uf]nvgfysf] ?lnª\ s]xL xb;Dd k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ ax'dtsf]
/fonfO{ ;dy{g pxfFn] ;dy{g ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
of] ljifo olQs} ;lsPg / dfgaxfb'/ ;'gf/sf] l/6df km]l/ alNemof] . pQm l/6df s/
lgwf{/0fs} ljifodf s/ clws[tn] u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ GofofwLzx¿sf] /foafemL cfb]z eof] .58
;f] cfb]z k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z x'Fbf s/ clws[tn] :jljj]sLo clwsf/sf] q'l6k"0f{ k|of]u u/]sf] /
sfg"gL clwsf/ gfF3]/ s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] x'Fbf pQm s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn]
ab/ x'g] egL 7x/ u/]sf] GofofwLz g/]Gb|axfb'/ Gof}kfg]sf] /fo dgfl;a 7x/fP klg ;ft
;b:oLo a[xt\ k"0f{ Ohnf;n] k/z'/fd emfsf] l/6df u/]sf] JofVof59 / k|ltkfbg u/]sf] l;4fGt
Pjd\ ;f]xL ;+Vofsf] csf]{ k"0f{ Ohnf;n] k|bLks'df/ cu|jfnsf] l/6df u/]sf] JofVofdf s'g
sfod x'g] eGg] k|Zg p7fO{ ;f]eGbf a9L ;+Vofsf] Ohnf;df k]z ug]{ u/L cfb]z eof] . ;f]
adf]lhd gf} ;b:oLo a[xt\ k"0f{ Ohnf;df dfg axfb'/ ;'gf/sf] l/6 k]zeof] . t/ ;f]
Ohnf;n] l/6 hf/L ug]{ u/L u/]sf] /fonfO{ c:JfLsf/ ub}{ k|bLks'df/ cu|jfnsf] l/6df
cfTd;ft u/]sf] dfGotf adf]lhd l/6 vf/]h u¥of] . of] l/6 rfvnfUbf] o; cy{df 5 ls
k|bLks'df/ cUf|jfnsf] lgj]bgdf cfb]z ug]{ GofofwLz? klg of] Ohnf;df /xg' ePsf] lyof] /
;f] cfb]zsf ljifonfO{ ;dy{g ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .60 kl5Nnf] k"0f{ Ohnf;n] dfgaxfb'/ ;'gf/sf]

57
/fdl/Ifkfn cu|jfn lj= eG;f/ ljefu ePsf] l/6 lgj]]bgdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] l/6 hf/L u/] pk/ eG;f/
ljefusf] lgj]bgdf >L % af6 bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]/L lbg' egL ePsf] cfb]z cg';f/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] kfFr ;b:oLo a[xt k"0f{ Ohnf;n]
j}slNks pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ePsf] egL ;f] l/6 vf/]h u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] l/6sf] ;'g'jfO k|wfgGofofwLz ljZjgfy pkfWofo,
GofofwLzx¿ ?b|axfb'/ l;+x, cf]deQm >]i7, s]zj k|;fb pkfWofo, nId0f k|;fb cof{non] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . GofofwLz
nId0fk|;fb cof{nsf] /fo /x]sf] ;f] cfb]zdf k/z'/fd emfsf] l/6df ePsf] JofVofnfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ lnO{ ;f] cfb]z pb[t u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . g]sfk @)$(-u_ c+s * lg=g+= $%(*
58
GofofwLz df]xgk|;fb zdf{n] j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] cjnDag gu/]sf] egL l/6 vf/]h ug]{ /fo k|s6 ug'{ ePsf] lyof] eg]
GofofwLz g/]Gb|axfb'/ Gof}kfg]n] ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf k|efjsf/L gePsf] egL l/6 hf/L ug]{ /fo k|s6 ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
59
k/z'/fd emfnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g adf]lhd avf{:t u/]sf] lg0f{o k|zf;sLo cbfntaf6 ;d]t ;b/ ePkl5
k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] cfb]z pk/ k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dltsf] lgj]bg ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf nfUg] Joj:yfnfO{ c+lusf/ gu/L l;w} l/6
lgj]bg bfo/ ePsf] lyof] . k/z'/fd emfsf] pQm l/6 lgjb]g klg ;ft ;b:oLo Ohnf;n] ;'g'jfO u/]sf] lyof] . k|wfg GofofwLz
ljZjgfy pkfWofo, GofofwLzx¿ cf]deQm >]i7, s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo, nId0fk|;fb pkfWofo, s]bf/gfy pkfWofo / uf]ljGbaxfb'/
>]i7sf] Ohnf;n] ;f] l/6 lgj]bg ;'g'jfO u/L lgj]bsnfO{ k'gj{xfnLsf nflu l/6 hf/L u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] l/6df tL dWo] GofofwLz
nId0f k|;fb cof{n j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] k|of]u gu/L l/6df cfPsf] egL k|bLks'df/ cu|jfnsf] l/6 vf/]h x'g' kb{5 eGg] /fo
k|s6 u/L / GofofwLz uh]Gb|s]z/L af:tf]nf clwsf/If]q cltqmd0f u/L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf]n] l/6 hf/L x'g' kb{5 egL /fo k|s6
u/L ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df /foafemL cfb]z ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
60
k|wfg GofofwLz s]zjk|;fb pkfWofon] g]t[Tj ug'{ ePsf] dfg axfb'/ ;'gf/sf] l/6sf] ;'g'jfO ug]{ gf} ;b:oLo Ohnf;df
GofofwLzx¿ nId0fk|;fb cof{n, s]bf/gfy pkfWofo, s[i0fh+u /fodfemL, uf]ljGbaxfb'/ >]i7, c/ljGbgfy cfrfo{, pbo/fh
pkfWofo, xl/k|;fb zdf{ / lblnks'df/ kf}8]n /xg' ePsf] lyof] . GofofwLz xl/k|;fb zdf{sf] /fonfO{ k|wfg
69
;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t 71

lgj]bgdf p7fPsf ?lnªsf] k|ZgnfO{ ;dfwfg gu/L s]jn glh/sf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ffsf]
ljj]rgf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . vf;u/L k|bLks'df/ cu|jfnsf] l/6df ePsf] cfb]zsf] ;dy{gdf pQm
cfb]z s]lGb|t ePsf] eP klg k/z'/fd emfsf] l/6sf] ?lnªnfO{ cGoyf eGg ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g .
;dfg ;+Vofsf] a[xt\ k"0f{ Ohnf;n] lnPsf] leGgleGg b[li6sf]0fsf af/]df gf} ;b:oLo a[xt\
k"0f{ Ohnf;n] lgsf; lbg ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . ?lnªsf] k|Zg lg/fs/0f gul/sg dfgaxfb'/
;'gf/sf] l/6df tLg ;b:oLo k"0f{ Ohnf;n] u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ ;Rofpg' kg]{ cj:yf g} b]lvFb}g .
of] ;Gbe{df pQm cfb]z Goflos dfGotf eGbf leGg ¿kdf k|:t't ePsf] b]lvG5 .
%= k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ;DaGwL klxnf] ljjfb
g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs Oltxf;df Pp6} ljifodf w]/} /fo k|s6 ePsf] cfb]zsf] ¿kdf xl/k|;fb
g]kfn lj= k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|:ffb sf]O/fnf ePsf] l/6df ePsf] cfb]znfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
k|wfgdGqLn] k|ltlglw;efdf lj36g u/L csf]{ cfd lgjf{rg u/fpg ldlt @)%!.#.@^ df ug{'
ePsf] l;kmfl/; / l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df ePsf] ;+;b lj36g / ;Dk"0f{ cGo sfd sf/jfxL
pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f jb/ u/L kfpF eGg] lgj]bg bfjL /x]sf] pQm lgj]bgsf] ;'g'jfO P3f/
;b:oLo ljz]if Ohnf;df ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ax'dt /x]sf] ;/sf/sf k|wfgdGqLn]
cfkm\g} kf6L{sf #^ hgf k|efjzfnL ;f+;bx¿ ljkIfdf nflu ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd
pk/ WfGojfbsf] k|:tfj kfl/t gePkl5 k|wfgdGqLn] /fhLgfdf lbO{ ;+;b lj36gsf nflu >L
% ;dIf l;kmfl/; u/]sf] / ;f]xL l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ePsf] lyof] . ;f]
lj36gsf] lg0f{o ab/ u/L kfpmF egL ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf] of] l/6 lgj]bgdf ;'g'jfO
ug{sf nflu k|wfg GofofwLzsf] g]t[Tjdf P3f/ ;b:oLo ljz]if Ohnf; u7g ePsf] lyof] . ;f]
lgjb]gsf] ;'g'jfOsf] qmddf Ohnf;df /fo aflemof] . ;f] l/6df P3f/ dWo] 5 hgf
GofofwLzx¿n] cfkm\gf] /fo n]Vg' ePsf] lyof] . afFsL kfFr hgfn] ljleGg /fodf ;dy{g
hgfpg' ePsf] lyof] .61 ;du|df lgj]bg vf/]h ug]{ kIfdf tLgj6f /fo lyP / rf/ hgfn]
;xdlt hgfpg' ePsf] lyof] . l/6 hf/L ug]{ kIfdf tLg j6f /fo lyP / yk Ps hgfn]
;d{yg hgfpg' ePsf] lyof] .
klxnf] /fo GofofwLz ;'/]Gb|k|:ffb l;+xsf] /x]sf] lyof] h;df l/6 vf/]h ug]{ 7x/fOPsf] lyof] .
pQm /fonfO{ GofofwLzx¿ x/uf]ljGb l;+x k|wfg / ?b|axfb'/ l;+xn] ;xdlt hgfpg' ePsf]
lyof] . csf]{ /fo GofofwLz df]xgk|;fb zdf{sf] /x]sf] lyof] . pQm /fodf GofofwLz
GofofwLzx¿ s[i0fh+u /fodfemL / uf]ljGbaxfb'/ >]i7n] ;xdlt hgfpg' ePsf] lyof] . of]
/fon] JoQm ¿kdf g} lgjf{rgsf] k|lqmof cufl8 a9]sf] egL ljjfb kl5sf] kl/j]zsf] ;d]t
d"Nof+sg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . csf]{ /fo k|wfg GofofwLz ljZjgfy pkfWofosf] /x]sf] lyof] . pxfFsf]
/fodf l/6 lgjb]gdf p7fOPsf ljleGg k|Zgsf] hjfkm lbOPsf] lyof] . ;f] /fodf >L % /
k|wfgdGqLsf aLrsf] k/fdz{sf] ljifo ljz]ifflwsf/ k|fKt x'G5, Goflos d"Nof+sgsf] ljifo x'Fb}g
egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . k|wfg GofofwLzsf] of] /fodf ljj]rgf ul/Psf sltko ljifo
cfkm}Fdf lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ ¿kdf pNn]v ePsf] ;xh} b]Vg ;lsG5 . pxfF cfkm}n] /fw]Zofd

GofofwLz / c? GofofwLzn] ;dy{g ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . tL dWo] nId0fk||;fb cof{n, c/ljGbgfy cfrfo{, pbo/fh pkfWofo /
xl/k|;fb zdf{ k|bLks'df/ cu|jfnsf]] lgj]bgdf cfb]z ug]{ GofofwLzx¿ x'g'x'GYof] .
61
g]sfk @)%@ :j0f{ z'ehGdf]T;j ljz]iff+s lg=g+= )@ .
70
72 ;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t

clwsf/Lsf] l/6df ug'{ ePsf] cfb]zsf] k[i7e"ld x]bf{ klg of] cfb]zsf] ljZn]if0f a9L
/fhgLlts k|s[ltsf] b]lvG5 .62
of] l/6 lgj]bgsf] lsgf/fsf] qmddf GofofwLz nId0fk|;fb cof{nn] ax'dtsf] /fo;Fu ;xdt
x'g g;sL 5'§} /fo k|s6 ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ;f] /fodf elgPsf] lyof] M
/flhgfdf lbO{ sfd rnfp ;/sf/df kl/0ft eO{ ;s]kl5 ;bgdf csf]{ ;/sf/
u7gsf nflu k|lqmof rNg ;Sg]df ;f] adf]lhdsf] k|lqmof g} rNgdf cj/f]w
x'g] u/L afwf pTkGg ug]{ lj36gsf] l;kmfl/; cg';f/ k|ltlglw;ef g} lj36g
ePsf] sfo{ ;+j}wflgs ePg . pQm /fonfO{ GofofwLz s]zjk|;fb pkfWofon]
;dy{g ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . pxfFx¿sf] of] b[li6sf]0f k|ltlglw;ef lj36gsf]
bf];|f] l/6df klg ;dfg ¿kdf k|s6 ePsf] b]lvG5 .
of] l/6df ax'dtsf] /fo;Fu c;xdt x'Fb} GofofwLz cf]deQm >]i7n] leGg /fo n]Vg' ePsf]
lyof] . pxfFsf] /fodf pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] M
/flhgfdf jf k|ltlglw;efsf] lj36gsf] l;kmfl/; dWo] Ps dfq ljsNk rog
ug{ ;lsg]df Ps} ;fy b'j} dfu{x¿ cjnDag ePsf]df k|ydtM /flhgfdf
:jLs[t eO{ /flhgfdf lbO;s]sf]n] wf/f %#-$_ sf] k|ltlglw;ef lj36gsf]
l;kmfl/; ug]{ ljsNk /f]Hg ;Sg] k|Zg g} p7\g ;Sg] b]lvPg . == h'g lbg
k|wfgdGqLn] /flhgfdf k|bfg ug{' ePsf] 5 ;f] lbg lgh lj?4sf] zfxL g]kfn
jfo' ;]jf lgud sf08sf] ;+;bLo ;ldltn] k]z u/]sf] k|ltj]bg ;+;bdf k]z
x'g] ;fj{hlgs hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] ;j{ljlbt tYo xf] . k|wfgdGqLn] lbg' ePsf]
/flhgfdf >L % af6 :jLs[t x'gf ;fy ;+;bLo k|0ffnLsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fy{s
agfO{ ky k|bz{ssf] ¿kdf cfˆgf] kf6L{sf] csf]{ ;+;bLo bnsf] g]tf rog u/L
;+;bdf k|:t't eP/ xf]Og ls ;+;bsf] ¿kdf 86]/ ;f] k|ltj]bgåf/f cf/f]lkt
s;"/af6 ;kmfO{ lng]tkm{ cu|;/ eO{ lxSdt ug{' kg]{ a]nf lyof] . ;f] oxfF x'g
;s]g . === zfxL ;Daf]wgsf] k|:tfj ljkmn x'g uPsf]n] k|wfgdGqLsf] kbaf6
/flhgfdf ug]{ ls k|ltlglw;ef lj36gsf] l;kmfl/; ug]{ ljifox¿nfO{ Ps
k|sf/sf] ljsNksf] ¿kdf gx]/L tL b'O{j6f ljifox¿nfO{ Ps;fy c+ufn]/
k|wfgdGqLn] ;+j}wflgs lj;+ult s[To ug{' ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] /flhgfdf
lbg cufj} cfkm" ;Qf¿9 bnsf] g]tf oyfjt /x]sf] eGg] bfjL bf]xf]¥ofP/ ;f]

62
/fw]Zofd clwsf/Lsf] l/6df k|wfg GofofwLz ljZjgfy pkfWofon] n]Vg' ePsf] 5 M ;+ljwfg adf]lhd >L % sf xh"/df ;Nnfx /
l;kmfl/z r9fpg] lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Ln] s'g} cK7\of/f] jf c;lhnf] kl/l:ylt Joxf]g{' gk/L :jtGqtfk"j{s cfˆgf] ;+j}wflgs
st{Josf] lgjf{x ug{ ;s'g\ eGg] p2]Zon] ;+ljwfgsf] To:tf] ;Nnfx / l;kmfl/z tyf tT;DaGwL k|lqmofnfO{ Goflos hfFra'emsf]
If]qaf6 cnu /fv]sf] xf] . s'g lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Ln] >L % df s] s:tf] ;'emfj jf l;kmfl/z r9fof] jf r9fPg, >L % af6 Tof]
;'emfj jf l;kmfl/; :jLsf/ ul/aS:of] jf ul/aS;]g eGg] s'/f Goflos hfFra'emsf] ljifoj:t' x'g ;Sb}g, ;Nnfx / ;'emfj r9fpg]
;Gbe{df h] h:tf] /fo JoQm ul/Psf] eP klg clGtd lg0f{o x'Fbfsf] cj:yf;Dddf >L % / dGqL kl/ifb\sf] aLrdf s'g} dtleGgtf
g/x]sf] g} cg'dfg ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . clGtd lg0f{o x'g' eGbf klxn] s'g} dtleGgtf /x]sf] eP klg slxn] >L % af6 aS;]sf] k/fdz{
dGqL kl/ifb\n] :jLsf/ u/L / slxn] dGqL kl/ifb\s} b[li6sf]0fnfO{ >L % af6 :jLsf/ ul/aS;L clGtd lg0f{o x'Fbf;Dd Tof] dtleGgtf
;dfKt eO{ ;s]sf] x'G5 . olb Tof] dt leGgtf ;dfKt geO{ sfod} /xof] eg] klg To;sf] ;dfwfg Goflos lg0f{oaf6 x'g ;Sb}g .
>L % / dlGqkl/ifb\sf] aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] j:t'tM /fhg}lts ;DaGwsf] ¿kdf x]/]sf] 5 . / Tof] cGt/;DaGwaf6 x'g] ;a}
sfo{ / pkl:yt x'g] ;a} k|ZgnfO{ /fhg}lts sfo{ jf k|Zgsf] ¿kdf /fv]sf] 5 . To:tf] k|Zgsf] ;dfwfg ;dosf] k|jfx;+u} ljsl;t
x'Fb} hfg] ;+j}wflgs k/Dk/f / Jojxfl/s /fhgLltaf6} x'G5 . ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq / ;+;bLo zf;g k4ltsf] dfGotf / sfo{ k|0ffnL
oxL g} xf] . g]sfk @)$* sf] c+s !@ lg=g+= $$#) .
71
;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t 73

;+j}wflgs ljs[ltnfO{ cem 7"nf] / ulx/f] kfg{ k'Ug' ePsf] 5 . == cfly{s

ljw]os, k]ZsL ljw]os tyf ljlgof]hg h:tf cy{ ;DaGwL kIfdf d]?b08sf]
¿ksf] cxd\ e"ldsf v]Ng] ljw]osx¿ ;f]xL ;bgsf] ah]6 clwj]zgdf kfl/t
u/fpg' kg]{ tYo r6Ss} lj;L{ / b]zsf] cy{tGq h:tf] hlt dxTjk"0f{
ljifonfO{ uf}0f dfgL cWofb]zx¿åf/f sfd rnfpg' k|s[ofut cz'4tf -
Procedural impropriety_ xf] .63 === k|ltlglw;efsf] lj36gsf] nflu u/]sf] k|ToyL{
;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/; k|f/DetM ;+ljwfg;Ddt ePsf] gb]lvFbf ;f]
l;kmfl/; pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] l;kmfl/;af6 lgM;[t
sfd sf/jfO{ :jtM lgis[o x'G5 .
of] /fodf ;+j}wflgs dfGotf, cGo d'n'sn] u/]sf] cEof; Pjd\ k|wfgdGqLsf] clwsf/sf]
ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . ;+;b lj36gnfO{ cnf]slk|o k|wfgdGqLsf] cnf]slk|o sbdsf]
¿kdf;d]t lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . csf]{tkm{ cfkm" lj?4 ePsf] ;+;bLo 5fgljgsf] k|ltj]bg k]z
ug]{ sfo{nfO{ cj/f]w k'¥ofpg vf]h]sf] / b'/fzok"j{s k|ltlglw;ef lj36gsf] l;kmfl/; ul/Psf]
lgisif{ lgsfNb} o:tf] cEof;n] ljs[lt cfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf ;d]t cf}}NofOPsf] 5 .
To;}u/L csf{ GofofwLz s]bf/gfy pkfWofon] l/6 hf/L x'g' kg]{ /fo k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
pxfFsf] /fodf /flhgfdf :jLs[t e};s]sf] k|wfgdGqLn] lj36gsf] l;kmfl/; u/sf] ;+j}wflgs
gx'g] wf/0ff /x]sf] lyof] .
o;/L P3f/ ;b:oLo Ohnf;df 5 j6f leGg leGg /fo eP .64 ;ft hgf GofofwLzx¿sf]
/fo l/6 vf/]h ug]{ /x\of] / ax'dtsf cfwf/df ;f] /fo cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] ¿kdf /x\of] . l/6
hf/L ug'{ kg]{ kIfdf rf/ hgf GofofwLzx¿sf] /fo /x\of] . g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts Oltxf;df of]
36gfnfO{ nf]stGqnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg] k|f/DeljGb' dfGg] ul/G5 . /fhgLlts l:y/tf sfod
ug'{ kg]{ ;dodf ;Qfwf/L bnsf] cfGtl/s snx ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf k|s6 eP/ /fhgLlts
cl:y/tfsf] r/0fdf d'n'snfO{ k|j]z u/fof] . Tof] /fhgLlts cl:y/tf g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts
cEof;df lgSs} g} nfdf] ;do 3/ u¥of] . ;+;b lj36g ug]{ clwsf/nfO{ cgfjZos ¿kdf
cEof; ul/of] . k6s k6s Gofofnodf ljjfb k/] / kl/j]z cg';f/ Gofofnoaf6 leGgleGg
k|sf/sf cfb]zx¿ hf/L eP . Goflos b[li6sf]0f klg cfnf]rgfsf] s]Gb|df /Xof] . ;a}eGbf
/dfOnf] ljifo of] eof] ls of] l/6 lgjb]gsf] lsgf/fsf qmddf k|s6 ePsf /fox¿
k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ;DaGwL bf];|f] d'2fdf sfod /xg ;s]sf] kfOPg . of] l/6df ax'dtsf]
cfb]zn] b'/fzosf] uDeL/ k|Zgdf ljj]rgf ug{ ;s]g jf rfx]g . t/ To;sf] lrQ a'em\bf]
sf/0f cfb]zdf b]lvPsf] 5}g . ax'dt k|fKt bnn] j}slNks ;/sf/ agfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf
/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] ljsNksf] k|of]u ePsf] eP c;n ;+j}wflgs cEof; k|f/De x'g] lyof] .
cbfntn] of] cj;/ u'dfof] / cfkm"nfO{ ;+s6 kbf{ k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ug]{ cEof;n]
lg/Gt/tf kfof] . lgjf{rgsf] tof/Lsf] sfo{qmd cufl8 a9]sf] / /fhgLlts bnx¿ To;tkm{
;xefuL x'Fb} u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] ;d]t lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldn]g egL ;f]
cfb]zdf cleJoQm jfSon] pQm cfb]z kl/j]z k|]l/t /x]sf] eGg ;lsG5 .
63
Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service [1985] AC 374 df n8{ l8Knsn] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf
tLg cfwf/ pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ M Illegality, Irrationality, Procedural Impropriety.
64
;DejtM g]kfnsf] Goflos Oltxf;df Pp6} cfb]zdf oltw]/} /fo k|s6 ePsf] of] klxnf] k6s xf] . xfn;Dd Tof] /]s8{ sfod} 5 .
72
74 ;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t

^= k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ;DaGwL bf];|f] ljjfb

g]kfnsf] Goflos Oltxf;df ;a}eGbf ljjfbf:kb cfb]zsf] ¿kdf k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ;DaGwL
bf];|f] ljjfbnfO{ lng] ul/G5 . ;+;bdf s'g} klg bnn] ax'dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf
;a}eGbf 7"nf] bnsf] ¿kdf ;/sf/ u7g u/L ljZjf;sf] dt lnPsf] k|wfgdGqL dgdf]xg
clwsf/Lsf] ;/sf/ pk/ gf} dlxgfsf] cjlwleq} cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj btf{ ePkl5
k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ePsf] lyof] . ;f] lj36g pk/ clwjQmf
/lj/fh e08f/L, k|ltlglw;efsf ljkIfL bnsf g]tf z]/ axfb'/ b]pjf, k|ltlglw;efsf csf{
;b:o nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGb ;d]tsf ljleGg c? JolQmsf ;d]t lgj]bg k/]sf lyP .
k|wfgdGqLn] cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj 5Ng] b'/f;o /fvL lj36gsf] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] x'Fbf ;f]
l;kmfl/; ab/ u/L k|ltlglw;efsf] k'g:yf{kgf x'g' kg]{ lgjb]sx¿sf] dfu /x]sf] lyof] .
k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df ePsf] k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ab/ u/L ;f] ;ef k'g:yf{kgf u/L kfpmF
eGg] lgj]bgsf] ;'g'jfOsf nflu P3f/ ;b:oLo pQm ljz]if Ohnf;df k|wfg GofofwLz
ljZjgfy pkfWofon] k|ltlglw;ef lj36gsf] l;kmfl/; ab/ ug]{ / lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd
l/6 hf/L x'g] /fo JoQm ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ;f] /fonfO{ cGo ;ft hgf GofofwLzx¿
;'/]Gb|k|;fb l;+x, ?b|axfb'/ l;+x, df]xgk|;fb zdf{, s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo, nId0fk|;fb cof{n,
s]bf/gfy pkfWofo, uf]ljGbaxfb'/ >]i7n] ;dy{g hgfpg' ePsf] lyof] .65 k|ltlglw;ef lj36g
;DaGwL cl3Nnf] l/6df ePsf] cfb]zdf ul/Psf] ljj]rgf ljk/Lt of] JofVofdf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt
/fhgLlts k|Zgdf k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ;dLs/0f d"Nof+sg u/L j}slNks
;/sf/sf] ;Defjgf b]Vb5 . ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnLdf ljsNksf] cEof; ul/g' kg]{ dfGotf
/fVb5 . lgjf{rgdf x'g] vr{sf] af/]df lrGtf k|s6 ub{5 . lgjf{rgsf] ;dodf hgtfnfO{
tgfj x'g] ljZn]if0f ub{5 . ;+;bLo k|0ffnLsf] af/]df ul/Psf] ljZn]if0f klg /fhgLlts
k|s[ltsf] b]lvG5 . cl3Nnf] ljjfbdf ul/Psf] ljZn]if0fnfO{ ;xL dfGg] xf] eg] oL ljifox¿
Goflos lg¿k0fsf ljifo xf]Ogg\ . of] l/6df ul/Psf] ljZn]if0f ;xL dfGg] xf] eg] cl3Nnf]
l/6df ePsf] cfb]znfO{ cf]e/?n ug'{ clgjfo{ x'GYof] . cl3Nnf] l/6df >L % ;Fusf]
k/fdz{nfO{ ljz]ifflwsf/o'Qm ;~rf/ -lk|len]h sDo'lgs]z;g_ sf] ¿kdf cYof{Psf] eP klg of]
l/6df Tof] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ul/Pg . /fw]Zofd clwsf/Lsf] l/6df ePsf] JofVofnfO{ klg
cg'z/0f ul/Pg / k|ltlglw;ef lj36gnfO{ cdfGo u/L ;f] ;ef k'g:yf{lkt x'g] lg0f{o ul/of] .
ax'dtsf] pQm /fodf GofofwLz lqnf]sk|tfk /f0ffn] c;xdlt k|s6 ub}{ 5'§} /fo n]Vg' ePsf]
lyof] . pxfFsf] /fodf of] /fhgLlts k|Zg ePsf]n] cbfntn] ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ ljifo xf]Og eGg]
/x]sf] lyof] . ;f] /fonfO{ GofofwLz cf]deQm >]i7 / s[i0fh+u /fodfemLn] ;dy{g ug'{ ePsf]
lyof] . pQm /fodf n]lvPsf] lyof] M
;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLn] r9fpg' ePsf] l;kmfl/; / l;kmfl/;sf] Joxf]/f
privileged communication leq kg]{ b]lvFbf pQm s'/f Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg
If]q leq kb}{g . === lgj]bs xl/k|;fb g]kfn ;d]t lj¿4 ;DdfggLo
k|wfgdGqL >L lul/hf k|;fb ePsf] l/6 d'2fdf ;+= k|wfgdGqLn] /flhgfdf ug{'

65
kl/j]z s]xL leGg eP klg k|ltlglw;ef lj36g;DaGwL klxnf] ljjfbdf cNkdtdf /x]sf] wf/0ff bf];|f] ljjfbdf ax'dtdf ¿kfGt/0f
ePsf] Pp6f pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf of] cfb]znfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
73
;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t 75

ePsf] lyof], ;f] cj:yfdf j}slNks ;/sf/sf] bfaL ;fGble{s lyof], t/ k|:t't
l/6df /flhgfdf 5}g . ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg hgtfsf] cledtsf] nflu
lgjf{rgsf] dfWodåf/f hgtfdf hfg k|ltlglw;efsf] lj36g ;+j}wflgs
dfGotf / ;+;bLo k|hftGqsf] dfGotf / k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t 5 . ===
k|ltlglw;efsf] lj36gsf] l;kmfl/;sf] /fhg}lts k|Zgdf cbfnt k|j]z ug{
ldNb}g . lgj]bsn] p7fpg' ePsf k|Zg Pjd\ cfklQx¿df s'g} o'lQmo'Qm /
tTj ljBdfg /x]sf] b]lvGg . === k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ .
oL b'j} ljjfbdf s]xL GofofwLz / sfg"g Joj;foLsf] b'j} ljjfbdf Ps} k|sf/sf] wf/0ff /x\of]
.66 t/ cfb]zdf Ps¿ktf sfod ePg . GofofwLzx¿sf] cfGtl/s ;DaGwsf] k|efj klg
cfb]zdf k/]sf] b]lvof] .67 b'j} cfb]zdf GofofwLz ?b|axfb'/ l;+x k|wfg GofofwLzsf] wf/;Fu
;xdt x'g'x'GYof] . GofofwLz cf]deQm >]i7 b'j} cfb]zdf k|wfg GofofwLzsf] /foeGbf leGg
/fodf pleg' ePsf] lyof] . plNnlvt b'j} cfb]zdf s]bf/gfy pkfWofo / s[i0fh+u /fodfemLsf]
/fo leGg /x]sf] lyof] .68 o;kl5 k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb'/ yfkfn] ug'{ ePsf] ;+;b lj36gsf]
l;kmfl/; sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf >L % af6 /fo dfu ePsf] ljifodf klg pxfFx¿sf] /fo
leGg /x]sf] lyof] .69 GofofwLz lqnf]sk|tfk /f0ffn] k6s k6s k|wfg GofofwLz ljZjgfy
pkfWofo;Fu leGg dt /fVg' ePsf] lyof] .70 Tof] a]nfsf hfgsf/x¿ pxfFx¿sf] j}olQms
;DaGwsf] k|efjsf] ¿kdf km/s dt /x]sf] dfGb5g\ .71 k|ltlglw;ef lj36gsf] bf];|f] l/6df
ePsf] cfb]zsf ;DaGwdf jl/i7 clwjQmf u0f]z/fh zdf{sf] lj36gsf] clwsf/ / k|wfgdGqLo
g]t[Tj zLif{sdf n]v k|sflzt eof] .72 ;f] n]vdf pxfFn] k|wfg GofofwLznfO{ nlIft u/L

66
al/i7 clwjQmf u0f]z/fh zdf{nfO{ of] ljifodf pbfx/0fLo sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . pxfFn] k|To]s lj36gdf
k|wfgdGqLsf] lj36gsf] clwsf/ x'G5 egL ax; ug'{ eof] . oL b'j} l/6df pxfFsf] ;dfg wf/0ff lyof] . o;kl5sf k|wfgdGqL
;"o{axfb'/ yfkf / z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] k|ltlglw ;ef lj36gsf] l;kmfl/; ;DaGwL ljifodf klg pxfFn] ;dfg wf/0ff /fVg' ePsf]
lyof] . k|ltlglw ;ef lj36gsf] bf];|f] cfb]zdf k|ltlglw ;ef k'g:yf{kgf ePkl5 pxfFn] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]
klxnf] ljrngsf] ¿kdf lng' ePsf] lyof] . yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g{ ;lsG5 M
https://www.spotlightnepal.com/2015/11/07/in-demise-of-ganesh-raj-sharmaa-role-ends/
67
If]qLo cbfntsf d'Vo GofofwLz cf]deQm >]i7eGbf cufl8 kg]{ u/L sf=d'= d'Vo GofofwLz ?b|axfb'/ l;+xnfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf
lgo'lQm ul/Psf] lyof] . cf]deQm >]i7sf] ;6\6f k|wfg GofofwLz agfpg] u/L ?b|axfb'/ l;+xnfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf al/i7 agfP/
lgo'lQm ul/Psf] lyof] . Goflos sfo{ ;Dkfbg / Goflos lgi7fsf] b[li6n] ?b|axfb'/ l;+x Pp6f cfbz{ GofofwLz x'g'x'GYof] . pxfF
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] bf];|f] jl/i7td GofofwLzsf] ¿kdf sfo{/t /x]s} ;dodf pxfFsf] cfsl:ds lgwg eof] . kl5 cf]deQm>]i7
k|wfg GofofwLz x'g' eof] .
68
k|ltlglw;ef lj36gsf ljifodf GofofwLzx¿ s]bf/gfy pkfWofo / s[i0fh+u /fodfemLsf] dt ;w}} leGg /x\of] . s[i0fh+u /fodfemL
If]qLo cbfntdf s]bf/gfy pkfWofoeGbf al/i7 GofofwLz x'g'x'GYof] . t/ k|wfg GofofwLz ljZjgfy pkfWofon] s]bf/gfy
pkfWofonfO{ k|wfg GofofwLzsf] qmddf /xg] u/L s[i0fh+u /fodfemLeGbf cufl8 /fv]/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf lgo'lQm ug'{ eof] . ;f]xL
sf/0fn] s[i0fh+u /fodfemL k|wfg GofofwLz x'g kfpg' ePg . s]bf/gfy pkfWofo k|wfg GofofwLz lgo'Qm ePkl5 s[i0fh+u
/fodfemLn] /fhLgfdf lbg' eof] . pxfFx¿ nfdf] ;do ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf /xFbf pxfFx¿sf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf; nfu]g . Goflos sfo{
;Dkfbg Ifdtf / OdfGbfl/tf tyf Goflos ;b\rl/qdf eg] b'j} GofofwLzx¿ cfbz{ GofofwLzsf] ¿kdf /xg' ePsf] lyof] .
69
pQm /fo g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-%_ cGtu{t k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . ;+;bsf] clwj]zg cfXjfgsf nflu
ePsf] ;dfj]bg / k|wfgdGqLsf] k|ltlglw ;ef lj36gsf] l;kmfl/; s'gn] k|fyldstf kfpg] eGg] k|Zgdf k|wfg GofofwLz cf]deQm
>]i7 / GofofwLzx¿ s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo, s[i0fh+u /fodfemL, pbo/fh pkfWofo, xl/ZrGb| pkfWofo / 6f]kaxfb'/ l;+xn]
;dfj]bgn] k|fyldstf kfpF5 eGg] /fo JoQm ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . csf]{tkm{ GofofwLzx¿ df]xgk|;fb zdf{, nId0fk|;fb cof{n /
s]bf/gfy pkfWofon] km/s dt k|s6 ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g{ ;lsG5 M g]sfk @)%$ c+s !) lg=g++= ^$$^
70
k|:t't cWoogdf ;dfj]z ePsf !* cfb]zx¿ dWo] ;a}eGbf w]/} rf/ j6f l/6df pxfFn] km/s dt k|s6 ug'{ ePsf] 5 . tL dWo]
tLg j6f k|wfg GofofwLz ljZjgfy pkfWofo;Fu km/s dt /x]sf 5g\ .
71
efb| !@ ut]sf] km};nfkl5 d'n's /fhgLlts ¿kdf b'3{6gfu|:t ePsf] 5 egL pxfFn] k|wfg GofofwLzaf6 lgj[Q ePkl5 cGtjf{tf{
lbg' ePsf] lyof] . yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g{ ;lsG5 M sfg"g k"0f{f+s $% k[i7 ^)
72
sfg"gsf] c+s !# df al/i7 clwjQmf u0f]z/fh zdf{sf] n]v k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . ;f] n]vdf k|wfg GofofwLz ljZjgfy
pkfWofonfO{ nlIft u/L s7f]/ l6Kk0fL ul/Psf] 5 . elgPsf] 5 M g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf l;kmfl/;stf{x¿n] klg hfg]/ xf] jf
74
76 ;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t

l6Kk0fL ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . cfkm"n] u/]sf] lg0f{osf] af/]df k|wfg GofofwLzn] k|ltlglw;ef
lj36gsf] l;kmfl/; M cf}lrTo / cfwf/ zLif{ssf] n]v dfkm{t\ u0f]z/fh zdf{sf] l6Kk0fLsf]
k|ltjfb ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .73 o;n] Goflos hutdf Pp6f csf]{ 5nkmn k|f/De u/fof] . s'g}
ljjfbdf k|:t't ePsf] wf/0ffsf cfwf/df l6Kk0fL ug{ ;lsg] eP klg dfly gfd pNn]v
ul/Psf ;a} GofofwLzx¿ Goflos ;bfrf/ / Goflos lgi7fdf pbfx/0fLo JolQmTjsf] ¿kdf
/xg' ePsf] lyof] .
of] cfb]zn] g]kfnsf] GofokflnsfnfO{ /fhgLlts ljifodf Ps k|sf/n] w|'jLs/0f u/fof] .
Goflos b[li6sf]0f /fhgLlts¿kdf k"jf{u|xL /x]sf] cf/f]k klg nfUof] . of] cfb]zsf lj?4sf
;8sdf cbfnt / GofofwLz lj?4df gf/f h'n'; nfUof] . cbfntsf] cjx]ngfsf] ljifon] klg
k|j]z kfof] . Pp6} k|s[ltsf] ljjfbdf GofofwLzsf km/s km/s wf/0ff klg k|s6 eP .
;a}eGbf a9L cfnf]rgf cfb]zdf k|o'Qm efiff / To;df cleJoQm z}nLdf ;dfj]z ePsf]
k"jf{u|xL b[li6sf]0f pk/ ul/of] .74 ;dfg cj:yfdf c;dfg l6Kk0fL u/L /fhgLlts ;dy{g /
lj/f]w u/]sf] h:tf] klg b]lvof] . of] cfb]zaf6 Gofofnon] /fhgLlts l;4fGt / ;+j}wflgs
d"No dfGotfsf] pk]Iff u/]sf] / cfkm}n] :yflkt u/]sf] cl3Nnf] cfb]zsf] v08g u/]sf] l6Kk0fL
klg ;'lgof] .75 gofF hgfb]zsf nflu hgtf;Dd hfg /f]s nufO{ /fhgLlts lvrftfgL Pjd\
cJoj:yf v8f ug{sf nflu of] cfb]zn] cfwf/e"ldsf] ¿kdf sfd u/]sf] cf/f]k klg nfUof] .76
of] cfb]zsf] lj/f]w u/] jfkt k|wfgdGqL dgdf]xg clwsf/L;d]t pk/ cbfntsf] ckx]ngfdf
d'4f bfo/ ul/of] .77 of] cfb]zdf h'g¿kdf ljjfbsf] cfGtl/s kIfdf k'u]/ cfb]z ePsf] 5
;f]xL k|s[ltsf] cfb]z k|ltlglw;ef lj36gsf] klxnf] l/6df klg ePsf] eP g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts
Joj:yfdf leGg vfnsf] cJf:yf aGg ;SbYof] . To;f] x'g ;s]g . o:tf] cj:yf lgDTofpgsf
ghfg]/ xf], lj|l6z z}nLs} lgjf{rg k|0ffnL pko'Qm 7fg] . ghfg]/ klg ePsf] x'g ;Qm5 eGg] cfz+sfsf cfwf/x¿ o; ;+ljwfgsf]
d:of}bf / l;kmfl/;df ;+nUg JolQmx¿sf cleJoQm ljrf/ / sfd sf/jfO{x¿n] ;[hgf u/]sf 5g\ . k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/zdf
k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ug{ ;lsg] ;dosf] s'g} xbaGbL g/fVg] d:of}bf ubf{sf k|d'v JolQmx¿n] g} l56\l56\6} lgjf{rg ubf{ lx6n/
h:tf] clwgfos cfpg ;Sg] vt/f b]vfO{ Goflos x:tIf]ksf] cf}lrTo b]vfP . oBlk lx6n/ jf lx6n/ h:tf] clwgfosn]
k|hftflGqs k|lqmof cGtu{t Ps k6seGbf a9L lgjf{lrt ePsf] b[i6fGt 5}g .
73
sfg"gsf] c+s !$ df k|wfg GofofwLz ljZjgfy pkfWofosf] n]v k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] cfkm\gf] n]vdf jl/i7 clwjQmf
u0f]z/fh zdf{n] sfg"gsf] cl3Nnf] c+sdf k|sflzt ug'{ ePsf] n]vsf] af/]df k|ltjfb ug'{ ePsf] 5 / JolQmut ¿kdf l6Kk0fL ub{{}
u0f]z/fh zdf{nfO{ tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqLsf] tkm{af6 pko'{Qm d'2fdf -k|ltlglw;ef lj36gsf] bf];|f] d'2fdf_ pkl:yt eP/ c;kmn
ePsf sfg"gf Joj;foLx¿ dWo] Ps x'g'x'G5 egL pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] 5 . pxfFNf] ;f] n]vdf cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] b'ik|rf/ ul/Psf]
eGb} cfb]zsf] cf}lrTo / cfwf/sf af/]df lj:t[t ¿kdf k|sfz kfg'{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . oBlk ;f] n]vdf k|o'Qm efiffdf eg] pxfFn]
;+odtf sfod /fVg ;Sg' ePsf] b]lvb}g . Ps t k|wfg GofofwLzn] ;]jf lga[Q ePkl5 s'g} Pp6f km};nf jf cfb]z pk/ ul/Psf]
l6Kk0fLsf] k|ltjfb ug]{ xfd|f] Goflos cEof; /x]sf] 5}g . pxfFsf] n]vdf pNn]v ePsf] of] cg'R5]bnfO{ x]/f}+ M lj36g ;DaGwL bf];|f]
d'2fdf wf/f %#-$_ sf] k|of]usf ;DaGwdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf] lg0f{osf] kl/0ffd :j¿k ;QfRo"t x'g' k/L ljIf'Jw ePsf]
tyfslyt ;fDojfbL bn Pdfn]sf g]tf kqsf/, Pjd\ sfg"g Jojf;foLx¿n] tyf jt{dfg ;+ljwfg / ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿nfO{
ljjfbf:kb agfP/ k|ToIf jf 5b\d ¿kdf k|of;/t k'g?TyfgjfbLx¿n] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] pQm lg0f{on] cl3Nnf] d'2fdf :yflkt
ghL/sf] pNn+3g u/]sf], k|wfgdGqLsf] clwsf/ s'l07t u/fPsf] / /fhgLlts ljs[ltx¿ hGdfPsf] eGg] unt / e|fds b'ik|rf/x¿
ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . o;/L cfkm}+ cfIf]lkt x'g] u/L k|ltjfb ug'{sf] ;6\6f s'g} unt k|rf/ ePdf cf}krfl/s efiffdf Goflos dof{bf
/fv]/ v08g ;Dd ug{ pko'Qm x'g] lyof] . pQm n]vdf k|wfg GofofwLzn] cfkm"n] u/]sf] cfb]zsf] cf}lrTol;4 ug]{ k|oTg ug'{ ePsf]
b]lvG5 . xfd|f] Goflos cEof;df o:tf] k/Dk/f ljsf; ePsf] lyPg . kl5 klg Tof] ¿kdf cEof; ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5}g .
74
o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf of] jfSonfO{ lng ;lsG5 M bf];|f] ljZjo'4 eGbf cl3sf] hd{gLsf] k|hftflGqs jfOd/ ;+ljwfg ;+;b
lj36gsf] clwsf/sf] b'¿kof]uaf6} ljs[t e} gfhLjfbsf] cEo'bo ePsf] Hjn+t pbfx/0f xfd|f] cufl8 g} 5 .
75
of] ljifodf yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ M Mra Malagodi, Constitutional Nationalism and Legal Exclusion,
Equality, Identity Politics and Democracy in Nepal, Oxford University Press, 2013 pages 224-225
76
yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu M Supreme Court’s Stay Order: Some Reflections : Dr. Narad Bharadwaj,
http://therisingnepal.org.np/news/4403
77
clwjQmf u'0flglw Gof}kfg] lj= k|wfgdGqL dgdf]xg clwsf/L ;d]t ePsf] ckx]ngf d'2f ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 @)%%.!!.!* df
km};nf u/L ckx]ngf ePsf] 7x/ ul/of] . GofofwLz s]zj k|;fb pkfWofo / xl/k|;fb zdf{n] ;f] km};nf ug'{ ePs]f lyof] . lj:t[Tf
hfgsf/Lsf nflu M g]sfk @)%& c+s ^.& lg=g++= ^(!^ .
75
;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t 77

nflu ;}4flGts eGbf kl/j]zhGo sf/0f k|efjL ePsf] cg'e"t ug{ ;lsG5 . ;+;bLo zf;g
Joj:yfdf lj36gsf] clwsf/nfO{ k|wfgdGqLsf] ljz]ifflwsf/ dflgG5 .78 t/ g]kfndf ;+;bLo
Joj:yfdf ;+;b lj36gsf] clwsf/ k|wfgdGqLdf /xg] dfGotfdf g} of] cEof;n] gsf/fTds
;Gb]z lbof] . /fhgLlts dgf]lj1fgdf ;d]t o;n] k|efj kf¥of] . kmntM jt{dfg ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0f x'Fbf of] ljifonfO{ b[li6ut u/L k|wfgdGqL / d'VodGqLn] ;+;b lj36g ug]{ clwsf/nfO{
nueu lgl:qmo agfOof] . ;f]xL cEof;n] kl/0ffd :j¿k zf;gdf l:y/tfsf nflu b'O{
jif{;Dd cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj Nofpg g;lsg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf klg ul/of] . Goflos JofVofn]
lgDTofPsf] ;}4flGts ljrngsf] k|efjn] ;+;bLo JoJf:yfdf ;+;b lj36g / cljZjf;sf]
k|:tfjsf] cGt/;DalGwt clwsf/sf] :yflkt clwsf/nfO{ lgoGq0f ubf{ ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf]
j}wflgs ;+oGq sdhf]/ / /fhgLlts ;+oGqx¿ k|efjL aGg] jftfj/0f aGof] . ;+ljwfgjfb /
sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] d"Nosf] b[li6n] klg of] uDeL/ ;dLIffsf] ljifo xf]] .
&= 6gsk'/ -dxfsfnL_ ;Demf}tf ;+;baf6 cg'df]bg ug]{ ;DaGwdf
g]kfnsf] Goflos Oltxf;df clws rrf{ ePsf] ljifo dxfsfnL ;lGw klg xf] . k|wfgdGqL
lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[Tjdf @)$* ;fn d+;L/ !( ut]b]lv @$ ut];Dd ePsf] ef/tsf]
cf}krfl/s e|d0fsf] qmddf ePsf] dxfsfnL gbLsf] kfgL / ljh'nL afF8kmfF8sf nflu ePsf]
;dembf/L ePsf] lyof] . ;f] ;dembf/L ;+;baf6 cg'df]bg ug'{ kg]{ gkg]{ d"n ljifodf
afns[i0f Gof}kfg]n] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] ¿kdf of] l/6 bfo/ ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . pQm
l/6 lgj]bgdf ePsf] k"0f{ kf7 k|sflzt gePsf] eP klg lg0f{o v08 g]kfn sfg"g klqsfdf
k|sflzt ePsf] 5 .79 k|wfg GofofwLz ljZjgfy pkfWofosf] g]t[Tjdf ul7t kfFr ;b:oLo
ljz]if Ohnf;n] ;f] ljjfbsf] ;'g'jfO u/]sf] lyof] . ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] ¿kdf
k|:t't pQm ljjfb lg/fs/0f ub}{ pQm cfb]zdf 6gsk'/ afFwsf] ;DaGwdf >L % sf] ;/sf/ /
ef/t ;/sf/sf aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@^ sf] pkwf/f -@_ cfslif{t x'g]
b]lvG5 egL cfb]z ePsf] 5 . t/ ;f] ;dembf/Lsf] ;+j}wflgsLs/0f s;/L ug]{ eGg] ljifodf
eg] kfFrhgfsf] Ohnf;df Pshgf GofofwLzn] km/s dt /fVg' ePsf] lyof] .80 ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !@^ sf] k|aGwsf]81 ljj]rgf ub}{ ;+ljwfg jdf]lhd cg'df]bg ;lDdng :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g

78
of] ljifodf yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g{ ;lsG5 M Sir Ivor Jennings, The Law and the Constitution, 5th edition, The
English Language Book Socity and University of London Press Ltd., Londan, 1967 sf] RofK6/ IV
79
g]sfk @)%$ sf] c+s @ lg=g+= ^#!# .
80
ax'dtsf] /fo TfTsfnLg k|wfg GofofwLz ljZjgfy pkfWofon] n]Vg' ePsf] lyof] / GofofwLzx¿ ;'/]Gb|k|;fb l;+x, uh]Gb|s]z/L
af:tf]nf / cf]deQm >]i7n] ;dy{g hgfpg' ePsf] lyof] eg] GofofwLz lqnf]sk|tfk /f0ffn] s]xL ljifodf km/s dt /fVg' ePsf]
lyof] .
81
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !@^ M ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g M -!_ g]kfn
clw/fHo jf >L % sf] ;/sf/ kIf x'g] ;lGw jf ;Dem}tfx¿sf] cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :JfLs[lt jf ;dy{g sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t
ePadf]lhd x'g]5 .
-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd sfg"g agfpFbf c? s'/fsf cltl/Qm b]xfosf ljifosf ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿sf] cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf
;dy{g ;+;bsf] b'j} ;bgsf] ;+o'Qm a}7sdf pkl:ylt ;b:ox¿sf] b'O{ ltxfO ax'dtn] ug'{ kg]{ zt{ /flvg]5 M
-s_ zflGt / d}qL
-v_ ;'/Iff Pjd\ ;fdl/s ;DaGw
-u_ g]kfn clw/fHosf] l;dfgf /
-3_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf To;sf] pkof]usf] afF8kmFf8 .
t/ v08 -s_ / -3_ df plNnlvt ljifosf ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfx¿ dWo] /fi6«nfO{ Jofks, uDeL/ jf bL3{sfnLg c;/ gkg]{ ;fwf/0f
k|s[ltsf ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfx¿sf] cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :JfLs[lt jf ;dy{g k|ltlglw ;efsf] j}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:ox¿sf] ;fwf/0f
ax'dtaf6 x'g ;Sg]5 .
76
78 ;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t

ePsf] ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfsf] x}l;ot g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf (=! cg';f/ ;+;bn]
jgfPsf] P]g h:t} x'Gf] ;f] Joj:yfsf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g] 7x/ ax'dtsf] /fodf ul/Psf]
5 . ;f] /fodf elgPsf] 5 M
6gsk'/ afFw ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf cg';f/ g]kfnn] afFof PkmnS; afFwsf] nflu
hUuf pknJw u/fO{ ;s]sf] b]lvgfn] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@^ sf] pkwf/f -@_
jdf]lhd pQm ;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bg jf ;dy{g u/fpg] tkm{ sf/jfxL ug{' egL
>L % sf] ;/sf/sf] gfddf cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] 5 .
pQm ax'dtsf] /fodf ;xdt x'g g;sL GofofwLz lqnf]sk|tfk /f0ffn] km/s dt /fVg' ePsf]
lyof] . pxfFsf] km/s dtdf dxfsfnL gbLsf] klxrfg / :jfldTjnfO{ ;d]t ;+s]t ul/Psf]
lyof] . :ki6¿kdf cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hsf] pNn]v geP klg of] /fodf dflyNnf] t6jtL{
/fHosf] clwsf/sf] af/]df ;+s]t ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] /fodf elgPsf] 5 M
k|:t't d'2fdf d}n] dxfsfnL gbLsf] hn;|f]tsf] ;DaGwdf d"n ljjfbsf] ¿kdf
b]Vb5' . === ef/tn] dxfsfnL gbLdf 6gsk'/ Jof/]h lgdf{0f u/L dxfsfnL
gbLsf] ;Dk"0f{ kfgL cfkm"lt/ nuL ljh'nL pTkfbg u/L To:tf] pTkflbt lah'nL
dWo] s]xL c+z ! s/f]8 o'lg6 -cS6f]j/ @!, !((@ sf] :ki6Ls/0f cg';f/ @)
ldlnog o'lg6_ lah'nL / !%) So';]s kfgL g]kfnnfO{ lbPsf] kfOG5 . 6gsk'/
Jof/]h dxfsfnL gbLsf] h'g laGb'df ag]sf] 5 ;f] laGb'af6 kfgL k|:km"l6t geO{
6gsk'/ Jof/]hdf hDdf x'g] kfgL dxfsfnL gbLsf] ;Dk"0f{ ck:6«Ld -Upstream_
kfgL xf] .
dxfsfnL gbL ef/t / g]kfnsf] jLr g]kfnsf] bfr{'nf lhNnfb]lv sGrgk'/ lhNnf;Dd cfˆgf]
nfdf] ofqfdf of] gbL sGrgk'/ lhNnfsf] s'g} vf; laGb'df afx]s ;j{q g]kfn / ef/tsf]
l;dfgfdf aUg] ePsf]n] ;f] gbLsf] kfgLdf g]kfnsf] ;dfg xs nfUg] wf/0ff ;f] /fodf k|s6
ePsf] 5 . pQm ;lGwdf g]kfnn] ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ r's]sf] ;d]t efj ;f]
/fodf k|s6 ePsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] e"efudf cfpg ;Sg] af9L /f]Sgsf nflu ef/tnfO{ afFw agfpg e"efu pknJw
u/fPsf] eGg] tTsfnLg dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ts{nfO{ ;d]t ;f] /fon] c:JfLsf/ u/]sf] 5 .
clen]va4 ePsf sfuhftdf gePsf ljifo ax;df k|:t't ePsf] eGg] ;f] /fodf ;+s]t
ul/Psf] 5 . of] l6Kk0fLnfO{ Jofj;flos cfr/0f;Fu ;d]t hf]8]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 . of] /fodf
dxfsfnL ;lGwsf] cg'df]bg ug'{ kg]{ gkg]{ eGbf ;f] ;lGw ;fj{ef}lds ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt
adf]lhd eP gePsf] tkm{ ;+s]t ul/Psf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g adf]lhdsf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u
ug]{ sfo{df g]kfnL kIfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;d]t cf}+Nofpg] lbzfdf of] cfb]z k|s6 ePsf] b]lvG5 .
of] b[li6n] x]bf{ km/s dtsf] ¿kdf GofofwLz lqnf]sk|tfk /f0ffsf] /fosf] ;}4flGts w/ftn
alnof] b]lvG5 / ;f] cfb]z l/6sf] cjwf/0ff / Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] dfGotf cg's"n
b]lvG5 . csf]{tkm{ km/s dtn] cf}+NofPsf] dxfsfnL gbLnfO{ ;Ldf If]q dfg]/ ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{

-#_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 x'g] s'g} ;lGw jf ;Demf}tf o; wf/f adf]lhd cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g geP;Dd >L %
sf] ;/sf/ jf g]kfn clw/fHosf] xsdf nfu" ePsf] dflgg] 5}g .
-$_ pkwf/f -!_ / _@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg g]kfn clw/fHosf] k|fb]lzs cv08tfdf k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ u/L s'g} ;lGw
jf ;Demf}tf ul/g] 5|}g .
77
;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t 79

kIfdf klg ax'dtsf] /fon] ;Daf]wg ug{ g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . o; b[li6n] klg km/s dtsf] /fo
bL3{sfnLg b[li6sf]0f;lxt tof/ ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 .
*= lj36g / ;dfj]bg s'gn] k|fyldstf kfpg] eGg] ;DaGwdf
k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb'/ yfkfn] @)%$.(.@$ df k|ltlglw;efsf] lj36gsf nflu l;kmfl/; u/]sf]
/ ;ef;b\x¿n] ;+;bsf] clwj]zg cfXjfgsf nflu ;dfj]bg ;d]t u/]sf] ;Gbe{df o; cl3
ePsf k|ltlglw;efsf] lj36gdf klxnf] / bf];|f] ljjfbdf km/s km/s b[li6sf]0f k|:t't ePsf]
x'Fbf lj36gsf] l;kmfl/; / ;dfj]bg s'gn] k|fyldstf kfpg] xf] eGg] ljifodf >L % af6
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-%_ adf]lhd ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf /fo dfu
ePsf] lyof] . ;f] /fo k|:t't ug]{ qmddf k|wfg GofofwLz cf]deQm >]i7sf] g]t[Tjdf gf}
;b:oLo ljz]if Ohnf; u7g ePsf] lyof] . k|wfg GofofwLzsf] /fodf ;dfj]bgn] k|fyldstf
kfpg] pNn]v lyof] . ;f] /fonfO{ cGo kfFr hgf GofofwLzn] ;dy{g ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .82 ;f]
ljifodf GofofwLz df]xgk|;fb zdf{sf] leGg /fo /x]sf] lyof] . ;f] /fodf k|wfgdGqLn]
lj36gsf nflu l;kmfl/; r9fPkl5 ;dfj]bg btf{ ePsf] x'Fbf k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ;DaGwL
bf];|f] d'2fsf] glh/ cfslif{t g'x'g] eGb} >L % af6 ;+ljwfg cGtu{t ckgfO{ cfPsf] k|rng
sf/jfxL ;'? ul/alS;;s]sf] cj:yfdf cGoyf /fo hfx]/ ug{ dgfl;j gx'g] egL pNn]v
ePsf] lyof] . pQm /fonfO{ c? b'O{ hgf GofofwLzx¿sf] ;dy{g /x]sf] lyof] .83 ;f] /fon]
wf/f **-%_ sf] k|of]usf ;DaGwdf k|Zg p7fPsf] eP klg 3'dfp/f] ¿kdf k|wfgdGqLsf]
l;kmfl/; sfof{Gjog x'g] wf/0ff k|s6 u/]sf] b]lvG5 . b'O{ km/s km/s b[li6sf]0f cbfntaf6
k|:t't ePsf] cj:yf egL /fo dfu ePsf] cj:yfdf ljutsf] eGbf w]/} ;+Vofdf GofofwLz
a;L Pp6f ;+j}wflgs b[li6sf]0f k|s6 ug]{ cj;/ of] /fodf klg ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] u'dfPsf]
b]lvG5 . tTsfnLg kl/j]zdf g]Tf[Tjn] /fv]sf] ck]Iff ax'dtsf] /fon] k"/f ul/lbPsf] lyof] .
k|ltlglw;ef lj36gsf ljifodf k|To]s l/6df leGg leGg cfb]z ug]{ GofofwLzsf] ¿kdf
cf]deQm >]i7 /xg' ePsf] 5 . klxnf] l/6df pxfFn] l/6 hf/L x'g' kg]{ /fo lbg' eof] . bf];|f]df
l/6 vf/]h x'g' kg]{ /fo lbg' eof] eg] of] t];|f] ljjfbdf pxfFn] ;dfj]bgn] k|fyldstf kfpg'
kg]{ /fo lbg' eof] .
(= ;ef;bn] ljz]if eQf kfpg] Joj:yfsf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ;DaGwdf
sfg"gsf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] qmddf Pp6f rrf{df cfPsf] csf]{ l/6 ;f+;bsf] lgj[lQe/0f
;DaGwL ljifosf] klg xf] . Pp6} sfg"gfL Joj:yfnfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf b'O{ a[xt\ Ohnf;n]
leGgleGg cfb]z u/]sf] sf/0f of] ljifo rrf{df cfPsf] xf] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogsf]
qmddf tTsfnLg /fli6«o k~rfotsf ;b:ox¿n] lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .
/fhgLlts Joj:yf kl/jt{g ePkl5 klg ;+;bdf ;b:ox¿nfO{ To:t} ¿kdf ljz]if eQf kfpg]
sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/of] . ;+;bsf kbflwsf/L tyf ;b:ox¿sf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL
P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @% sfg"gsf] ;fdfGo l;4fGt / g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]
wf/f ^& / d"n sfg"g;Fu aflemg] u/L agfPsf] / ldlt @)%@.!).!& ut]b]lv k|f/De ePsf]

82
;f] /fonfO{ GofofwLzx¿ s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo, s[i0fh+u /fodfemL, pbo/fh pkfWofo, xl/ZrGb| pkfWofo / 6f]kaxfb'/ l;+xn]
;dy{g ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
83
;f] /fonfO{ GofofwLzx¿ nId0fk|;fb cof{n / s]bf/gfy pkfWofon] ;dy{g ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
78
80 ;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t

x'Fbf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !, @#, **-!_ / ^& adf]lhd k|f/De ePsf]
ldlt b]lv g} nfu" x'Fg] u/L cdfGo / jb/ 3f]lift u/L kfpFm egL e/tdl0f h+udn] ;jf]{Rr
cbfntdf l/6 bfo/ ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .84
of] l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ x'g'eGbf cufj} /fli6«o k~rfntsf ;b:o bL3{/fh k|;fO{n] ;f]xL sfg"gL
Joj:yfnfO{ r'gf}tL lbO{ bfo/ u/]sf] l/6df ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ljz]if Ohnf;n] pQm Joj:yf
;+ljwfg;Ddt ePsf] cfb]z ul/;s]sf] lyof] .85 k'gM ;f]xL ljifo ;dfj]z eP/ bfo/ ePsf]
e/tdl0f h+udsf] l/6df ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf gf} ;b:oLo ljz]if Ohnf; u7g ul/of] . ;f]
Ohnf;sf cf7 hgf GofofwLzx¿n] ax'dtaf6 pQm ljjflbt sfg"gL Joj:yf cdfGo / ab/
ul/of] .86 ax'dtsf] /fodf ;+ljwfgn] k|wfg GofofwLz / ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzsf]
xsdf lgj[lQe/0f zJb k|of]u u/]sf] / ;f+;bsf] xsdf ;f] zJb k|of]u gu/]sf] egL o;nfO{
leGg ¿kdf x]g'{ kg]{ wf/0ff k|s6 u/]sf] lyof] . oBlk ;+ljwfgsf] kl/efiff v08df wf/f !#@-
!_-r_ df kfl/>ldssf] kl/efiffleq eQf, lgj[lQe/0f / cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] kfl/>lds ;d]t
hgfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] /fodf elgPsf] lyof] M
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( cGtu{t ul7t ljwflosfn] ;b:ox¿sf] ;DaGwdf
o:t} ljz]if eQfsf] ;+1f lbO{ lgj[lQe/0f k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . To:t}
P]gsf] ;+j}wflgstfsf] k/LIf0f ug]{ Joj:yf tTsfnLg ;+ljwfgdf gePsfn]
;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0f cbfntaf6 ePsf] lyPg . t/ ;f] Joj:yf nf]slk|o eg]
ePsf] lyPg .
ljjfbdf cfPsf] ;f]xL sfg"gfL Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] o;cl3 bL3{/fh
k|;fO{sf] lgj]bgdf u/]sf] cfb]z of] ;Gbe{df cfslif{t gx'g] u/L JofVof u/]sf] kfOG5 . Ps
k6s ;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0f ul/;s]sf] ;f] Joj:yfsf] csf]{ k6s k/LIf0f u/L leGg cfb]z ug'{
k/]sf] cf}lrTo eg] lrQ a'em\bf] b]lvFb}g . === ;f] cfb]zn] ;f+;bx¿sf] sfo{sfn jf kbfjlw k"/f

84
;+;bsf kbflwsf/L tyf ;b:ox¿sf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @% “ljz]if eQf” -!_ g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& adf]lhd k|ltlglw;ef jf /fli6«o;efdf lgjf{lrt jf dgf]lgt eO{ k|ltlglw;ef jf /fli6«o;efdf lgjf{lrt jf
dgf]lgt eO{ k|ltlglw;ef jf /fli6«o;efdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf sfo{sfn jf kbfjlw k"/f u/]sf JolQmnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd ljz]if eQf
lbOg]5 M
-s_ Ps sfo{sfn jf Ps kbfjlw k"/f u/]sf]nfO{ k|ltdf; tTsfn ;+;b ;b:on] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] dfl;s kfl/>ldssf] %)
k|ltzt /sd .
-v_ b'O{ sfo{sfn jf b'O{ kbfjlw k"/f u/]sfnfO{ k|ltdf; tTsfn ;+;b ;b:on] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] dfl;s kfl/>ldssf] ^)
k|ltzt;Dd .
-u_ tLg sfo{sfn jf tLg kbfjlw jf ;f] eGbf j9L sfo{sfn jf kbfjlw k"/f u/]sf nfO{ k|ltdf; tTsfn ;+;b ;b:on] vfOkfO{
cfPsf] dfl;s kfl/>ldssf] &% k|ltzt /sd .
85
yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ M bL3{/fh k|;fO{ lj= dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno;d]t, g]sfk @)%% c+s @ lg=g+= ^%)@ pQm cfb]z ;ft
hgf GofofwLzsf] ljz]if Ohnf;af6 ePsf] lyof] . pQm cfb]zdf GofofwLz 6f]kaxfb'/ l;+xn] /fo n]Vg' ePsf] lyof] eg]
GofofwLzx¿ s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo, uf]ljGbaxfb'/ >]i7, c/ljGbgfy cfrfo{, pbo/fh pkfWofo, s[i0fs'df/ adf{, xl/ZrGb|
pkfWofosf] ;dy{g /x]sf] lyof] . ;f] cfb]zsf] lgisif{df elgPsf] lyof] M sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf $ sf] v08 -
u_ cg';f/ vfO{ kfO{ ef]uL cfPsf] xs ;'ljwfaf6 lgj]bsx¿nfO{ j~lrt u/]sf] / g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !!
sf] v08 -!-@_ / -#_ cGtu{tsf] ;dfgtfsf] xs;+u ;+;bsf kbflwsf/L tyf ;b:ox¿sf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf
@% aflemPsf] gb]lv+bf ;f] aflemPsfn] k|f/De b]lvg] ab/ 3f]lift u/L kfp+ eGg] lgj]bg dfu bfjL sfg"g;+ut b]lvPg . k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ .
86
pQm l/6df ax'dtsf] /fo GofofwLz nId0f k|;fb cof{nn] tof/ ug'{ ePsf] lyof] h;df cGo ;ft hgf GofofwLzx¿ s[i0fh+u
/fodfemL, xl/k|;fb zdf{, s]bf/gfy cfrfo{, e}/jk|;fb nD;fn, lbnLks'df/ kf}8]n, uf]kfnk|;fb vqL / 1fOG›axfb'/ >]i7 /xg'
ePsf] lyof] . g]sfk @)%& c+s (.!) lg=g+= &)#) .
79
;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t 81

u/]sf JolQmnfO{ ;+;bdf lgjf{lrt jf dgf]lgt ePsf] sf/0fn] kbfjlw ;lsPkl5 klg cfhLjg
ljz]if eQf lbg] u/L ;+;bsf kbflwsf/L tyf ;b:osf] kl/>lds / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL P]g,
@)%@ sf] bkmf @% n] u/]sf] Joj:yf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f ^& sf]
kl/lwleq /xL jg]sf] gb]lvFbf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f **-!_ jdf]lhd ;f] bkmf @% cfhsf ldltb]lv
cdfGo / jb/ 3f]lift ul/lbPsf] 5 .
tTsfnLg ;dodf ;ef;b\x¿n] lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] Joj:yfsf] lj?4df lgSs} g} 7"nf] hgdt
/x]sf] lyof] . bL3{/fh k|;fOsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ug]{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] lg0f{o cfPkl5 Tof]
lg0f{osf] klg w]/} cfnf]rgf eof] . ;fdflhs dgf]lj1fgnfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L e/tdl0f
h+udn] bfo/ u/]sf] of] l/6df ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ljz]if Ohnf;n] pQm bkmf @% sf] Joj:yf
cdfGo / ab/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . of] cfb]z ;+j}wflgs l;4fGt eGbf ;fdflhs kl/j]zaf6 a9L
k|efljt ePsf] b]lvG5 .
ljjflbt sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ cdfGo / ab/ ug]{ ax'dtsf] of] wf/0ff;Fu ;xdt x'g g;sL
GofofwLz s]bf/gfy pkfWofon] 5'§} /fo k|s6 ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . sfg"gfsf] ;+j}wflgstfsf]
k|Zg p7fpgsf nflu lgj]bsn] ;+ljwfg ljk/Lt ePsf] bfjL :yflkt ug{ ;Sg' kg]{ k"j{zt{
/x]sf] x'G5 . km/s dt k|s6 ub}{ ;f] /fodf lgj]bsn] ;f] bfloTj k"/f ug{ g;s]sf] l6Kk0fL
ul/Psf] 5 . JofVofsf] qmddf ljwflosL clwsf/df k|efj kg]{ u/L Goflos cfb]z x'g' pko'Qm
gx'g] ;d]t wf/0ff k|s6 ePsf] 5 . ;f] cfb]zdf elgPsf] 5 M
;+ljwfgdf k|of]u ePsf] zJbsf] JofVofsf] nflu wf/f !#@ nfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg]
kfl/>lds eGgfn] tnj eQf lgj[lQe/0f ;d]t ;+emg' k5{ egL kl/efiff /
JofVof ;+ljwfg :jo+n] u/L lgj[lQe/0f ;d]t kfl/>lds leq g} kg]{ agfPsf]
5 . ;+ljwfg :jo+n] JofVofTds Joj:yf u/]sf s'/fnfO{ 5f8L ;+ljwfgdf k|of]u
ePsf zJbx¿sf] c? lsl;dsf] JofVof x'g' x'Fb}g .
of] /fodf /fhgLlts ;+ljwfgjfb / sfg"gfL ;+ljwfgjfbsf] leGgtf;d]t 5'6\ofPsf] b]lvG5 .
/fhgLlt1x¿n] cfkm" cg's"n ;'ljwf lj:tf/ u/]sf] ljifo Goflos k/LIf0fsf] ljifo geO{
/fhgLlts k|lqmofaf6 lgoGq0f x'g] wf/0ff l;4fGttM ;xL ¿kdf k|s6 ePsf] 5 . of] ljifodf
/fon] cfTd;+od ckgfPsf] b]lvG5 . Ps k6s Pp6f sfg"gfL Joj:yfsf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg
ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf k'gM ;f]xL Joj:yfsf] k/LIf0f ug'{ kg]{ cf}lrTo gePsf] l6Kk0fL ub}{
Goflos cg'zf;gtkm{ ;d]t ;+s]t ul/Psf] 5 . ;f/df of] /fodf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@
adf]lhd kfl/>ldsleq lgj[lQe/0f tyf ljz]if ;'ljwf lbg ;lsg] u/L sfg"g agfpg ;lsg]
cj:yf x'Fbf pQm sfg"gfL Joj:yfsf] ;+j}wflgstfsf] k/LIf0f u/L ab/ ul//xg' gkg]{ wf/0ff
k|s6 ePsf] 5 . cbfntaf6 ePsf plNnlvt JofVofsf] ;}4flGTfs w/ftn ljZn]if0f ubf{ km/s
dtdf cleJoQm /fon] ;+j}wflgs ;Ldf / Goflos d"NonfO{ c+lusf/ u/sf] 5 . Goflos
lg0f{odf Ps¿ktfsf] kIfkf]if0f u/]sf] 5 . sfg"gsf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgdf Goflos
cfTd;+od cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] l7s ljk/Lt ax'dtsf] /fodf afXo l6Kk0fLsf] k|efj
k/]sf] 5 .


80
82 ;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t

!)= ;+ljwfg ;ef lgjf{rg P]gsf] ;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0f ;DaGwL

;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf !( sf] v08 -5_ df ;+jt @)^@ tyf
@)^# ;fndf nf]stGqsf nflu ePsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf jvt hgwgsf] Iflt, ;Qf, zlQm /
kbsf] b'¿kof]u, dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3g jf /fli6«o 9's'6Lsf] b'¿kof]u jfkt hfFra'em
cfof]u P]g, @)@^ adf]lhd ul7t hfFra'em cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgdf /fhgLlts lgo'lQmsf] kbdf
/xL bf]ifL b]vfOPsf] JolQm ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:osf] lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/ x'g cof]Uo dflgg]5g\
eGg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] lyof] . pQm k|fjwfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, ;/sf/ dfcf]jfbL aLr ;DkGg
zflGt ;+emf}tf ljk/Lt x'g'sf ;fy} s'g} ljlwzf:qLo dfGotfn] ;+/If0f gug]{ k|s[ltsf] ePsf]
egL ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf r'gf}tL lbOof] . ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf !(
sf] v08 -5_ sf] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, sf] wf/f !#, wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f
-$_-%_-^_-*_-(_,wf/f ^%, wf/f !)) / wf/f !)! ;Fu aflemPsf]n] wf/f ! adf]lhd k|f/Deb]lv
nfu" x'g] u/L cdfGo 3f]lift u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] clwjQmf sdn]z låj]bLsf]
lgj]bgkq ;d]tsf ljleGg l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ePsf lyP . tL l/6 lgj]bg ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf]
kfFr ;b:oLo ljz]if Ohnf;af6 ;'g'jfO ePsf] lyof] . ;'g'jfOdf GofofwLzx¿ aLr dt}Sotf
x'g ;s]g .87 ax'dtn] ;xdlt hgfPsf] GofofwLz sNof0f >]i7sf] /fodf elgPsf] lyof] M
ljwflosf lgld{t sfg"gn] ck/fwsf] kl/efiff ug{ ;Sb5 . t/, :jod\ ck/fwL
jf bf]ifL 7x/ ug{ ;Sb}g . cd"s cd"s sfd s'/f u/]df jf gu/]df hgwgsf]
Iflt, ;Qf, zlQm, kb / /fli6«o 9's'6Lsf] b'¿kof]u tyf dfgj clwsf/sf]
pNn+3g x'G5 egL kl/eflift ug{' ljwflosfsf] ljlw lgdf{0fsf] gLlt, l;4fGt /
If]q x'g ;S5 . To:tf]df cbfntn] af]Ng klg ldNb}g . t/, To:tf] cfwf/ jf
dfkb08 s]xL glbO{ ;f]xL sfo{ sf/0fsf] bf]ifL b]vfO{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf
efu lng gkfpg] of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfd sf/jfxLn] ;+ljwfgn] cjnDag
u/]sf] zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGt, :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] k|Tofe"lt / sfg"gL
zf;gsf] d"No dfGotfd} cfFr cfpg] x'G5 . s;}nfO{ bf]ifL 7x/fpg] laifo
Goflos If]qflwsf/sf] xf] . Tof] s'/f Goflos If]qflwsf/af6} sfg"g adf]lhd
x'g'k5{ . To:tf] clwsf/ k|ToIf jf k/f]If h'g;'s} ¿kdf Joj:yflksf ;+;bn]
k|of]u ug{ ldNb}g, u/]df klg ;+j}wflgs dfGotf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g . ===
;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf !( sf] v08 -5_ sf] sfg"gL
Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] k|:tfjgfsf] efjgfsf] dd{
cg's"n gb]lvg' ;fy}, pQm sfg"gL k|fjwfgn] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@ k|bQ
:jtGqtf, wf/f !# k|bQ ;dfgtf / wf/f @$ k|bQ Gofo ;DaGwL xsdf
cg'lrt aGb]h nufPsf] eO{ wf/f !)), !$! sf] k|fjwfg;Fu ;d]t c;+ut
b]lvg cfPsf] x'Fbf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd cfh}sf
ldltb]lv nfu" x'g] u/L ;f] Joj:yf cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/lbPsf] 5 .

87
GofofwLz sNof0f >]i7sf] /fodf GofofwLzx¿ tkaxfb'/ du/ ;xdt x'g' ePsf] lyof] eg] ;xdltd} GofofwLz an/fd s];Ln]
csf]{ /fo n]vL ax'dtsf] lg0f{oaf6 ljjflbt sfg"gsf] Joj:yf cdfGo / ab/ ul/of] .
81
;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t 83

ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]h / cGo d'n'sn] u/]sf cEof; ;d]tnfO{ ;Gbe{sf] ¿kdf pNn]v
u/L 5'§} /foaf6 GofofwLz an/fd s];Ln] GofofwLz sNof0f >]i7sf] lgisif{df ;xdt hgfpg'
ePsf] lyof] . ax'dtsf] of] lgisif{;Fu Ohnf;sf] g]t[Tj ul//xg' ePsf GofofwLz cg'k/fh
zdf{ ;xdt x'g' ePg . pxfFsf] /fonfO{ GofofwLz bfdf]b/ k|;fb zdf{sf] ;dy{g /x]sf] lyof] .
GofofwLz cg'k/fh zdf{sf] /fodf pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] M
:jo+ lgj]bsx¿g} s]G›Lo kbflwsf/L /x]sf /fhg}lts bnx¿ ;d]t
;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgsf] nflu lgjf{rg cfof]udf btf{ eO{ r'gfj lrGx;d]t
k|fKt u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf !( -
5_ n] s'g} /fhg}lts bnnfO{ j}rfl/s cf:yfsf cfwf/df r'gfjdf hfg
/f]s]sf] / Pp6} dfq ljrf/wf/f jf bz{g ePsf /fhg}lts bnnfO{ dfq
lgjf{rgdf efu lng kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] eGg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvPg .
/fhg}lts bn vf]Ng] ;+ljwfg k|bQ clwsf/ / r'gfjdf pDd]bjf/ x'g] laifo
km/s–km/s x'g . /fhg}lts bn vf]Ng kfpg] cfwf/ / zt{ pDd]bjf/ aGgsf
nflu klg :jtMof]Uotf jf cof]Uotf aGg ;Sb}g . pDd]bjf/ aGgsf] nflu
lgjf{rg ;DaGwL sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] dfkb08 k"/f ug}{ kb{5 . ;f] dfkb08df s'g}
JolQm ljz]if gk/]sf] sf/0fn] dfq /fhgLlts bn ;DaGwL ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!$! sf] k|fjwfg ljk/Lt sfg"g ag]sf] eGg] lgj]bg bfjL sfNklgs b]lvg
cfof] . === lgj]bsx¿n] r'gf}tL lbPsf] ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg P]g,
@)^$ sf] bkmf !( sf] v08 -5_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f ^% -u!_ sf] ;+j}wflgs ;Ldfleq /xL Joj:yflksf
;+;bn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] b]lvPsf] / P]gsf] pQm k|fjwfg ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfsf]
efjgf k|lts"n gb]lvg'sf ;fy}, ;+ljwfg k|bQ df}lns xsdf cg'lrt aGb]h
nufPsf] / ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$! adf]lhd /fhg}lts bnnfO{ k|ltaGw
nufPsf] cj:yf ;d]t b]lvg gcfPsf]n] lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd cdfGo jf ab/
3f]lift ul//xg' kg]{ cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf] kfOPg . ctM k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ .
of] cfb]zdf ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] lgdf{0fsf] p2]Zo, sfg"g / g}ltstfsf] ;DaGw ;d]tsf
ljleGg cjwf/0ffut ljifodf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;Fu :ki6 aflemPsf] gb]lvPsf]
cj:yfdf Gofofnon] sfg"gsf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgdf cfTd;+od ckgfpg' kb{5 eGg]
dfGotfnfO{ of] /fon] cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . lgj]bsn] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] / ;+ljwfg k|bQ
df}lns xsdf aGb]h u/]sf] ljifo :yflkt ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf cbfntn cfkm}n] cu|;/ eO{
ljwflosL sfg"gfnfO{ cdfGo / ab/ ub}{g eGg] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] dfGotfnfO{ of] /fodf
cfTd;ft ul/Psf] 5 . tyflk lgj]bsn] p7fPsf] pDd]bjf/ x'g] s'/fdf /f]s nufpg] u/L
ePsf] Joj:yfsf] af/]df eg] of] /fon] pkrf/fTds b[li6sf]0f lng ;s]sf] cj:yf b]lvFb}g .
k|:t't n]vdf ;dfj]z ePsf cfb]zx¿ dWo] c? eGbf leGg ¿kdf of] l/6df eg] ax'dtsf]
/fo nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotf / ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] :jtGqtfsf] k|of]u tkm{ s]lGb|t ePsf]
5 eg] km/s dtsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] /fodf tTsfnLg /fhgLlts kl/jt{g Pjd\ ;fdflhs kl/j]z
/ ;fdflhs dgf]lj1fgsf] k|efj k/]sf] b]lvG5 .
82
84 ;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t

!!= j}jflxs anfTsf/df x'g] ;hfo ;DaGwdf

d'n'sL P]g ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] # g+= df ;+zf]wg u/L nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ ha/h:tL
s/0fL u/]df tLg dlxgfb]lv 5 dlxgf;Dd s}b x'g] eGg] e]befjk"0f{ / sd ;hfosf] Joj:yf
u/L dlxnf lx+;fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/]sf] x'Fbf ;dfg b08 ;hfo ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{'
u/fpg' egL lakIfLx¿sf gfpdf k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpF eGg] lhts'df/L k+u]gLsf] l/6 lgj]bg
bfjL /x]sf] lyof] .88 ;f] l/6df ;'g'jfO ug{sf nflu u7g ePsf] ljz]if Ohnf;df GofofwLz
cg'k/fh zdf{sf] /fonfO{ GofofwLz s]bf/k|;fb lu/Ln] ;dy{g u/L ax'dtsf] cfb]z ePsf]
lyof] .89 ;f] cfb]zdf elgPsf] lyof] M
;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtsf] cg's"n x'g] u/L yk ;hfo eGbf d"n ;hfo sdL x'g]
u/L ePsf] tyf a}jflxs anfTsf/ / u}/a}jflxs anfTsf/sf] ck/fwsf aLrdf
ePsf] lje]bk"0f{ ;hfosf] Joj:yfdf ;fdfGh:otf Nofpg] u/L cfjZos /
Gofof]lrt Joj:yf ug]{ tkm{ cfjZos kxn ug{' egL k|ToyL{ sfg"g Gofo tyf
;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno ;d]tsf gfpFdf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf]
5.
ax'dtsf] ;f] cfb]zn] l/6 vf/]h u/]sf]df ;xdt x'Fb} GofofwLz an/fd s]=;L=n] ck/fwsf]
kl/efiff s;/L ug]{ / ;hfosf] dfqf slt ug]{ eGg] laz'4 /fli6«o lawflosfsf] clwsf/If]q
leqsf] s'/f xf] eGg] ts{;lxt cfkm\gf] 5'§} /fo n]Vg' eof] . of] /fodf j}jflxs anfTsf/nfO{
c:JfLsf/ ul/Psf] 5}g . s]jn ;Fu} /x]sf nf]Ug] :jf:gLsf aLrsf] cj:yf / nf]Ug] :Jff:gL
cnu eO{ a;]sf] cj:yfnfO{ sfg"gn] leGg Jojxf/ ug'{ kb{5 eGg] Jofjxfl/s b[li6sf]0f /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;f] /fosf] lgisif{df elgPsf] 5 M
ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] #-^_ g+=df ePsf] ;hfosf] Joj:yf a9fpg]
;DaGwdf a}w ljjfx -Valid Marriage_ cGtu{t nf]Ug] / :jf:gL Co-Habit
u/]sf] cj:yfsf] s/0fL / nf]Ug] / :jf:gLsf] ;DaGw ljR5]b geP klg nf]Ug] /
:jf:gL cbfntsf] cfb]zn] cnucnu eO{ leGg a;]sf] cyf{t\ Living Apart /
Judicial Separation u/L a;]sf] cj:yfsf] s/0fLnfO{ km/s km/s cj:yfsf]
sfg"gdf kl/efiff u/L :jf:gL Co-Habit ePsf] geO{ cnu / leGg a;]sf]
cj:yfsf] dGh'/L glnO{ u/]sf] s/0fL rflx hja/h:tL s/0fL dflgg] kl/efiff
u/L ;f] cj:yfsf] s/0fLdf dfq ;hfosf] dfqfdf k'glj{rf/ ug{' egL lakIfL
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 .

88
o;cl3 lgj]bs clwjQmf dL/f 9'+ufgf lakIfL sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno ;d]t ePsf] -@)%* ;fnsf] l/6 g+= %%_
;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] sfg"g cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpF egL k/]sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf tTsfnsf] ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] ! g+= df
pNn]lvt sGof, ljwjf jf csf{sf] ;wjf :jf:gL dflg;df ;f]x| aif{ d'lgsLnfO{ p;sf] dGh'/L lnO{ jf glnO{ h'g;'s} Aoxf]/f;Fu
s/0fL u/]klg / ;f]x| aif{ gf3]sLsf] /fhLv'zL ljgf a]dGh'/Ln] h'g;'s} t/x;Fu eP klg hf]/h'n'd u/L jf 8/wfs b]vfO{ jf cg'lrt
k|efjdf kf/L s/0fL u/]sf] ;d]t ha/h:tL s/0fL 7x5{ eGg] Joj:yfn] a}aflxs anfTsf/nfO{ pGd'lQm lbPsf] gb]lvPsf] eGg]
lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] -cfb]z ldlt @)%(.!.!(_ kfOG5 . ;f] l/6df j}jflxs ;DaGwsf] ljz]if kl/l:ylt / kltsf] x}l;otnfO{ ;d]t
ljrf/ u/L j}jflxs anfTsf/nfO{ k"0f{tf lbg sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug'{ eg]sf] lyof] . tTkZrft pk/f]Qm ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] !
g+= df ;+zf]wg eO{ P]= # df ePsf] ;hfosf] Joj:yfdf ;d]t ;+zf]wg u/L gofF Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm Joj:yfn] u/]sf]
e]befjk"0f{ k|aGWf pk/ lhts'df/L k+u]gLsf] of] l/6 k/]sf] xf] .
89
lhts'df/ ku]gL lj= k|=d= tyf d=k=sf=;d]t, g]sfk @)^% c+s ^ lg=g+= &(&# .
83
;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t 85

s]xL ljifodf km/s dt;lxt k|:t't ul/Psf] GofofwLz an/fd s]:fLsf] /fonfO{ b'O{ sf]0faf6
x]g{ ;lsG5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gsf nflu lqmofzLn eP klg ljBdfg
;fdflhs cEof;sf cfwf/df ;dfhsf] k|ltlglWfTj ug]{ wf/n] jsfnt ug]{ ljifonfO{ of]
cfb]zn] k|ltljlDjt ul/lbPsf] 5 egL klxnf] sf]0faf6 ;dLIff ug{ ;lsG5 . o;cl3 ;f]xL
ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt l/6df ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] hf/L u/]sf] cfb]zsf cfwf/nfO{ klg of] /fodf
cfTd;ft ul/Psf] 5 . kl5Nnf] cjwf/0ffn] s;"/sf] uDeL/tf / ;hfosf] ;dfg'kflts ;DaGw
/xg] b[li6sf]0f ;d]t k|s6 u/]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 . of] sf]0fnfO{ Jofjxfl/s b[li6sf]0faf6 k|]l/t
klg eGg ;lsG5 . of] /fon] pNn]v u/] adf]lhd g} d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf
@!(-$_ df j}jflxs ;DaGw sfod /x]sf] cj:yfdf kltn] kTgLnfO{ hj/h:tL s/0fL u/]df
kfFr jif{;Dd s}b x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/of] . t/ klt;Fu dfgf] 5'l6\6O{ c+z d'2f rn]sf], klt;Fu
c+z lnO{ 5'6\6} a;]sf] / klt;Fu ;DaGw ljR5]b d'2f rn]sf] cj:yfdf j}jflxs ;DaGw sfod
/x]sf] gdflgg] Joj:yf ul/of] . o;/L x]bf{ ax'dtsf] eGbf km/s dtsf] /fo sfof{Gjogdf
cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
!@= clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uP]gsf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ;DaGwL
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f (* sf] pkwf/f -!_, -@_ / -#_ ;d]t;Fu aflemPsf] clVtof/ b'¿kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -3_ df P]gsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wgåf/f
ylkPsf] jfSof+z bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -!_, -#_, -$_ / -%_ bkmf !@ / bkmf !( sf] pkbkmf -
!@_ ;d]t ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !-!_ adf]lhd k|f/Deb]lv g} ab/ 3f]lift u/L cdfGo u/L zfxL
g]kfn jfo' ;]jf lgudsf] o'/f]ksf] nflu l6s6 laqmL ug]{ ;d]tsf] Ph]G6 lgo'lQmsf] ;DaGwdf
;fj{hlgs hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] cg'lrt sfo{ / e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL ljifodf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f (*
sf] pkwf/f -!_ / -@_ / -#_ ;d]t cGtu{tsf] cg';Gwfg txlssft / sf/jfxL ug]{ st{Jo ug{'
egL clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] gfpFdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ** sf] pkwf/f -@_
adf]lhd k/dfb]z nufotsf] pko'Qm cf1f cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
afns[i0f Gof}kfg]sf] l/6 lgj]bg /x]sf] lyof] . ;f] l/6sf] ;'g'jfOdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ljz]if
Ohnf;df Pp6} b[li6sf]0f aGg ;s]g .90 k|wfg GofofwLz ;'/]Gb|k|;fb l;+xsf] g]t[Tjdf u7g
ePsf] kfFr ;b:oLo ;f] Ohnf;df GofofwLz s]bf/gfy pkfWofosf] /fonfO{ k|wfg GofofwLz
l;+x, GofofwLzx¿ s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo, pbo/fh pkfWofon] ;dy{g ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ;f]
cfb]zn] clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @ df
ul/Psf] ;+zf]wg cdfGo / ab/ u/L ;+zf]wg geP ;/x k"j{jt\ sfod /xg] 7x/ u/]sf] lyof] .
;f] cfb]zdf clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf $ pkbkmf -%_, bkmf
!@ sf] k|ltjGwfTds afSof+z Pj+ bkmf !( sf] pkbkmf -!@_ ;d]t g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,
@)$& sf] wf/f (* sf] pkwf/f -!_, -@_ / -#_ ;Fu :ki6t aflemPsf] egL cdfGo / ab/
ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ dlGqkl/ifb\n] u/]sf] ;fd"lxs lg0f{onfO{ eg] cfof]usf] bfo/feGbf aflx/
/flvPsf] ljifonfO{ eg] pQm cfb]zn] ;+ljwfg ljk/Lt eGg gldNg] 7x/ u/]sf] lyof] . ;f]
cfb]zdf elgPsf] lyof] M
/fhgLlts k|lqmofaf6 lg/f]k0f x'g' kg]{ s'/f /fhg}lts k|lqmofaf6} x'g' kg]{ x'Fbf
dlGqkl/ifb\ jf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;ldltdf ;fd"lxs ¿kn] ul/Psf] gLltut lg0f{o
90
g]sfk @)%# c+s ^ lg=g+= ^@)% .
84
86 ;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t

xfd|f] k|hftflGqs ;+j}wflgs ;+/rgfsf] kl/k|]Iodf :jtM cfof]un] hfFra'em

txlssft ug]{ ljifodf gkg]{ k|s[ltsf] x'Fbf ljjflbt sfg"gdf pNn]v eP jf
gePsf] h] eP klg :jtM cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/ aflx/ /xg] x'Fbf c;+j}wflgs
eGg ldn]g .
ax'dtsf] plNnlvt /fo dWo] aflemPsf] sfg"gfL Joj:yf cdfGo / ab/ ug]{ ljifodf ;xdt
x'Fb} GofofwLz nId0fk|;fb cof{nn] clGtd k|Zgdf leGg /fo /fVg' ePsf] lyof] . P]gsf] bkmf
$-$_ sf] dlGqkl/ifb\ jf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;ldltsf] ;fd"lxs gLltut lg0f{o ;DaGwdf cfof]usf]
If]qflwsf/ gx'g] eGg] / km};nf ldltaf6 c;+j}wflgs 3f]lift ug]{ eGg] ljifodf cnu /fo
k|s6 ePsf] lyof] . ;f] /fodf pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] M
sfo{sf/L zlQmsf] :jefjaf6 pTkGg bf]if lgjf/0fsf] nflu cfof]usf] Joj:yf
ePsf], dlGqkl/ifb\ k|d'v sfo{sf/L c+z ePsf] dlGqkl/ifb\af6 x'g] sfd lg0f{o
¿kdf x'g] tL lg0f{o s'g} g s'g} k|sf/sf] gLlt;Fu ;DaGw /xg] x'Fbf
dlGqkl/ifb\ jf o;sf] ;ldltsf] ;fd"lxs gLltut lg0f{o eGg] cfwf/df
;+ljwfgn] glbPsf] 5'6 sfg"gn] jf sfg"gsf] JofVofåf/f lbg ldNg] x'Fb}g .
o;/L 5'6 lbPdf cfof]usf] sfo{If]qdf ;f/jfg ¿kn] s6f}tL x'g uO{ cfof]usf]
k|efjsfl/tfdf k|lts"n c;/ kg{ hfG5 / 5'6sf] bfo/f km/flsnf] e} cfof]usf]
clwsf/ If]q ;fFu'l/g hfG5 . t;y{ pk/f]Qm cg';f/ P]gsf] bkmf $-$_ sf]
bf]>f] ljifo ædlGqkl/ifb\åf/f To;sf] s'g} ;ldltn] ;fd"lxs ¿kdf u/]sf] s'g}
gLltut lg0f{oæ eGg] c+z ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f (*-!_ k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+z
aflx/sf] x'Fbf pQm jfSof+z;Fu aflemPsf] x'Fbf P]g k|f/De ePs} ldltb]lv nfu"
x'g] u/L cdfGo 3f]lift x'g] 7x5{ .
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] plNnlvt JofVofn] gLltut lg0f{osf] ljifodf clVtof/ b'¿kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] sfo{If]qnfO{ cBlk k|efljt kfl//x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] s'g} ckjfbfTds
Joj:yf u/]sf] jf afx]s u/]sf] cj:yf gx'Fbf gx'Fb} P]gdf ul/Psf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] gLltut
lg0f{onfO{ cfof]usf] clwsf/If]q aflx/ kfg]{ ljifodf b]vfb]vL ;+j}wflgs ;Ldf pNn+3g ePsf]
b]lvG5 . of] ljifonfO{ km/s /fodf :ki6;Fu pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf]
qmddf hlt;'s} cf}lrTok"0f{ dflgPklg ;+j}wflgs ;Ldf pNn+3g ePsf] ljifo j}w x'g ;Sb}g .
of] dfGotfnfO{ km/s /fon] :ki6 u/]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf] qmddf ePsf 36gfqmdn] klg km/s
/fon] cf}+NofPsf ljifo ;xL ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . dlGqkl/ifb\n] u/]sf ;a} lg0f{ox¿
l;4fGttM gLltut lg0f{o x'Fb}gg\ . k|zf;sLo jf sfo{sf/L k|s[ltsf sfdx¿ gLltut lg0f{osf]
bfo/fdf kb}{gg\ eGg] a'emfO of] ;Gbe{df ;xL x'g ;S5 . gLltut lg0f{o s'g} klg cg'lrt
sfo{ jf e|i6frf/sf] /Iffsjr klg x'g ;Sb}g . ;+j}wflgs ¿kdf klg gLltut lg0f{onfO{
pGd'lQm lbPsf] klg b]lvFb}g . s'g} klg nf]stflGqs / ;'zf;gsf] kIfkf]if0f ug]{ d'n'sdf
pQ/bfloTjsf] k|Zg 5Ng] clwsf/ s;}df klg x'Fb}g . x'g' x'Fb}g . of] b[li6n] km/s dtsf] /fo
cjwf/0ffut ¿kdf alnof] b]lvG5 . ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ljk/Lt gLltut lg0f{onfO{ clVtof/
b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/ aflx/ /fVg] u/L ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ ax'dtn]
cdfGo ug{ g;Sg'sf] k5fl8 tTsfnLg kl/j]zsf] k|efj /x]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 .

85
;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t 87

!#= GofofwLznfO{ avf{:t ug]{ lg0f{o pk/sf] l/6

Gofo kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df ldlt @)^@.!@.# b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L kbd'Qm ul/Psf] ldlt
@)^@.!@.^ sf] lg0f{o;d]tsf ;Dk"0f{ sf/jfxL pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L lgj]bsnfO{
lhNnf GofofwLz kbdf k"j{jt\ ¿kdf k'gj{xfnL u/L kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bs u0f]z
kl~hof/sf] l/6 lgj]bg ;'g'jfOsf nflu ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df k]z ePsf]
lyof] . k6s k6s lg0f{o ;'gfpg] k]zL ;f/]/ uf]kfn u'/fufO{sf] l/6df ePsf] cfb]z;Fu ;xdt
geO{ of] l/6 k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ul/of] . k"0f{ Ohnf;df /xg' ePsf GofofwLz e/t/fh
pk|]tLsf] l/6 vf/]h ug]{ /fonfO{ GofofwLz ;'zLnf sfsL{n] ;dy{g u/]kl5 ;f] /fo k"0f{
Ohnf;sf] cfb]z eof] . ;f] cfb]zdf elgPsf] lyof] M
o; cbfntsf] cfb]zadf]lhd k|fKt ePsf hfFra'em ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg /
k|ltj]bg ;+nUg k|df0f sfuhftx¿sf] cWoog ubf{ lgj]bsn] d'2fsf] sf/jfxL
jf lg0f{o ubf{ k|of]u x'g} g;Sg] sfg"gsf] k|of]u u/L jf sfg"gsf] :ki6 /
c;+lbUw JofVof jf cy{nfO{ 5f]8]/ ank"j{s csf]{ JofVof jf cy{ u/L d'2fsf]
sf/jfxL jf lg0f{odf cg'lrt c;/ k'¥ofPsf] eGg] cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf
b]lvFbf lgj]bssf xsdf Gofo kl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf $s sf] pkbkmf -
@_ sf] v08 -3_ cfslif{t x'g] g} b]lvof] . === Gofo kl/ifb\af6 lgj]bsnfO{
kbd'Qm ug]{ u/L ul/Psf] ldlt @)^@.!).@# sf] lg0f{o / ;f]sf] sfof{Gjogsf
;DaGwdf eP u/]sf lg0f{o tyf sf/jfxLx¿nfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNg] b]lvPg .
plNnlvt /fo;Fu pQm Ohnf;sf] g]t[Tj ul//xg' ePsf GofofwLz lul/zrGb| nfn ;xdt x'g
g;sL leGg /fo k|s6 ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] /fodf lgj]bsnfO{ ;r]t gu/fO{ cjsfz
lbPsf] egL clwsf/sf] clws k|of]u ePsf] egL l6Kk0fL ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] cfb]zdf elgPsf]
5M
lgj]bs dflysf] sf/jfxLdf Gofo kl/ifb\af6 Goflos dgsf] (judicial mind)
k|of]u geO{ sfg"gn] lgwf{l/t u/]eGbf a9L clwsf/sf] (excess of power)
k|of]u ePsf] / ;f] sf/jfOdf sfg"gsf] k|ToIf q'l6 (apparent error of law)
;d]t /x]sf] s'/f lg;Gb]x ¿kdf eGg' kg]{ b]lvof] . === Gofo kl/ifb\af6 ldlt
@)^@.!).@# df ePsf] lg0f{o Pj+ l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df lgj]bsnfO{ kbaf6
d'Qm ug]{ ePsf sfd sf/jfxLx¿df Goflos dgsf] (judicial mind) cefj
b]lvg'sf] ;fy} sfg"gn] lgwf{l/t u/] eGbf a9L clwsf/ (excess of power)
k|of]u ePsf] / lgj]bs dfly ePsf] ;f] sf/jfOdf sfg"gsf] k|ToIf q'l6
(apparent error of law) ;d]t /x]sf] b]lvPsf]n], Gofo kl/ifb\sf] ldlt
@)^@.!).@# sf] pQm lg0f{o / ;f] cg';f/ ePsf] sfd sf/jfxL pTk|]if0fsf]
cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L lbOPsf] 5 . ca k'gM Gofo kl/ifb\ P]g @)$& sf] bkmf
$s sf] pkbkmf -@_ Pj+ pkbkmf -%_ ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL sfg"g adf]lhd
sf/jfxL ug{' egL ljkIfL Gofo kl/ifb\sf] gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g]
7x5{ .

86
88 ;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t

g]kfnsf] Goflos Oltxf;df yf]/} o:tf ljjfb dWo]sf] of] l/6 Pp6f xf] .91 of] l/6df k"0f{
Ohnf;sf] ;f] cfb]z pk/ k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgjb]g k¥of] . tLg ;b:oLo k"0f{ Ohnf;n] ;f]
k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ gkg]{ cfb]z u¥of] . To;/L cfb]z ug]{ GofoffwLx¿ j}Bgfy pkfWofo,
ts{/fh e§ / e/taxfb'/ sfsL{sf] Ohnf;af6 k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lg:;f lbg' gkg]{ cfb]z @)^*
kmfu'g !( df ePsf] lyof] . k'g/fjnf]sg gx'g] lg0f{o pk/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf u0f]z
kl~hof/sf] gofF l/6 k¥of] . )&)– WO– ))^% df bfo/ ePsf] ;f] l/6df sf=d'= k|wfg
GofofwLz bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{af6 sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z hf/L eof] . l;4fGttM of] l/6sf]
;'g'jfOdf pxfF ;+nUg x'g' x'Fb}gYof] . @)&@ h]7 @$ df GofofwLz /fds'df/k|;fb ;fx /
rf]n]Gb| zDz]/ hj/fsf] Ohnf;af6 tLg hgfeGbf a9L /x]sf] Ohnf;af6 of] l/6 ;g'jfO x'g]
u/L k]z ug{ cfb]z u¥of] . @)&% c;f]h !* df k|wfg GofofwLz cf]dk|sfz ld>,
GofofwLzx¿ rf]n]Gb| zDz]/ hj/f, bLkss'df/ sfsL{, s]bf/k|;fb rfln;], clgns'df/ l;Gxf,
k|sfzdfg l;+x /fpt / ;kgf dNn k|wfgsf] Ohnf;af6 k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu lg:;f glbg]
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cfb]z ab/ ug]{ u/L l/6 hf/L ul/of] . ;DejtM of] cfb]znfO{ Gofokflnsf
lj?4sf] l/6 -l/6 PlUg:6 h'l8l;o/L_ eGg ;lsG5 . ;f] cfb]znn] kfFr ;b:oLo Ohnf;n]
k'g/fjnf]sg ;DaGwL lgj]bgsf] ;'g'jfO ug{ cfb]z eof] . ;f] adf]lhdsf] kfFr ;b:oLo
Ohnf;n] pQm lgj]bg adf]lhd k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lg:;f lbg' gkg]{ cfb]z u¥of] . ;fdfGotM
l/6sf] sf/jfxL k|lqmof olt nfdf] / hl6n x'g] ub}{g . o;sf] k[i7e"lddf kl/j]zhGo cj:yf
/x]sf] ;xh} cg'e"t ug{ ;lsG5 .
!$== ;DaGw laR5]b ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ;DaGwdf
nf]Ug] / :jf:gL aLrdf ;DaGw laR5]b ug{' k/]df :jf:gLdflg;n] l;w} cbfntdf gfn]z lbg
kfpg] t/ nf]Ug] dflg;n] ;DaGw laR5]b ug{ rfx]sf] cj:yfdf ;DaGw laR5]bsf nflu l;w}
cbfntdf gfn]; lbg gkfpg] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# sf] ljk/Lt eO{ aflemPsf]
nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] pQm !-s_ g+= df ul/Psf] Joj:yf cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] clwjQmf s]zj/fh cof{nsf] l/6 lgj]bg Joxf]/f /x]sf] lyof] . ;f] l/6sf] ;'g'jfO
tLg ;b:oLo ljz]if Ohnf;af6 ul/Psf] lyof] .92 ;f] Ohnf;df ax'dtsf] /foaf6
lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] . GofofwLz an/fd s];Lsf] /fonfO{ GofofwLz
df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nfn] ;dy{g ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ;f] cfb]zdf elgPsf] lyof] M
;DaGw laR5]b ;DaGwL d'n'sL P]g nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxnsf] !s g+= df nf]Ug]
dflg;n] ;DaGw laR5]b ug{ rfx]df ;Lw} cbfntdf lkm/fb lnP/ hfg gkfpg]
klxnf uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsfdf lkm/fb ;/xsf] lgj]bg ug{'kg]{ t/
:jf:gLdflg;sf] xsdf l;w} lhNnf cbfntdf lkm/fb nfUg] Joj:yf ===
e]befjsf/L Joj:yf b]lvof] . === ;f]] Joj:yf of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn]
Ps jif{ leqdf nf]Ug]dflg;k|lt e]befj gx'g] u/L ;+zf]wg u/L ldnfpg' egL

91
of] l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;'g'jfOdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf @) hgfeGbf a9L GofofwLzsf] ;+nUgtf /x\of] . z'?df b'O{ hgfaf6 ?lnª sfod
u/fpg k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z eof] . tLg hgfsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;n] l/6 vf/]h u¥of] . c? tLg hgfsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;n] k'g/fjnf]sgsf]
lgj]bgdf lg:;f glbg] lg0f{o u¥of] . ;f] pk/ k/]sf] l/6df ;ft ;b:oLo a[xt\ k"0f{ Ohnf;n] lg:;f glbg] cfb]z ab/ u¥of] . kfFr
hgfsf] Ohnf;n] k'gM lg:;f glbg] cfb]z u¥of] . ;f] sh ug]{ GofofwLzx¿;d]t hf]8\bf of] eGbf a9L ;+Vof x'g hfG5 .
92
g]sfk @)^& c+s !) lg=g+= *$&@ .
87
;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t 89

ljkIfLsf === gfpFdf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L u/L lbPsf] 5 . lgj]bg dfu
adf]lhd nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxnsf] !s g+= === tTsfn cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift u/L
xfNg' kg]{ cj:yf gb]lvFbf ;f] xb;Dd k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'G5 .
;f] /fo pk/ GofofwLz k|]d zdf{sf] s7f]/ /fo k|s6 ePsf] lyof] . cfkm";d]t ;lDdlnt ljz]if
Ohnf;n] ljjflbt sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] Ps k6s Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg u/L lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]xL ljifodf ;dfg Ohnf;n] leGg /fo k|s6 u/]sf] ljifodf ;f] /fo
k|s6 ePsf] lyof] . d's'Gbnfn gsdL{ ;d]t lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t ePsf] @)^$–WS–)))! sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf]
dxnsf] ! s g+= sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] af/]df ;d]t lj:t[t ljZn]if0f Pj+ ljj]rgf eO{ ldlt
@)^^.*.!! df o; cbfntsf] ljz]if Ohnf;af6 dfua df]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g gkg]{ egL
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x/L cfb]z ePsf] x'Fbf k'gM cfb]z hf/L ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf 5}g eGg] g}
;f] /fodf cleJoQm ul/Psf] lyof] .93 pQm cfb]zdf elgPsf] lyof] M
Pp6f ;dfg Ohnf;n] u/]sf] sfg"gsf] JofVof jf k|ltkflbt l;4fGtljk/Lt
Tolt ;+Vofd} /x]sf dfggLo GofofwLzx¿sf] csf]{ ;dfg Ohnf;n] cdfGo jf
k[ys JofVofg ug{' l;åfGttM ldNg] x'Fb}g .
km/s /fosf] ¿kdf k|:t't ePsf] of] cfb]zn] cfb]zsf] clGtdtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft
u/]sf] 5 . oBlk Pp6f lhjGt k|Zg of] cfb]zdf v8f ePsf] 5 . ljjflbt ljifodf cfkm"n]
klxn] g} wf/0ff k|s6 ul/;s]s]f ljifodf ;'g'jfO x'Fbf ;DalGwt GofofwLzn] ljjfbsf]
;'g'jfOsf] k|f/Dedf g} of] ljifodf cfkm\gf] wf/0ff k|s6 e};s]sf] egL cfkm" /lxt Ohnf;df
k|:t't ug{ cfb]z ug]{ cEof;nfO{ kfngf ul/Psf] eP x'g] lyof] eGg] b]lvG5 .94 To;}u/L

93
;f] cfb]zdf elgPsf] 5 M d'n'sL P]g, nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxnsf] !s g+= sf] nf]Ug] dflg;n] ;DaGw ljR5]bsf nflu cbfntdf k|j]z
ug{' k"j{ ;DalGwt ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsf ;dIf lgj]bg lbg'kg]{ eGg] Joj:yf sfo{ljlw jf k|lqmofTds dfq ePsf],
To;af6 ;DaGw laR5]b x'g;Sg] sfg"gL cfwf/ jf ;DaGw laR5]bsf] lg0f{o ug]{ lgsfoaf6 x'g] lg0f{odf s'g} leGgtf cfpg]
gb]lvPsf], xfd|f] kfl/jfl/s, ;fdflhs Pj+ ;fF:s[lts cj:yf ;d]taf6 dlxnf ju{sf] ;+/If0f, ;zlQms/0f / ljsf;sf nflu
ul/Psf] To; lsl;dsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# sf] pkwf/f -#_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zcg's"n g} /x]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf]
5 . t;y{ plNnlvt cfwf/ sf/0f ;lxtsf] ljZn]if0faf6 lgj]bsn] bfjL lnPsf d'n'sL P]g nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxnsf] !s, @ / $s
gDj/sf sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# / !( ;d]tsf] k|lts"n /x]sf] gb]lvFbf lgj]bg dfu
adf]lhd cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul//xg' k/]g . ctM k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu g]sfk @)^&
c+s @ lg=g+= *#!) pQm cfb]zdf GofofwLz sNof0f >]i7n] /fo n]vL GofofwLzx¿ /fds'df/k|;fb ;fx / k|]d zdf{n] ;xdlt
hgfpg' ePsf] xf] .
94
;'g'jfO k|lqmofsf] :jR5tf sfod /fVg / s'g} klg k"jf{u|x /fv]sf] gb]lvof];\ eGgsf nflu GofofwLzx¿n] cfkm" /lxt Ohnf;df
k]z ug'{ eGg] cfb]z ug]{ cEof; 5 . o;nfO{ /]So'hn -Recusal_ eGg] ul/G5 . o;/L cfkm"nfO{ afx]s ubf{ sf/0f pNn]v u/]/
afx]s ug'{ kb{5 . of] kIfn] cfu|x ug]{ ljifoeGbf GofofwLz :jo+n] ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ ljifo xf] . Ranjit Thakur v. Union of
India df ef/tsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLz MN Venkatachalaiah n] pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] 5 M ‘the proper
approach for the Judge is not to look at his own mind but to look at the mind of the party before
him.’ o;/L Goflos k|lqmofaf6 cfkm"nfO{ /]So'h ubf{ To;sf] lrQ a'Efm\bf] sf/0f cfb]zdf pNn]v x'g' kb{5 wf/0ff klg 5 eg] of]
GofofwLzsf] ljj]ssf] ljifo eGg] klg 5 . ef/tsf jl/i7 clwjQm P Pd l;+xjLsf] wf/0ff eg] km/s 5 . pxfFsf] ljrf/df “This
is between the judge and his conscience. There is no obligation to state why a judge may choose to recuse."
yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g'{xf];\M
(http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/71432245.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium
=text&utm_campaign=cppst) t/ g]kfnsf] cEof;df k|foM sf/0f pNn]v ug'{ ul/Psf] kfOb}g . /]So'hnsf af/]df ljleGg
JofVof ePsf5g\ . yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g{ ;lsG5 M A judge should recuse himself whenever a fair-minded and
informed observer would conclude that there was a real possibility or a real danger of bias on the part of the
judge: Porter v Magill [2002] 2 AC 357
88
90 ;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t

ljz]if Ohnf;sf GofofwLZf ;d]t ;+nUg ePsf] ;dfg ;+Vofsf] ljz]if Ohnf;n] l/6 vf/]h
ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;xdt x'g g;sL ;f] ljifo lgSof}{n ug{sf nflu a[xt\ ljz]if Ohnf;df
k7fpg] cfb]z ug]{ ljifo of] ;Gbe{df cem :Jfefljs ljsNk x'g] lyof] . of] cfb]zdf ax'dtn]
k|s6 u/]sf] /fo clwsf/d'vL b[li6sf]0faf6 pko'Qm g} b]lvP klg k|lqmofut ¿kdf
Gofo;Dkfbgsf] qmddf kfngf ul//x]sf] cEof;eGbf leGg ¿kdf lg0f{o cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
To;}n] Goflos cg'zf;gsf] ;Gbe{df of] cfb]z l6Kk0fLof]Uo /x]sf] 5 . Psk|sf/n] o;nfO{
Goflos sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf k|lqmofut ljrng klg eGg ;lsG5 .
!%= hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgfsf] lgodfjnL sfg"gsf] kl/efiffleq kg]{ gkg]{ ;DaGwdf
hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf ln=sf] sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] lgod &#-s_
adf]lhdsf] aLdf ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt ug]{ sfo{ ab/ u/L aLdf /sd e'QmfgL ug{' egL k/dfb]z
hf/L ul/kfpmF egL hubLz lu/Lsf] l/6 lgj]bg k/]sf] lyof] . ;f] l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;'g'jfOsf]
qmddf ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] pQm lgodfjnL sfg"gsf] kl/efiffdf kg]{ gkg]{ ;DaGwdf ?lnª\ sfod
ug{sf nflu k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z u/]sf] lyof] . ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] tTsfn k|rlnt sDkgL P]g,
@)@! cGtu{t :yflkt ljkIfL hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf lnld6]8sf] sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL
lgodfjnL, @)%^ nfO{ g]kfn sfg"gsf] ¿kdf dfGotf lbg g;lsg] egL ;f] ljifo lg/f]k0fsf
nflu k"0f{ Ohnf;df k7fOPsf] lyof] . k"0f{ Ohnf;df pQm k|Zgsf ;Gbe{df ;f] lgodfjnL
adf]lhd xs k|rngsf nflu lgj]bg lbg ;lsg] u/L pNn]v ul/Psf] GofofwLz 1fg]Gb|axfb'/
sfsL{sf] /fonfO{ GofofwLz 8f= e/taxfb'/ sfsL{n] ;dy{g ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . k"0f{ Ohnf;sf]
ax'dtsf] /fodf elgPsf] lyof] M
hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf lnld6]8 sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL sDkgL P]g,
@)@! sf] bkmf !@ åf/f k|Tofof]lht ljwfog cGtu{t g]kfn ;/sf/n] agfPsf]
lgodfjnL eGg] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf pQm lgodfjnL g]kfn sfg"gsf] kl/efiff
cGtu{t kg]{ b]lvPsf]n] ;f] lgodfjnLåf/f Jojl:yt xs clwsf/sf] k|rngsf]
nflu === c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t l/6 lgj]bg lbg gkfpg] eGg ldn]g .
ax'dtsf] /fodf pQm lgodfjnLnfO{ sfg"gsf] kl/efiffdf dfg]/ l/6 If]qdf cfpg ;Sg] eg]
klg l;4fGttM ¿kdf Tof] lgodfjnL sfg"gsf] kl/efiffdf kb}{gYof] . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] kl5Nnf]
JofVof dfkm{t ;f] ljifonfO{ :ki6 klg kf/]sf] 5 .95 pQm lgodfjnLnfO{ sfg"g dfg]/ Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ ax'dtsf] pQm /fodf Ohnf;sf] g]t[Tj ug'{ x'g] GofoffwLz a}Bgfy pkfWofo
;xdt geO{ 5'§} /fo k|s6 ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ;f] /fodf pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] M

95
8f= s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{ lj= lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf pks'nklt ;d]t ePsf] l/6df ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] of] ljifodf :ki6 JofVof u/]sf]
5 . of] kl5Nnf] JofVofn] klg ljutdf pQm l/6df ul/Psf] JofVof ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cg's"n gePsf] k'li6 x'G5 . ;f] l/6df ePsf]
JofVofdf elgPsf] lyof] M s'g} klg sfg"gsf] ;+j}wflgstfsf] k/LIf0f ug]{ l;4fGtsf] ;LdfeGbf aflx/ of] cbfnt hfg ;Sb}g .
;+ljwfg cg's"n jf k|lts"n hfFlrg] ljifoj:t' s'g} sfg"g g} x'g'kg]{ . sfg"g eGgfn] s'g s'/fnfO{ hgfpF5 eGg] lgwf{/0f ug{ g]kfn
sfg"g JoVof ;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf @ -8_ x]g{' kg]{ x'G5, h;df n]lvPsf] 5 “of] zAbn] g]kfn P]g jf g]kfnsf] s'g} efudf
sfg"g;/x nfu" x'g] P]g, ;jfn, lgod, cfb]z jf pklgod ;Demg'k5{.” o;}u/L o;} P]gsf] bkmf @ -ª_ n] P]g / bkmf @ -k_ df
lgod eGgfn] “of] zAbn] s'g} P]gn] lbPsf] clVtof/Lsf] k|of]u u/L agfPsf] lgod ;Demg'k5{ tyf s'g} P]g cGtu{t lgod;/x
agfPsf] ljlgod;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5” elgPsf] . ljwfog tyf k|Tofof]lht ljwfog afx]ssf cGo k|aGw jf Joj:yfut lnvtsf] gfd
lgod jf ljlgod jf lgb]{lzsf jf cfrf/ ;+lxtf jf cfb]z;d]t h];'s} lbOPsf] eP klg tL g]kfn sfg"gsf] kl/lwleq gkg]{ x'Fbf
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& -!_ sf] clwsf/ If]qsf] ljifo aGg g;Sg] . yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g{ ;lsG5 M g]sfk @)&) c+s !@ lg=g+=
()*& .
89
;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t 91

P]gn] lbPsf] clVtof/L k|of]u u/L ;f]xL P]gsf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu agfOPsf
lgod, ljlgod, pklgodn] dfq sfg"gsf] dGotf kfpg] x'G5 . === o;
l:yltdf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg;Fu ;DalGwt hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgfsf] sd{rf/L
;]jf zt{;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ nfO{ sfg"g dfGg tyf pQm lgodfjnLdf
Jojl:yt xsnfO{ sfg"gL xs dfGg gldNg] .
pQm lg0f{odf ax'dtsf] /fo o; cl3 ;f]dk|;fb k'8f;}gL lj= kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;+3;d]t ePsf]
l/6df ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf] JofVofeGbf leGg /x]sf] lyof] .96 GofofwLz j}Bgfy
pkfWofon] JoQm ug'{ ePsf] km/s /fo eg] ;+Jf}wflgs l;4fGt / ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf]
a[xt\ k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 k|ltkfbg ePsf] l;4fGt adf]lhd /x]sf] lyof] . ?lnª\ sfod ug{sf
nflu k7fpg] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] /fo klg a[xt\ k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] JofVof cg'¿k g} /x]sf] lyof] .
ljjfbsf] ljifoleq k|j]z u/L l/6 hf/L gx'g] u/L ePsf] ax'dtsf] /fon] ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6
:yflkt e};s]sf] l;4fGtnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ k'¥ofPsf] b]lvPg . ;f] /fodf cjwf/0ffut
c:ki6tf klg k|i6¿kdf b]lvG5 .
!^= /fli6«o kf]zfs ;DaGwdf
lje"if0f lgodfjnLsf] lgod #* / ;f] cfwf/df g]kfn /fhkqdf @)^&.%.& df k|sflzt
;"rgfdf “g]kfnL kf]zfs” eGgfn] g]kfnL gful/sn] ;fljsdf nufpFb} cfO/x]sf] dlxnfsf]
lgldQ h'g;'s} z}nLsf] rf]nf] ;f/L / h'Qf;lxtsf] kf]zfs / k'?ifsf] lgldQ nj]bf ;'?jfn,
sf]6 / 6f]kL;lxtsf] kf]zfs ;Demg' kb{5 egL ul/Psf] kl/efiff ;+ljwfg ljk/Lt ePsf]n]
pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L ab/ u/L kfpmF eGg] clwjQmf ;'lgn/~hg l;+xsf]] l/6 lgj]bg
;'g'jfOsf nflu tLg ;b:oLo ljz]if Ohnf;df k]z ePsf]] lyof] . pQm lgj]bg lsgf/f ug]{
ljifodf ljz]if Ohnf;df Ps dt x'g ;s]g .97 ax'dtaf6 ePsf] cfb]zdf pQm ljifo
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] bfo/feGbf aflx/sf] dflgof] . ;f] cfb]zdf elgPsf] 5 M
sfo{kflnsfn] /fli6«o kj{ / pT;jx¿sf] dof{bf / klxrfg ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut
u/L, cf}lrTonfO{ ljrf/ u/L To:tf kj{ / pT;jdf pkl:yt x'g'kg]{ lje"if0f
k|fKt kbflwsf/L / JolQmnfO{ dfq nlIft u/L lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kf]zfssf] ljifo
Goflos x:tIf]ksf] ljifo aGg ;Sb}g . ;fy} /fHosf] tkm{af6 cfof]hgf x'g]
;df/f]x, kj{ / pT;jx¿df pkl:yt x'g] lje"if0f k|fKt kbflwsf/L jf cGo
JolQmn] of] o:tf] k|sf/sf] kf]zfs nufpg' kb{5 eg]/ lgb]{lzt ug{ jf
sfo{kflnsfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kf]zfs ldn], gldn]sf] egL o; cbfntn] af]Ng
ldNg] b]lvFb}g .

96
;f]dk|;fb k'8f;}gL lj= g]kfn kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;+3;d]t ePsf] l/6df ePsf] cfb]zdf elgPsf] lyof] M kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;+3sf]
ljwfg :jo+ g} ljwflosfåf/f lgld{t P]g jf To:tf] P]gn] k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ag]sf] geO{ ;fdflhs ;]jf /fli6«o
;dGjo kl/ifb\ P]g, @)#$ adf]lhd g]kfn kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;+3n] agfO{ kl/ifb\af6 :jLs[t ;Dd lnPsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . ;fy}
ljwfgsf] wf/f !-u_ df …of] ;+3 :jo+;]jL :jzfl;t ;+:yf x'g]5Ú egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] ljjflbt lgodfjnLnfO{ :jzfl;t
;+:yfn] cfˆgf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L agfPsf] lgod eGg' kg]{ x'g cfPsf]n] g]kfn kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;+3sf] lgodfjnLnfO{ sfg"gsf] ;+1f
lbg ldNg] gb]lv+bf k|:t't lgodfjnLsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f **-@_ cGtu{t o; cbfntdf l/6 lgj]bgs lbg kfpg]
x'G5 eGg ldNg] gb]lvg] . g]sfk @)%@ c+s $ lg=g+= %)&* .
97
GofofwLz k|]d zdf{sf] /fodf GofowLz e/taxfb'/ sfsL{Nf] ;xdlt hgfpg' eof] eg] GofofwLz lul/zrGb| nfnsf] /fo leGg /x\of]
. g]sfk @)^* c+s & lg=g+= *^$% .
90
92 ;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t

;f] cfb]zdf ;xdt x'g g;sL d'n'ssf] Pstf, cv08tf / nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotf
;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L /fli6«o kf]zfssf] k|aGw ul/g' kg]{ cfjZostf cf}+NofpFb} GofofwLz
lul/zrGb| nfnsf] /fodf elgPsf] 5 M
g]kfnL kf]zfssf] ¿kdf g]kfnsf] s]xL ;d'bfon] nufpg] bf}/f-;'?jfn /
6f]kLnfO{ dfq g]kfnL kf]zfssf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug{'sf] cy{ cGo ;a}
e]ife"iffnfO{ cg]kfnL 3f]lift ug]{ ;/x x'G5 . pQm lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yfn]
kf]zfs tf]Sg eg] klg g]kfnL kf]zfssf] kl/efiff ug{ jf bf}/f ;'?jfn /
6f]kLnfO{ dfq g]kfnL kf]zfssf] ¿kdf kl/eflift ug{ jf :yflkt ug{ eg]sf]
eGg ;d]t ldNb}+g . o;/L kl/eflift ubf{ g]kfndf a;f]af; ug]{ ljleGg
;d'bfosf] :jfledfgdf cf3ft x'g ;Sg] / ax'hftLo, ax'wfld{s, ax'eflifs
Pj+ ax';f+:s[lts ljz]iftfo'Qm xfd|f] /fli6«o Pstf, cv08tf tyf nf]stflGqs
d"No dfGotfdf vnn k'Ug] ;Defjgf x'g] ePsf]n] o;k|sf/sf] Joj:yfnfO{
;+ljwfg Pj+ sfg"g;Ddt eGg ;lsb}+g . === ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf / ;+ljwfgn]
:yflkt u/]sf] ax'hftLo, ax'wfld{s, ax'eflifs Pj+ ax';f+:s[lts ljz]iftfo'Qm
xfd|f] /fli6«o Pstf, cv08tf tyf nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL
;f] ;DaGwL Joj:yf ug{' egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t
hf/L x'g] 7x5{ .
km/s dtsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] of] /fodf eg] Goflos ljjfbdf p7fPsf ljifodf eGbf clns
lj:tfl/t ¿kdf /fli6«o kl/j]zsf] ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . vf;u/L d'n'ssf] ljljwtf cg's"n
x'g] u/L /fli6«o kf]zfssf] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{tkm{ of] cfb]zn] cf}+NofPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] cfTd;ft
u/]sf] ;dfj]zL cjwf/0ffnfO{ /fi6«sf k|To]s kl/j]zdf k|ltljlDjt ug'{ kb{5 eGg] Wo]on] of]
cfb]z cfPsf] b]lvG5 . k|To]s b]zsf] df}lnstf x'G5 . Tof} df}lnstfn] /fli6«o klxrfg agfPsf]
x'G5 . jiff}{sf] cEof;af6 ljsl;t ePsf] klxrfgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg hlt ;xh x'G5 gofF
klxrfg agfpgsf nflu ;xdlt h'6fpg Tolt g} sl7g x'G5 . /fli6«o kf]zfsdf d'n'ssf]
ljljwtfsf] k|ltljlDjt x'g' kg]{ / ;a}n] ckgTjaf]w ug'{ kg]{ ljifo gofF ;+j}wflgs
¿kfGt/0fsf] lbzflgb]{z klg xf] . oBlk b'j} /fodf cfcfkm\g} kl/j]zsf] k|efjsf] k|ltljDa
;d]t b]lvPsf] 5 .
!&= Dofb tfd]nL ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] af/]df
lgj]bsnfO{ d'n'sL P]g c=a+= !!) g+= adf]lhdsf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L Dofb tfd]n u/L k|ltjfb
Pj+ ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf glbO{ s}b tyf hl/jfgf 7x/ u/L km};nf ePsf] x'Fbfsf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntaf6 kmf}=g+= !%*& / !%** df ldlt @)^#.(.!$ df tfd]n ePsf] Dofb, ldlt
@)^%.!).@# df ePsf] km};nf / ;'¿ Dofb u'hf/]sf] egL k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb g} glbPsf]
sfo{;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L lgj]bsnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhdsf] Dofb lbO{ ;'g'jfOsf]
df}sf k|bfg u/L k|lt/Iff ug{ d'2fdf ;fd]n ug{' u/fpg' eGg] k/dfb]z nufot hf] rflxg]
cf1f cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpmF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] dfwj/fh l3ld/]sf] l/6 lgj]bg k/]sf] /x]5 .
;f] l/6 lgj]bg lsgf/fsf qmddf kfFr ;b:oLo a[xt\ k"0f{ Ohnf;df Ps hgf GofofwLzsf]
leGg /fo /x]sf] lyof] . k|wfg GofofwLz sNof0f >]i7sf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] ;f] Ohnf;df

91
;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t 93

GofofwLzx¿ ;'zLnf sfsL{, uf]kfn k/fh'nL, bLks/fh hf]zL / uf]ljGbs'df/ pkfWofo /xg'
ePsf] lyof] . k|wfg GofofwLzsf] /fodf cGo tLg hgf GofofwLzx¿sf] ;xdlt /x]sf] lyof] .
GofofwLz uf]kfn k/fh'nLsf] /fo leGg /x]sf] lyof] . ax'dtsf] /fodf pNn]v ePsf] lyof] M
k|ltjfbLsf gfddf hf/L ePsf] Dofb unt jtgdf tfd]n geO{ k|ltjfbLsf]
;DalGwt jtgdf tfd]n ePsf] b]lvG5 . === pQm tfd]nL Dofb ;|]:t]bf/ ;dIf
k]; eO{ ;|]:t]bf/n] k|ltjfbLsf] csf]{ jtg 5, 5}g . ;f];DaGwdf v'nfO{ k7fpg
lhNnf ;/sf/L jlsn sfof{nonfO{ n]vL k7fO{ v'nL cfPsf] jtgdf k'gM Dofb
hf/L ug]{ egL cfb]z u/]sf] t/ pQm tfd]nL Dofb ab/ u/]sf] eg] b]lvGg .
Psk6s l/tk"j{s tfd]n eO{ cfPsf] tfd]nL Dofb ab/ gu/];Dd ;f] Dofbsf]
sfg"gL cl:tTj /lx/xg] / ;f]xL Dofbsf cfwf/df DofbjfnfnfO{ ;'g'jfOsf]
df}sf k|bfg ePsf] egL dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 .
cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf] Dofb tfd]n eO{ cfPkl5 ;|]:t]bf/n] csf]{ jtg v'nfpg lhNnf
;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nodf kqfrf/ u/L gofF jtg v'nL gcfPsf] / cleof]ukqdf n]lvPsf]
jtg g} jf:tljs jtg ePsf] b]lvPsf] dfgL klxn] hf/L ePsf] DofbnfO{ g} ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf
kfPsf] dfgL l/6 vf/]h ug]{ cfb]z ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ ax'dtsf] ;f] /fo;Fu GofofwLz uf]kfn
k/fh'nL ;xdt x'g g;sL leGg /fo k|s6 ePsf] 5 . ;f] dtdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
xfd|f] Goflos cEof;df :jR5 ;'g'jfOnfO{ Gofosf] cfwf/e"t tQ\jsf] ¿kdf
:jLsf/ ul/Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . === k|:t't ljjfbdf === oL lgj]bssf gfddf
Dofb tfd]n ePsf] gb]lvFbf lghnfO{ k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt cg'¿k
;'g'jfOsf] plrt df}sf k|bfg ePsf] dfGg ldn]g . === k|fs[lts Gofosf]
l;4fGt k|lts"n ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf g} k|bfg gu/L s}b / hl/jfgf x'g] 7x/
u/]sf] km};nf / ;f] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf lgj]bs dfwj/fh l3ld/]nfO{
s}bdf /fVg k7fPsf] sfo{;d]t sfg"g;Ddt gb]lvFbf === pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn]
ab/ x'g] 7x5{ . ;fy} k|ltjfbLnfO{ === /Ltk"j{s ;"rgf lbO{ ;'g'jfOdf ;xefuL
u/fpg' egL ljkIfL sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf gfddf k/dfb]z;d]t hf/L
x'g] 7x5{ .
k|:t't km/s dtdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf JofVof,98 cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hdf ePsf
Joj:yf / ljåfgx¿sf] egfOnfO{ ;d]t pNn]v u/L o; cl3 ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] k|fs[lts

98
;f] /fodf elgPsf] 5 M ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 /fdaxfb'/ xdfn lj¿4 sf/fuf/ Joj:yfkg ljefu;d]t ePsf] k/dfb]zsf] lgj]bg -
g]=sf=k= @)^&, ;fpg, lg0f{o g+= *#$% k[i7 %&$_ df “kmf}hbf/L ck/fwsf] cf/f]k nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ lghsf] lj¿4 ePsf] k|To]s
sfg"gL sf/jfxLsf] hfgsf/L kfpg] xs x'g]” egL l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 . k|]daxfb'/ ljZjsdf{ lj¿4 eLdaxfb'/ vqL If]qL
ePsf] n]gb]g d'2f -g]=sf=k= @)%^, c+s &, lg0f{o g+= ^&%), k[i7 %!$ k"0f{ Ohnf;_ df “k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtcg';f/ klg
d'2fsf kIfn] cfˆgf] s'/f cbfnt ;dIf /fVg kfpg'k5{ / cfˆgf] lj¿4df nfUg] k|df0fsf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L kfpg] clwsf/ d'2fsf
kIfnfO{ x'g]” egL l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 . dfgl;+x nfdf lj¿4 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6g;d]t ePsf] pTk|]if0fsf] l/6 -g]=sf=k=
@)^%, c+s %, lg0f{o g+= &(&), k[i7 ^#*_ df “sfg"gn] kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0f vf]nL :ki6 zAbdf ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf k|bfg ug{'kg]{
s'/fnfO{ afx]s -Exclude_ gu/];Dd sf/0fLnfO{ vf]htnf; u/L ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf k|bfg gu/L u/]sf] s'g} klg sfo{n] Goflos
dfGotf k|fKt ug{ g;Sg]” egL l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 . df]xgnIdL df:s] lj¿4 cy{ dGqfno;d]t ePsf] pTk|]if0fsf] l/6 -
g]=sf=k= @)^&, lg0f{o g+= *@($, j}zfv k[i7 ^)_, /fh]zs'df/ ;fx lj¿4 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, hgsk'/;d]t ePsf] pTk|]if0fo'Qm
92
94 ;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t

Gofosf] l;4fGtsf] kfngfsf nflu hf/L u/]sf cfb]zx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;Gbe{sf] ¿kdf pNn]v u/L
alnof] ;}4flGts cfwf/ / d'2fsf] tYosf] dl;gf] ljj]rgf u/L l6Kk0fL ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
!*= afwf c8\sfp km'sfpg] cfb]zsf] ;DaGwdf
/fhgLlts ;xdltsf cfwf/df dlGqkl/ifb\n] u/]sf] l;kmfl/; adf]lhd /fi6«klt 8f= /fdj/0f
ofbjaf6 dlGqkl/ifb\sf] cWoIfdf k|wfg GofofwLznfO{ lgo'Qm ug]{ u/L @)^( r}q ! df afwf
c8\sfp km'sfpg] cfb]z hf/L ul/of] . ;f] cfb]zsf ;DaGwdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf l/6 bfo/
eof] . afwf c8\sfp km'sfpg] clwsf/ cGtu{t hf/L ePsf] cfb]zaf6 ;+j}wflgs
Joj:yfx¿sf] ;+zf]wg jf kl/dfh{g ub}{ ;+ljwfgsf cfwf/e"t d"No, dfGotf / ;+/rgf dfly
;d]t cltqmd0f u/L ;+ljwfg dfly hfnem]n ePsf] / === :yflkt ;+j}wflgs d"No dfGotf
tyf ;+j}wflgs k/Dk/fx¿nfO{ vl08t u/]sf] Pjd\ Gofokflnsfsf] k|d'v k|wfg GofofwLznfO{
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #* n] glrg]sf] slyt cGtl/d r'gfjL dlGqkl/ifb\sf] cWoIf kbdf lgo'Qm ug]{
nufotsf ljifox¿ ;dfj]z u/L c;+j}wflgs ¿kdf wf/f !%* cGtu{t afwf c8\sfp km'sfp
cfb]z hf/L ug]{ ljkIfLx¿sf sfd sf/jfxL, lg0f{o, l;kmfl/;, l;kmfl/;sf] :jLs[lt ug]{ lg0f{o
tyf ;du| afwf c8\sfp km'sfp cfb]z === pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] k|f/Deb]lv g} cdfGo / ab/
3f]lift u/L k|wfg GofofwLz lvn/fh /]UdL cglws[t ¿kdf ;/sf/ k|d'v kbdf /xg' ePsf]
x'Fbf clwsf/k[R5fsf] cfb]zn] pQm kbaf6 x6fOkfpmF egL lgj]bgdf dfu ul/Psf] lyof] . ===
afwf c8\sfp km'sfp cfb]z hf/L ePsf] lbgb]lv g} pxfFsf] k|wfg GofofwLz kbdf kbflwsf/
sfod g/xg] x'gfn] :jtM k|wfg GofofwLzsf] kbaf6 kbd'Qm u/L kfpg clwsf/k[R5f
k/dfb]z nufot hf] rflxg] cf1f cfb]z hf/L u/L k"0f{ Gofo kfpmF eGg] clwjQmf 8f=
rGb|sfGt 1jfnLsf] lgj]bg k/]sf] lyof] .
pQm lgj]bg ;'g'jfO x'Fb} ;f] ljifo g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#& adf]lhd ;+j}wflgs
Ohnf;df k]z eof] . t/ ;f] ljjfbsf] ubf{ ;+Jf}wflgs Ohfnf;df Ps dt x'g ;s]g . k|wfg
GofofwLz sNof0f >]i7sf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] kfFr ;b:oLo Ohnf;df k|wfg GofofwLzsf] /fodf
GofofwLz ;'zLnf sfsL{sf] dfq ;dy{g /x\of] . k|wfg GofofwLzsf] /fodf cGtl/d ;+ljwfg g}
k|lt:yflkt eO{ gofF hf/L ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf sfof{Gjog eO{ u7g ePsf] o;
;+j}wflgs Ohnf;n] tTsfnLg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg cGtu{t hf/L ePsf] afwf c8\sfp km'sfpg]
cfb]z pk/ kg{ cfPsf] ljifosf] ;'g'jfO ul//x]sf] o; kl/jlt{t cj:yfdf afwf c8\sfp
km'sfpg] cfb]z g} cj}w / cdfGo egL lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ubf{ pQm cfb]z
adf]lhd ;DkGg ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg, ;+ljwfg;efn] lgdf{0f u/L hf/L ePsf] g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfg / To;n] v8f u/]sf] /fHosf ;Dk"0f{ lgsfox¿sf] j}wtf ;dfKt x'g] / rfn' ;+j}wflgs
k|0ffnL g} z'Godf kl/0ft eO{ yk ;+j}wflgs l/Qmtf / hl6ntfsf] l:ylt l;h{gf x'g] lgisif{
k|s6 ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm /fodf elgPsf] lyof] M
ljjflbt cfb]z sfnfltt eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]cGtu{t eO;s]sf] sfo{ ab/
u/L clglZrttftkm{ n}hfg] u/L cfb]z hf/L ug{'sf] ;fGble{stf g} ;dfKt eO{
;s]sf] x'Fbf ca dfu adf]lhd s'g} cfb]z hf/L ug{ k/]g . === nf]stGqsf]

k/dfb]zsf] l/6 -g]=sf=k= @)^* r}q, lg0f{o g+= *&@&, k[i7 !(&$_ df k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt cg'¿k d'2fsf kIfnfO{ ;'g'jfOsf]
cj;/ clgjfo{ ¿kdf k|bfg ug{'kg]{ egL ePsf] JofVof k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf ;d]t ;fGble{s /x]sf] 5 .
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;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t 95

dfGo cfbz{ / nf]stflGqs ;/sf/sf] rl/q g;'xfpFbf] x'g] u/L k|wfg

GofofwLznfO{ g} dlGqkl/ifb\sf] cWoIf agfpg] h:tf] s'g} lsl;dsf] cEof;
:ki6 ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt a]u/ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgjfb / ;+j}wflgs k4ltsf
b[li6n] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf tyf tbf]k/fGtsf]
;+j}wflgs k4ltsf] sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf ;d]t cjfl~5t x'g] x'gfn]
To:tf] sfo{ ca km]l/ s'g} xfntdf bf]xf]l/g gkfpg] ug{ u/fpg / To;tkm{
;b}a ;r]t /xg lgb]{zg;lxt ljkIfLx¿ ;DdfggLo /fi6«klt nufot ;a}df
of] cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk k7fO{ lbg];d]t 7x5{ .
pQm /fodf ;xdt geO{ GofofwLz j}Bgfy pkfWofon] leGg dt k|s6 ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ;f]
leGg dtdf GofofwLzx¿ uf]kfn k/fh'nL / cf]d k|sfz ld>sf] ;dy{g /xL ;f] /fo
;+j}wflgs Ohfnf;sf] cfb]z aGg k'u]sf] lyof] . pQm /fo JoQm ub}{ GofofwLz j}Bgfy
pkfWofon] n]Vg' ePsf] 5 M
kl/jlt{t kl/l:yltdf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg hf/L x'g ;Sg] cj:yf g/x]sf]
cfwf/af6 l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ug]{ u/]sf] xb;Dd dfqdf d]/f] ;xdlt 5 . ===
s'g} Ps sf/0faf6 l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] cj:yf b]lv;s]kl5 lgj]bgdf
p7fOPsf cGo c;fGble{s ljifox¿df l6sf l6Kk0fL ug{' plrt xf] jf xf]Og
eGg] ;DaGwdf eg] d]/f] km/s /fo JoQm u/]sf] 5' . === s'g} ;x+zfxn]
;d'G›sf] 5]pdf pleO{ ;d'G›lt/ kmls{O{ sf]/f{ xfGb}df cfFwL cfpFb}g eGg
;lsGg . cfFwL cfpg' 5 eg] cfpF5 cfpF5 . To;}n] o:tf s'/fsf] cgfjZos
l6Kk0fL ub}{df s'g} pknlAw x'g] s'/f xf]Og, clkt' cfkm"nfO{ lrQ ga'em]sf]
s'/fdf d'vsf] :jfb km]/L cfTd ;Gt'li6 lng];Ddsf] k|of]hg x'g k'U5 .
oL b'j} cfb]zx¿ kl/jlt{t kl/j]zaf6 k|efljt ePsf] b]lvG5 . vf;u/L l/6 vf/]h ug]{
cfwf/x¿ afwf c8\sfp km'sfpg] cfb]zkl5 ljsf; ePsf 36gfqmd g} /x]sf] kfOG5 .
cjwf/0ffut ¿kdf efjL cEof;sf nflu Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg] / ;+j}wflgs d"Nosf] :d/0f
u/fpg] k|wfg GofofwLzsf] cfb]zsf] cGto{df GofofwLzx¿sf] j}olQms cGt/;DaGwsf] k|efj
klg /x]sf] ToxfF k|o'Qm zJbfjnLaf6 ;xh} cg'e"t ug{ ;lsG5 . of] l/6 lgj]bg;Fu hf]l8Psf
ljleGg c? !& j6f lgj]bg klg lyP . tL lgj]bgx¿nfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ljgf ;'g'jfO
vf/]h ul/of] .99 t/ of] l/6df eg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] JofVof ul/of] . ;+j}wflgs Ohnf;sf]]
klxnf] /foafemL cfb]z cfof] h;df k|wfg GofofwLz cNkdtdf k/]sf] cj:yf /Xof] . o;}
cfb]zn] kf/]sf] k|efj :j¿k ;+j}wflgs Ohnf;df rf/eGbf a9L GofofwLzx¿sf] ;"rL agfO{
k|wfg GofofwLz;lxt lghn] tf]s]sf cGo rf/ hgf GofofwLzx¿ /x]sf] ;+j}wflgs Ohnf;
u7g x'g] cEof; klg ul/of] . of] Ps k|sf/n] ;+ljwfgsf] cgf}krfl/s ;+zf]wg lyof]] .
clwjQmf dfwjs'df/ a:g]tsf] l/6df ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] a[xt\ k"0f{ Ohnf;n] u/]sf] cfb]z

99
@)&) ebf} @) df ePsf] ;f] cfb]z sfd' k|wfg GofofwLz bfdf]b/ k|;fb zdf{ / GofofwLzx¿ k|sfz j:tL / ts{/fh e6\6sf]
ljz]if Ohnf;n] u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] cfb]z pk/ g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzgn] lj/f]w ;d]t k|s6 u/]sf] lyof] . lxdfn vj/n] t o;nfO{
sfo{sf/Lsf] 5fFofdf Gofofno zLif{ssf] n]v ;d]t k|sflzt u/]sf] lyof] . lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g{ ;lsG5 M
https://archive.himalkhabar.com/39888

94
96 ;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t

;d]tsf cfwf/df of] cEof; k|f/De ePsf] xf] .100 ;+j}wflgs Ohnf;nfO{ sfof{Tds /
ultzLn agfpgsf nflu o:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] .
of] :jfefljs xf] ls ;+ljwfg /fhgLlt tyf sfg"gL b:tfj]h xf] . To;}n] o;sf] JofVof /
ljZn]if0fdf /fhgLlts ;fdflhs rf;f] / ;/f]sf/ k|s6 x'g] ub{5 . tyflk ;+j}wflgs JofVof
;+j}wflgs d"No / ;+ljwfgsf] efjaf6 lgb]{lzt x'g' kb{5 . To:tf JofVof cNksfnLg
b[li6sf]0faf6 k|:t't geO{ bL3{sfnLg k|s[ltsf x'g' kb{5 . /fHosf] hLjgnfO{ k|efj kfg{ ;Sg]
x'Fbf ;+j}wflgs JofVofdf ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf ;dGjok"0f{ JofVof x'g' / ;+j}wflgs l;4fGtsf]
s7f]/tfk"j{s kfngf x'g' clgjfo{ x'G5 . ;+j}wflgs JofVofdf ;an ;}4flGts w/ftn;lxt
Goflos b[li6sf]0f k|s6 x'g' kb{5 GofofwLzsf] cfTdut b[li6sf]0f xf]Og . cbfntsf cfb]z /
km};nfdf GofofwLzsf] j}olQms k[i7e"ld jf p;sf] j}rfl/s bz{gsf] k|ltljDa;Dd klg b]lvg'
zf]egLo x'Fb}g . To;dfly /fhgLlts cfu|x k"jf{u|xsf] uGw;Dd klg Goflos cfb]z /
km};nfdf k|ltljlDat x'g' pko'Qm x'Fb}g . t/ of] ;+j}wflgs dfGotf km/s /fo k|s6 ePsf
w]/}h;f] cfb]zx¿df kfngf x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . ljjfbsf] ljifoeGbf aflx/sf sf/s kIfx¿n]
Goflos lg0f{onfO{ k|efj kfg'{ cfkm}df ;xh / :jefljs xf]Og . Goflos JofVof Goflos d"No
/ l;4fGtn] j]li7t x'g' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf k|fl1s ljifo dfq xf]Og . of] t Jofjxfl/s
cEof;af6 k|:km'6g ug'{ kg]{ ljifo xf] .
;+j}wflgs JofVofsf tLg cfofdx¿ M d"No, Oltxf; / zJb
;+j}wflgs JofVof tLg cfofdaf6 ljsf; ePsf] x'G5 . klxnf] cfofd ;+ljwfgn] af]s]sf] d"No
xf] . of] d"No ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogstf{ Pjd\ nfestf{n] cfGtl/s ¿kdf cfTd;ft ug'{ kb{5 .
;+j}wflgs d"NonfO{ s]Gb|laGb'df /fvL ;+j}wflgs JofVof ul/G5 . o;nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] efj
cyf{t\ l:k|6 eGg] ul/G5 . bf];|f] cfofd ;+j}wflgs Oltxf; xf] . s'g} klg b]zsf] ;+j}wflgs
cEof;sf] Oltxf;n] ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog / ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof k|efljt ePsf] x'G5 . t];|f]
cfofd xf] ;+ljwfgdf cleJolQm zJbsf] JofVof . of] cfofdn] ;+ljwfgdf n]lvPsf cIf/df
s]lGb|t eO{ ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof ug{ k|]l/t ub{5 . ;+ljwfgsf] ;a}eGbf k|efju|fxL / ;'Gb/
JofVofdf dfly plNnlvt tLg} cfofdsf] ;ld>0f x'g' kb{5 . d"Nout cfofdnfO{ cfTd;ft
ug{sf nflu pRr g}lts u'0fsf ;fy} ;}4flGts kIfdf :ki6tf x'g' kb{5 .101 ;+j}wflgs
Oltxf;sf] c;n cEof;n] zflJbs JofVofnfO{ ;d]t dfu{bz{g ub{5 . ha ;+j}wflgs d"No
pNn+3g ug]{ cEof; ljsf; x'Fb} hfG5, ;+j}wflgs Oltxf; To;/L g} ljsf; x'G5102 / cGTodf
;+ljwfgsf] zflJbs JofVofdf cfu|x / k"jf{u|xk"0f{ JofVof x'g yfNb5g\ . o;/L ePsf JofVofn]
;+j}wflgs ljrng klg Nofpg ;S5g\ . tTsfnLg kl/j]znfO{ x]/]/ tby{ k|s[ltsf lg0f{ox¿
cfpg] ;Defjgf w]/} x'G5 . o;n] ;+ljwfgsf] hLjgnfO{ g} k|efljt agfpg] cj:yf aGb5 .
100
dfwj s'df/ a:g]t lj= Gofo kl/ifb\;d]t, g]sfk @)&% c+s $ lg=g+= ((*%
101
o;sf] pbfx/0fsf nflu k|wfg GofofwLz xl/k|;fb k|wfgsf] klxnf] k|wfg GofofwLzsf] sfo{sfnnfO{ lng] ul/G5 . ef/tLo
Gofofnon] Gofo ;Dkfbgdf lgjf{x u/]sf] cleefjsLo e"ldsf pgsf] hLjgsf] d"Nosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] lyof] . pgsf] kl5Nnf] k|wfg
GofofwLzsf] sfo{sfn klxnf] h:tf] x'g g;Sg'df kl/j]zsf] k|efj dfGg ;lsG5 . o;sf] csf]{ pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf al/i7 clwjQmf
u0f]z/fh zdf{sf] k|ltlglw ;ef lj36gdf k|wfgdGqLsf] clwsf/sf] af/]df lnPsf] Ps¿ktfk"0f{ b[li6sf]0fnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
j]nfotn] cEof; u/]sf] ;+;bLo zf;g Joj:yfsf] ulx/f] 1fg / ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf d"Noaf6 lgb]{lzt ePsf sf/0f km/s km/s
/fhgLlts kl/j]zdf klg pxfFsf] b[li6sf]0fsf Ps¿ktf sfod x'g ;s]sf] xf] .
102
g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs cEof;sf] ljrngn] gofF ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf sfod ug{ lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsfsf] af/]df yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu
x]g{ ;lsG5 M Zofds'df/ e6\6/fO{, ;+j}wflgs tyf k|zf;sLo sfg"g, t];|f] ;+:s/0f, ;f]kfg dfl;s, @)&^ kl/R5]b @)
95
;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t 97

o;n] GofofnonfO{ klg ljjfbdf Nofpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . To;}n] ;+ljwfgsf] bL3{hLjgsf
nflu ;+j}wflgs d"Nosf] /rgfTds c+lus/0f u/L eljiok/s ¿kdf ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof ul/g'
kb{5 . ;+ljwfgn] cfTd;ft u/]sf l;4fGtx¿nfO{ Jofjxfl/s sfof{Gjogaf6 ;+j}wflgs
Oltxf; / ;+j}wflgs ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 . To;af6 g} ;Eotfsf] ljsf; x'G5 /
;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt ug{ ;lsG5 . ;+ljwfgjfbsf cfbz{n] hLjGttf k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ .
lgisif{
of] ;+lIfKt cWoogsf] cfwf/df x]bf{ g]kfndf ax'dt / cNkdtsf] cfwf/df ePsf cfb]z jf
km};nfx¿ dWo] k|foMh;f]df cNkdtsf] ;}4flGts w/ftn alnof] 5 . w]/}h;f] ljjfbx¿df
ax'dtn] tTsfnLg kl/j]zsf] d"Nof+sg u/]/ 6'+uf] nufPsf] b]lvG5 . dfly plNnlvt w]/}h;f]
cfb]zx¿df To;sf] k|ltljDa k|s6 ePsf] 5 . ;DejtM of] Pp6f ;fgf] ljj/0ffTds n]vdf
k|f/Dedf kl/sNkgfnfO{ k|fKt ePsf] glthfn] ;dy{g u¥of] . of] cWoogaf6 b]lvPsf] csf]{
kIf eg]sf] ;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf x'g] ax'dt / cNkdtsf] cEof; ljjfbsf] ljifo;Fu} j}olQms
cGt/;DaGw / k[i7e"ldsf] ;d]t k|efj k/]sf] b]lvG5 . csf]{tkm{ lg0f{ostf{sf] ;Ifdtfn] klg
km/s dt k|:t'ltsf nflu cfwf/ k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . Gofo;Dkfbgdf /fo k|s6 ug]{
cEof;n] Goflos sfo{ lgb]{lzt ¿kdf x'Fb}g, lg0f{ostf{n] :jljj]sdf lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf
x'G5 eGg] ;Gb]z klg lbPsf] 5 .
plNnlvt cfb]zx¿sf] cWoogaf6 ckjfb afx]s cNkdtsf] /fo ;dofGt/df ax'dtdf
¿kfGt/0f ePsf] jf ljutsf] ax'dtsf] /fo cf]e/?n ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . oBlk of] 5'§}
cg';Gwfgsf] ljifo xf] . g]kfnsf] Goflos cEof;df ;xdt / c;xdt /fo k|:t't ug]{
kl/kfl6 lgodsf] ¿kdf ljsf; x'g afFsL g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ckjfbsf] ¿kdf ePsf o:tf
cEof;sf] klg ;d'lrt JofVof ljj]rgf x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . GofofwLzsf] ljjfbsf] lg/f]k0fdf
Pp6} lgisif{df k'Ubf klg leGgleGg cfwf/ u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /xG5 . km};nf jf clGtd
cfb]zdf ul/g] o:tf ljZn]if0ffTds /fon] g} ljlwzf:qsf] ljsf;sf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;Sg]
x'G5 . oBlk xfd|f] Goflos cEof;df /fo k|s6 ug]{ ljifonfO{ ;xh / :Jffefljs k|lqmofsf]
¿kdf cem} klg u|x0f ul/;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . Goflos cEof;sf] k|f/Deb]lv g} ;'? ePsf]
/fo k|s6 ug]{ cEof; cem} lj:tfl/t x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;sf b'O{ j6f sf/0f x'g ;S5g\ .
klxnf] sf/0f Gofo;Dkfbg sfo{nfO{ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf lnP/ ljjfbsf] lsgf/fdf s]lGb|t x'g]
b[li6sf]0f x'g ;S5 . bf];|f] km/s /fonfO{ ;xh gdfGg] dgf]lj1fg csf]{ sf/0f x'g ;S5 .
dflysf] lj=;+= @($& b]lv xfn;Dd hf/L ePsf cfb]zx¿sf] ;;{tL{ cjnf]sg u/L k|fKt
ePsf k|ltlglw cfb]zx¿sf cfwf/df of] n]v tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . ax'dt / cNkdtsf] /fo
k|s6 ePsf c? klg y'k|} ;+j}wflgs ljjfb xf]nfg\ . To;f] x'Fbf klg oL cfb]zx¿ cWoog
ul/Psf] of] sfnv08sf k|ltlglw cfb]zx¿ eg] kSs} x'g\ . oL cfb]zx¿n] ;+s]t u/]sf 5g\
ls Goflos lg0f{ox¿ Goflos d"Nodf g} s]lGb|t x'g' kb{5 . To;sf nflu GofosdL{x¿df
Goflos lgi7f, :jR5tf / Goflos l;4fGtk|ltsf] ;dk{0f cfjZos kb{5 . /fhgLlts
k[i7e"ldaf6 cfpg' / km};nf jf cfb]zdf /fhgLlts cfu|x k|s6 x'g' cnu s'/f xf]nfg\ .
GofosdL{x¿sf klg /fhgLlts b[li6sf]0f xf]nfg\ t/ tL Goflos sfd sf/jfxL / cfb]z
km};nfdf k|ltljlDat x'g' x'Fb}g . Goflos :jR5tfsf] of] w/f]x/ sfod ug{sf nflu g} Goflos

96
98 ;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t

:jtGqtfsf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] . lgi7fk"j{s sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{sf nflu g}
GofosdL{nfO{ ;+j}wflgs ;'/If0f k|bfg ul/Psf] xf] . ;+ljwfgn] g} o;} k|of]hgsf nflu bL3{
;]jfsf] ;'lglZrttf ul/lbPsf] xf] . ;+ljwfgn] g} yk ck]Iff /fVgsf nflu aGb]h nufO{ lbPsf]
xf] . ljjfb lg/f]k0fsf qmddf /fo k|s6 ug]{ ljutsf oL cEof; eljiosf nflu dfu{bz{s x'g
;S5g\ . GofofwLzx¿ cfkm\g} /foaf6 k|z+l;t / cfnf]lrt ePsf] Oltxf; xfd|f ;fd' 5 .
Goflos /foaf6 g} ljlwzf:qsf] ljsf;df of]ubfg k'Ug] / l;4fGtlgi7 /fo k|:t'tstf{
GofofwLz Oltxf;df klg hLljt /xG5g\ . To;} sf/0f elgPsf] x'g' kb{5M ;'gf}nf] sd{ ug]{x¿
s} gfd ;'gf}nf] cIf/ n]lvG5 .

YZ

97
;+j}wflgs ljjfbdf ax'dt cNkdtM ;}4flGts ls kl/j]z k|]l/t 99

jif{ #, c° !

cleof]hg ;'wf/ g ldys g

dxTjfsf+Iff

# uf]kfnk|;fb l/hfni

!= ljifo k|j]z
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{non] o; cfly{s jif{ @)&&÷)&* nfO{ cleof]hg ;'wf/ jif{sf]
¿kdf 3f]if0ff u/L ;/sf/L jsLnaf6 btf{ ul/g] cleof]ukqnfO{ r':t, b'¿:t / q'l6/lxt
agfpg, /fd|f] cleof]hgsf] k|;+zf / k|;f/, unt cleof]hgsf] ;'wf/ / ab\lgotk"0f{ cleof]hg
pk/ sf/afxL ug{ ljleGg sfo{qmd ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] 5 . cleof]hg ;'wf/ jif{sf sfo{qmdnfO{
k[i6kf]if0f xf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL eO{ rnfOg] ljleGg d'2fx¿sf] cleof]ukq
tof/ ubf{ s] s:tf s'/fx¿df ljrf/ u/L s;/L tof/ ug{' kb{5 eGg] ;DaGwdf cfkm"n] sfo{
;Dkfbg ubf{ ;+ufn]sf cg'ej / xfl;n u/]sf 1fg ;d]tsf cfwf/df of] ;fdu|L tof/
ul/Psf] 5 . k|To]s ;/sf/L jsLnn] cleof]hg ubf{ oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf ljifoj:t'nfO{ dgdf
lnO{ sfo{ u/]df sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf ;/ntf, ;xhtf, Ps¿ktf Pj+ u'0f:t/Lotf sfod ug{
;lsg]5 eGg] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' .
@= cleof]hgsf ;fdfGo l;4fGt
cleof]hg eGgfn] kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] pNnª\3gsf ;DaGwdf s'g} klg JolQmsf lj?4 sfg"gL
sf/jfxL ;'? ug]{ / rnfpg] sfo{ eGg] a'lemG5 . sfg"gL sf/jfxLsf] dfWodaf6 kmf}hbf/L
s;"/sf] z+lst JolQmnfO{ sfg"gsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg / ;hfo lbnfpg ckgfOg] pkfo
cleof]hg xf] . cleof]hg leq cleof]hg ug]{ lg0f{o, cleof]u kqsf] tof/L / o;nfO{ cbfnt
;dIf k|:t't ug]{ sfo{ ;d]t kb{5g\ . To:t} cleof]ukq eGgfn] ;Ifd clwsf/L ;dIf /fHosf]
tkm{af6 clwsf/ k|fKt JolQmn] u|fXo k|df0fsf] cfwf/df s'g} klg JolQmsf lj?4 vf; cf/f]k
nufO{ x'g' kg]{ ;hfosf] bfaL u/L k|:t't ul/g] lgwf{l/t 9fFrfsf] cfwf/e"t sfg"gL lnvt eGg]
a'lemG5 . ;/sf/L jsLnsf] ;Gbe{df sfg"g adf]lhd ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] d'2f ;DaGwL s;"/df
cg';Gwfgaf6 ;+slnt ;a'b k|df0fsf cfwf/df s'g} klg cleo'Qm pk/ lghn] u/]sf] ck/fwsf]
nflu sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t ;hfo Pj+ Ifltk"lt{sf] bfaL lnO{ ;Ifd cbfnt jf d'2f x]g]{
clwsf/Lsf ;dIf /fHosf] tkm{af6 ;/sf/L jsLnn] k|:t't ug]{ cf/f]k ;lxtsf] lgwf{l/t
9fFrfsf] lnvt cleof]ukq xf] . cleof]ukqdf ck/flws sfo{ -corpus delicti_ :yflkt u/L ;f]

i
;xGofoflwjQmf, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u .

98
100 cleof]hg ;'wf/ g ldys g dxTjfsf+Iff

cfk/flws sfo{;Fu cleo'Qmsf] ;DaGw :yflkt u/L k|df0fx¿sf] ts{;+ut qmda4 ;DaGw
:yflkt ul/Psf] x'g' kb{5 . o;df k|To]s cleo'Qmsf] e"ldsf k|i6;Fu b]lvg] u/L tYo /
k|df0fx¿sf] k|:t'lt / k|To]s cleo'Qmn] u/]sf] cfk/flws sfo{sf cfwf/df sfg"g adf]lhd x'g]
;hfo, kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ tyf ;DklQsf] k'g:yf{kgf jf xflg gf]S;fgL e/fpsf] dfubfaL
ul/Psf] ;d]t x'g' kb{5 .
ljZjdf k|rlnt kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ug]{ k4ltnfO{ d'Vo ¿kdf
cg';GwfgfTds jf cleof]hgfTds k4lt u/L juL{s/0f ul/G5 . cg';GwfgfTds k4lt -
Inquisitorial System_ df ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgdf ;d]t cbfnttkm{sf
clwsf/Lsf] ;d]t ;+nUgtf /xG5 eg] cleof]hgfTds k4lt -Adversarial System_ df d'2fsf]
cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hg sfo{kflnsfsf] tkm{af6 ul/G5 / GofofwLzsf] e"ldsf :jtGq
lg0f{ostf{ -Referee_ sf] ¿kdf /xG5 . oL k|0ffnLsf] af/]df oxfF lj:t[t rrf{ ul/Psf] 5}g
tyflk g]kfnn] ckgfPsf] Gofo k|0ffnL cleof]hgfTds k|0ffnLsf] glhs /x]sf] 5 . h'g;'s}
k|0ffnL eP klg kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] pNn+3gdf cg';Gwfg ug{' / d'2f rnfO{ bf]ifLnfO{ ;hfo
lbnfpg' /fHosf sfg"g sfof{Gjog clwsf/L / lgsfosf] klxnf] bfloTj xf] .
kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;gdf /fHosf] bf]xf]/f] e"ldsf x'G5 . k|ydtM ;dfhsf] nflu xflgsf/s
dfgL ck/fw egL kl/eflift jf 3f]if0ff ul/Psf sfo{x¿ ug]{ pk/ cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg /
;hfo ug]{, bf];|f] -h;sf lj?4 cfk/flws sfo{ u/]sf] eGg] cf/f]k nufO{ cg';Gwfg u/L
pgLx¿nfO{ :jR5 / pko'Qm k|lqmof pknAw u/fOg] s'/fsf] ;+:yfut / sfo{ljlwut cfwf/df
k|Tofe"lt ug]{ . /fHosf oL b'O{ lhDd]jf/Lx¿ aLr k|foM lj/f]wfefif jf låljwf pTkGg x'g]
ub{5 . x/]s JolQmsf] df}lns dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug]{ bfloTj af]s]sf /fHosf kbflwsf/Ln]
cd's JolQmnfO{ s;"/ u/]sf] egL kmf}hbf/L sf/jfxL rnfOPsf]df lghn] /fHosf lgsfo /
clwsf/Lx¿n] cfˆgf] kIfdf sfd u/]sf x'G5g\, cfkm" lgbf]{if x'Fbf ;kmfO kfOG5 / s;"/
u/]sf]df klg sfg"g cg'¿k dfq ;hfo lbnfpg d2t ub{5g\ eg]/ ljZjf; ug]{ jftfj/0f
;[hgf ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 eg] ck/fwaf6 kLl8t JolQm jf ;dfhnfO{ ck/fwLsf] eoaf6 d'Qm
u/fO{ Gofo lbnfpg ;Sg' kb{5 . oL k|ltålGå b[li6sf]0fsf jLrdf ;Gt'ng sfod ug{
cleof]hg nufpg] / hf/L /fVg] lg0f{o ubf{ lglZrt / ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf 1ft l;4fGt cg'¿k
sfo{ ug{' k5{ . o:tf l;4fGtsf] cjnDagsf] kl/0ffd b]zsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLk|lt
hgtfsf] j}w ck]Iff / ljZjf; hfu[t x'Fb} sfg"gL k|lqmofdf klg hg ;xof]u k|fKt x'g],
aflx/af6 x]g]{ -observer_ n] / k|ltjfbLn] klg cleof]hgstf{n] Gofosf] nflu sfd ul//x]sf] 5
-Prosecutors are pursuing justice_ eGg] ljZjf; ug{'sf ;fy} o;af6 ;+:yfut j}wtf k|fKt eO{
hgtf / :jod\ k|ltjfbL ;d]t sfg"gL k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f x'G5 .
cleof]hgsf dfGo l;4fGtnfO{ cg';/0f u/L tof/ ul/g] cleof]ukqn] g} j}wtf k|fKt ub{5 .
oBlk cleof]hgsf l;4fGtx¿nfO{ s'g} Ps b:tfa]hdf n]va4 ul/Psf] kfOFb}g . ljleGg
sfg"g, Goflos Jojxf/ / cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf cg'¿k ;j{:jLsfo{, 1ft o:tf l;4fGtsf af/]df
oxfF rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . h;sf] cg'z/0f ul/g' kb{5 .

99
cleof]hg ;'wf/ g ldys g dxTjfsf+Iff 101

-s_ cleof]hgstf{sf] :jfoQtf / :jtGqtf -Autonomy and Independencey_

cleof]hgstf{n] a:t'lgi7 / lgikIf eO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ pgLx¿ lg0f{o ug]{ s'/fdf s;}sf]
k|efj, bjfj jf df]nflxhfdf gk/L :jfoQ / :jtGq x'g' kb{5 . o;sf] lgldQ pgLx¿sf]
5gf}6 lgikIf ¿kdf x'g'kg]{, ;]jfsf zt{x¿ ;'/lIft x'g'kg]{ / bjfj ljgf lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg]
cj:yfdf /xg' kb{5 .
Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors, 1990 df elgPsf] 5M "States shall ensure that
prosecutors are able to perform their professional functions without intimidation,
hindrance, harassment, improper interference or unjustified exposure to civil, penal or
other liability"1

;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ cleof]hg ;d]tsf] sfo{ ubf{ Jofj;flos
pGd'lQm k|fKt x'g] egL al›axfb'/ sfsL{sf] d'2f2, g/]G›axfb'/ rGbsf] d'2f3, ;d]tdf l;4fGt
k|ltkfbg ePsf 5g\ . tyflk s] s'g ;hfosf] dfubfaL lnO{ d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg]
clwsf/sf] k|of]u To:tf] clwsf/ k|of]ustf{sf] :j]R5f -Pleasure_ df lge{/ geO{ lgikIf
cg';Gwfgaf6 b]lvPsf] lgisif{df cfwfl/t x'g'kg]4{ , ;+ljwfgn] dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ d'2f
rnfpg] jf grnfpg] ;DaGwdf clGtd lg0f{o ug{ lbPsf] clwsf/ k"0f{ Gofosf] lgldQ ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] Goflos k/LIf0f -Judicial Review_ ug{ ;Sg]5 / dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn‹g jf
b'?T;fxgsf] 36gfdf bf]ifL JolQm pk/ dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd d'2f
rnfpg cfjZos b]vL d'2f bfo/ ug{ l;kmfl/; u/]kl5 ;f] ljifodf d'2f rnfpg' kg]{6 u/L
l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 .
-v_ :jR5tfsf] l;4fGt -Principle of fairness_
d'2fdf cleof]hg ug]{ ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglw d'2fsf] ;fdfGo kIfsf] dfq geP/ ;fj{ef}dhgtfsf]
k|ltlglw ePsfn] p;sf] ckl/xfo{ pQ/bfloTj / :jfy{ d'2f lhTg]df xf]Og sL Gofo k/f];
eGg]df x'g' kb{5 .
cleof]hgstf{sf] dfu{ lgb]{zg7 sf] wf/f !# df elgPsf] 5 ls cleof]hgstf{n] sfg"g
adf]lhd Ps¿ktfk"0f{ tl/sfn] l56f] 5l/tf] cfˆgf] st{Ao kfng ug]{5g\ . cfˆgf] sfo{
lgikIftf ;fy ;DkGg ug]{5g\ / o;f] ubf{ /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, n}+lus
tyf cGo ;j} k|sf/sf lje]bnfO{ afx]s ug]{5g\ -Prosecutors shall, in accordance with the
law, perform their duties fairly, consistently and expeditiously. Carry out their functions
impartially and avoid all political, social, religious, racial, cultural, sexual or any other kind
of discrimination;_

1
https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/RoleOfProsecutors.aspx, visited on 12/09/2020
2
l›axfb'/ sfsL{ lj= clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;d]t, g]=sf=k= @)%*, c+s %÷^ lg=g+= &))! .
3
dw';"bg e§/fO{ lj?å g/]Gbaxfb'/ rGb ;d]t, g]=sf=k= @)%(, c+s #÷$, lg=g+= &)*@ .
4
gf/fo0fl;Fx /fhk't ;d]t lj¿4 dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, ;d]t g]=sf=k= @)&), c+s !, lg=g+= *($( .
5
;'GtnL wfdL -zfx_ lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t, g]=sf=k= @)^*, c+s !, lg=g+= *%$! .
6
cf]dk|sfz cof{n;d]t lj¿4 /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u;d]t, g]=sf=k= @)&), c+s & lg=g+= ()@( .
7
Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors, supra note 11.
100
102 cleof]hg ;'wf/ g ldys g dxTjfsf+Iff

cleof]hgstf{n] kLl8tsf] Gofo k|flKtsf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf k|ltjfbLsf] :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf]
clwsf/sf aLr ;Gt'ng sfod ug{' k5{ . uDeL/ ck/fw ;dfj]z /x]sf] cj:yfdf kLl8tn]
d'2fsf] sf/jfxLsf] hfgsf/L kfpg], Gofodf kx'Fr / :jR5 Jojxf/sf] xs x'g] s'/f
Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victim of Crimes and Abuse of Power,
19858 sf] wf/f ^-s_ df pNn]v 5 .

OdfGbfl/tf, sfg"g, lgod / sfo{ljlwsf] kfngf, Aojxf/df lgikIftf, cfr/0fsf lgodx¿sf]

kfngfaf6 :jR5tf sfod x'g] ePsfn] cleof]hgstf{n] plNnlvt s'/fx¿df ljz]if Wofg lbg'
kb{5 .
cleof]hgsf] lhDd]jf/L kfPsf ;/sf/L jsLnn] ;+ljwfg / sfg"g adf]lhd ug{'kg]{ cleof]hg
gu/]sf], e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ u/L Gofosf] :jR5tfsf] pNn‹g ePsf] jf b08lxgtfsf] kIfkf]if0f
ePsf], cleof]hg ;DaGwL clwsf/sf] ;b'kof]u gePsf] / lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{o
k|j[Q efjgfaf6 u/]sf] k|Zg p7]df cbfntn] To;sf] GofoLs k'g/fjnf]sg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .9
-u_ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg -Principle of Respect of Human Rights_

cleof]hgstf{x¿n] sfg"gsf], kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLsf] plrt sf/jfxL / kmf}hbf/L Gofo

k|0ffnLsf] ;xh ;~rfngsf] k|Tofe"ltsf] lgldQ dfgj dof{bfsf] ;Ddfg / dfgj clwsf/sf]
;Ddfg / ;+/If0f ug{' kb{5 . Prosecutors ………………… respect and protect human
dignity and uphold human rights, thus contributing to ensuring due process and the smooth
functioning of the criminal justice system. (Guidelines Art. 12)10

JolQmnfO{ k"0f{ ;dfgtfsf cfwf/df cleof]usf] k|s[lt tyf sf/0fsf] a'‰g] efiffdf t'?Gt /
lj:t[t hfgsf/L kfpg] xs x'g] s'/f ICCPR11 sf] wf/f !$-3_-a_ df pNn]v 5 . To:t}
cleof]hg ;DaGwL sfo{ ubf{ Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or
Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 198412 sf k|fjwfgsf] klg plQs} Vofn ug{' k5{ .

ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf jf y'gfdf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ /fHon] pRr dof{bf / pRr
g}ltstf sfod u/L Jojxf/ ug{' k5{ . ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] gfpFdf jf sfo{sf/L clwsf/
;DkGg x}l;otsf] clwsf/Lsf] gfddf /fHon] ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL Joj:yf / dfgj
clwsf/sf] Go"gtd\ dfGotf jf ;Ldf gf3L dfgj clwsf/df lgoGq0f ug]{ ;Sg] clwsf/sf]
cf8df :j]R5frf/L 9+un] s;}nfO{ klg s'g} k|sf/sf] oftgf lbg gx'g],13 dfgj clwsf/sf]
uDeL/ pNn‹g / dfgjtf lj¿4sf ck/fwx¿ uDeL/ ck/fw x'g] x'Fbf To:tf ck/fwdf ;+nUg
JolQmnfO{ sfg"gsf] bfo/fleq Nofpg x/]s s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg u/L sfg"g adf]lhd Gofo lbg]
lbnfpg] /fHosf] cfwf/e"t sfg"gL bfloQ\j;d]t x'g] 14 egL l;4Gt k|ltkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5 .

8
https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.29,
9
wgs'df/L a:g]t ;d]t / dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, g]=sf=k=@)&%, c+s !) lg=g+= !)!!$ .
10
k"j{kfb l6Kk0fL g+= ! .
11
lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] nflu x]g{'xf];\ https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/ccpr.pdf
12
lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsfnflu x]g{'xf];\ httpsM//www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CAT.aspx.
13
/fh]G› l3ld/] ;d]t la?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t, g]=sf=k= @)^^ c+s # lg=g+= *!)! .
14
dfwjs'df/ a:g]t;d]t lj¿4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, ;d]t, g]=sf=k= @)&) c+s ( lg=g+= ()%! .
101
cleof]hg ;'wf/ g ldys g dxTjfsf+Iff 103

-3_ pko'Qm clehgsf] l;4fGt -Principle of Right Prosecution_

cleof]hgstf{n] pko'Qm cleof]u nufpg' kb{5 . ;+slnt k|df0faf6 h'g ck/fw 36]sf]
b]lvG5 ;f]xL ck/fwdf cleof]u / h;sf lj?4 k|df0f k'Ub5 ;f]xL JolQmsf lj?4 dfq
cleof]hg ug{' kb{5 . pko'Qm cleof]hg leq b'O{j6f cj:yf x'G5Gf\M
-!_ pko'Qm JolQmnfO cleof]hg ug]{ -Prosecution to the right person_
cleof]hgstf{n] cleof]hgsf] lg0f{o ubf{ pko'Qm JolQmnfO{ cleof]hg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf]
k|Tofe"lt lbg], -Ensure that the right person will be prosecuted, prosecute only to the person
against whom sufficient and admissible evidences have been collected_, /

-@_ pko'Qm cleof]u ug]{ -Right or proper prosecution_

cleo'Qmsf lj?4 nufOPsf] cf/f]k lghn] u/]sf] cfk/flws sfo{ jf cfk/flws sfo{df p;sf]
;+nUgtfsf] cg'kft ldNbf] x'g' kg]{ . -The charge made against the person must be proper
according the act or involvement_ kmf}hbf/L s;"/df cleof]u bfaL lnFbf sf] s;n] s] s:tf]
ck/fw u/]sf] xf] ;f] afkt s] s:tf] bfloTj lng' kb{5 ;f] s'/f :ki6 v'Ng] u/L 5'§f5'§} ¿kdf
pNn]v u/L cleof]u Pjd\ s;"/ ck/fwsf] bfloTjsf] lgSof}{n ug{'kg]{ x'G5 eGg] kmf}hbf/L
Gofosf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt /x]sf] kfOG5 . s]jn cf/f]k nufpg' dfq s;"/ :yflkt ug]{ cfwf/
x'g ;Sb}g . ;a} cleo'Qm ;dfg ¿kdf bf]ifL x'g\ eGg] cg'dfg ug{' sfg"g / Gofosf] ;j{dfGo
l;4fGt ljkl/t x'g hfG5 . 15
-ª_ d'2fsf] ljlzi6tfsf] l;4fGt -Principle of Uniqueness of cases_
cleof]hgstf{n] Vofn ug{' kg]{ csf]{ ljifo p;sf ;dIf cfPsf] k|To]s d'2f tYo, kl/l:ylt /
k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df km/s / laz]if vfnsf] jf gofF 5 eGg] dfg]/ cWoog ug{' kb{5 eGg] xf] .
o:t} k|s[ltsf] d'2fdf klxn] o:tf] u/]sf] lyPF eg]/ xf]Og ls ;f] d'2fsf] tYo, kl/l:ylt /
;+slnt k|df0fsf] cfwf/df lg0f{o ug{' kb{5 . -Every case must be decided in the context of
facts, nature and evidences collected=_

k|To]s ck/fwsf cf–cfˆg} rl/q x'G5g\ / Pp6} P]g cGtu{tsf s;"/ x'Fb}df ;a} ;dfg x}l;ot
/ cj:yfsf x'Fb}gg\ . ltgLx¿ dWo] s'g} sd uDeL/ ck/fw dflgg ;S5g\ eg] s'g} cToGt
uDeL/ k|s[ltsf klg x'g ;S5g\ . ck/fwsf] uDeL/tfsf cfwf/df To;df ;+nUg JolQmnfO{
klg km/s–km/s Jojxf/ / km/s–km/s ;hfosf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg]16 u/L ;jf]{Rr
cbfntaf6 JofVof ePsf] 5 .
-r_ sfg"g adf]lhd st{Ao kfngfsf] l;4fGt -Principle of legally performance of duty_
cleof]hgstf{n] cleof]hgsf] sfo{ ubf{ sfg"g adf]lhd ug{' kb{5 . sfg"gsf] ;xL k|of]u ug]{
s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{' k5{ . sfg"gn] lgwf{l/t sfo{ljlwsf] kfng ug{' kb{5 . cleof]hg sfo{sf]
;fy;fy} sfg"gn] clwsf/ k|bfg u/] cg'¿k cg';Gwfgdf lgb]{zg, cg';Gwfg sfo{sf] j}wtfsf]
cg'udgsf] ;fy} sfg"gsf] plrt tl/sfn] k|of]u ePsf] 5, cfjZos ;j} k|df0fx¿ cbfnt
15
g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= uf];fO{ d08n dw}of ;d]t g]=sf=k=@)&# c+s $ lg=g+= (%*( .
16
sdn]z låj]bL lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, ;d]t, g]=sf=k= @)^% c+s % lg=g+= *!#( .
102
104 cleof]hg ;'wf/ g ldys g dxTjfsf+Iff

;dIf k]z ul/Psf 5g\ / k|sfz ug{'kg]{ ;j} tYox¿ k|sfz ul/Psf 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf]
;'lglZrttf ug{' kb{5 . -Prosecutors must ensure that the law is properly applied; that
relevant evidence is put before the court; and that obligations of disclosure are complied
with. (The Code for Crown Prosecutor_17

;dfhdf st} s'g} ck/fw x'g uPdf ck/fw ug]{ JolQm pk/ cg';Gwfg u/L d'2f rnfO{
cleo'QmnfO{ ;hfo lbnfO{ kLl8tnfO{ Gofo lbnfpg' kg]{ ;/sf/sf] ;+j}wflgs st{Jo x'g] x'Fbf
o:tf] hjfkmb]xLaf6 ;/sf/ klG5g g;Sg] . ck/fwdf cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgdf sdL
cg';Gwfgstf{ / cleof]hgstf{sf] nfk/jfxL, uNtL, ab\lgot cflb s'g}sf] klg :yfg x'g
x'Fb}g . olb x'G5 eg] ;/sf/n] To;sf] lhDdf lngkg]{ 18 x'G5 .
/fHosf] lgsfo;Fu ;DalGwt clwsf/Lx¿sf] st{Jo gful/ssf] hLp Hofgsf] ;+/If0f ug{'kg]{
x'Fbf hf] /Ifs pxL eIfs lsdfy{ aGg ;Sb}g . s;"/sf] sfo{ x'g] t/ cg';Gwfg g} gug]{ jf u/]
klg c;kmn cg';Gwfg ug]{ jf glthfdf k'¥ofpg g;Sg] eg]sf] sfg"gL /fHosf c;kmntfsf
Bf]ts pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ . tf]lsPsf] cg';Gwfg clwsf/L jf cleof]hgstf{n] cfˆgf] st{Jo k"/f
gu/L Gofo k/flht x'G5 jf kLl8tn] pkrf/ gkfPsf] cg'e"lt u/]sf] x'G5 eg] To;df
kLl8ts} pQ/bfloTjdf lghL cg';Gwfg jf cleof]hgsf] j}slNks dfu{;d]t k|z:t ug{'kg]{19
egL l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 . To:t} lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ sfg"gn] lbPsf] eP klg
cleof]hg ;DaGwL plrt sfg"gL k|lqmof cjnDag / Goflos dgsf] k|of]u ;d]t gu/L sfg"g
ljkl/t ;hfo ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] u}/sfg"gL x'g20
\ elgPsf] 5 .
-5_ k|df0fsf] kof{Kttfsf] l;4fGt -Principle of sufficiency of evidence_
cleof]hgstf{n] cleof]hgsf] lg0f{o ubf{ k|To]s cleo'Qmsf lj?4df nufOPsf] cleof]u k'li6
ug{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ kof{Kt k|df0fx¿ 5g\ eGg] s'/fdf ;Gt'i6 x'g'kb{5 . k|lt/IfLsf] o;
;DaGwdf egfO{ s] xf]nf < / o;n] cleof]u k'li6 ug]{ ;+efjgfdf slt c;/ kfnf{ eGg] ;d]t
ljrf/ ug{' kb{5 .
xfd|f] sfg"g k|0ffnLdf s;"/ u/]sf] s'/f jfbLn] z+sf/lxt tl/sfn] k'li6 x'g] k|df0f cbfnt
;dIf k|:t't ug{ ;Sg'k5{ / tL k|df0fx¿sf] cbfntn] j:t'lgi6 d"NofÍg jf Goflos k/LIf0f
u/L Gofo lg¿k0f ub{5 . s;}sf] egfOnfO{ k/LIf0f g} gu/L eg]sf] cfwf/df dfq s;"/bf/
sfod ubf{ lgbf]{if JolQm klg s;"/bf/ 7xl/g ;S5 . s]xL u/L lg/k/fw JolQm cbfntaf6
s;"/bf/ 7x/ x'g uP lghnfO{ x'g ;Sg] ck"/0fLo Ifltsf] sNkgf klg ug{ ;lsFb}g . To:tf]df
lgh tyf l;+uf] ;dfhsf] cbfntk|lt / cGtdf /fHok|lt g} 7"nf] s'07f;d]t pTkGg x'g
hfG5 . To;}n] s;"/ u/]sf] eGg]df yf]/}dfq klg z+sf b]lvPdf s;}nfO{ klg s;"/bf/ 7x/fpg
gldNg]21 eGg] l;4fGt /x]sf] 5 .

17
yk hfgsf/Lsf] nflu x]g{'xf];\ https://www.cps.gov.uk/publication/code-crown-prosecutors
18
Hof]tL nD;fn kf}8]n lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t, g]=sf=k= @)^& cÍ !! lg0f{o g+= *%)& .
19
Wjh wfdL lj= lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, s~rgk'/;d]t, g]=sf=k= @)&@ c+s # lg=g+= (#^& .
20
xfbL hfa]/ xaLa lj?4 u[x dGqfno ;d]t g]=sf=k=@)^^ c+s ! lg0f{o g+= *)%% .
21
k"0f{axfb'/ v8\sf lj= g]kfn ;/sf/, g]=sf=k= @)&# c+s & lg=g= (^$) .
103
cleof]hg ;'wf/ g ldys g dxTjfsf+Iff 105

-h_ ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] l;4fGt -Principle of Public Interest_

cleof]hgstf{n] cleof]hgsf] lg0f{o ubf{ k|To]s cleo'Qmsf lj?4df nufOPsf] cleof]u k'li6
ug{ kof{Kt k|df0f 5g\ eGg] s'/fdf ;Gt'i6 ePkl5 ;fj{hlgs lxtsf b[li6n] cleof]hg
cfjZos 5 5}g < eGg] s'/fdf ;d]t ljrf/ ug{' k5{ .
k|df0fsf] kof{Kttfn] dfq :jtM cleof]hg ug]{ s'/fsf] k'li6 ub}{g . cleof]hg ug{' eGbf
gug{'df ;fj{hlgs lxt ;+/If0f x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf cleof]hgstf{ ;Gt'i6 ePdf k|df0f kof{Kt
ePklg cleof]hg gug{ ;lsG5 . d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf #$,
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf %% cflb o;} l;4fGtaf6 clek|]ltt b]lvG5g\ .
o;/L x]bf{ cleof]hgsf] lg0f{odf Vofn ug{' kg]{ låljwfTds h:tf b]lvg] t/ jf:tadf Ps
csf{sf kl/k'/ssf ¿kdf /x]sf b'O{ d"ne"t l;4fGt k|df0fsf] kof{Kttf / ;fj{hlgssf
l;4fGtnfO{ ;fd~h:otf sfod ug{ jf:tljs ck/fwLn] ;hfo kfpg] s'/f ;fj{hlgs lxt xf]
eGg] / d'2f ;kmn x'g] ;+efjgf geP;Dd cyf{t k|df0fsf] k|fr'o{tf gePsf]df klg d'2f
rnfpg' ;fj{hlgs lxtdf x'Fb}g eGg] tYonfO{ lj;{g' x'Fb}g .
#= cleof]ukq tof/ ubf{ ljrf/ ug{'kg]{ s'/fx¿
cg';Gwfg txlssft u/L cleof]hgsf nflu ;/sf/L jsLn ;dIf cfpg] d'2fsf] kmfOn
Jojl:yt jf r':t b'?:t eP/ cfPsf] gx'g ;Sb5 To;nfO{ Jojl:yt ¿k lbP/ d'2f rnfpg
of]Uo jgfpg] sfo{ ;/sf/L jsLnn] ug{' k5{ . To;sf] nflu ;/sf/L jsLnn] w]/} j'l4dQfk"0f{
lg0f{ox¿ -Numerous tactical decisions_ ug{' k5{ . s:tf cfwf/ / k|df0f jf s] s:tf ;fIfL
k|:t't ug]{, ljkIfLn] s:tf] lhls/ lng] ;+efjgf 5 / To;nfO{ s;/L lgik|efjL jgfpg],
k|df0fnfO{ s'g k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df s;/L k|:t't ug]{ h:tf ljifox¿df cleof]ukq tof/
ubf{ ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' k5{ . cleo'QmnfO{ s'g k|df0fsf] cfwf/df s'g P]gsf] s'g bkmf adf]lhd
;hfosf] dfu bfaL lng] / ;+slnt k|df0fdf sfg"gsf] plrt sf/jfxLsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ k|Zg
p7]df To;sf] s;/L k|ltjfb ug]{ eGg] ljifodf ;/sf/L jsLnn] tof/L ug{' k5{ . cbfntdf
k|:t't ug]{ cleof]ukqsf] d;f}bf plrt lsl;dn] x'g g;s]df kof{Kt cfwf/ k|df0f eP/ klg
d'2f sdhf]/ x'g] jf cgfjZos d]xgt kg{ hfg] x'G5 .
cfkm" sxfF k|fKt s]z kmfOn cWoog u/L ;/sf/L jsLnn] d'2f rNg] grNg] ;DaGwL lg0f{o
ug{' cufl8 k|df0f sfuhx¿sf] xf]l;of/L ;fy kl/If0f -Careful screening_ ug{' k5{ .
cg';Gwfg k"0f{ eP gePsf] PsLg kl5 ck"0f{ eP yk cg';Gwfgsf] nflu lgb]{zg lbg] / k"0f{
ePsf] s'/fdf ;Gt'i6 ePdf dfq d'2f rNg] grNg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug{' k5{ . d'2f rNg] lg0f{o
ubf{ d'2fsf] tYo / k|df0faf6 :yflkt tYo / cf/f]lkt s;"/ aLr tfbfTDotf x'g] u/L ug{'
k5{ . Pp6} af/bftdf km/s km/s k|s[ltsf] s;"/ sfod x'g ;Sb}g, Pp6} jf/bftdf ljleGg
s;"/ ePsf]df ;j} s;"/sf ;DaGwdf bfaL lng'kg]{ / ljleGg jf/bft ;DaGwL s;"/df Pp6}
d'2f nfUg g;Sg] s'/fk|lt ;d]t ;r]t /xg' k5{ . ofjt s'/fx¿nfO{ ;d]6L cleof]ukq tof/
ubf{ ljrf/ ug{'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ 9fFrf cg'¿k qmda4 9+un] a'Fbfut ¿kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M

104
106 cleof]hg ;'wf/ g ldys g dxTjfsf+Iff

! 9fFrf cg'¿k 5'§f5'§} cleof]ukq tof/ ug]{

cleof]ukqsf] 9fFrf d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] cg';"rL–@) df tf]lsPsf]
5 . ;f]xL 9fFrf adf]lhd sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] bkmf #@ adf]lhd v'nfpg' kg]{ cfjZos s'/fx¿
v'nfO{ sfg"g22 n] Pp6} d'2f btf{ ug{ ;lsg] u/L tf]s]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s k|To]s s;"/ jf
cleo'Qmsf -jf/bft lkR5]_ ;DaGwdf23 ;fdfGotofM d'2fdf cleof]hg ug]{ lg0f{o -d'2f rNg]
lg0f{o_ ug]{ ;/sf/L jsLnn] 5'§f5'§} cleof]ukq tof/ ug{' kb{5 .
kmf}hbf/L s;"/df ;+nUg x'g] s;"/bf/n] Pp6} JolQm pk/ pxL avt ljleGg k|sf/sf s;"/
u/]sf] v08df ;f] k|ltjfbL pk/ Pp6} jf/bftaf6 ;[lht kl/0ffdnfO{ lnP/ s;"/ cg';f/sf]
;hfo dfu u/L Pp6} d'2f rnfpg ;Sg] eP klg k|:t't jf/bft km/s km/s ldltdf e}+ km/s
km/s gfaflnsf pk/ ha/h:tL s/0fL ePsf] egL :jod\ cleof]hg ug]{ lgsfon] cleof]u
bfaLdf dfu u/]sf] b]lvFbf cnu cnu ¿kdf cleof]hg u/L d'2f bfo/ ug{'kg]{df ;f] gu/L
Pp6} jf/bft h:tf] ¿kdf a'emL cleof]ukq bfo/ ePsf] b]lvPsf] / o:tf] ;+j]bgzLn ljifodf
cleof]hgsf] lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug]{ lgsfosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{non]
dftxtsf sfof{nonfO{ yk lgb]{zg lbO{ cleof]hgsf] ljifonfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg'kg]{ x'Fbf
ca cfOGbf o:tf] k|sf/sf] q'l6 x'g glbg / cleof]hgsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf hf]8 lbg tfn's
sfof{non] ljz]if Wofg lbg' egL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf gfpFdf Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg]24
u/L ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 .
Pp6} hl/ofaf6 u/]sf] km/s–km/s s;"/sf ;DaGwdf Pp6} cleof]ukq k]z ul/Psf]nfO{ c=j+=
&@ g+= k|lts"n eGg gldNg]25, cg';Gwfg clwsf/LnfO{ lgj]bsn] b'O{ j6f jf/bft 36fPsf]
s'/f 7uL d'2fsf] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf yfxf ePsf], ;f] b'j} jf/bft 36gfsf] ;DaGwdf pltj]nf
g} cg';Gwfg e} d'2f bfo/ ePsf] eP ;a}eGbf 7"nf] snddf dfq ;hfo x'g] b08 ;hfosf]
$! g+= sfg"gL Joj:yfaf6 b]lvPsf] x'Fbf ;f]xL jvt d'2f grnfO{ xfn cfP/ kqmfp u/L
lhNnf cbfntsf] cg'dltaf6 cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf /fv]sf] y'gfnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd y'gfdf
/fv]sf] eGg gldNg]26 l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 .
To;}u/L c=j+= &@ g+= adf]lhd h;sf] xsdf sf/jfxL ug{'kg]{ xf] ;f] sf] xsdf cleof]ukq
:jLsf/ u/L csf]{ jf/bft / k|ltjfbLsf] xsdf 5'§} cleof]ukq lnO{ cfpg' eGg] cfb]z
ug{'kg]{df b'j} k|ltjfbLsf] xsdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] cleof]ukq :jLsf/ u/L lnO;s]sf]
cj:yfdf k"/} cleof]ukq c=j+= &@ g+= n] vf/]h ug{ ldNb}g klxnf] qmdsf] k|ltjfbLsf] xsdf
o;} cleof]ukqaf6 lg0f{o ug{'kg]{27, w]/} hgf pk/sf] 5'§f5'§} ljifosf] s'/fdf pQm c=a+= (*
g+= n] Pp6} gfln;af6 OG;fkm ug{ gldNg] 28, 8fFsfx¿n] Pp6f ufpFsf tLg 3/df Ps} ldltdf
nuftf/ 8fFsf u/]sfnfO{ / ;f]xL 8fFsf ubf{ b'O{ hgfsf] Hofg df/]sf]nfO{ 5'§} emu8fsf] ljifo

22
x]g{ ;lsG5M d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf %$ .
23
k"j{kfb l6Kk0fL, bkmf %% .
24
g]kfn ;/sf/ la= ;]t' eGg] ;fa'l2g ldofF, g]=sf=k= @)&@ c+s % lg=g+= (#(( .
25
b'uf{axfb'/ j:g]t lj= g]kfn ;/sf/, g]=sf=k=@)^( c+s ^ lg=g+= **#( .
26
gfgLafa' vqL lj= dxfgu/Lo k|x/L kl/;/, xg'dfg9f]sf;d]t, g]=sf=k= @)^^, c+s (, lg=g+= *@@! .
27
k|=;=lg= s[i0faxfb'/ u'¿ªsf] k|ltj]bg lj=clerg /fpt, g]=sf=k= @)^!, c+s *, lg=g+= &$@$ .
28
g]=sf=k= @)#!, c+s !, lg0f{o gDa/ *!&, km'na]~r .
105
cleof]hg ;'wf/ g ldys g dxTjfsf+Iff 107
29
eGg ldn]g Pp6} emu8fsf] ljifosf] d'2f x'g] eGg] ljleGg dfu{bz{s l;4fGt jf glh/x¿
;d]t /x]sf 5g\ .
@ d'2f rnfpg] xsb}of, d'2f bfo/ ug]{ xb Dofb / Dofb, d'2f ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ lgsfo
olsg ug]{
d'2f btf{ ug]{ ;DaGwdf ljz]if sfg"gdf cGoyf pNn]v ePdf afx]s30 d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L
sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] cg';"rL ! / @ df plNnlvt d'2f g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL eO{ ;/sf/L jsLnn]
bfo/ ug{'kg]{ 31 x'Fbf cg';Gwfg ug{ clwsf/ k|fKt kbflwsf/Laf6 sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] ljlw /
k|lqmof k"/f u/L k"0f{ cg';Gwfg eO{ ldl;n k|fKt ePsf] s'/fsf] olsg u/L d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o
ePkl5 tof/ ul/g] cleof]ukq adf]lhdsf] d'2f ;'g'jfO ug]{ If]qflwsf/ h'g cbfntnfO{ 5,
;f]xL cbfntdf sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] Dofb, xbDofb leq} btf{ ug]{ u/L cleof]ukq tof/ ug{'
kb{5 .
cglws[t clwsf/Laf6 ePsf] / j]l/tsf] sfuhn] -d'r'Nsf_ dfGotf gkfpg]32 d'n'sL ck/fw
;+lxtfn] sltko s;"/ sltko cj:yfdf P]gsf] alxIf]{]qLo k|of]u x'g]33 Joj:yf u/]sf] eP
tfklg g]kfn aflx/ ePsf] jf/bftnfO{ g]kfnleq ePsf] eGg] s[lqd jf/bft / ;f] cfwf/df
s[lqd sfuhftx¿ g} v8f u/L d'2f rnfPs} cfwf/df dfq To:tf] d'2fn] g]kfnleqsf]
cbfntsf] clwsf/If]q u|x0f ug{ ;Sb}g .34 To:t} If]qflwsf/sf] s'/f kIfsf] :jLsf/f]lQmaf6
geO{ sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f ug]{,35 Ps :yfgdf 36]sf] 36gfnfO{ csf]{ :yfgdf 36]sf] egL hfx]/L
lbb}df clwsf/If]qsf] ;[hgf gx'g],36 If]qlwsf/lalxg lg0f{o ab/ x'g] / k'gM If]qflwsf/ ePsf]
lgsfodf k7fpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf gePsf]37 n] cleof]ukq tof/ ubf{ ;/sf/L jsLn
If]qflwsf/sf] ljifodf ePsf sfg"gL Joj:yf38 k|lt ljz]if rgfvf] x'g' kb{5 .
To;}u/L xbDofb leq bfo/ ePsf] d'2fdf dfq ljjfbsf] tYo leq k|j]z u/L Gofo lg¿k0f
ul/g],39 csf]{ kIfn] r'gf}tL glbP klg xbDofbsf] k|Zg :jo+ cbfntn] ljrf/ ug]40
{ /
clwsf/If]q, xbDofb / xsb}ofsf] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o u/]/ dfq d'2fsf] cGo sf/afxL cufl8
a9fOG541 eGg] s'/f k|lt ;/sf/L jsLn hfgsf/ x'g' kb{5 . sltko d'2fdf d'2f bfo/ ug]{
xbDofb yfxf kfPsf] ldltaf6 u0fgf ul/g] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] ;Gbe{df d'2f rnfpg]

29
g]=sf=k= @)@(,. c+s !, lg+ =g+= ^*^ .
30
d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf # df 5'§} sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf]df c;/ gkg]{ pNn]v ePsf] .
31
x]g{ ;lsG5M d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf #@, bkmf %^ ;d]t .
32
g]=sf=k= @)$& c+s % lg=g+= $!$@ .
33
x]g{ ;lsG5M bkmf @ .
34
g]=sf=k=@)&%, c+s ^, lg=g+= !))$) .
35
g]=sf=k= @)&!, c+s !), lg=g+= (@^& .
36
g]=sf=k= @)&!, c+s !, lg=g+= (!!! .
37
g]=sf=k= @)$@, c+s #, lg=g+= @#!%, g]=sf=k= @)$(, c+s #, lg=g+= $$($ .
38
x]g{ ;lsG5M d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] kl/R5]b $ .
39
g]=sf=k= @)&), c+s %, lg=g+= ())* . g]=sf=k= @)^^, c+s $, lg=g+= *!#@ .
40
g]=sf=k= @)%^, c+s #, lg=g+= ^^() .
41
d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf %! .
106
108 cleof]hg ;'wf/ g ldys g dxTjfsf+Iff

clwsf/ kfPsf] lgsfon] yfxf kfPsf] ldltaf6 xbDofbsf] u0fgf ug{'kg]{42, 36gf ePsf]
;dosf] sfg"g cg';f/ xbDofb sfod ug{'kg]{43 u/L l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 . d'2f bfo/
ug{ sfg"gn] xbDofb gtf]s]sf]df eg] oyf;+ej l56f] d'2f btf{ ug{' kb{5 .44
# s;"sf pk/ d'2f nufOPsf] xf] p;sf] olsg klxrfg v'nfpg]
h'g JolQmsf pk/ cleof]u nufpg vf]lhPsf] xf], lghsf] olsg klxrfg v'Ng] u/L b]xfo
adf]lhd cleo'Qmsf] kl/rofTds ljj/0f cleof]ukqsf] lj¿4 v08df v'nfpg' kb{5M45
cleo'Qmsf] k"/f gfdy/, 7]ufgf, x'lnof, pd]/, kmf]6f] ;lxt /x]sf] gful/stf jf o:t}
kl/rokqsf] gDa/, k]zf jf Joj;fo, cleo'Qmsf] afa', cfdf jf klt, kTgLsf] gfd, cleo'Qm
a;f]af; u/]sf] ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsf, j8f g+=, ufpF, 6f]n, eP;Dd Ans g+=, c?sf]
3/df 8]/f u/L a;]sf] eP 3/wgLsf] gfd, y/ / 7]ufgf ;lxtsf] ljj/0f cflb .
cleof]ukqsf] lj?4 v08df gfd / klxrfg ljj/0f pNn]v gePsf cleo'Qmsf xsdf d'2fdf
sf/afxL x'g ;Sb}g . afbL kIfn] k|ltjfbL gagfPsfnfO{ cbfnt ;lqmo eP/ lemsfpg klg
ldNb}g46 eGg] l;4Gt ePtf klg cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf gfdy/ jtg gv'n]sf]n] v'nL cfPsf
avt yk cleof]ukq bfo/ ul/g] eGg] pNn]v x'g] u/]sf] ;DaGwdf o;sf] s'g} sfg"gL /
glh/ut cfwf/ gePsf]n] o;n] b08xLgtf / :j]R5frfl/tf df}nfpg] ePsfn] cg';Gwfg ubf{
s;"/df ;+nUg ;j} JolQmsf] klxrfg kQf nufpg ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ;Da4 lgsfosf]
Wofgfsif{0f ;d]t ePsf] 5 .47 To:t} cleof]u kqdf ljkIfL agfOPsfsf] jtg gv'n]sf]n] d'2f
tfd]nLdf /fVg] cbfntsf] sf/afxLnfO{ ;d]t sfg"gsf] dszb cg'¿k gePsf] / o;/L d'2f
k~5fpg] k|j[lQ cfklQhgs /x]sf]48 egL ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] af]n]sf]n] cleof]ukq tof/ ubf{
k|ltjfbL agfpg'kg]{ ;a}sf] klxrfg ;lxtsf] lja/0f v'Ng] v'nfpg]tkm{ ;/sf/L jsLnn] ljz]if
Wofg lbg'kb{5 .
$ d'2fsf] gfdfs/0f
cleof]u nufpg vf]lhPsf] ck/fwsf] ;DaGwdf sfg"gdf s'g} gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] /x]5 eg]
d'2fsf] ;f]xL gfdfs/0f ug]{, sfg"gdf To:tf] s'g} gfdfs/0f gul/Psf]df s;"/sf] k|s[lt
cg';f/ s;"/sf tTjx¿df ljrf/ u/L cleo'Qmn] a'‰g] u/L d'2fsf] gfd pNn]v ug{' kb{5 .49
Jojxf/df ;fOsn rf]/L -;fwf/0f, gsahgL jf 8fFsf s] xf] pNn]v ug{'kg]{df_, gful/stf lst]{
-;/sf/L 5fk b:tvt sLt]{ eGg' kg]{_ h:tf gfdfs/0f ug]{ u/]sf] zf]egLo b]lvFb}g .

42
g]=sf=k= @)&^, c+s !, lg=g+= !)!&* .
43
g]=sf=k= @)^(, c+s !, lg=g+= *&%! .
44
g]=sf=k= @)&%, c+s %, lg=g+= !))$* .
45
x]g{ ;lsG5M d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf #@, g]=sf=k= @)^# c+s !! lg=g+= &&** .
46
g]=sf=k= @)^#, c+s ^, lg=g+= &&!@ .
47
x]g{ ;lsG5M g]=sf=k= @)&#, c+s #, lg0f{o gDa/ (%^& .
48
g]=sf=k= @)&^, c+s @, lg=g+= !)@)! .
49
x]g{ ;lsG5M d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf #@ sf] pkbkmf -#_ / -$_ .
107
cleof]hg ;'wf/ g ldys g dxTjfsf+Iff 109

% ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0f nfos sfuhsf] ;f/f+z -;+lIfKt tYo_ sf] pNn]vg
cleof]u kqsf] tYo v08 cyf{t\ s]zsf] Joxf]/f eGg] dxndf ck/fwsf] ;"rgf jf hfx]/L
b/vf:tsf] d'Vo Joxf]/fsf ;fy} cg';Gwfg txlssftaf6 ;+slnt sfuh k|df0faf6 v'Ng
cfPsf] s;"/ ;DaGwL ljj/0f / tYosf] ;f/ l;nl;n]jf/ ¿kdf tYo gbf]xf]l/g] u/L v'nfpg'
kb{5 . Jojxf/df ldl;n ;+slnt sfuh k|df0fsf] dha'g pNn]v ug{'sf] ;f6f] cgfjZos
sfuhsf Joxf]/f klg pNn]v x'g] / pNn]v ug{'kg]{ sfuhsf] Joxf]/f klg x'ax' ;fbf{ Hofb} nfdf]
x'g] u/]sf], ldl;n sfuhdf pNn]v gePsf] Joxf]/f klg n]lvg] u/]sf] / sltko cj:yfdf
5'6fpg gx'g] s'/f klg pNn]v u/]sf] gb]lvbf o;df q'l6 gx'g] u/L ;'wf/ ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
^ s'g / s'g ck/fwsf] jf/bft :yflkt x'G5 jf x'Fb}g
cleof]ukqsf] cleof]u v08 -cleo'Qm pk/sf] cleof]u_ df ;a}eGbf klxn] ldl;n ;+nUg s]
s'g k|df0f sfuhsf] cfwf/df slxn], sxfF, s] s'g ck/fw 3l6t ePsf] k|dfl0ft x'G5 ;f]
v'nfpg], cyf{t\ jf/bft :yflkt ug]{ s'/f v'nfpg' kb{5 . s'g} klg 3l6t ck/fw, h'g ck/fw
;DaGwL d'2fdf ;/sf/L jsLnn] cleof]hg ug{' k5{, sf] jf/bft :yflkt geP;Dd
s;"/bf/nfO{ ;hfo x'g ;Sb}g .50 j:t'lgi6 jf lglj{jfb k|df0fsf cfwf/df jf/bft :yflkt
x'g'kg]{ ;fdfGo lgod xf] tyflk cGo df}lvs jf kl/l:ylthGo k|df0fsf cfwf/df jf/bft
:yflkt ug{ ;lsFb}g eGg] rfFlx xf]Og . 51 To;}n] cleof]ukqsf] cleof]u v08 cyf{t\ cleo'Qm
pk/sf] cleof]u eGg] zLif{ssf] k|f/Ded} of] of] k|df0faf6 of] s;"/sf] jf/bft -slxn], sxfF,
s]_ :yflkt x'G5 egL pNn]v ug{' kb{5 .
& ck/fw / ck/fw ug]{ JolQmsf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ tYo / k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f
3l6t jf/bftdf s'g s'g cleo'Qmn] s] s'g cfk/flws sfo{ u/]sf] s'/f s] s'g sfuh /
k|df0faf6 k|dfl0ft x'G5 ;f] s'/f cleo'Qm lkR5] k|dfl0ft x'g] u/L k|df0f sfg"g, ;jf]{Rr
cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt glh/ ;d]tsf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ug{' kb{5 . ;/sf/L jsLnn]
cleof]ukq tof/ ubf{ k|ltJolQm k|df0f gv'nfO{ uf]Zjf/f ¿kdf s;"/bf/ sfod ug{ vf]Hg]
kl/kfl6sf] cGTo ug{' kb{5 .
kmf}hbf/L s;"/df cleof]u bfaL lnFbf sf] s;n] s] s:tf] ck/fw u/]sf] xf] ;f]afkt s] s:tf]
bfloTj lng'kb{5 ;f] s'/f :ki6 v'Ng] u/L 5'§f5'§} ¿kdf pNn]v u/L cleof]u Pjd\ s;"/
ck/fwsf] bfloTjsf] lgSof}{n ug{'kg]{ x'G5 eGg] kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt /x]sf] kfObf
;a} cleo'Qm ;dfg ¿kdf bf]ifL x'g\ eGg] cg'dfg ug{' sfg"g / Gofosf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt
ljkl/t x'g hfG5 .52 s'g} jf/bftdf Pshgf eGbf a9L JolQm ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ;+nUg /x]sf]
cj:yfdf x/]s JolQmsf] cfk/flws sfo{sf] ljZn]if0f u/L x/]ssf] cfk/flws bfloTj lgSof}{n
ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . ;a} JolQm ;dfg ¿kn] s;"/bf/ x'g\ eGg] cjwf/0ff Goflos x'g ;Sb}g .
w]/}hgf JolQm ;+nUg /x]sf] jf/bftdf PseGbf a9L JolQm d'Vo cleo'Qm -Principal Offender_

50
o; ;DaGwdf w]/} glh/ 5g\, g]=sf=k= @)&#, c+s !!, lg=g+= (&!@÷g]=sf=k= @)&!, c+s #, lg=g+= (!#$÷ g]=sf=k= @)&), c+s $
lg=g+= *((#÷ g]=sf=k= @)^), c+s #÷$ lg=g+= &@!), g]=sf=k= @)@(, c+s ! lg=g+= ^*$ km'n a]~r cflb .
51
x]g{'xf];\ g]=sf=k= @)&^, c+s @, lg=g+= !)!*& ÷ g]=sf=k= @)^*, c+s !@, lg=g+= *&@^÷ g]=sf=k= @)$^, c+s !@, lg=g+=
$)#!÷g]=sf=k= @)$@, c+s !!, lg=g+= @%$% .
52
g]=sf=k= @)&# c+s $, lg=g+= (%*( .
108
110 cleof]hg ;'wf/ g ldys g dxTjfsf+Iff

x'g;Sg] / ;xfos cleo'Qm -Accessory Offender_ klg w]/} hgf x'g ;Sg] s'/fnfO{ kmf}hbf/L
ljlwzf:qn] cfTd;ft u/]sf] kfObf cleof]hg kIfn] cfkm"n] cleof]u nufPsf] JolQmsf]
tYok/s 9+un] klxrfg u/L cleof]u nufpg' p;sf] st{Jo tyf bfloTjsf] ;Ldfleq kb{5 .53
cleof]u bfaL nufpg' / cleof]u :yflkt x'g' cnucnu s'/f x'g\ . kmf}hbf/L s;"/ cGtu{t
cleof]u bfaL lnFbf ;f] bfaLnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ oy]i6 k|df0fx¿sf] ljBdfgtf x'g' clgjfo{ x'G5 .
cg'dfg tyf c8\snsf e/df cleof]unfO{ :yflkt ub}{ hfg] xf] eg] kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] d"n
dd{ g} k/f:t x'g uO{ ;du| Gofo k|0ffnLk|lt g} ljt[i0ff x'G554 eGg] ;d]t ljleGg l;4fGt
k|ltkfbg eO{ Pp6f lgZlrt dfGotf :yflkt ePsf] x'Fbf s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ s'g} s;"/df
cf/f]k nufpFbf ;f] JolQmsf lj?4 lgZrofTds k|df0f /x] ePsf] cleof]ukqdf b]vfpg ;Sg'
kb{5 . k|ltjfbLnfO{ kmfObf jf df]nflxhf ug]{ lx;fan] ;a'b ;+sngdf nfk/afxL ug{' / ug{
lbg' x'Fb}g t/ ;j} cj:yfdf To:tf] nfk/afxLsf] kl/0ffd k|ltjfbLsf] ;kmfOsf] cfwf/ eg] x'g
;Sb}g55 To;} u/L s;"/sf] ;"rgf lbg] JolQmn] k|lts"n sfuh u/]sf] eGg] sf/0fn] dfq s;"/
k'li6 gx'g] cfwf/ aGg ;Sb}g56 eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg ;d]t cleof]hgstf{n] x]Ssf /fVg' kb{5 .
* s;"/sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k x'g uPsf] xflg gf]S;fgL jf Ifltsf] olsg ug]{
k|rlnt sfg"gn] k|To]s ck/fw kLl8tn] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] xs x'g] 57 l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L
o;sf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] / ck/fw ;+lxtfn] sfod u/]sf s;"/af6 kLl8t JolQmnfO{ xflg
gf]S;fgL jfkt cbfntn] dgfl;a Ifltk"lt{ jf lauf] e/fO{ lbg'kg]{58 Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] 5 .
ck/fw kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] ;DaGwdf lglZrt cfwf/ ;d]t sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 59
x'Fbf oL ;a s'/fdf ljrf/ u/L tYo k|df0fn] ;dly{t x'g] u/L jf/bftdf ePsf] Iflt jf xflg
gf]S;fgLsf] olsg pNn]vg cleof]ukqdf ug{' kb{5 .
( jf/bftdf ;+nUg JolQmn] u/]sf] cfk/flws sfo{ jfkt sfg"gåf/f 3f]lift s;"/sf]
klxrfg
jf/bftdf ;+nUg JolQmn] ;f] cfk/flws sfo{df lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsf -cfk/flws sfo{_ nfO{
s'g sfg"gsf] s'g bkmfn] s;"/ s/f/ u/]sf] 5 ;f] s'/f cfleof]ukqsf] cleof]u v08df
v'nfpg' kb{5 . cleof]ukqsf] 9fFrfdf cf/f]k;Fu ;DalGwt sfg"gL Joj:yf eGg] pNn]v
ePsfn] sltko cleof]ukqdf sfg"gnfO{ x'ax' ;fg]{ u/]sf] klg b]lvG5 . t/ sfg"g k"/} ;fg{'
eGbf sfg"gn] s;"/ sfod u/]sf] ljj/0f;Dd cyf{t\ cleo'Qmn] u/]sf] of] o:tf] sfo{nfO{ of]
sfg"gsf] of] bkmf / pkbkmfn] o:tf] s;"/ sfod u/]sf] egL pNn]v ug{' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .
cleo'Qmn] u/]sf] cd's sfo{nfO{ Ps eGbf a9L sfg"gn] ck/fw sfod u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;j}
sfg"g cGt/utsf] s;"/sf] ljj/0f v'nfpg' kb{5 .

53
g]=sf=k= @)^(, c+s !, lg=g+= *&%* .
54
g]=sf=k= @)&), c+s !@, lg=g+= ()(@ .
55
g]=sf=k= @)&!, c+s (, lg=g+= (@%! .
56
g]=sf=k= @)^@, c+s *, lg=g+= &%*@ .
57
d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf #@ , ck/fw kLl8t ;+/If0f P]g, @)&% sf] bkmf !( .
58
k"j{kfb l6Kk0fL bkmf &#-#_, !@&, !#^, !$%, !%#, !^(, !*^, !(*, @)$, @)*, @!&, @@*, @#(, @$&, @*@ cflb .
59
ck/fw kLl8t ;+/If0f P]g, @)&% sf] bkmf #!, kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf $! .
109
cleof]hg ;'wf/ g ldys g dxTjfsf+Iff 111

s'g} klg JolQmn] u/]sf] cfk/flws sfo{jfkt s;"/ sfod x'g cfk/fw kl5sf lghsf
lqmofsnfk klg ljrf/0fLo x'G5g\ t/ s;"/sf] af/]df hfx]/L lbFb}df kmf}hbf/L bfloTjaf6
pGd'lQm eg] kfOb}g .60 To:t} pksf/sf] nflu egL sfg"g lgl;4 sfo{ -s;"/_ ug{ klg
kfOFb}g61 ;fy} kLl8tn] cfk/flws sfo{ kl5 ;ts{tf gckgfPsf] jf pkrf/ gu/]sf] eGg]
sf/0f klg s;"/af6 aRg] cfwf/ aGg ;Sb}g .62 cd's sfo{afkt ltg} ;a'b k|df0fnfO{ cfwf/
lnO{ Ps k6s s;"/ sfod gx'g] lg0f{o u/]sf]df kl5 ;f]xL cj:yfs} ljBdfgtf s;"/ sfod
ug{ ldNb}g63 t/ s'g} sfo{nfO{ Ps eGbf a9L sfg"gn] s;"/ sfod u/]sf] cj:yfdf Pp6f
sfg"g cg';f/ dfq sf/afxL l;ldt ug{ x'Fb}g .64 To;}u/L s'g} klg cfk/flws sfo{df d'Vo
s;"/bf/ sfod geO{ ;xof]uL s;"/bf/ sfod x'g ;Sb}g cyf{t\ ;fljssf] d'n'sL P]g, Hofg
;DaGwL dxnsf] !# g+= adf]lhdsf] d'Vo cleo'Qmsf ;DaGwdf bfaL g} glnO{ !& g+=
adf]lhdsf] dltof/fdf bfaL lng ldNb}g .65
!) s;"/ adf]lhd x'g] ;hfo / yk ;hfo, Joxf]g{'kg]{ Ifltk"lt{ / hkmt ;DaGwL
dfubfaL
cfk/flws sfo{ jfkt s;"/ sfod u/]kl5 ;f] s;"/ / s;"/x¿ jfkt s'g sfg"g adf]lhd s]
slt ;hfo x'g'kg]{ xf], ;j} s;"/ jfkt tt\tt\ sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] ;hfosf] :ki6 dfubfaL
lng' kb{5 . cleo'QmnfO{ clxn]sf] s;"/df x'g] ;hfo, PsLs[t s;"/ jf ;+o'Qm s;"/ afkt
x'g] yk ;hfo, o; cl3 s;"/ u/]sf] sf/0f k6s]df yk ;hfo x'g]df klxn] ;hfo kfPsf]
ldlt / ;hfo ug]{ cbfnt ;d]t pNn]v u/L x'g'kg]{ yk ;hfo, ;Da4 sfg"g / ;hfo x'g'kg]{
sf/0f v'nfO{ k|To]s cleo'Qm lkR5] :ki7 dfubfaL lng'kb{5 .
k|rlnt sfg"gn] lglZrt cj:yfdf, lglZrt zt{sf] clwgdf /xL s;"/ u/]sf] cleo'Qm pk/
sd ;hfo ug]{ dfubfaL lng ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 66 n] sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] ;hfodf s] slt
5'6 lbg] xf], ;f] sf] k|:tfj u/L zt{ ;lxtsf] dfubfaL lng' kb{5 . ;hfodf 5'6 lbg] k|:tfj
j:t'lgi7 x'g'kb{5 cyf{t\ To:tf] cleo'Qmn] cfkm"n] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf s;"/ :jLsf/ u/L
ck/fw / ck/fwLsf] d"n;Dd kQf nufpg cg';Gwfgdf ;xof]u u/]sf] b]lvg' kb{5 . To;}u/L
afnaflnsf, h]i7 gful/s, cfTd/Iffsf] cj:yf, dfgl;s c;Gt'ngdf u/]sf] ck/fw cflbdf
;hfodf sdL jf ;hfo g} gx'g] cj:yfdf ;f]xL adf]lhd ;hfosf] dfubfaL lng' kb{5 .
sltko s;"/nfO{ sfg"gn]67 / sltko s;"/nfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt68 n]
g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L s;"/ sfod u/]sf 5g\, To:tf s;"/df cleof]ukq bfo/ ubf{
g}lts ktg b]lvg] s;"/ sfod u/L kfpg dfubfaL lng' kb{5 .

60
g]=sf=k= @)&#, c+s #, lg=g+= (%^@ .
61
g]=sf=k= @)&!, c+s !, lg=g+= (!)( .
62
g]=sf=k= @)^&, c+s !!, lg=g+= *%)@ .
63
g]=sf=k= @)&@, c+s ^, lg=g+= ($!$ .
64
g]=sf=k= @)^(, c+s *, lg=g+= **&$ k"0f{ O{hnfz .
65
g]=sf=k=@)$^, c+s @, lg=g+= #&$^ .
66
d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf ## .
67
dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf @@ .
110
112 cleof]hg ;'wf/ g ldys g dxTjfsf+Iff

3l6t ck/fwsf] kl/0ffd x'g uPsf] xflg gf]S;fgL jf kLl8tnfO{ k'Ug uPsf] Iflt olsg x'g]
u/L tYo k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f u/L s'g cleo'Qmsf] s] s'g ;DklQaf6 s] slt Ifltk"lt{ s] s'g
sfg"gsf] cfwf/df lbnfpg e/fpg kg]{ xf] ;f] ;DaGwdf ;d]t :ki7 dfubfaL lng' kb{5 .
o;/L Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] k|of]hgsf] nflu ;DalGwt cleo'Qmsf] xs k'Ug] ;DklQsf] ;Dea
eP;Dd b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ljj/0f ;d]t v'nfO{ To:tf ;DklQ /f]Ssf ug{ cg'/f]w ug{' kb{5M
x crn ;DklQsf] xsdf ;f] ;DklQ ePsf] :yfg, wgLsf] gfd, lsQf gDa/, If]qkmn
/ ;f] dWo]af6 k|ltjfbLsf] xs lx:;f,
x ;jf/L ;fwg nufotsf btf{ ;|]:tf x'g] ;DklQ eP btf{jfnfsf] gfd, ;DklQsf]
ljj/0f,
x a}Í jf ljQLo ;+:yfdf df}Hbftdf /x]sf] /sdsf] xsdf a}Í jf ljQLo ;+:yfsf]
gfd, vftfjfnfsf] gfd, vftf gDa/ / df}Hbft /sd,
x cfjlws cfo:tf ePdf ;f]sf] ljj/0f .
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf a/fdb ePsf s;"/;Fu ;DalGwt lrh j:t' hkmt x'g kg]{ eP hkmt
ug]{ sfg"g v'nfO{ dfubfaL lng'kb{5 . o;/L hkmtsf] dfubfaL lnOPsf dfn;fdfg tyf cGo
;DklQsf] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ljj/0f ;g]t v'nfpg' kb{5 .
x dfn;fdfg tyf ;DklQsf] ef}lts cj:yf, kl/df0f / cGo ljj/0f,
x dfn;fdfg tyf ;DklQ lkmtf{ jf hkmt jf gi6 jf x:tfGt/0f ug{' kg]{ ljifo,
x ax'd"No lrhj:t' eP ;f]sf] kl/df0f / u'0f:t/,
x d"No v'Ng] dfn;fdfg tyf ;DklQ eP ;f]sf] k|rlnt d"No,
x cGo cfjZos ljj/0f .
lx/f;tdf /x]sf cleo'Qm eP s'g s'g cleo'QmnfO{ cleof]ukq ;fy k]z ul/Psf] xf], km/f/
/x]sf cleo'Qm eP s'g s'g cleo'QmnfO{ s] s'g sfg"g adf]lhd Dofb hf/L u/L lemsfpg'kg]{
xf] ;f] s'/fsf ;fy} km/f/ cleo'Qmsf xsdf ;DklQ /f]Ssf69 ug]{ jf ;'ljwf s6f}tL70 ug{'kg]{
Joxf]/f ;d]t pNn]v ug{' kb{5 .
cbfntn] cleof]u dfubfaLdf l;ldt /x]/ Gofo lbg'kg]{ x'Fbf c:ki6, sfg"g ljkl/t jf unt
bfaLaf6 kg]{ c;/sf ;DaGwdf bfaLstf{ g} hjfkmb]xL x'g'kb{5 .71 sfg"gn] b'O{j6f pkrf/sf]

68
x]g{'xf];, g]=sf=k= @)#), c+s !, lg=g+=&&$÷g]=sf=k= @)^), c+s %, lg=g+=&@!%÷g]=sf=k=@)^&, c+s !), lg=g+=*$*!÷
g]=sf=k=@)^&, c+s !!, lg=g+= *%)&÷g]=sf=k=@)&#, c+s !), lg=g+=(&)^÷g]=sf=k= @)&%, c+s @, lg=g+= ((^@÷g]=sf=k=
@)&^, c+s &, lg=g+= !)#!# .
69
d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf %* sf] pkbkmf -!%_ .
70
P]hg bkmf ^% .
71
g]=sf=k= @)^$, c+s !!, lg=g+= &()@÷ g]=sf=k= @)%) c+s ( lg=g+= $&(^÷g]=sf=k= @)$&, c+s $, lg=g+= $!@), k"0f{
Ohnf; .
111
cleof]hg ;'wf/ g ldys g dxTjfsf+Iff 113

af6f] b]vfPsf]df eg] s'g pkrf/sf] af6f] cjnDag ug]{ eGg] s'/f cleof]Qmfsf] Jofj;flos
:jtGqtfsf] s'/f x'g] ePsfn] cbfntn] cd's P]gsf] bfaL lnP/ cfpg' eGg ldNb}g .72
!! d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ sfo{ljlw jf ljlwsf s'/f
d'2fsf] k|s[lt / cj:yf cg';f/ aGb Ohnf;af6 ;'g'jfO x'g'kg]{, nuftf/ ;'g'jfO x'g'kg]{ jf
s'g} ljz]if sfo{ljlw ckgfpg' kg]{ ePdf ;f] s'/fsf] lhls/ jf cg'/f]w ug{' kb{5 . nuftf/
sf/afxL / ;'g'jfOnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg cbfntn] km/s Joj:yfkg k4lt c+ufNg'kg]{ u/L
;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 l;4fGt73 ;d]t k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 .
!@ k|:t't ug{'kg]{ ;fIfL k|df0f
cleof]ukqsf] ;j't k|df0f v08df cleof]u dfubfaLnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ df}lvs k|df0f, lnlvt
k|df0f / bzL k|df0f :ki6 ¿kdf v'nfpg' kb{5 . bzL k|df0f v08df a/fdbL d'r'Nsfx¿df
plNnlvt ;fdfgx¿ eGg] / ;fIfL k|df0fsf] xsdf cg';Gwfgdf a'lemPsf dflg;x¿ eGg]
k|j[lQnfO{ r6Ss 5f8L jf/bft;Fu ;DalGwt hfx]/jfnf / k|ltjfbLn] ;gfvt u/]sf] jf
;gfvt ug{;Sg] ef}lts lrhj:t'sf] :j¿k, gfk tf}n kl/0ffd Pj+ u'0f:t/ ;d]t v'nfO{ Ps
Ps u/L bzL k|df0f dxndf v'nfpg' kb{5 .
s;"/sf] ;"rgf ug]{ hfx]/jfnf, k|ltjfbL pk/ nufPsf] cleof]unfO{ k'li6 ug]{ u/L df}sfdf
sfuh ug]{, df}sf txlssft jf d'r'Nsfx¿df /f]xj/df a:g] dflg;x¿jf sfd tfd]n ug]{
sd{rf/L74 Pj+ s'g} s'/fsf] k/LIf0f u/L /fo lbg] ljz]if1sf] olsg klxrfg v'Ng] ljj/0f ujfx
eGg] dxndf PsPs u/L v'nfpg' kb{5 . cg';Gwfgdf a'lemPs} eP klg cleof]u
dfubfaLnfO{ ;dy{g gug]{ k|lts"n ;fIfLnfO{ k|df0fdf pNn]v ug{' xF'b}g . cbfnt ;dIf
k/LIf0f gePsf] ;fIfLnfO{ k|df0fdf u|x0f ug{ gldNg],75 ;fIfLn] cfˆg} OlG›on] b]v], ;'g],
a'em]sf] cyf{t\ k|ToIf eP dfq k|df0fdf nfUg],76 ePsfn] k|df0f nfos ;fIfLnfO{ o; dxndf
pNn]v ug{ 5'6fpg' xF'b}g .77 d'2fdf /flvPsf ;fIfLn] klg d'2f;Fu ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgsf] hjfkm
lbg' lghsf] st{Jo x'G5 .78 To;}u/L ljz]if1n] klg ;fIfL ;/x askq gu/];Dd lghn] lbPsf]
/fonfO{ k|df0fdf glnOg]79 ePsfn] ljz]if1nfO{ klg uafx dxndf pNn]v ug{' kb{5 .
kf]lnu|fkm k/LIf0faf6 lg:s]sf] lgisif{ Pj+ /fonfO{ k|df0fsf] ¿kdf u|fXo ug{ ;lsg] u/L
l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5 .80

72
g]=sf=k= @)&^, c+s $, lg=g+= !)@$$, g]=sf=k= @)^@, c+s %, lg=g+= &%#$, k"0f{ Ohnf; .
73
g]=sf=k= @)&), c+s !!, lg=g+= ()&* .
74
g]=sf=k= @)$(, c+s %, lg=g+= $%#( .
75
g]=sf=k= @)&!, c+s %, lg=g+= (!&@
76
g]=sf=k= @)## c+s ! lg=g+= (^& km"n a]~r, g]=sf=k= @)$) c+s @ lg=g+=!@%%, g]=sf=k= @)%! c+s # lg=g+= $*** ,g]=sf=k=
@)^^ c+s # lg=g+= *)(# .
77
g]=sf=k= @)%^, c+s &, lg=g+= ^&^) .
78
g]=sf=k= @)^&, c+s !@, lg=g+= *%!& .
79
g]=sf=k= @)#^, c+s !, lg=g+= !@%% ÷ g]=sf=k= @)$#, c+s $, lg=g+= @^**÷g]=sf=k= @)%!, c+s !, lg=g+= $*%^÷ g]=sf=k=
@)^#, c+s $, lg=g+= &^*^ .
80
g]=sf=k= @)&%, c+s #, lg=g+= ((*) .
112
114 cleof]hg ;'wf/ g ldys g dxTjfsf+Iff

cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ;+sng ul/Psf k|df0fnfos lnvtsf] ljj/0f, To;sf] :j¿k / cj:yf
;d]t lnvt k|df0fsf] dxndf pNn]v ug{' kb{5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 kmf]6f], lel8of], cl8of],
l;=l8= cflb l8lh6n ;fdu|Lx¿ lnvt k|df0fdf kg]{ / lnvt / sfuh eg]sf] Pp6} xf] eGg81
/ ;Ssn lnvt x/fPsf]df l/tk"j{ssf] k|ltlnkLnfO{ sfg"gL dfGotf k|fKt x'g] 82 egL JofVof
ePsf] 5 .
!# ;+nUg ug{'kg]{ sfuhft
cleof]ukqsf] ;+nUg sfuhft v08df l;nl;n]jf/ ¿kdf ldl;n ;+slnt sfuhft, ;j'b
k|df0f, bzL, k|df0f nfUg] lrh j:t', cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf lnPsf] eP w/f}6 jf hdfgt /
lx/f;tdf /x]sf cleo'Qmsf] ljj/0f cleof]ukq ;fy k]z ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu kl~hsf agfO{
ldl;n ;+nUg u/L k|:t't sfuhkqx¿ eGg] dxndf kl~hsfdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd sfuhft,
j:t' ;d]t /x]sf] kmfOn yfg == olt egL pNn]v ug{' kb{5 . kl~hsf adf]lhd ldl;ndf /xg]
sfuhftdf cleo'Qmsf] eP;Ddsf] b'j} xftsf] rf]/L cf}Fnfx¿sf] 5fk, jf:tljs klxrfg x'g]
ljj/0f, lghsf] kmf]6f], gful/stf jf /fxbfgL, ;jf/L rfns Ohfhtkq jf lghsf] jf:tljs
kl/ro v'Ng] cGo sfuhftsf] k|ltlnlk ;d]t ldl;n ;+nUg ug{' kb{5 . cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf
ldl;n ;+slnt s'g} klg sfuhft rfx] To:tf] sfuh cleof]u dfubfaLsf] k|lts"n g} lsg
gxf];\ ldl;naf6 x6fpg gkfOg] u/L k/dfb]z hf/L ePsf] 5 . 83
!$ cleof]ukqdf b:tvt tyf 5fk
cleof]ukqsf] clGtddf cleof]ukq k|:t't ug]{ ;/sf/L jsLnsf] gfd, bhf{ :ki6 a'lemg]
cIf/df pNn]v u/L ;lx5fk u/L ldlt ;d]t hgfpg' kb{5 . o;/L b:tvt ubf{
cleof]ukqsf] klxnf] kfgfsf] lz/nfO{ 5f8]/ k|To]s kfgfsf] lz/ / k'R5f/df ;d]t b:tvt
u/L k|To]s kfgfsf] lz/df / clGtd kfgfsf] afFoftkm{ c•fsf] 5fk ;d]t nufpg' kb{5 .
Jojxf/df sltko cleof]ukqdf s'g ;/sf/L jsLnn] cleof]ukqdf b:tvt u/]sf] xf] egL
5'6\ofpg g;lsg] u/L ga'lemg] ;xL u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvPsf] x'Fbf o:tf] sfOt] k|j[lQnfO{
k'g/fj[lQ gug{ ;'emfOPsf] 5 .
!% ljljw
cleof]ukq tof/ ubf{ r':t cleof]hg -Smart Prosecution_ sf] l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag ug{'
kb{5 . cbfntdf cleof]ukq bfo/ e};s]kl5 k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd yk bfaL lng ;lsg],84
cleof]ukq ;+zf]wg ug{ ;lsg]85 cleof]ukqdf ePsf ;fgftfgf q'l6 ;Rofpg lgj]bg lbg
;lsg]86 ePsfn] o; ;DaGwdf ;d]t cj:yf / cfjZostf cg';f/ sf/afxL ug{' kb{5 .
k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd uf]kgLotf sfod ug{'kg]{ kIfsf] xsdf cleof]ukq tof/ ubf{ ;d]t
klxrfg gv'Ng] u/L kl/jlt{t gfd / ljj/0f pNn]v ug{' kb{5 . lgbf]{if JolQmnfO{ km;fpg] jf
81
g]=sf=k= @)^(, c+s !), lg=g+= *()%÷ g]=sf=k= @)&), c+s ^, lg=g+= ()@@÷g]=sf=k= @)&$, c+s (, lg=g+= (**) .
82
g]=sf=k= @)&%, c+s @, lg=g+= ((%% .
83
g]=sf=k= @)%&, c+s !)÷!!, lg=g+= ^(%# .
84
d'n'sL sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf #% .
85
P]hg bkmf #^ .
86
P]hg bkmf #& .
113
cleof]hg ;'wf/ g ldys g dxTjfsf+Iff 115

jf:tljs s;"/bf/nfO{ hf]ufpg] p2]Zon] jblgotk"j{s cleof]hg ug{ x'Fb}g . ;dfg tYo /
k|df0f ePsf d'2fdf cleof]hg ubf{ Ps¿ktf sfod x'g] u/L lg0f{o ug{' kb{5 .
cGtdf, xfd|f] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLdf cfw'lgs sfnsf] k|f/lDes ;dob]lv xfn;Dd ul/Fb}
cfPsf] cleof]hg ;DaGwL ;/sf/L jsLnn] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{ dWo] d'Vo sfo{ cleof]ukq
tof/ ug]{ sfo{df ;do ;dodf dxTjk"0f{ kl/jt{g / ;'wf/ klg x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . tyflk dfly
pb\w[t ul/Psf ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt ljleGg l;4fGt / cGo dfGo l;4fGt ;d]tnfO{
b[li6ut ubf{ cleof]hg ;DaGwL sfo{df q'l6 gePsf] eGg ;lsg] cj:yf eg] 5}g . To;}n]
cleof]hgdf lg/Gt/ ;'wf/sf] h¿/t b]lvG5 . ljutsf sltko sfg"gnfO{ k|lt:yfkg,
;+zf]wg u/L @)&% ;fn ef› ! ut] b]lv nfu" ePsf d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$, d'n'sL
kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ ;d]tsf gofF sfg"gn] ljleGg s;"/sf] kl/efiffdf ;d]t yk
/ kl/dfh{g u/]sf], kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw nufot cleof]ukqsf] 9fFrfdf ;d]t kl/jt{g u/]sf]
kl/k|]Iodf z'¿sf lbgx¿df s]xL låljwf / sfof{Gjogdf cg]stf b]lvPsf]n] ltgnfO{ x6fpg
lg/Gt/sf] 5nkmn, cg'lzIf0f, k|lzIf0f, cg'udg / sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg ;d]t ul/of] .
sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'sf ;fy} sfg"gdf ;do
;fk]If ;'wf/sf] u'~hfo; ;w} /lx/xg] s'/fnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsFb}g . tyflk cfhsf lbg;Dd cfO{
k'Ubf gofF sfg"g adf]lhd ug{'kg]{ cleof]hg ;DaGwL ;/sf/L jsLnsf] sfddf cem} klg
c:ki6tf jf låljwf /xL/x]sf] eGg ldNg] cj:yf gePsfn] sfg"g / :yflkt dfGotf cg';f/
sfo{ ug{ OdfGbf/ k|of;sf] h¿/t b]lvPsf] 5 . dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{non] u/]sf] 3f]if0ff
adf]lhd of] jif{nfO{ cleof]hg ;'wf/ jif{sf] ¿kdf cufl8 n}hfg' kb{5 . of] ljifonfO{
ldyssf] ¿kdf /fVg' x'Fb}g g t dxTjfsf+Iffsf] ¿kdf lrq0f ug{' pko'Qm x'G5 . o;nfO{ t
d"n sfddf ;'wf/sf nflu ul/Psf] k|of; dfg]/ ;/f]sf/jfnf ;a} kIfaf6 ;sf/fTds
lqmofzLntf k|bz{g x'g' kb{5 .

YZ

114
116 cleof]hg ;'wf/ g ldys g dxTjfsf+Iff
cleof]hg ;'wf/ g ldys g dxTjfsf+Iff 117
jif{ #, c° !

g]kfnsf] af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/

;DaGwL sfg"g / ;'wf/sf If]qx¿

# ;+hLj/fh /]UdLi

!= af}l4s ;DklQsf] cjwf/0ff

dflg;sf] af}l4stf cyf{t 1fg, ;Lk, >dsf] k|of]u u/L cfˆgf] :jfldTjdf ul/Psf] l;h{gf
af}l4s ;DklQ xf] . af}l4s ;DklQ dfgj dl:tisaf6 l;lh{t -Creation of mind_ ;DklQ
xf] . o;df dl:tissf] ;Lk / Ifdtfsf] k|of]u x'G5 / To:tf] l;h{gf ;dfhsf] ;flxlTos /
cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf nflu pkof]uL x'G5 . s'g} klg j:t', Joj;fosf] l;h{gf, cGj]if0f,
cg';Gwfg, vf]h, df}lns klxrfg, snfTds sfo{, ;+uLt, ;flxlTos s[lt, jf:t'snf, lrqsnf,
vf]hL, k|tLs, rnlrq, l8hfOg, k]6]G6, 6«]8dfs{ cflb af}l4s ;DklQ cGtu{t kb{5g\ .
dflg;sf] a'l4n] l;h{gf u/]sf o:tf ;DklQdf ;h{ssf] clwsf/ /xG5 / af}l4s ;DklQ
;DaGwL sfg"gn] o:tf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ub{5 .
af}l4s ;DklQdf l;h{gf ug]{ JolQmsf] :jtGqtf / ;fj{ef}d;Qfdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . gofF
l;h{gfdf cfwfl/t x'G5 / ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf k|]lift x'G5 . ef}lts ;DklQdf h:t} af}l4s
;DklQsf] klg :jfldQ\j x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;Dkltsf] kl/efiffdf rn crn nufot
;j} k|sf/sf ;DklQnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 / ;f] cGtu{t af}l4s ;DklQ klg kb{5 .1 o;sf]
:jfefljs cy{ sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL k|To]s JolQmn] af}l4s ;DklQ cfh{g ug{, a]rljvg ug{,
Jofj;flos nfe k|fKt ug{ tyf cGo sf/f]af/ ug]{ clwsf/ /fVb5 . o;nfO{ af}l4s ;DklQ
clwsf/ elgG5 . af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] sf/0f To:tf] ;DklQsf] ;'/Iff x'G5 . h;sf
sf/0f dflg;x¿ gofF vf]h / cfljisf/ ug{ tyf gofF l;h{gf ug{ pT;flxt x'G5 . ;dfhsf]
cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ljsf;sf nflu gofF ;f]r, cfljisf/, cg';Gwfg cfjZos
kb{5 . o;sf nflu lg/Gt/ / cgj/t cWoog / cg';Gwfg tyf k|of; h?/L x'G5 . o:tf]
k|of;nfO{ pTk|]l/t u/L dflg; tyf ;+:yfsf] 1fg, ;Lk, Ifdtfsf] ;+/If0f ug{ af}l4s ;DklQsf]
cawf/0ff ljsf; ePsf] xf] . lj1fg k|ljlw, snf, ;flxTo, ;+:s[lt, k|fs[lts h}ljs ljljwtf
h:tf ;|f]tsf] ljsf; / ;Da4g{df af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/sf] dxTj /xG5 . s'g} JolQmsf]
cfh{g u/]sf] cGo ;DklQ ;/x af}l4s ;DklQsf] /Iff ug{' /fHosf] k|d'v bfloTj /x]sf] x'G5 .
cfhsf] o'udf j}b]lzs nufgLsf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{gsf nflu klg af}l4s ;DklQsf] k|efjsf/L

i
;xGofoflwjQmf, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, g]kfn .
1
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @% sf] pkwf/f ! sf] :ki6Ls/0f .
115
118 g]kfnsf] af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"g / ;'wf/sf If]qx¿

;+/If0f / sfof{Gjog clgjfo{ dflgG5 . pBdLsf] k]6]G6 l8hfog / 6«]8dfs{ h:tf af}l4s
;DklQsf] ;+/If0f /fHon] ug{'kb{5 .2
af}l4s ;DklQsf] cl:tTj k|frLg /f]dgsfnLg ;dfhdf cl:tTjdf /x]sf] dflgP klg cfw'lgs
cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; j]nfotdf ;qf}+ ztfJbLaf6 ePsf] kfOG5 . ljZjsf clwsfz d'n'ssf]
sfg"g k|0ffnLdf af}l4s ;DklQn] :yfg kfPsf] 5 . ljZj af}l4s ;DklQ ;+u7g -World
Intellectual Property Organization_ :yfkgf ug]{ !(^& sf] dxf;lGwn] af}l4s ;DklQsf]
kl/efiff gu/]klg af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ cGtu{t ;flxlTos, snfTds / j}1flgs sfo{,
snfsf/x¿sf] k|:t'lts/0f, kmf]gf]u|fd pTkfbg / k|zf/0f, dfgj hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt ;a}
cfljisf/x¿, j}1flgs vf]hx¿, cf}Bf]lus l8hfOgx¿, 6«]8dfs{x¿, ;le{; dfs{x¿,
Jofj;flos gfd / lrGxx¿, c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ lj?4sf] ;+/If0f, cf}Bf]lus, j}1flgs, ;flxlTos
jf snfTds If]qsf] lqmofsnfkx¿af6 ;[hgf x'g] cGo clwsf/x¿nfO{ ;+/If0f k|fKt x'g]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .3 af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f ug{'kg]{ cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf ;j{k|yd cf}Bf]lus
;DklQ clwsf/ ;+/If0f ;DaGwL k]l/; dxf;lGw, !**# / ;flxlTos tyf snfTds sfo{sf]
;+/If0f ;DaGwL jg{ dxf;lGw, !**^ sf] lgdf{0f kZrft ePsf] xf] . log} dxf;lGwsf Joj:yf
tyf ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] TRIPS ;+emf}tfsf cfwf/df ljZjsf clwsf+z d'n'sx¿n] af}l4s
;DklQ clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ .
@= af}l4s ;DklQsf k|sf/
af}l4s ;DklQnfO{ d"ntM k|ltlnlk clwsf/ / cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ clwsf/ b'O{ k|sf/df
ljefhg ul/G5 .
!= k|ltlnlk clwsf/
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;flxlTos / snfTds l;h{gf;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . h:tf] lstfj
n]vg, ;+uLt /rgf, k]lG6ª, rnlrq / k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t sfo{ h:t}M sDKo'6/
k|f]u|fd, lbB'tLo 8f6fj]; cflb. o;nfO{ ;h{ssf] clwsf/sf] ¿kdf dflgG5 .
of] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] ;fdflhs p2]Zo n]vs jf ;h{ssf] df}lns /
/rgfTdstfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg / ljsf; ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ / k'/:s[t ug{' xf] .
o;sf] ;+/If0fn] snf, ;flxTo, k/Dk/fut 1fg, k/Dk/fut, ;f+:s[lts cleJolQmsf]
ljsf; ug{ / b]zsf] cy{tGqdf of]ubfg lbg ;S5 . k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf
nflu n]vs jf ;h{ssf] /rgf df}lns x'g'kb{5 eg] To:tf] l;h{gf ;flxTo, snf,
1fg lj1fg;Fu ;DalGwt x'g'kb{5 . k|ltlnlk clwsf/n] To:tf] /rgf jf k|:t'lt
u'0f:t/Lo, pkof]uL jf d"Nojfg x'g' kb{5 eGg] cfu|x /fVb}g . o;n] ;h{snfO{
cfly{s tyf g}lts b'j} clwsf/ k|bfg ub{5 .
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ /rgfsf] lgdf{0f jf l;h{gf kZrft\ k|fKt x'G5 . cyf{t\ s'g} klg
/rgf btf{ ug{ clgjfo{ x'b}g t/ :j]lR5s btf{ ug{ ;lsG5 . df}lnstf / Go'gtd\
/rgfTdstf tyf :jtGq sfo{ k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf clgjfo{ zt{x¿ x'g\ .
2
g]=sf=k=@)^*, c+s # lg=g= *%&& .
3
:6sxf]d ;lGw !$ h'nfO{ !(^& sf] wf/f @-&_ .
116
g]kfnsf] af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"g / ;'wf/sf If]qx¿ 119

Tyflk ;|f]t pNn]v u/L p2/0f ;DaGwL lgodsf] cfwf/df s'g} klg /rgfsf] p2/0f
ug{ ;lsG5 eg] lzIf0f sfo{ tyf k7g kf7gsf] nflu k|of]u ug{ kfOG5 . o;sf]
cy{ s'g} klg /rgf jf l;h{gfsf] lgikIf / :jR5 k|of]u ug{ kfOg] s'/fnfO{
k|ltlnlk clwsf/n] lgif]w ub}{g .
@= cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ clwsf/
af}l4s ;DklQsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ ¿k cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ clwsf/ xf] . cfljisf/,
cf}Bf]lus l8hfOg, 6«]8dfs{, ;le{; dfs{ / Jofj;flos gfd tyf lrGxx¿,
ef}uf]lns klxrfg, Jofkfl/s uf]Kotf cflb cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ cGtu{t kb{5g\ . ;fy}
c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ lj?4sf] ;+/If0fnfO{ o;;Fu ;DalGwt clwsf/sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 .
s'g} klg k|fljlws cfljisf/ jf pTkfbgdf k]6]G6, j:t'sf] gf}nf] l8hfog jf j:t'
jf ;]jfdf k|of]u x'g] ljleGg k|sf/sf lrGxx¿ cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ x'g\ .
cf}Bf]lus ;DklQsf] ;+/If0fsf] p2]Zo pTkflbt j:t' tyf ;]jf k|of]u jf vl/bdf
u|fxsnfO{ em'lSsg] cj:yfaf6 ;+/If0f ug{' / gofF cfljisf/ l8hfog / k|ljlwsf]
l;h{gfdf k|f]T;flxt ug{' xf] . o;sf] k|of]u pBf]u / Jofkfl/s j:t' jf ;]jfdf dfq
ge} s[lifhGo pBf]u / k|fs[lts pTkfbg h:t} wfg, kmnkm'ndf klg ul/G5 .4
#= af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwx¿
!= cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ clwsf/ ;+/If0f ;DaGwL k]l/; dxf;lGw, !**#
cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ h:t} k]6]G6, 6«]8dfs{, cf}Bf]lus l8hfog, Jofkfl/s gfd, 6«]8
;]qm]6, ef}uf]lns klxrfg / unfair competition sf] ;DaGwdf of] dxf;lGw lgdf{0f
ePsf] xf] . af}l4s ;DklQ ;+/If0fsf ;DaGwdf ;b:o /fHox¿sf nflu ;fdfGo
lgodsf] Joj:yf ug]{ klxnf] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwsf] ¿kdf o;nfO{ lnOG5 . o;
dxf;lGwn] cf}Bf]lus ;DklQsf] ;+/If0fdf National treatment / Right of priority
k|fKt x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .5 dxf;lGwn] cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ pk/ Psflwsf/ k|fKt
ug]{ k|s[of, Psflwsf/sf] calw / pNnªgsf] cj:yfdf k|fKt x'g] pkrf/
nufotsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{'kg]{ bfloTj ;b:o /fHodf /fv]sf] 5 . g]kfn @))!
sf] dfr{ @@ df of] ;lGwsf] kIf ePsf] 5 .
@= ;flxlTos tyf snfTds sfo{sf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwL jg{ dxf;lGw, !**^
n]vs jf ;h{ssf] l;h{gfTds / ;flxTos sfo{ -literary and artistic works_ /
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f;Fu ;DalGwt dxf;lGwsf] ¿kdf jg{ ;lGw lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] .
literary and artistic works cGtu{t ;flxlTos, j}1flgs / snfTds pTkfbg h:t}

4
k]l/; dxf;lGw, !**# sf] wf/f !-#_ .
5
P] wf/f @ / # .
117
120 g]kfnsf] af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"g / ;'wf/sf If]qx¿

k':ts, kDn]6, cGo l;h{gf, ;+uLthGo sfo{, l;g]df, gf6s, cfls{6]S6 l8hfog
cflb ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .6 g]kfn cS6f]a/ !!, @))% df ;lGwsf] kIf ag]sf] 5 .
#= ljZj af}l4s ;DklQ ;+u7g :yfkgf ;DaGwL :6sxf]d dxf;lGw, !(^&
;+o'Qm /fi6;+3Lo ljlzli6s[t ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf of] ;+u7g !(^& df :yfkgf ePsf]
xf] . o;sf d'Vo b'O{ p2]Zo /x]sf 5g . klxnf] ljZje/ af}l4s ;DklQ ;+/If0fsf]
k|a{4g x'g] sfo{ ug{' / bf];|f] ;b:o /fHox¿ aLr af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/sf
ljifodf k|zf;lgs ;xof]u lj:tf/ ug{' xf] . p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ;+u7gn] af}l4s
;DklQ ;+/If0f ug{ dfkb08 tof/ ug]{ tyf af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f
sfo{df ;xof]u ug]{ nufot ;b:o /fHosf lgsfox¿nfO{ sfg"gL / k|fljlws
;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] sfo{ ub{5 . ;b:o /fi6sf nflu af}l4s ;DklQ
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf ;Gbe{df 5nkmn tyf ;xof]u cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ dxTjk"0f{
kmf]/dsf] ¿kdf WIPO /x]sf] 5 . gf]j]Da/ $,!((^ df g]kfn ;+u7gsf] ;b:o
ag]sf] xf] .
$= Jofkf/ ;Dj4 af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;+emf}tf !((% -TRIPS
Agreement_

af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL lj:t[t ax'kIfLo ;+emf}tfsf] ¿kdf TRIPS Agreement

!((% hgj/L b]lv sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] xf] . o; ;+emf}tfn] d"ntM af}l4s
;DklQsf] ;DaGwdf tLgj6f ljz]iftfnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . klxnf] x/]s ;b:o
/fi6n] af}l4s ;DklQ ;+/If0f ;DaGwdf cjnDag ug{'kg]{ Go'gtd\ dfkb08 lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] 5 . bf];|f] af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfGtl/s sfo{ljlw
tyf pkrf/ ;DaGwdf nfu" x'g] ;fdfGo l;4fGt tf]s]sf] 5 . T];|f] ;b:o /fHox¿
jLr pTkGg x'g] af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL ljjfbx¿sf] ;dfwfg ;DaGwL sfo{ljlwsf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .7 ;+emf}tfsf k|fjwfgx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ cfˆgf] sfg"g k|0ffnLleq
pko'Qm tl/sf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;b:o /fi6x¿ :jtGq /xg] Joj:yf o; ;+emf}tfn]
u/]sf] 5 . ;+emf}tfsf] p4]Zosf nflu af}l4s ;DklQ cGtu{t slk/fO6 / ;DalGwt
clwsf/ 6«]8dfs{ k]6]G6 l8hfog ef}uf]lns klxrfgn] cfp6 l8hfog uf]Ko
;"rgfnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .8
$= g]kfndf af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ / sfg"gL Joj:yf
g]kfndf af}l4s ;DklQnfO{ ;DklQsf] kl/efiff cGtu{t ;dfj]z u/L df}lns xssf] ¿kdf
sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL ;+/If0f k|fKt x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;DaGwL ljifo ;+3sf]
clwsf/ ;"rLdf /flvPsf] 5 .9 o;sf] cy{ af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL ljifo ;+3Lo sfg"gåf/f
lgoldt / ;+/lIft x'g] ljifo xf] . af}l4s ;DklQ ;+/If0fsf ;DaGwdf g]kfnn] !((# ;fndf

6
;flxlTos tyf snfTds sfo{sf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwL jg{ dxf;lGw, !**^ sf] wf/f @ .
7
Agreement on Trade related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights part 1.
8
P] wf/f ! sf] pkwf/f -@_ .
9
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @% / cg';"rL % sf] qm=;= @$ .
118
g]kfnsf] af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"g / ;'wf/sf If]qx¿ 121

k]6]G6, l8hfog / 6«]8dfs{ sfg"g lgdf{0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;f] sfg"gnfO{ k|lt:yfkg u/L hf/L
ePsf] k]6]G6, l8hfog / 6«]8dfs{ P]g, @)@@ clxn] axfn /x]sf] 5 . o; P]gn] d"ntM tLg
k|sf/sf cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ k|s[of, Psflwsf/sf] cfwf/ / cjlwsf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ @)%( ;fndf ag]sf] P]g nfu" /x]sf]
5 . o; cl3 k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g, @)@@ hf/L e} nfu" lyof] .
af}l4s ;DklQ ;+/If0fsf ;DaGwdf k]l/; tyf jg{ dxf;lGwsf] kIf aGg'sf ;fy} ;g\ !((& df
ljZj af}l4s ;DklQ ;+u7gsf] ;d]t g]kfn ;b:o ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L ;g\ @))$ df ljZj
Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKKt u/L Jofkf/ ;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;Demf}tf -
Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights-TRIPs_ sf] ;d]t kIf
ag]sf] 5 .
$=!= k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g,@)%(
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy ag]sf] of] sfg"gn] ;flxTo, snf,
1fg–lj1fg / cGo If]qdf df}lns Pj+ af}l4s ¿kn] k|:t't ul/Psf /rgfnfO{ k|ltlnlk
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f k|fKt x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . /rgf cGtu{t lstfa, krf{, n]v, zf]wkq,
gf6s, gf6\o–;+uLt, d's lrq / o:t} lsl;dn] d~rgsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf /rgf, zAb
;lxt jf zAb /lxt ;f+uLlts /rgf >Jo b[Zo /rgf, cfls{6]Sr/n l8hfOg, lrqsnf, k]lG6Ë,
d"lt{snf, sfi7snf, lnyf]u|fkmL / cfls{6]Sr/ ;DaGwL cGo /rgf, kmf]6f]hGo /rgf,
k|of]ufTds snf ;DaGwL /rgf, p4/0f, dfglrq, of]hgf, e"uf]n ;DaGwL lq–cfoflds /rgf,
6f]kf]u|fkmL / j}1flgs n]v /rgf, sDKo'6/ k|f]u|fd ;dfj]z 5g\ .10
$=!=!= k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / cjlw
s'g} klg /rgfnfO{ k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f k|fKt x'G5 . T/ s'g} ljrf/, wd{, ;dfrf/,
;+rfng ljlw, cjwf/0ff, l;4fGt, cbfntsf] km};nf, k|zf;lgs lg0f{o, nf]suLt, nf]ssyf,
pvfg / ;fdfGo tYofÍ h:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ JoQm jf j0f{g jf JofVof ul/P jf s'g} /rgfdf
;dfj]z ul/Psf] eP tfklg k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f k|fKt x'Fb}g .11 k|ltlnlk clwsf/ k|fKt
ug{ s'g} klg /rgf, WjlgcÍg, k|:t'lt jf k|;f/0f btf{ u/fpg clgjfo{ ul/Psf] 5}g t/
:j]R5fn] btf{ u/fpg rfx]df /lhi6«f/ ;dIf lgj]bg lbO{ btf{ u/fpg ;lsG5 .12
/rlotfnfO{ k|fKt cfly{s / g}lts clwsf/ /rlotfsf] hLjge/ / lghsf] d[To' ePsf]df d[To'
ePsf] jif{af6 krf; jif{;Dd ;+/lIft x'G5 . o;}u/L ;+o'Qm ¿kdf tof/ ul/Psf] /rgfsf]
cfly{s / g}lts clwsf/sf] xsdf /rlotfx¿ dWo] ;a}eGbf kl5 d[To' x'g] /rlotfsf] d[To'
ePsf] jif{af6 krf; jif{;Dd ;+/lIft /xG5 . Jofjxfl/s snf ;DaGwL /rgf / kmf]6f]hGo
/rgfsf] cfly{s tyf g}lts clwsf/ To:tf] /rgf tof/ ePsf] jif{af6 kRrL; jif{;Dd
;+/lIft x'G5 . s'g} /rgfsf] /rlotf Pp6} eP lghsf] / b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L /rlotf eP tL

10
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @ s= .
11
P] bkmf $ .
12
P] bkmf % .
119
122 g]kfnsf] af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"g / ;'wf/sf If]qx¿

dWo] s'g} Pssf] d[To' ePkl5 k|sflzt /rgfsf] xsdf ;f] /rgf k|sfzg ePsf] jif{af6 krf;
jif{;Dd ;+/lIft x'G5 .13
$=!=@= k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf ¿kx¿
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ cGtu{t ;h{s jf /rlotfnfO{ cfly{s / g}lts clwsf/ k|fKt x'G5 . cfly{s
clwsf/ cGtu{t /rlotfnfO{ cfˆgf] /rgfsf] k'g?Tkfbg ug]{, cg'jfb ug]{, kl/dfh{g jf
;+zf]wg ug]{, ;+of]hg nufot cGo ¿kfGt/0f ug]{, d"n / k|ltlnlk ;j{;fwf/0fsf] nflu laqmL
ljt/0f jf axfndf lbg], >Jo b[Zo /rgf, WjlgcÍg ;dflji6 /rgf, sDKo'6/ sfo{qmd,
tYofÍdf cfwfl/t jf u|fkm :j¿kdf /x]sf] ;fËLlts /rgfsf] cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt clwsf/
x:tfGt/0f ug]{ jf axfndf lbg], /rgfsf] k|ltlnlk cfoft ug]{, d"n /rgf jf ;f] /rgfsf]
k|ltlnlksf] ;fj{hlgs k|bz{g ug]{, k|:t'lt ug]{, k|;f/0f ug]{ tyf ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/ ug]{
clwsf/ /xG5 .
/rgfsf] cfly{s clwsf/sf] klxnf] wgL /rlotf x'G5 eg] ;+o'Qm /rgfsf xsdf
;x/rlotfnfO{ cfly{s clwsf/ k|fKt x'G5 . ;+o'Qm /rgf v08 v08df ljeflht /x]5 / cnu
cnu v08 cnu cnu /rlotfsf] lx;fan] klxrfg x'g] lsl;dsf] /x]5 / cnu cnu
lsl;dn] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] /x]5 eg] /rgf u/]sf] k|To]s v08sf] nflu ;DalGwt /rlotfnfO{
cfly{s clwsf/ x'G5 . o;}u/L s'g} JolQm jf ;+:yfsf] ;lqmotf jf lgb]{zgdf ;+o'Qm /rgf
tof/ ul/Psf] eP ;f] tof/ u/fpg] JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ cfly{s clwsf/ k|fKt x'G5 . s;}n]
kfl/>lds lbO{ s'g} /rgf tof/ ug{ nufPsf] eP To:tf] kfl/>lds lbg] JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ /
a]gfdL /rgfsf] xsdf ;f] /rgfsf] /rlotf k|dfl0ft gx'Gh]n ;f] /rgfsf] k|sfzsnfO{ cfly{s
clwsf/ /xG5 . s/f/df cGoyf pNn]v ul/Psf]df afx]s >Jo b[Zo /rgfsf] xsdf To:tf]
/rgfsf] pTkfbsnfO{ k|fKt x'G5 .14
s'g} /rgfdf /rlotfsf] cfly{s clwsf/ lglxt /x] jf g/x]sf] h];'s} eP tfklg To:tf]
/rlotfnfO{ g}lts clwsf/ k|fKt x'G5 . g}lts clwsf/ cGtu{t cfˆgf] /rgfsf k|ltx¿df jf
cfˆgf] /rgf ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf k|of]u ul/Pdf To:tf] /rgfdf cfˆgf] gfd pNn]v ug{ nufpg],
cfˆgf] /rgfnfO{ aË\ofO{ jf ljs[t ¿kdf k|:t't u/L lghn] cfh{g u/]sf] ;Ddfg jf
VofltnfO{ lu/fpg] h:tf sfo{ /f]Sg], cfˆgf] /rgfdf cfjZos ;+zf]wg jf kl/dfh{g ug]{
clwsf/ /xG5g\ .
g}lts clwsf/ /rlotfsf] hLjge/ x:tfGt/0f x'Fb}g t/ /rlotfn] cfˆgf] d[To' kZrft\ nfu"
x'g] u/L To:tf] clwsf/ x:tfGt/0f ug{ s;}nfO{ OR5fPsf] eP To;/L OR5fPsf] JolQm jf
;+:yfnfO{ / To;/L OR5fPsf] geP glhssf] xsjfnfdf ;b{5 .15
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ wgLn] cfly{s clwsf/dWo] ;a} jf s]xL clwsf/ lnlvt ¿kdf ;Demf}tf u/L
c?nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug{ jf s'g} zt{ tf]sL jf gtf]sL k|of]u ug{ cg'dlt lbg ;S5 eg] g}lts
clwsf/ k|fKt JolQmn] cfˆgf] d[To'kl5 nfu" x'g] u/L k|fKt g}lts clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu

13
P] bkmf !$ .
14
P] bkmf & .
15
P] bkmf * .
120
g]kfnsf] af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"g / ;'wf/sf If]qx¿ 123

/rgfdf cfˆgf] gfd gx6fpg] zt{ ;lxt lnlvt ¿kdf ;Demf}tf u/L s;}nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug{
;S5 . o;/L k|ltlnlk clwsf/ wgLaf6 clwsf/ x:tfGt/0f u/L lng] JolQmn] To;/L
x:tfGt/0f u/L lnPsf] clwsf/ afx]s cGo s'g} sfd sf/jfxL ug{ kfpFb}g .16
$=!=#= cg'dlt ljgf k|ltlnlk clwsf/ k|fKt ;fdu|L k|of]u ug{ kfOg] cj:yf
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]gn] lgDg cj:yfdf k|ltlnlk clwsf/ wgLsf] cg'dlt ljgf k|ltlnlk
clwsf/ k|fKt ;fdfu|L k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .17
x JolQmut k|of]hgsf] nflu s'g} klg k|sflzt /rgfsf] s]xL efu k'g?Tkfbg ug{,
x /rgfsf] s]xL c+z ;Tsfo{sf] nflu /rlotf jf k|ltlnlk clwsf/ wgLsf] cfly{s
clwsf/df k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{ u/L ;|f]t pNn]v u/L p4/0f ug{,
x k7gkf7gsf] nflu k|ltlnlk clwsf/ wgLsf] cfly{s clwsf/df k|lts"n c;/
gk'of{tpg] u/L p4/0f, n]vg jf >Jo b[Zosf] ;xfotfåf/f s'g} k|sflzt /rgfsf]
5f]6f] efu k'g?Tkfbg ug{,
x sIffdf k|:t't x'g] z}lIfs lqmofsnfksf] k|of]hgsf] nflu /rgfsf] s]xL c+z
k'g?Tkfbg, k|;f/0f / k|bz{g ug{ t/ ;a} k|ltx¿df ;|f]t / /rlotfsf] gfd pNn]v
ug{' kg]{ x'G5 .
x k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kn] cfly{s nfe glnO{ zf]w jf cWoog ug]{ JolQmsf] cg'/f]wdf
;fj{hlgs k':tsfno jf clen]vfnon] cfkm";Fu /x]sf s'g} klg /rgf x/fP jf gi6
eP jf k'/fgf] ePdf jf To:tf] /rgf k|fKt ug{ g;lsg] ePdf To:tf] /rgfsf]
Psk|lt k'g?Tkfbg ug{,
x ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] p2]Zon] k'g?Tkfbg, k|;f/0f / cGo lsl;dsf]
;~rf/ ug{,
$=!=$= ;+/lIft clwsf/sf] pNn‹g / ;hfo
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]gsf] bkmf @% n] /rlotf jf k|ltlnlk clwsf/ wgLsf] cg'dlt k|fKt gu/L
jf cg'dlt k|fKt u/]sf] eP tfklg ;Demf}tf jf cg'dltkqdf pNn]v ePsf] zt{sf] pNn‹g
u/L cfly{s nfe p7fO{ jf gp7fO{ Jofkfl/s jf cGo s'g} p2]Zon] cfˆgf] xs gk'Ug] /rgf jf
WjlgcÍgsf] k|ltlnlkx¿ pTkfbg u/L laqmL ljt/0f jf ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/ u/]df jf ef8fdf
lbg] nufotsf sfo{nfO{ k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf] pNn‹g ;DaGwL s;"/ dfg]sf] 5 . k|ltlnlk
clwsf/sf] pNn‹g ug]{ JolQmnfO{ s;"/sf] dfqf cg';f/ bz xhf/ ¿k}ofFb]lv Ps nfv
¿k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf 5 dlxgf;Dd s}b jf b'a} ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf] s;"/
k6s k6s ePdf bf];|f] k6s b]lv k6s} lkR5] aL; xhf/ ¿k}ofFb]lv b'O{ nfv ¿k}ofF;Dd
hl/jfgf jf Ps jif{;Dd s}b jf b'a} ;hfo x'G5 . To;/L k|sfzg jf k'g?Tkfbg u/]sf] jf
ljt/0f u/]sf] jf k'g?Tkfbg ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿ hkmt x'g'sf ;fy} ;+/lIft

16
P] bkmf @$ .
17
P] kl/R5]b $ .
121
124 g]kfnsf] af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"g / ;'wf/sf If]qx¿

clwsf/sf] pNn‹g ug]{ JolQmaf6 k|ltlnlk clwsf/ k|fKt JolQmnfO{ k/]sf] gf]S;fgLsf]
Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t e/fO{ lbg'kg]{ x'G5 .
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g cGtu{t ;hfo x'g] s;"/ ;DaGwL d'2f g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL x'G5 / ;f]
d'2f d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] cg';"rL–! df ;dfj]z /x]sf] 5 . o:tf]
s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg sDtLdf k|x/L lg/LIfsn] ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . pQm ;+lxtfdf plNnlvt
cg';Gwfg sfo{ljlwsf] cjnDag u/L k|x/L lg/LIfsn] cg';Gwfg ug]{ / ;/sf/L jsLnn]
s;"/sf] cleof]hg ug{'kg]{ lhDd]jf/L /x]sf] 5 . o; P]g cGtu{tsf] s'g} clwsf/ pNn‹g
ePsf]df ;f] ePsf] yfxf kfPsf] ldltn] tLg dlxgfleq ph'/L lbg' kg]{ xbDofb /x]sf] 5 .
$=@= k]6]06, l8hfog / 6«]8dfs{ P]g, @)@@
of] P]g hgtfsf] ;'ljwf tyf cfly{s lxtsf] nflu k]6]06 l8hfog / 6«]8dfs{sf ;DaGwdf
sfg"gL Joj:yf ug]{ p2]Zon] nfu" ePsf] b]lvG5 . cf}Bf]lus ;DklQsf tLgj6f cfofd k]6]06,
l8hfog / 6«]8dfs{nfO{ dfq o; P]gn] ;d]6]sf] 5 . ef}uf]lns klxrfg, 6«]8 ;]qm]6 h:tf ljifo
o;n] ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5}g .
$=@=!= k]6]06
s'g} kbfy{ jf kbfy{ ;d"xsf] agfj6, ;~rfng jf k|;f/sf] gofF pkfo jf tl/sf ;DaGwL jf
s'g} gofF l;4fGt jf kmd{'nfåf/f kQf nufOPsf] s'g} pkof]uL cfljisf/ k]6]G6 xf] . s'g} gofF
j:t'sf] pTkfbg ug]{ k|s[of jf cflj:sf/ u/]sf] bfjL ug{' k]6]G6 xf] . cflj:sf/sn] s'g} s'/f
agfpg, laqmL ug{ jf k|of]u ug]{ l;ldt cjlwsf] nflu Psflwsf/ k|fKt ub{5 . s'g} l;4fGt,
tl/sf jf ;"rgf k|jfxsf] dfWod k]6]G6 x'Fb}g . k]6]G6sf] ;+/If0fn] ;h{snfO{ gofF gofF s'/fsf]
cfljisf/ ug{ k|f]T;fxg u5{ eg] ;dfhn] gofF s'/f k|of]u ug{ kfpF5 .
s'g} k]6]06 pk/ clwsf/ k|fKt ug{ rfxg] JolQmn] ;f] k]6]06 sfg"g adf]lhd cfˆgf] gfddf
btf{ u/fpg' k5{ . o;sf nflu pBf]u ljefudf k]6]06 cfljisf/ ug]{ JolQmsf] gfd, 7]ufgf /
k]zf, b/vf:tjfnf cfkm}n] ;f] k]6]06 cfljisf/ u/]sf] gePdf ;f] cfljisf/ ug]{ JolQmaf6 xs
k|fKt u/]sf] s'/f, k]6]06 agfpg] ;~rfng jf pkof]u ug]{ tl/sf, ;f] k]6]06 s'g} vf; l;4fGt
jf kmd{'nfdf cfwfl/t eP ;f] l;4fGt jf kmd{'nf ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L btf{sf nflu lgj]bg
lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . ljefun] hfFra'em u/L btf{ x'g] jf gx'g] lg0f{o ub{5 . btf{ ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf]df
btf{sf] k|df0fkq btf{jfnfnfO{ lbg'kb{5 . btf{ ePsf] k]6]06df btf{ ePsf] ldltn] ;ft jif{;Dd
dfq k]6]06jfnfsf] xs sfod /xG5 . ;ft ;ft jif{ u/L b'O{k6s gjLs/0f u/fpg ;lsG5 .
/fli6«o lxtsf nflu uf]Ko /fVg'kg]{ afx]s cGo k]6]G6 ;a{;fwf/0fsf nflu /fhkqdf k|sfzg
ug{'kb{5 .18
s'g} JolQmsf] gfddf btf{ ePsf] k]6]06 c? s;}n] gSsn ug{ jf cglws[t ¿kdf cfˆgf] jf
c?sf] gfdaf6 k|of]u ug{ kfOb}g . ;f] u/]df pBf]u ljefun] kfFr nfv ¿k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf
ug{ ;S5 .19

18
P] kl/R5]b $ .
19
P] bkmf !! .
122
g]kfnsf] af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"g / ;'wf/sf If]qx¿ 125

$=@=@= l8hfog
s'g} k|sf/n] tof/ u/L agfOPsf] j:t'sf] 5fF6 ¿k jf cfsf/ l8hfog xf] . s'g} klg tl/sfn]
tof/ u/L agfOPsf] s'g} j:t'sf] ¿k jf :j¿k s'g} j:t'sf] cfsf/ k|sf/ jf Kof6g{nfO{
l8hfog elgG5 . l8hfog s'g} j:t'sf] cfsif{s uxgfsf] ¿kdf /xG5 . s;}n] cfkm"n] agfPsf]
jf agfpg nufPsf] s'g} j:t'sf] l8hfog pBf]u ljefudf btf{ u/fO{ ;f] l8hfog pk/
clwsf/ k|fKt ug{ ;S5 . cfkm"n] agfPsf] jf agfpg nfPsf] l8hfog btf{ u/fpg rfxg]
JolQmn] ;f] l8hfogsf] ljj/0f ;lxtsf] gSzf tyf /]vfÍg / rf/ k|lt gd"gf ;lxt ljefudf
b/vf:t lbg'k5{ . ljefun] ;f] l8hfog b/vf:tjfnfsf] gfddf btf{ u/L k|df0fkq lbg'k5{ .
To:tf] l8hfogaf6 s'g} JolQm jf ;+:yfsf] k|lti7fdf wSsf k'Ug] jf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf]
;bfrf/ jf g}ltstfdf g/fd|f] k|efj kg]{ jf /fli6«o lxtsf] k|lts"n x'g] /x]5 jf ;f] l8hfog
cl3 g} c¿ s;}sf] gfddf btf{ e};s]sf] /x]5 eg] btf{ ug{ O{Gsf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . l8hfogsf]
calw kfFr jif{sf nflu x'G5 / kfFr kfFr jif{sf nflu b'O{ k6s gjLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .20
s'g} JolQmsf] gfddf btf{ ePsf] l8hfog c? s;}n] gSsn ug{ jf sfg"g adf]lhd cfˆgf]
gfddf gfd;f/L gu/fO{ jf k|of]usf] lgldQ lnlvt ¿kdf cg'dlt glnO{ k|of]u ug{ x'Fb}g .
o;}u/L ab/ u/]sf] l8hfog k|of]u ug{ ;d]t x'b}g . o:tf] lgif]lwt sfo{ u/]sf]df ljefun]
krf; xhf/ ¿k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf ug{ ;S5 .21
$=@=#= 6«]8dfs{
s'g} klg lsl;dsf] lrGx, zAb, lrq jf o:t} s'/fx¿sf] ;+of]hg 6«]8dfs{ xf] . s'g} j:t' s'g
sDkgLsf] pTkfbg xf] eGg] klxrfg u/fpg], cfˆgf] pTkfbgnfO{ c?sf] pTkfbg eGbf km/s
b]vfpg k|of]u ul/g] lrGx 6«]8dfs{ xf] . To:tf] lrGx h;sf] cfwf/df ;lhn} s;sf] pTkfbg
xf] eGg] kQf nufpg ;lsG5 / u|fxs em'lSsg] cj:yf /xFb}g .
Jofkf/ Joj;fo Pj+ ;]jfsf] If]qdf k|:t't ul/Psf j:t' jf ;]jfnfO{ k[ys hgfpg pkof]u
ul/Psf] Jofkfl/s lrGxdf lglxt cd't{ ;DklQnfO{ 6«]8dfs{ elgG5 . 6«]8dfs{n] s'g}klg j:t'
jf ;]jfdf pkof]u ul/Psf lrGx, lrq, /Ë, cfsf/, WjgL, rnlrq, Jofj;flos gf/f nufot
;f+s]lts ¿kdf cleJoQm ug{ ;lsg] lrGx jf k|:t'ltnfO{ ;d]6\5 . Jofj;flos k|of]hgsf
nflu cfˆgf] j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿nfO{ c?sf] eGbf km/s b]vfpg / jhf/df lrgfpg k|of]u x'g]
6«]8dfs{sf] ;+/If0f cf}Bf]lus tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos ePsf]n] o;nfO{ af}l4s
;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] ¿kdf ;+/If0f ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . 6«]8dfs{df VoftL lglxt /x]sf]
x'G5 / o;n] pTkfbssf] klxrfg lbG5 . k]6]06 l8hfog / 6«]8dfs{ P]g, @)@@ n] s'g} kmd{,
sDkgL jf JolQmn] cfˆgf] pTkflbt dfn;fdfg jf cfkm"n] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfnfO{ c¿sf]
dfn;fdfg jf ;]jfaf6 km/s b]vfpg k|of]u ul/g] zAb, lrGx jf lrq jf zAb, lrGx / lrq
ltg} s'/fsf] ;+of]unfO{ 6«]8dfs{sf] ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 .22

20
P] kl/R5]b # .
21
P] bkmf !% .
22
P] bkmf @-u_ .
123
126 g]kfnsf] af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"g / ;'wf/sf If]qx¿

6«]8dfs{ pBf]u ljefudf btf{ u/fO{ ;f] pk/ sfg"g adf]lhd af}l4s ;DklQsf] ¿kdf xs k|fKt
ug{ ;lsG5 . aGb Jofkf/ jf sf/f]af/sf] 6«]8dfs{ btf{ u/fpg rfxg] JolQmn] ;f] 6«]8dfs{sf]
rf/ k|lt gd'gf ;lxt ljefudf b/vf:t lbg'k5{ . 6«]8dfs{sf] btf{sf] lgldQ s;}sf] b/vf:t
k/]df ;f] 6«]8dfs{sf ;DaGwdf cfjZos hfFra'em u/L bfjL lj/f]w kg{ cfPdf ;f] pk/ ;d]t
5fglag u/L btf{ ug{ pko'Qm 7xl/Pdf ;f] 6«]8dfs{ b/vf:tjfnfnfO{ k|df0fkq lbg'k5{ . Tf/,
To:tf] 6«]8dfs{af6 s'g} JolQm jf ;+:yfsf] k|lti7fdf wSsf kg]{ jf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf]
;bfrf/ jf g}ltstf jf /fli6«o lxtdf g/fd|f] c;/ kg]{ jf c¿ s;}sf] 6«]8dfs{sf] Vofltdf
wSsf kg]{ ;Defjgf 5 eGg] nfu]df jf ;f] 6«]8dfs{ klxn] c¿ s;}sf] gfddf btf{ e};s]sf]
b]lvPdf btf{ ul/Fb}g . btf{ gu/fO{ s'g} 6«]8dfs{ klg /lhi68{ 6«]8dfs{sf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{
kfOFb}g . btf{ ePsf] 6«]8dfs{ btf{ ldltn] Ps jif{;Dddf k|of]udf gNofPdf btf{ vf/]h ug{
;lsG5 .23 btf{ ePsf] 6«]8dfs{df btf{ ePsf] ldltn] ;ft jif{;Dd 6«]8dfs{jfnfsf] xs sfod
x'G5 eg] 6]8dfs{sf] xsdf ;ft–;ft jif{sf] k6s sfod u/L hlt k6s klg gjLs/0f u/fpg
;lsG5 .24 u}/sfg"gL tj/n] 6«]8dfs{ k|of]u u/]df Psnfv ¿k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'g ;Sg]
Joj:yf 5 eg] ;f] s;"/;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} dfn;fdfg hkmt x'G5 .
$=@=$= ljb]zdf btf{ 6«]8dfs{sf] dfGotf
ljb]zdf btf{ ul/Psf] 6«]8dfs{, l8hfog / k]6]G6 ;DalGwt JolQmn] g]kfndf btf{ gu/fO{
To:tf] k]6]06, l8hfog / 6]8dfs{df g]kfndf xs sfod x'Fb}g . o;}u/L ljb]zdf btf{ ePsf]
k]6]06, l8hfog / 6]8dfs{sf] k|df0fkq ;fy} /fvL btf{sf] nflu lgj]bg lbPdf ljefun] To:tf]
k]6]06, l8hfog / 6]8dfs{ ;DaGwdf hfFra'em gu/Lsg} klg btf{ ug{ ;S5 . To:tf]
btf{jfnfnfO{ ljefun] cf}Bf]lus ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ ;DaGwL !**# sf] k]l/; dxf;lGw
cg';f/ u|fXotf ldltsf] ;x'lnot k|bfg u5{ .25
%= af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL Goflos b[li6sf]0f
;jf]{Rr cbfntdf l/6 tyf k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL ljjfbx¿ lg¿k0fsf
nflu bfo/ x'G5g\ . k|ltlnlk clwsf/ pNnªg s;"/ ;DaGwL d'2fsf] ;'? sf/jfxL lhNnf
cbfntaf6 x'G5 / k'g/fj]bg jf bf]xf]of{tO{ kfpg] lgj]bg cGtu{t ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf ;'g'jfO{
x'G5 . k]6]G6 l8hfog / 6«]8dfs{sf ljjfb pBf]u ljefun] ;'? sf/jfxL ub{5 / ;f] ljefusf]
lg0f{odf pRr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf 5 . pRr cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf jf cfb]z
pk/ l/6 tyf k'g/fj]bgsf] dfWodaf6 ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf ljjfb cfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L
cfpg] ljjfbdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL dfGo l;4fGt tyf sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf cfwf/df Goflos lg¿k0f ub{5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwdf
ePsf km};nfsf] cfwf/df Goflos b[li6sf]0fnfO{ lgDg cg';f/ x]g{ ;lsG5 .

23
P] kl/R5]b # .
24
P] bkmf @#-v_ .
25
P] bkmf @!v / @!u .
124
g]kfnsf] af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"g / ;'wf/sf If]qx¿ 127

!= ls/0f ;'h Dofg'km}Sr;{ lj= pBf]u ljefu ;d]t26

ljkIfL a:g]t km'6j]o/n] Good Star, Gold Super, Eleven Star 6«]8dfs{ btf{ ug{
pBf]u ljefudf k|:tfj u/]sf]df pBf]u pQm 6«]8dfs{ lgj]bsn] btf{ u/fPsf] Gold
Star, Super Star, Seven Star gfdsf] 6«]8dfs{;Fu ldNbf] ePsf]n] btf{ ug{ OGsf/
u/]sf] . pBf]u ljefusf] lg0f{o pk/ k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gn]
ldlt @)^).!.#) df pQm 6«]8dfs{ btf{ ug{' eGg] km};nf u/]sf]df pQm km};nf
pk/ lgj]bsn] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf l/6 lgj]bg u/]sf]df k"0f{ O{hnf;af6 km};nf
ePsf] . pQm d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] lgj]bs sDkgLn] btf{ u/fPsf] Gold Star,
Super Star, Seven Star gfdsf] 6«]8dfs{;Fu k|ToyL{ sDkgL a:g]t km'6j]o/n] btf{
dfu u/]sf] Good Star, Gold Super, Eleven Star 6«]8dfs{ btf{ ubf{ lgj]bs
sDkgLn] btf{ k|df0f k|fKt u/]sf] 6«]8dfs{ Vofltdf ;d]t k|lts"n k|efj kg{;Sg] /
ldNbf] h'Nbf] -Similarity_ e} lgj]bsn] sfg"g adf]lhd btf{ u/fO{ sfg"gåf/f xs
k|fKt u/]sf] 6«]8dfs{;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] 6«]8dfs{ btf{ ug{ gldNg] :ki6 sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] k|lts"n /x]sf]n] k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] 6«]8dfs{ btf{ ug{ u/]sf] km};nf
k]6]G6 l8hfog / 6«]8dfs{ P]g, @)@@ sf] bkmf !* ;d]tsf] k|lts"n /x]sf] egL
JofVof u/]sf] 5 .
o; d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] b'O{ 6«]8dfs{sf] k|of]u u/L pTkflbt j:t'df slt
;dfgtf / c;dfgtf b]lvG5 / tL b'j}df k|of]u ePsf] 6«]8dfs{sf zAbx¿sf]
pRrf/0f ubf{ ;dfg k|s[ltsf] WjgL lg:sG5 lg:sb}g eGg] s'/f x]g{'kg]{ /
ldNbf]h'Nbf] 6«]8dfs{sf sf/0f u|fxsnfO{ 5'§fpg sl7gfO{ x'g] s'/fnfO{ 6«]8dfs{sf]
btf{ ubf{ ljrf/ ug{'kg]{ l;4fGt cjnDag u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
@= ;'dL l8li6n/L k|f=ln=lj=g]b/Nof08 l:yt
Guinness United Distillers Vintners
Amsterdan Bv xfn Diageo Bronds SBV27

s'g} klg pBf]udf k]6]G6 l8hfOg / 6«]8dfs{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . k]6]G6, l8hfOg /
6«]8dfs{ h:tf Industrial Property df pBf]usf] Psflwsf/ /xG5 . s'g} pTkfbg
tyf ;]jfdf k|of]u x'g] k]6]G6 l8hfog / 6«]8dfs{sf] ljsf; / k|of]u ug{sf nflu
s'g} pBdL tyf Joj;foLn] u/]sf] pTkflbt j:t' jf ;]jfsf] pkef]u ug]{
pkef]Qmfsf] lxt /Iffsf] nflu ;d]t o:tf] k]6]G6 l8hfog / 6«]8dfs{sf] /Iff ug{'
s'g} klg /fHosf] ;fj{hlgs st{Jo x'g] JofVof o; d'2fdf cbfntn] u/]sf] 5 .
k]6]G6 l8hfog / 6«]8dfs{sf] ;+/If0f gul/lbg] xf] eg] j}b]lzs nufgLstf{ klg
g]kfndf nufgL ug{ b'?T;flxt x'g] ePsf]n] btf{ e};s]sf 6«]8dfs{n] c? s;}sf]
6«]8dfs{sf] Vofltdf wSsf k'Ug] b]v]df ljefun] btf{ ab/ ug{ ;d]t ;Sg] s'/fnfO{
hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

26
g]=sf=k=@)^@ c+s % lg= g= &%#^ .
27
g]=sf=k=@)^* c+s #, lg=g= *%&& .
125
128 g]kfnsf] af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"g / ;'wf/sf If]qx¿

;'dL l8i6Ln/L k|f=ln= sf] gfddf CORDON gfds 6«]8dfs{ btf{ e};s]sf] cj:yfdf
lgj]bgsf] dfu cg';f/ GORDONÚS gfds 6«]8dfs{ ;f]xL ju{df btf{ u/L lbFbf
;j{;fwf/0f pkef]Qmfx¿df e|d kg{ ;Sg] x'Fbf pBf]u ljefun] ab/ ug{;Sg] JofVof
ePsf] 5 .
#= dfpG6 Pe/]i6 a'c{/L k|f=ln ;d]t lj= pBf]u ljefu ;d]t28
6'af]u{ 6«]8dfs{ c+lst af]tndf csf]{ lao/ sDkgLn] lao/ e/L laqmL u/]sf] sfo{n]
l8hfog jf 6«]8dfs{ clwsf/sf] pNn‹g u/]sf] eGg] ljjflbt o; d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] pQm sfo{n] l8hfog jf 6«]8dfs{ clwsf/sf] pNn‹g x'g] eGb} af}l4s
;DklQsf] ¿kdf cf}Bf]lus ;DklQsf] af/]df ;d]t yk JofVof u/]sf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus
j:t'sf] pTkfbgstf{nfO{ pTkflbt j:t'df ef}lts :jfldTj ;DaGwL klxnf] clwsf/
/ ;f] j:t'nfO{ cGo k|lt:kwL{ pTkfbsx¿n] pTkfbg u/]sf] j:t'jf6 5'§fpgsf]
nflu cfˆgf] 6«]8dfs{ jf l8hfog k|of]u ug]{ af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL bf];|f] dxTjk"0f{
clwsf/ x'G5 . oL b'O{ clwsf/ dWo] k|To]ssf] k|s[lt km/s x'g] clwsf/sf] laqmL /
x:tfGt/0f k|lqmof klg km/s km/s x'g] l;4fGtnfO{ cbfntn] dfGotf lbPsf] 5 .
ljo/ / o;sf] af]tndf c+lst 6«]8dfs{ cyf{t\ ;f] sDkgLsf] af}l4s ;DklQ pk/
ljo/ vl/bstf{sf] s'g} xs jf :jfldTj k|fKt gx'g] / af]tndf el/Psf] ljo/
pkef]u u/]kl5 o:tf] 6«]8dfs{ c+lst af]tn jf of{k/nfO{ ;dfg k|s[ltsf] j:t'
Kofs ug]{ sfo{df jf 6«]8dfs{ wgLsf] xsdf c;/ kg]{ u/L jf ;j{;fwf/0f pkef]Qmf
em'lSsg] u/L k|of]u ug{ g;Sg] l;4fGt o; d'2fdf k|ltkfbg u/]sf] 5 .
$= dbgk|;fb nD;fn lj?4 /]K;f]gf klAns]zG; k|f=ln=29
g]kfnsf] 6«]8dfs{ sfg"gn] btf{ ePsf] 6«]8dfs{sf] dfq ;'/Iff ug]{ eGb} ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] pBf]u ljefudf btf{ gePsf] 6«]8dfs{ nfdf] cjlw;Dd k|of]u u/]sf] eP
tfklg k|of]usf] cfwf/df dfq o;sf] ;h{s jf k|of]ustf{n] o:tf] 6«]8dfs{ k|of]u
ug]{ Psflwsf/sf] xs k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] dfGotf o; d'2fdf u/]sf] JofVofaf6
:yflkt u/]sf] 5 . Pp6} 6«]8dfs{ b'O{j6f kmd{ JolQm jf sDkgLn] k|of]u u/]df jf
k|of]usf] bfjL u/]df b'O{dWo] h;sf] gfddf 6«]8dfs{ btf{ ePsf] 5 ;f]xL JolQmn]
dfq ljjflbt 6«]8dfs{sf] jf:tljs wgLsf] ¿kdf dfGotf kfpg] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg
u/]sf] 5 .
s'g} JolQmsf] gfddf btf{ ePsf] 6«]8dfs{ lghsf] d~h"/L jf cg'dlt a]u/ cGo
JolQm, kmd{ jf sDkgLn] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] xs gx'g] eGb} ljjflbt 6«]8dfs{
Business Age k'g/fj]bssf] gfddf btf{ ePsf] tYodf ljjfb gePsf] cj:yfdf
s]jn k|of]usf] cfwf/df dfq ;f] pk/ k|ToyL{ klAns]zG; k|f=ln=sf] s'g} xs gx'g]
JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .

28
g]=sf=k=@)^& c+s $ lg0f{o g+= *#%^ .
29
g]=sf=k @)^*, c+s ( lg0f{o g+= *^*^ .
126
g]kfnsf] af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"g / ;'wf/sf If]qx¿ 129

%= ;LP s]=Pg= df]bL lj= k|bLks'df/ cfFrlnof 30

s'g} klg kmd{ sDkgL jf JolQmn] cfˆgf] Creation nfO{ ;f+s]lts ¿kaf6
lrgfpg, csf]{ eGbf km/s b]vfpg tyf o:tf] pTkfbg cfˆgf] Creation xf]
egL k'i6L ug{ k|of]udf NofOg] zAb, lrGx jf lrq jf oL tLg} s'/fsf] ;+o'Qm
¿knfO{ 6]8dfs{ ¿kdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . s]jn pTkfbg /
lj1fkg u/]sf] cfwf/df ;f] pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt 6]8dfs{n] btf{sf] dfGotf
gkfpg] eGb} sfg"gL dfGotfsf nflu 6«]8dfs{ btf{ x'g' clgjfo{ x'g] ljlwzfl:qo
dfGotfnfO{ o; d'2fdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 .
^= ofbj bjf8L lj= g]kfn ;/sf/31
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ wgL rnlrq lgdf{0f ;+:yfsf] s'g} cg'dlt glnO{ tyf s'g}
;Demf}tf ljgf g} ljleGg g]kfnL rnlrqx¿ tyf uLt ;+uLtsf /rgfx¿
u}/sfg"gL tj/n] k|ltlnlk Sof;]6 pTkfbg u/L laqmL ljt/0f ug]{ / ef8fdf
nufpg] u/L u/]sf] sfo{af6 k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g,@)%( sf] pNn‹g x'g] dfGotf
o; d'2fdf :yflkt ePsf] 5 .
&= ldlx/s'df/ 7fs'/ la?4 e]ifh+u afbn ;d]t 32

lgj]bsdf k|ltlnlk clwsf/ /x]sf] /rgfdf wgLsf] d~h'/L a]u/ cgflws[t tj/n]
c+u|]hLdf cg'jfb u/L “The King Versus The People” eGg] k':ts
k|sflzt u/L @& cd]l/sL 8n/ d"No /fvL laqmL ljt/0f ;d]t u/]sf] sfo{n]
;h{ssf] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ pNn‹g x'g] ;'? cbfntaf6 7x/ e} k|ltjfbLnfO{
;hfo x'g] / Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t k|ltlnlk clwsf/ wgLn] kfpg] km};nf ePsf]df ;f]
km};nf clGtd ePsf]n] pQm km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|s[of /f]Sg gldNg] JofVof
o; d'2fdf ePsf] 5 .
^= af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL sfg"g sfof{Gjogdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] lhDd]jf/L
d"ntM af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL sfg"g cGtu{t k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / lgodg
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{nosf] lhDd]jf/Ldf /x]sf] 5 eg] cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ
cGtu{t k]6]G6, l8hfog / 6«]8dfs{ ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog pBf]u ljefusf]
lhDd]jf/L cGtu{t /x]sf] 5 . k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf] pNn‹g u/]sf] sfo{ kmf}hbf/L s;"/
dflg g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L s;"/ cGtu{t /x]sf] x'Fbf o:tf] s;"/hGo sfo{sf]
ljifodf cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L k|x/L / ;/sf/L jsLndf /xG5 .
o;}u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf] xs, lxt ;/f]sf/ hf]l8Psf ljifodf kg]{ ljjfbsf] k|lt/Iff /
jx; k}/jL ;/sf/L jsLnn] ug{'kg]{ lhDd]jf/L /x]sf] x'Fbf af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL
clwsf/;Fu hf]l8Psf] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g, @)%( n] ;+/If0f u/]sf] ;h{ssf] k|ltlnlk

30
g]sfk @)&^ c+s & lg=g+ !)#) .
31
g]sfk @)^^ c+s ^ lg=g+ *!&* .
32
g]sfk @)^^ c+s !@ lg= g+= *@*# .
127
130 g]kfnsf] af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"g / ;'wf/sf If]qx¿

clwsf/sf] pNn‹g x'g] s;"/ ;DaGwL d'2f / k]6]G6, l8hfog / 6«]8dfs{ ;DaGwL
sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf pBf]u ljefun] u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ k/]sf k'g/fj]bg
tyf l/6 ;DaGwL ljjfbdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ;DalGwt cbfntdf pkl:yt e}
jx; k}/jL ug]{ e"ldsf ;/sf/L jsLndf /xG5 .
^=!= k|ltlnlk clwsf/ pNn‹g ;DaGwL s;"/sf] cg';GwfgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] e"ldsf
k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf] pNnª\gn] ;h{ssf] cfly{s tyf g}lts clwsf/df c;/ ub{5 . o:tf]
s;"/ ePsf] s'/f :yflkt ug]{ / ;+nUg JolQm kQf nufO{ k|df0f ;+sng ug]{ sfo{ cg';Gwfgsf]
ljifo xf] . 3l6t s;"/sf] ;DaGwdf k|efjsf/L cg';Gwfg ePdf dfq bf]ifL JolQm pk/sf]
cleof]hg alnof] x'G5 / alnof] cleof]hgn] cleo'Qm pk/sf] cf/f]k z+sf/lxt tl/sfaf6
k'li6 x'g] / ;h{ssf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f x'g;S5 . cleof]hgsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ef}lts tyf
cGo ;Da4 k|df0f ;+sng ug]{ s'/fdf cg';Gwfgstf{nfO{ lgb]{zg ug]{, lgh;Fu cg';Gwfgsf
ljifodf k/fdz{ tyf ;dGjo ug]{, cg';Gwfgdf kLl8t tyf ;fIfLsf] ;xof]u lng], ca}w
¿kdf ;h{ssf /rgfnfO{ b'¿kof]u u/L b]z aflx/ / leq lgsf;L k}7f/L ul/Psf]df ;Da4
k|df0f ;+sng / k|flKt ug]{ s'/fdf cg';Gwfgstf{nfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] s'/fdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 .
^=@= k|ltlnlk clwsf/ pNn‹g s;"/sf] cleof]hg ;DaGwL e"ldsf
d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ n] cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;n k|fKt ePkl5
;+slnt ;j'b k|df0fsf] d"Nofs+g u/L z+lst JolQm pk/ cleof]hg ug]{ jf gug]{ lg0f{o ug]{
clwsf/ ;/sf/L jsLndf /x]sf] 5 . k|df0fsf] kof{Kttf ePsf]df d'2f rNg] / k|df0fsf]
ckof{Kttfdf d'2f grNg] l;4fGtnfO{ l:jsf/ ul/Psf] x'Fbf ;/sf/L jsLnn] cleof]hgdf
lgikIftf sfod ug]{, k|df0fdf cfwfl/t eP/ dfq cleof]hg ug]{, :jR5 / j:t'lgi6
cleof]hg ug]{ s'/fdf e"ldsf v]Ng'kg]{ x'G5 . cleo'Qm / kLl8tsf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug]{,
s;"/df ePsf] ;+nUgtfsf cfwf/df sfg"gn] lgwf{l/t u/]sf] ;hfo tyf Joxf]g{'kg]{ Ifltk"lt{sf]
nflu pQ/bfoL agfpg] u/L cleof]hg ug]{ sfo{ ug{'kb{5 . k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf] ljifo
k|flalws x'g] / ljB'tLo dfWodsf] k|of]u u/L s;"/ x'g] x'Fbf o:tf ljifodf ;/sf/L jsLn
rgfvf] x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
^=#= k|df0fsf] k|:t'lt / ax; k}/jL ;DaGwL e"ldsf
;/sf/ jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2f / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;/f]sf/ /x]sf d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{df g]kfn
;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ;/sf/L jsLnaf6 x'g] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;f]xL
cg';f/ k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;DaGwL d'2fdf cleof]ukq nufot ;Da4 k|df0f cbfntdf k]z ug]{
tyf cbfntn] vf]h]sf lbg ;fIfL pkl:yt u/fpg] / ;fIfLsf] k/LIf0f ug]{ sfo{ ;/sf/L
jsLnaf6 x'G5 . cbfntdf x'g] To:tf d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{df ;xefuL e} ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ts{k"0f{
ax; k}/jL ug]{, km};nfdf lrQ ga'em]df k'g/fj]bg ug]{ h:tf lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/L jsLndf
lglxt /x]sf] 5 . of] sfo{df ck/fw kLl8t tyf ;fIfL;Fusf] ;dGjo, ljz]if1, k|x/L tyf
af}l4s ;DklQ sfg"g sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/L;Fu ;xof]usf nflu cfjZos ;dGjo sfod
ug]{ e"ldsf ;/sf/L jsLndf /xG5 .

128
g]kfnsf] af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"g / ;'wf/sf If]qx¿ 131

o;}u/L k]6]G6, l8hfog / 6«]8dfs{ ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf o:tf j:t'sf]
btf{ ug]{, btf{sf] dfGotf tyf ;DalGwt JolQm jf sDkgL jLr pTkGg x'g] ljjfbsf] lg¿k0f,
sfg"g pNn‹gdf hl/jfgf ug]{ h:tf sfo{ pBf]u ljefun] ub{5 . ljefun] ;f] P]g cg';f/
u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ pRr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUb5 . o:tf lg0f{o pk/ k/]sf k'g/fj]bg tyf
l/6 ;DaGwL ljjfbdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ;DalGwt cbfntdf pkl:yt e} jx; k}/jL
ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/L jsLndf /xG5 . o:tf ljifodf jx; k}/jL ubf{ af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL
cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ljsl;t dfGotf, ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf k|fjwfg, cbfntL cEof; / k|ltkflbt
Goflos l;4fGt / ;DalGwt sfg"gsf] cWoogdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] Wofg hfg cfjZos x'G5 .
o:tf ljifosf] cWoogn] af}l4s ;DklQsf ljjfbdf jx; k}/jL ug{ / cbfntnfO{ Goflos
lg¿k0fdf ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5 .
&= af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL g]kfn sfg"gsf] ljZn]If0f
af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL g]kfnsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf lj= ;+= !(($ ;fnsf] k]6]G6, 6«]8dfs{ /
l8hfog sfg"gaf6 ;'? ePsf] kfOG5 . ;f] sfg"gnfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L k]6]G6, 6«]8dfs{ / l8hfog
P]g, @)@@ ;fndf nfu" e} sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"g
@)@% ;fndf lgdf{0f ePsf]df @)%( ;fndf gofF P]g hf/L ePsf] 5 . oL sfg"gx¿n]
af}lb\as ;DklQ ;DaGwL clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / sfof{Gjog nufotsf k|aGw u/]sf 5g\ .
o;}u/L g]kfn ;g\ !((& df ljZj af}l4s ;DklQ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o ePsf] / ;g\ @))$ df
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;d]t ;b:o eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . ;flxlTos tyf snfTds /rgfsf]
ljZjJofkL ;+/If0f ;DaGwL jg{ dxf;lGw / cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ ;+/If0f ;DaGwL k]l/;
dxf;lGwsf] kIf ePsf] 5 . nfdf] ;do b]lv af}l4s ;DklQsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ g]kfnn] sfg"g
k|0ffnLdf cjnDag u/L cfPsf] 5 eg] ljZj af}l4s ;DklQ ;Ë7g, ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g
nufotsf ;+u7gdf ;+nUgtf /fVb} cfPsf] 5 . af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL cGt/fifl{\66o
sfg"gx¿sf] kIf e} To; k|lt k|lta4 /x]sf] 5 / ;f] cg'¿k sfg"gL k|aGw u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL clwsf/nfO{ df}lns xssf] ¿kdf ;+/lIft ul/Psf]
5 . tyflk af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL sfg"gx¿ ;dofg's"n / cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tf cg'¿k
kl/dfh{g x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . k]6]G6, 6«]8dfs{ / l8hfog P]g, @)@@ ;fndf lgdf{0f ePsf]
k'/fgf] sfg"gsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ cGt/ut ef}uf]lns klxrfg, 6«]8
Secret, Unfair competition lj?4sf] ;+/If0f, jg:kltsf k|hflt ;+/If0f tyf
6«]8dfs{sf] ¿kdf ;]jf lrGx, ;d"x lrGx, VoftL k|fKt lrGx, k|df0fLs/0f lrGxsf] ;+/If0fsf]
;DaGwdf o;n] kof{Kt sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] kfO{b}g . oL ljifox¿ cGt/fli6«o ¿kdf af}l4s
;DklQsf] ¿kdf k]l/; dxf;lGw tyf jg{ dxf;lGw / l6«K; ;Demf}tfn] :jLsf/ ul/Psf 5g .
g]kfn oL ;lGw / ;+emf}tfsf] kIf ag]sf] 5 . o;}u/L lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;Fu} ljZj
Jofkf/ If]qdf ljsl;t af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL gofF cawf/0ffx¿ o;df ;dfj]z x'g ;s]sf]
b]lvFb}g .
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]gn] /rgfsf] ;+/If0fdf kof{Kt Joj:yf u/]klg ;dofg's"n / cGt/f{li6«o
;lGw cg'¿k k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf] s;"/df ul/Psf] ;hfosf]
Joj:yf cToGt Go"g /x]sf] 5 . ;+lxtf sfg"gn] b08gLltdf u/]sf] ;'wf/ cg'¿k o;df
129
132 g]kfnsf] af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"g / ;'wf/sf If]qx¿

k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;Fu} /rgfsf] l;h{gf, k|:t'lt, pTkfbg,
k|;f/0f, ljt/0f nufotsf sfo{x¿df k|ljlwsf] k|of]udf hf]8 lbg] s'/fnfO{ P]gn] ;Daf]wg
ul/Psf] 5}g . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] af}l4s ;DklQnfO{ ;DklQsf] kl/efiffdf ;dfj]z u/L
df}lns xs cGtu{t /fv]sf] ;Gbe{df klg o; ;DaGwL sfg"gx¿df k'g/fjnf]sg cfjZos
b]lvPsf] 5 . k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf] ljifodf k|ltlnlk clwsf/ /lhi6«f/ sfof{non] lgodg ub{5
eg] pNn‹gsf] s;"/df k|x/L / ;/sf/L jsLnn] cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hg ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf]
5 . k]6]G6, l8hfog / 6«]8dfs{ ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] lgodg / sfof{Gjog pBf]u ljefun] ub{5 .
of] ljifo ;+3Lo sfg"gåf/f lgoldt ug]{ Joj:yf eP klg sfof{Gjogdf k|fb]lzs txsf] s:tf]
e"ldsf x'g] eGg] to x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . sfg"g sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yf tyf lgsfodf /xg]
hgzlQmsf] bIftf / Ifdtf ljsf; sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . k|ltlnlk clwsf/ tyf cf}Bf]lus
;DklQsf k|fljlws kIf tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf] cWoog / ;f] ;DaGwL cEof;x¿sf]
hfgsf/L sfg"g sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsf/L x'G5 . ;du|df af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL ljifodf
PsLs[t gLlt / sfg"g aGg ;s]sf] 5}g eg] sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+oGqsf] cj:yf klg km/s km/s
/x]sf] 5 . k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;DaGwL P]g ko{6g dGqfno cGtu{t /x]sf] 5 eg] 6«]8dfs{,
l8hfOg, k]6]G6 ;DaGwL sfo{ pBf]u dGqfno cGtu{t pBf]u ljefun] x]l//x]sf] 5 . o;df
klg PsLs[t ;+/rgf aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/sf] pNn‹gdf sfg"gL sf/jfxL
ug]{ lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . k/Dk/fut ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ug]{
lhDd]jf/Ldf /x]sf k|x/L / ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ o; ;DaGwL kof{Kt Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ / tL
lgsfodf o; ;DaGwL ljlzi6Ls[t hgzlQm tof/ ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . o; ;DaGwdf /fli6«o
af}l4s ;DklQ gLlt, @)&# th{'df eP klg ;f] cg'¿k sfg"gL ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
*= ;'wf/sf If]q
g]kfndf af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwdf cf7 bzs nfdf] ;do b]lv af}l4s ;DklQsf] cjwf/0ff
ljsf; ePsf] 5 . ljZj af}l4s ;DklQ ;Ë7g, ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g nufot ljleGg ;lGwdf
k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL clwsf/nfO{ df}lns
xsdf ;dfj]z u/] klg ;f] cg'¿k sfg"gL ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g,
lgodfjnL, cf}Bf]lus, jfl0fHo / af}l4s clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"gdf ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
pTkfbs tyf af}l4s ;DklQsf ;h{sx¿ cfˆgf l;h{gf k|lt ;r]t x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ .
cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw, cle;lGwsf k|fjwfg cg'¿k sfg"gdf ;dfof]lht ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g eg]
5l/P/ /x]sf ;Ë7g ;+/rgf / km/s km/s sfo{z}nL tyf Jojxf/n] sfof{Gjogdf k|fyldstf
kfpg g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . sfof{Gjog ug]{ hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf] cefj, ;"rgf ;Íng
/ To;sf] cfwf/df k|efjsf/L cg'udg x'g g;Sg' h:tf ;d:ofx¿n] af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/
;DaGwdf ;'wf/ vf]h]sf] cj:yf 5 . t;y{ g]kfndf af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f
/ o; ;DaGwdf b]lvPsf ;d:of ;Daf]wgsf nflu lgDg cg';f/ ;'wf/ x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
!= af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tf cg'¿k d'n'sdf l;h{glzntf /
cfljisf/d"ns sfo{ k|j{4g ug{ / ;h{ssf] xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ tyf cf}Bf]lus
ljsf;sf] cj;/ l;h{gf u/L ljb]zL nufgL / k|ljlw cfslif{t ug{ af}l4s ;DklQ
;DalGw gLltut ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos 5 .

130
g]kfnsf] af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"g / ;'wf/sf If]qx¿ 133

@= af}l4s ;DklQsf] rf]/L tyf gSsnL pTkfbg lgoGq0f u/L cfd;h{s / pkef]Qmfsf]
;+/If0f ug]{ u/L sfg"gL ;'wf/ ug{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .
#= af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf ug]{ sfg"g / ;+/rgf 5'§f5'§} /x]sfn] o;af6
b]lvPsf] sfof{Gjogsf] sdhf]/L x6fpg PsLs[t af}l4s ;DklQ sfg"g cfjZos /x]sf]
5 . o; sfg"gdf cGt/fli6«o :t/df :jLsf/ ul/Psf af}l4s ;DklQsf ljifox¿
ef}uf]lns klxrfg, 6«]8 Secret, Unfair competition lj?4sf] ;+/If0f,
jg:kltsf k|hflt ;+/If0f tyf 6«]8dfs{sf] ¿kdf ;]jf lrGx, ;d"x lrGx, VoftL k|fKt
lrGx, k|df0fLs/0f lrGxsf] ;+/If0f nufotsf ljifo / cGo ljsl;t dfGotf ;d]t
;dfj]z u/L ;+/If0f ug]{ Joj:yf ;dfj]z ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
$= sfg"g sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfox¿df sfo{/t hgzlQmdf bIftf / ljz]if1tf ljsf; ug]{
lgltut ;'wf/sf] vfrf] /x]sf] 5 .
%= af}l4s ;DklQnfO{ ljb]zL nufgL cfsif{0f ug]{ nufot cg';Gwfg k|j4{g k|fljlws
Ifdtfsf] ljsf; / 1fg cfh{gsf] ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .
^= k|ljlwdf ePsf] ljsf;;Fu} /rgfsf] l;h{gf k|:t'lt, k|;f/0f ljt/0f nufotsf sfo{df
k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L k|ltlnlk clwsf/ wgLnfO{ ;xh ¿kdf nfe k|fKt x'g] cj:yf
ljsf; ug{ / ljBdfg k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]gnfO{ jg{ dxf;lGw / l6«K; ;+emf}tf cg'¿k
kl/dfh{g ug{ / k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf] pNn‹gdf ul/psf] ;hfo / Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yfdf
k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .
&= af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwdf k|j4{gfTds sfo{ ug{ clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f nufot sfg"g
sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L agfpg ljBdfg ;+/rgfdf k'/fjnf]sg u/L PsLs[t af}l4s
;DklQ sfg"g sfof{Gjog ;+/rgf agfpg] / ;f] ;+/rgfdf bIf / ljz]if1 hgzlQm
Joj:yfkg ug{ cfjZos 5 .
*= /fli6«o af}l4s ;DklQ gLlt, @)&# cg'¿k sfg"gL / ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/ cljnDa ug{
h?/L /x]sf] 5 .

YZ

131
134 g]kfnsf] af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"g / ;'wf/sf If]qx¿
g]kfnsf] af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"g / ;'wf/sf If]qx¿ 135

jif{ #, c° !

;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts

lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz
;DaGwdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] b[li6sf]0f

# xl/k|;fb hf]zLi

!= k[i7e"ld
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g /fHo ;+rfngsf] dfWod xf] . o;nfO{ lghfdtL k|zf;g / sd{rf/LtGqsf]
;dfgfyL{ tyf ;dli6sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . s'g} klg /fHo ;+rfngdf dfu{bz{g cyf{t\ gLlt
lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ /fhlgtLn] u5{ eg] ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] sfo{fGjog lghfdtL k|zf;g /
sd{rf/LtGqn] u5{ .1 ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 d"ntM ;fj{hlgs ;]jf / /fhgLlts
d'No dfGotf ljt/0f -service delivery and distribution of values of political regime_ x'g]
ePsf]n] o;af6 /fHon] ;j{;fwf/0fdf ;]jf, ;'ljwf, kxF'r lj:tf/, ljt/0f / ljsf;sf] p2]Zo
xfl;n ub{5 . gLlt sfof{Gjogdf ;ls|o oxL sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] dfWodaf6 ;/sf/L gLlt
nlIft p2]Zo kl/0fltdf k'Ug] ePsf]n] x/]s /fHo ;+rfngsf] nflu of] cToGt dxTjk"0f{ /
ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0fdf ;dlk{t sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;dfGotof of]Uotf
k|0ffnL -Merit System_ df cfwfl/t x'G5 / of] phf{zLn hgzlStsf] cfk"lt{ /fHosf] lglZrt
ljlw k|ls|ofåf/f x'g] ub{5 . o;n] :yfoL ;/sf/sf] :j¿kdf /fHo ;~rfng ug]{ dfGotf /x]sf]
5 . tyflk /fHo ;+rfngsf] clwsf+z lx:;f oxL ;d"xaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] eP klg ;/sf/
cfjlws x'g], km/s km/s ;/sf/sf km/s 3f]lift gLlt x'g;Sg], ljsf; k|zf;gdf ljsl;t
gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf] k|efj, ;do kl/l:ylt cg''s"n ;]jf tyf ljsf; sfo{nfO{ gofF
9+uaf6 Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ :jefljs cfjZostf, /fhgLlts OR5fzlSt, larf/wf/f h:tf
ljljw sf/0fn] s]xL c++z /fhgLlts ¿kdf r'lgPsf JolQmx¿n] rog u/]sf JolQmx¿af6 klg
u/fOg] k|rng cfd¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . sd{rf/LtGq -Bureaucracy_ cGtu{t o:tf] lgo'lQm
sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf If]qdf k|rlnt of]Uotf k|0fnL -Merit System2_ sf] k|lts"n 5 eg]

i
;xGofoflwjQmf, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, g]kfn .
1
lj/fheQm >]i7, /fhgLlts lgo'lQm / ;'zf;g, www.birajbhaktashrestha.com/2019/08/blog-post.
2
The merit system is the process of promoting and hiring government employees based on their ability to perform a
job, rather than on their political connections. It is the opposite of the spoils system. A common conception of the
federal government's merit system principles is that they are designed to ensure fair and open recruitment and
competition and employment practices free of political influence or other non-merit factors. Although that is certainly
true, a closer reading of those principles suggests a much broader policy objective that relates directly to managing
the ongoing performance of the federal workforce.
132
136 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf===

/fhgLlts ;+/If0fjfb -Political Patronism_ sf] glhs -Spoil System3_ sf] cjz]if tyf
k[i7kf]ifssf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . oL b'a} df]8]nx¿sf] k|efj / k|of]u k|foM ;a} b]zsf ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gdf /xL cfPsf] 5 .
k|foMh;f] b]zx¿sf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf ljleGg kbx¿df o:tf lgo'lQm x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
/fHosf] sfg"gåf/f clelglZrt ul/Psf ljleGg ;]jf / ;+u7gx¿ ;+rfng ug{ ;/sf/n]
lgo'lQm ub{5 . cd]l/sfsf] sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;+/If0fjfbdf cfwfl/t 5 eg] oxfF ;fj{hlgs
;]jfsf rf/ xhf/eGbf a9L /fhgLlts lgo'lQm x'g] u/]sf] 5 . a]nfotdf c;Lsf] bzskl5
;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf If]qdf Ph]G;L 9fFrf -Agency Model_ k|of]udf NofOof] . ;g\ @))) ;Dd
cfO{k'Ubf j]nfotL lghfdtL ;]jfn] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sl/a &^ k|ltzt sfd Ph]G;L df]8]naf6}
ljt/0f ug{ yflnof] . cGo o'/f]kLo d'n's, cd]l/sf, ci6«]lnof, clk|msf x'Fb} uf]nf4{sf ;a}
s'gfdf /fHo ;]jfsf] Ph]G;Ls/0fsf] k|of]u x'g yfNof] .4 o:tf lgo'lQmx¿ lglZrt ;fj{hlgs
;]jf ljt/0fsf] nIf k|fKtLsf] lhDd]jf/L;lxt kbfjlw tf]sL cfjlws ¿kdf ul/G5 / ;]jfdf
/xg] g/xg] ljifo lghsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] ;kmntf -Performance_ sf cfwf/df to x'G5 .
o;/L g} ljZjsf /fi6|x¿df s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0f tyf ljsf;sf If]qdf
/fhgLlts lgo'lQmsf dfWodaf6 ;]jf Joj:yfkgsf] k|efjsf/L k|of]u /xL cfPsf] 5 .
g]kfndf klg ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ ;+u7gsf] ;Lldt :jfoQtfsf cfwf/df ;]jf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f
u/L ljleGg lgsfox¿sf dfWodaf6 ;]jf ;+rfngsf] k|rng nfdf] ;dob]lv /xFb} cfPsf] 5 .
sfg"g adf]lhd u7g ePsf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf ljleGg ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿, :jfoQ
;+:yfx¿, ;/sf/L sDkgL, ljsf; ;ldlt, jf]8{x¿, sf]if, ;]jf Joj:yfkg s]Gb|x¿, cflb, ;]jf,
;+3 ;+u7gx¿ Dffkm{t ;]jf ljt/0f, lj:tf/ / ;+rfng x'+b} cfPsf 5g\ . Nff]stflGqs
Joj:yfdf ;]jf If]qdf ePsf] lj:tf/ / cfjZostfnfO{ gofF 9+uaf6 ;+af]wg ug{,
sd{rf/LtGqLo z}nLdf ;'wf/ tyf ;du| ljsf; ug]{ nIo;fy o:tf ;]jf k|bfos lgsfox¿
:yflktePsf x'G5g\ . oL lgsfox¿ lglZrt sfo{sf nflu /fHosf] 5'§} sfg"gåf/f u7g /
;DalGwt sfg"gsf] kl/;Ldfleq /xL :jfoQ / :jzfl;t x'G5g\ . /fHo ;+rfngdf ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gs} lx:;fsf] ¿kdf /x]sf oL lgsfox¿df /fhgLlts lgoGq0f / lgodg /fHosf] /xG5
/ o:tf lgsfox¿sf] sfo{sf/L k|d'vx¿df ;DalGwt sfg"g adf]lhd ;/sf/n] kbfjlw /
lhDd]jf/L tf]sL /fhgLlts lgo'lQm ub{5 . . tyflk h'g p2]Zosf ;fy oL ;+u7gx¿ lgdf{0f
ePsf 5g\ / ;+u7g ;+rfngsf] /fhgLlts lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] 5 tLgn] ;'wf/ / ljsf;sf]
ck]lIft ult lng ;s]sf 5}gg\ eg] of]Uotf, Ifdftf / cfjZostfeGbf /fhgLlts cf:yf /
cGo k|efjsf cfwf/df lgo'Qm x'g], sfg"gL k|ls|of ljgf kbfjlw afFsL x'Fb} cjsfz lbg],
;/sf/ km]l/O{ /xg] / cfkm' cg's'nsf] JolSt /fVg vf]Hg] h:tf ljljw sf/0fx¿n] ;fj{hlgs
;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'lQmx¿ cS;/ ljjflbt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . cbfnt;Dd cfOk'u]sf
sltko o:tf ljjfbx¿df g]kfnsf] ;jf{]{Rr cbfnttn] s]xL b[li6sf]0fx¿ ljsf; u/]sf] 5 .
oLg} k[i7e'lddf k|:t't cfn]vdf rrf{ ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

3
The spoils system/patronage system is a practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives
government jobs to its supporters, friends and relatives as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive
to keep working for the party as opposed to a merit system, where offices are awarded on the basis of some
measure of merit independent of political activity.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=
4
uf]kLgfy d}gfnL, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] Ph]G;Ls/0f, k|zf;g jif{ c+s .
133
;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf=== 137

@= ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] kbdf /fhgLlts lgo'lQmsf] cjwf/0ff

s'g} klg b]zsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;+rfng sd{rf/LtGqn] ub{5 . /fHosf] pTklQ;Fu}
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cfjZostf / ljsf; ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . lsgeg] /fHosf] pTklQ g}
;j{;fwf/0f hgtfdf ;]jf, ;'ljwf ljt/0f, kx'Fr lj:tf/ tyf ;du| ljsf; / pGgltsf nflu
ePsf] xf] eg] o;n] ug]{ sfo{ tyf gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{ 5'§} ;Ifd / k|lta4 tyf lglZrt
gLlt lgodaf6 cfa4 hgzlSt ljgf ;+ej x'Fb}g . o;}n] x/]s /fHo ;+rfngsf nflu
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf xf] . o;n] /fHosf] gLlt sfof{Gjog ug]{ s|ddf
;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ hgtfsf] kx'Frdf k'¥ofO{ ;]jf ljt/0f / ljsf;sf] sfo{ ub{5 . zf;g
Joj:yfdf ljleGg of]Uotf Ifdtf tyf km/s ljz]iftfo'St sd{rf/L cfjZos kg]{ ePsfn]
/fhfn] To:tf sd{rf/Lsf] rog ug'{kg]{ egL dxfef/tdf n]lvPsf] kfO{G5 .5 -As regards the
appointment of officials to cater to the administration, the Mahabharata stated that a king
must appoint four Brahmins, three Kshatriyas, 21 Vyshyas, three Shudras and one Sutha.
Thus, by this appointment, it is clear that even the so-called outcastes were also
represented in the administrative body). ;dosf] cGt/fndf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ljsl;t
ljsf; k|zf;g, gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf gjLgtd\ dfGotfx¿ / ljsf;, k|ljlw /
/fHosf] tTsfnsf] cfjZostf;d]tn] /fHosf] e"ldsfdf NofPsf] kl/jt{g tyf /fhgLlts
OR5fzlStsf sf/0f sd{rf/LtGqsf] dfGotfdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf hgzlStsf] kl/rfng Ps Joj:yfksLo sfo{ xf] . o:tf] Joj:yfkgsf
lglZrt gLlt, lgod / dfGotfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . of]Uotf, Ifdftf, lj1tf, kb;f]kfg >[+vnf /
:yfoL k|s[ltdf cfwfl/t of]Uotf k|0ffnL / /fhgLlts OR5f / cfjZostfsf cfwf/df lgo'Qm
jf cjsfz x'g] k|s[ltsf] ;++/If0fjfbdf cfwfl/t Spoil System ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] hgzlSt
Joj:yfkgsf If]qdf ljsl;t k|d'v b'O{ cjwf/0f x'g\ . k|foM ;a} b]zsf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g
;+rfngsf] ;Gbe{df oL b'a} k|0ffnLx¿sf] ldl>t¿kdf cEof; / k|of]u /x]sf] kfOG5 .
cd]l/sfdf /fi6«klt Winston S Churchill /fhgLlt / ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g cnu cnu /x]sf]
dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf If]qdf of]Uotf k|0ffnL -Merit System_
cjnDjg u/]sfdf /fi6|klt Andrew Jackson sf] kfnfb]lv /fhgLlts ;+/If0fjfb cyf{t\ Spoil
System c+lusf/ ul/of] . cd]l/sfdf cbfntsf GofofwLz / GofoflwjStfx¿ -Court Judges
and Attorneys_ k|foM /fhgLlts ¿kdf lgjf{lrt eP/ cfpF5g\ . clxn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf
s]xL lgsfox¿nfO{ vf;u/L ljsf; / Joj;fo;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ l;ldt :jfoQtf
k|bfg u/L ;]jf tyf ljsf;sf sfo{gLlt sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 . cd]l/sfsf] ;fj{hlgs
;]jfdf $))) eGbf a9L kbflwsf/Lsf] /fhgLlts lgo'lQm x'G5 / oLg}n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf
ljt/0f / ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ glthfd'vL agfpg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . -According to
the United States Office of Government Ethics, a political appointee is "any employee who
is appointed by the President, the Vice President, or agency head". As of 2016, there are
around 4,000 political appointment positions which an incoming administration needs to
review, and fill or confirm, of which about 1,200 require Senate confirmation) oL

5
www.yourarticlelibrary.com/political-science/...Concepts of Danda, Dandaneethi, Dharma and Raja Dharma

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138 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf===

lgo'lQmx¿df !@)) eGbf a9L kbx¿df l;g]6sf] cg'df]bg rflxG5 eg] afFls kbx¿ /fi6|klt
tyf Ph]G;L k|d'vsf] dgf]gogdf lgo'lQm x'G5 .
To;/L g} a]nfotdf c;Lsf] bzskl5 ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf If]qdf ;]jf k|bfos lgsfonfO{
;/sf/L ;+/rgfaf6 ;Lldt :jfoQtf lbO{ glthf s]lGb|t agfpg Ph]G;L 9fFrf -Agency
Model_ k|of]udf NofOPsf] 5 . ;g\ @))) ;Dd cfO{k'Ubf a]nfotL lghfdtL ;]jfn] ;Dkfbg
ug]{ sl/a &^ k|ltzt sfd Ph]G;L df]8]naf6} ljt/0f ug{ yflnof] . cGo o'/f]kLo d'n's,
cd]l/sf, ci6|]lnof, clkm|sf x'b} uf]nf4{sf ;a} s'gfdf /fHo ;]jfsf] Ph]G;Ls/0fsf] k|of]u x'g
yfNof] .6 o; df]8]ndf /fHosf kfFr k|d'v ;]jfx¿ sfg"g tyf gLlt lgdf{0fsf] sfo{, ;'/Iff,
j}b]lzs ;DaGw, d'b|f tyf ljQ / Gofo lg¿k0fsf ;]jfsf] Ph]G;Ls/0f x'b}g eg] ;f]afx]s cGo
;a} ;]jf Ph]G;Ls/0f u/L ;]jf ljt/0f / ljsf;sf] ;fy;fy} Jofj;flos sfd x'G5 . o;df
;fj{hlgs ;+u7gn] ;Dkfbg ub}{ cfPsf sfdnfO{ dGqfnosf] ljefuLo ;Ldfaf6 k/ /fvL
ljz]ifLs[t ;+:yfsf ¿kdf :jfoQtf /xG5 . ;fy} gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff
cg'¿k ;]jf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf dfWodaf6 sd{rf/LtGqLo z}nLeGbf k[ys Jofkf/d}qL z}nLaf6
;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;+rfng x'G5 . o:tf] :jfoQtfdf /fhgLlts lgoGq0f / lgodg eg] ;b}j
/lx/xG5 . To;/L g} k|mfG; / hd{gsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf gLlt lgdf{0f txsf kbx¿df
clwsf+z lgjf{lrt eP/ cfPsf k|ltlglwx¿af6 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;+rfng x'G5 .
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf d'ntM of]Uotf k|0ffnLd} cfwfl/t lghfdtL k|zf;g / sd{rf/LtGq -
Bureucratic Meritocracy_ af6 ;+rflnt kl/rflnt /x]sf] kfOG5 . sd{rf/LtGqaf6 ;Dkfbg
x'g] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0f / ljsf;sf sfddf ljsl;t d'n'sx¿df cjnDag ePsf ljsf;
gLltsf] k|efj / ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ljsl;t dfGotfx¿sf] k|of]u klg x'+b} cfPsf] 5 .
lghfdtL k|zf;g ;+rfng ug{ ;j{k|yd lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)!# ;fndf lgdf{0f eO{
sfof{Gjogdf cfof] . ;dos|ddf cGo ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;+rfng If]qsf ljleGg sfg"gx¿
lgdf{0f eO{ ;]jf ljt/0f, ;]jf ;'ljwfdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ tyf Jofj;flos / ljsf;
lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿ x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfndf /fHo Joj:yf / /fhgLlt l56f]l56f] kl/jt{g
eO/xg] cl:y/ /x]sf] cj:yfdf g]kfnsf] sd{rf/LtGqn] :yfoL ;/sf/sf] ¿kdf e"ldsf lgjf{x
ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;ft bzssf] cjlwdf ;ftj6} ;+ljwfg ef]u]sf] lttf] oyfy{ xfd|f] ;fd' 5 .
xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] ;+ljwfg g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ n] /fhgLlts pknlAwsf] /Iff,
;'b[9Ls/0f / ljsf; ub}{ ==== hgtfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxt ;d'Gglt k|Tofe"t ug]{ gLlt;lxt
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ :jR5, ;Ifd, lgikIf, kf/bzL{, e|i6frf/d'St, hgpQ/bfoL /
;xeflutfd"ns agfpFb} /fHoaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf hgtfsf] ;dfg / ;xh kx'Fr
;'lglZrt u/L ;'zf;g k|Tofe"lt ug]{ /fhgLlts tyf zf;g Joj:yf ;DaGwL gLlt7 /x]sf] 5
eg] g]kfn ;/sf/n] b]zsf] k|zf;g ;+rfng ug{ ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf /;/sf/L ;]jfx¿sf]
u7g / ;+3Lo P]g adf]lhd ;+rfng ug{;Sg] tyf kbk"lt{ of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df x'g8]
nufotsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To;/L g} ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\, kl/ifb\
nufotaf6 lgo'Qm x'g] ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx¿, GofofwLz / cGo lgo'lQmsf

6
uf]kLgfy d}gfnL, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] Ph]G;Ls/0f, k|zf;g jif{ %), c+s !, k0ff{+s !#@ .
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g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@, wf/f %! -v_ .
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g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@, wf/f @*% .
135
;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf=== 139

k|aGwx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] cnfjf g]kfn sfg"gåf/f u7g ePsf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf ljleGg
lgsfox¿ /x]sf 5g\ / tL lgsfox¿df g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgo'lQm u/L ;]jf ;+rfng x'G5 .
o;/L g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf sfo{/t /xg] kbflsf/Lx¿ of]Uotf k|0ffnL tyf /fhgLlts
lgo'lQm x'g] ldl>t k|s[ltsf /x]sf 5g\ .
@=!= /fhgLlts lgo'lQm
;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf lgsfox¿df lgo'lQm Joj:yfksLo sfo{ xf] . nf]stflGqs Joj:yfdf o:tf
lgsfox¿df lgo'lQm ;Qfdf /x]sf] /fhgLlts bnsf] ;/sf/n] ug]{ xF'bf o:tf] lgo'lQmnfO{
/fhgLlts lgo'lQm elgPsf] xf] . jf:tjdf lgo'Qm kbflsf/Ln] ;/sf/sf] gLlt adf]lhd
;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ljt/0f nufotsf] gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] sfo{ ug]{ ePsfn] o:tf] lgo'lQmnfO{
;fj{hlgs lgo'lQm eGbf klg x'G5 . p;f] t ;a} lgo'lQmx¿ /fhgLlts g} x'g\ . ;/sf/k|ltsf]
hjfkmb]xLtfsf lx;fan] lghfdtL ;]jfs} gLlt lgdf{0f txsf ;/sf/n] 5gf}6 u/L lbg] lgo'lQm
a[xt\ cy{df slxF g slxF /fhgLlt;Fu hf]l8g k'U5g\ . tyflk cg'ej / lg/Gt/sf] ;]jf tyf
Ifdftfsf cfwf/df lgo'Qm x'g] To:tf kbx¿nfO{ /fhgLlts lgo'lQmsf] kb eGg ldNb}g .
/fhgLlts lgo'Qm x'g] kbx¿nfO{ lgjf{rgsf dfWodaf6 lgjf{lrt eP/ cfpg] hgk|ltlglwsf]
kb, lgjf{lrt /fhgLlts JolStaf6 dgf]gog x'g] kb, /fhgLlts kbflwsf/L ;lDdlnt kl/ifb\,
cfof]uaf6 lgo'Qm x'g] kb, ;DalGwt sfg"gsf cfwf/df ;/sf/n] lgo'Qm ug]{ kbsf cfwf/df
5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 . o;dWo] klg lgjf{rgsf dfWodaf6 ;/sf/df lgjf{lrt eP/ cfpg] kbx¿
/ pgLx¿af6 cfkm\gf ;Nnfxfsf/, ;lrjfnodf ul/g] lgo'lQm ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf lgo'lQm
geO{ /fhgLlts k|zf;g If]qsf lgo'lQm x'g\ eg] /fHo ;+rfngsf] gLlt lgdf{0f txsf
lgjf{lrt, dgf]lgt lgo'lQm afx]s ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;]jf If]qsf ;/sf/ jf ;+j}wflgs jf
;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 kbfjlw tf]lsO{ x'g] lgo'lQmnfO{ /fhgLlts lgo'lQm dfGg ;lsG5 .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf o;/L Joj:yfkg x'g] kbnfO{ /fhgLlts Joj:yfkgsf]] kb / ltg}
JolQmx¿nfO{ /fhgLlts ¿kdf lgo'Qm JolQm eGg ;lsG5 . o;/L x]bf{ ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb,
Gofo kl/ifb h:tf kl/ifbLo k4lt -Collegium_ af6 lgo'Qm x'g] k|sf/sf ;fj{hlgs
lgo'lQmx¿ hxfF ;/sf/ lgo'lQm lg0f{o k|ls|ofdf xfaL x'G5, klg /fhgLlts lgo'lQm xf] . t/
;fj{hlgs ;]jfleq} klg lghfdtL ;]jf / cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf kbflwsf/Ldf /fhgLlts
lgo'lQm x'b}g . ;/sf/sf] gLlt sfof{Gjogs} ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;+rfng / ljsf;sf]
sfo{ ug{ sfg"gåf/f ul7t jf :yflkt x'g] ljleGg jf]8{, sf]if, ;ldlt, ;+:yfg, ;]jf s]Gb|h:tf
lgsfosf k|d'v sfo{sf/Ldf dfq o:tf] /fhgLlts lgo'lQm x'G5 .
/fhgLlts lgo'lQmsf JolStaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf Joj:yfkg, ;+rfngsf] k|rng g]kfndf klg
/lxcfPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L k|zf;sLo ;]jf Joj:yfkgsf] ;Lldt :jfoQtf lbO{ ;]jf ljt/0f /
ljsf; sfo{ ug{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg, tby{ ;+u7gx¿ -;ldlt, sfo{bn cfof]hgf cflb_ :yfkgf
ePsf 5g\ . h;nfO{ a]nfotn] ckgfPsf] Ph]G;Ls/0fsf] k|f/lDes :j¿k dfGg ;lsG5 .
@=@= ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf /fhgLlts lgo'lQm lsg ?
;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0f / ljsf; tyf ;du| cfly{s pGglt /fHosf] lhDd]jf/L xf] . of]
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf dfWodaf6 xf+l;n ul/G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf /fhgLlts lgo'lQm lsg
eGg] k|Zg;+u ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;+rfngsf lgsfo tyf ;]jfsf If]qsf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f /
136
140 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf===

cfjZostf;Fu hf]l8G5 . ;]jf If]qdf ePsf] a9f]Q/L, /fHosf] tTsflns cfjZostf / gLlt,
ljZj /fhgLltdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g, ljsf;sf] nIf, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf gofF ;fj{hlgs
Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0fsf] ljsf;, lta| ljsf;sf] cfjZostf, k/Dk/fut z}nLsf] k|zf;gaf6
;]jf tyf ljsf; sfo{n] ult lng g;s]sf] cj:yf, ;]jf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f gLltnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{,
Ph]G;Ls/0fsf] k|efj h:tf sf/0fx¿n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf s]xL If]qx¿df lgsfout ;Lldt
:jfoQtf lbO{ Jofj;flos / gofF 9+uaf6 /fHosf] ;]jf ljt/0f / ljsf; sfo{ ;+rfngsf]
cfZostf;Fu /fhgLlts lgo'lQmsf] ;Gbe{ hf]l8G5 . of] nufot a'Fbfut ¿kdf o:tf]
cfjZostf lgDg sf/0fn] k/]sf] eGg ;lsG5 M
ƒ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f u/L ljsf; / ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg,
ƒ ljsf;sf] sfo{nfO{ Jofj;flos 9+uaf6 ;+rfng u/L k|ltikwf{sf dfWodaf6 ;]jfsf]
u'0f:t/ j[l4 ug{,
ƒ gful/ssf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfsf] jftfj/0f ;'lglZrt ug{,
ƒ lglZrt dfkb08, sfo{ljlw tyf sfg"gsf cfwf/df ;]jf ;+rfng ug{,
ƒ ;]jfsfo{df ePsf] a9f]Q/LnfO{ nf]stflGqs k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df ;Daf]wg ug{
ƒ /fhgLlts hgfb]znfO{ ;fy{s agfpgsf] nflu ;/sf/sf ljsf; gLlt ;+rfng ug{,
ƒ hgtfsf cg'et cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ / ;]jfx¿ nlIft ju{df k'¥ofpg,
ƒ ;]jfx¿ k'¥ofpg] s|ddf pknAw ;fwgx¿sf] -dfgjLo ljQLo j:t'ut_ s'zn
pkof]u ug{,
ƒ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf If]qdf ljsl;t gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{
cfT;ft ug{,
ƒ ;/sf/sf] gLlt / cfsf+Iff cg'¿k ljsf;sf] ;f]rePsf Jofj;flos / phf{jfg
hgzlStaf6 ;]jf k|jfx ug{ / /fhgLlt lbuf] agfpg,
ƒ ;/sf/k|ltsf] hgljZjf; hufO{ /fVg,
ƒ ;/sf/L sd{rf/LtGqk|lt ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ljt[i0ff sd ug{,
ƒ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] dfu, l8hfOg, k|jfxsf 9fFrfdf ePsf] kljt{gnfO{ ;+af]wg ug{,
ƒ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ ;d;flos / k|ToIf hjfkmb]lxtf sfod ug{,
ƒ Zff;sLo j}wtf lj:tf/, sd{rf/LtGqdf lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ / ;]jf cGj]if0f ug{, cflb .
@=#= /fhgLlts lgo'lQmsf If]qx¿
;dfGotofM ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df
lgo'Qm lghfdtL sd{rf/L k|zf;gn] g} ug]{ xf] . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qdf ePsf] a9f]Q/L, ;]jf
ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cfjZostf, ljsf; / pGgltsf] :jfefljs rfxgf h:tf sf/0fn] lghfdtL
k|zf;gaf6 of] ;a} ;+af]wg x'g;Sg] cj:yf gePkl5 /fHonfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd g} ;fj{hlgs

137
;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf=== 141

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;+ljwfg, ljleGg ljifout / ljlzi6Ls[t sfg"gx¿sf cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfos lgsfo
tyf Jofj;flos / ljsf; ;+/rgfx¿sf] kl/sNkgf ePsf] 5 . o;/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0f
/ ljsf; sfo{nfO{ sfg"gsf cfwf/df ;Lldt :jfoQtf;lxtsf ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿ dfkm{t
Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] o; df]8]nnfO{ uf]kLgfy d}gfnLn] j]nfotsf] ;]jf
Ph]G;Ls/0fsf] cg';/0f eg]sf 5g\ . o:tf ;+/rgfx¿df sfg"g adf]lhd g} ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0f
lgodg x'g] / ;+:yf ;+rfngsf nflu kbfjlw / sfo{ lhDd]jf/L tf]sL ;/sf/n] /fhgLlts
lgo'lQm ug]{ u/]sf] x'G5 . To;/L lgo'Qm JolStn] sfg"g adf]lhd g} ;+:yf ;+rfng u/L /fHosf]
gLlt cg'¿ksf] p2]Zo xf+l;n ug'{ lghsf] st{Ao x'G5 . o;sf] cy{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf ;a}
lgsfox¿df /fhgLlts lgo'lQm x'g] eGg] xf]Og . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf kfFr k|d'v ;]jfx¿9,
!= /fHo OR5f lgwf{/0f;Fu ;DalGwt sfdx¿ -gLlt, lgod, / sfg"g lgdf{0fsf
sfdx¿_
@= ;'/Iff -hLjg, :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf / ;DlQsf] ;'/Ifsf sfdx¿_
#= j}b]lzs ;DaGw -;lGw, cle;lGw, s'6gLlt / o'4 ;DaGwL sfdx¿_
$= d'b|f tyf ljQ -d'b|f lgisf;g / s/f/f]k0f ;DaGwL sfdx¿_
%= Gofo lg¿k0f -ljleGg rfv, ljjfbsf] lg¿k0f u/L Gofo lbg] sfdx¿_ cGo
;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ lhDdf lbg ;lsFb}g / o:tf] ;]jf Joj:yfkgsf] 5'§} s]Gb|Lo
;fj{hlgs ;+/rgf / ;+rfng k|aGw /x]sf] x'G5 . oL afx]s ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0f
/ ljsf; sfo{sf If]qdf /fhgLlts lgo'lQm x'G5 M l/6 g+= )^*-WO-)%((
pTk]|if0fo'St k/dfb]z, ;'/]zk|;fb ofbj lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf klGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{no;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf
cf+lzs :jfldTj, nufgL jf lgoGq0f /x]sf] jf g]kfn ;/sf/n] Jooef/ jxg ug'{kg]{
jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] bfloTj /x]sf] jf g]kfn ;/sf/ cGtu{t ;~rfng x'g] jf g]kfn
;/sf/sf] ;d]t k|ltlglwTj x'g] ;fj{hlgs k|s[ltsf cfof]u, kl/ifb\, af]8{, ;ldlt,
;+:yfg, sf]if, s]Gb|, lgud, k|flws/0f / sDkgL h:tf ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf cWoIf,
;efklt, dxfk|aGws, ;~rfns, lgb]{zs, k|zf;s, dxf;lrj, ;b:o ;lrj, ;lrj,
sf]iffWoIf tyf ;b:o ;d]tsf ;fj{hlgs lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ kbflwsf/L] /xg]
pNn]v 5 . s]xL km/s k|s[ltsf] eP klg kbflwsf/ tf]lsO{ /fhgLlts lgsfo jf
;/sf/af6 lgo'Qm x'g] kblwsf/Ldf ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿sf kbflwsf/L,
Gofokl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df ;/sf/af6 lgo'Qm x'g] kbflwsf/Lx¿, /fhb"tx¿ klg
/fhgLlts k|s[ltsf lgo'lQm x'g\ . o;afx]s lgDg k|s[ltsf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf If]qdf
/fhgLlts lgo'lQm x'g] u/]sf 5g\ M
ƒ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg -;/sf/L ;+:yfg_
ƒ :jfoQ ;+:yfx¿ -k|flws/0f, ljz]if lhDd]jf/Lsf ;+:yfx¿_

9
k"j{kfb l6Kk0fL ^, k[i7 !^ .
138
142 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf===

ƒ ;/sf/L sDkgL -ljdf sDkgL, 6]lnsd s[lif ljsf; a}+s ln=_

ƒ ljsf; ;ldlt -t/sf/L ljsf; ;ldlt, l;rfO{ ljsf; ;ldlt_
ƒ k|lti7fg tyf Jff]8{x¿ -;xsf/L jf]8{, nufgL jf]8{, pkTosf vfg]kfgL jf]8{_
ƒ ljz]if1tfd'ns sf]if -gu/ ljsf;, ul/aL lgjf/0f, :j/f]huf/ sf]if_
ƒ ;]jf Joj:yfkg s]Gb| -Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, lgdf{0f ;ldlt, s[lif s]Gb|_
#= ljjfbsf k|s[lt / cbfntsf] b[li6sf]0f
#=!= ljjfbsf k|s[lt
/fhgLlts k|s[ltsf lgo'lQmx¿sf ;DaGwdf cS;/ ljjfb eO{ /xG5g\ . o:tf lgo'lQmdf
;dfGotof ;/sf/sf] cg's'ntf / kIfw/tfsf cfwf/df k|fyldstf kfpg] x'G5 . k|ltkIf tyf
cGo k|lt:kwL{ jf cj;/af6 jlGrltdf kg{;Sg] kl/l:yltsf JolStx¿n] ljjfb ug'{, lj/f]w
ug'{ ax'njfbdf :jfefljs} dflgG5 . tyflk cfjZostf, lgwf{l/t dfkb08 tyf ljlw k|ls|of
adf]lhd ePsf lgo'lQmx¿df eg] ;dfGotofM lj/f]w, ljjfb x'Fb}g / To:tf]] ljjfbn] vf;} cy{
/fVb}g klg . t/ ha dfkb08 ldr]/, sfg"gsf] unt k|of]u / k|ls|of ljkl/t x'g] u/]sf
lgo'lQm, ljgf cfwf/, sf/0f cAan k|lt:kwL{nfO{ cj;/ glbO{ cfkmgf] kIfkf]if0f ug]{,
sdhf]/nfO{ cj;/ lbg], bafj, k|efjdf x'g] lgo'lQm / lgo'Qm ul/;s]kl5 a]df};d eg]h:tf]
kbfjlw afFsL x'Fb} / /fd|f] sfd ubf{ub}{ ;Qf / zlStsf] cf8df To:tf] JolStnfO{ kbd'St ug]{,
sfd ug{ cg]s jfwf Jojwfg v8f ug]{ h:tf ls|ofsnfkn] o; If]qdf ljjfb ;[hgf x'g] u/]sf]
5 . o; cj:yfdf ;/sf/sf] To:tf] sfd sf/afxLsf la?4 dsf{df k/]sf] JolSt cfkm\gf]
;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL xs clwsf/sf cfwf/df cbfntsf] z/0fdf k'Ub5 . t/ sltko
ljjfbx¿ cbfnt ;dIf k'u]sf x'Fb}gg\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu cl3Nnf] ;/sf/sf] l;kmfl/;df
/fi6«kltaf6 lgo'Qm k|b]z k|d'vx¿sf] ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] kbfjlw 5Fb} jt{dfg ;/sf/sf]
l;kmfl/zdf kbd'St ul/Psf] ljifo cbfnt ;dIf cfPg . o:tf ljjfbx¿ lgo'lQmsf] of]Uotf,
kbfjlw 5Fb} cjsfz lbOPsf, ljgf cfwf/, sf/0f kbd'St u/]sf h:tf ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt
5g\ . o; ljifo cbfntaf6 lg¿k0f ePsf d'2fsf] k|s[lt x]bf{ lgDg adf]lhd /x]sf] kfOPsf]
5M
ƒ lgo'Qm JolStsf] of]Uotf ;DaGwL ljjfb
ƒ kbfjlw afFsL 5Fb} kbd'St ePsf ljifo
ƒ lgo'lQmdf plNnlvt kbfjlwsf] efiffsf] :ki6tf ;DaGwdf
ƒ cjsfzsf] cfwf/, sf/0f / ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf k|bfg ;DaGwdf
ƒ kbfjlw ls6fg ug]{ lgod, sfg"g -Enaballing Laws_ sf ;DaGwdf

139
;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf=== 143

Pp6f d'2f10df ;fj{hlgs lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ kbflwsf/L lgo'Qm ug]{ ;DaGwdf g]kfn
;/sf/ jf ljefuLo dGqLsf] lg0f{oaf6 tf]lsg] kbfjlwsf ;DaGwdf ljjfbsf lgDg k|sl[ t
pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 M
-s_ ;DalGwt P]gdf g} ls6fgL kbfjlw /x]sf],
-v_ P]gcGtu{t ag]sf] lgoddf kbfjlw ls6fg /x]sf],
-u_ ljsf; ;ldlt P]gcGtu{t ul7t ;ldltsf] u7g cfb]zdf g} kbfjlw ls6fg /x]sf],
-3_ g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgfåf/f kbfjlw ls6fg u/]sf],
-ª_ ;/sf/L nufgLsf sDkgLsf] k|aGwkq tyf lgodfjnLåf/f kbfjlw ls6fg u/]sf],
-r_ ;/sf/sf] lg0f{oaf6 kbfjlw ls6fg u/]sf],
-5_ ;/sf/sf] kqåf/f kbfjlw ls6fg u/]sf],
-h_ s'g} sfg"gL ;|f]t gv'nfOPsf] sfo{ljlw÷ lgb]{lzsfaf6 kbfjlw ls6fg u/]sf],
-em_ g]kfn sfg"gdf kbfjlw ls6fg u/] klg ;f] cjlwdWo] s]xL cjlw jf æa9LdfÆ egL
lgo'lQm lbg] u/]sf],
-`_ ;DalGwt ;/sf/L ;+:yf÷sDkgLsf] lg0f{oaf6 kbfjlw ls6fg u/]sf] .
#=@= cbfntsf] b[li6sf]0f
;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf ljleGg lgsfox¿df ePsf ljjflbt lgo'lQm tyf kbfjlw tf]lsPsf
kbflwsf/Lsf] kbfjlw 5Fb} cjsfz ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] b]xfo adf]lhdsf]
b[li6sf]0f ljsf; u/]sf] kfOG5M
s= lgo'Qm JolStsf] of]Uotf ;DaGwL ljjfb
!= clwjStf cf]dk|sfz cof{n lj?4 nf]sdfg l;+x sfsL{;d]t, d'2fM pTk|]if0f,
k/dfb]z, -k"=O=_11
;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] of]Uotf gePsf JolStnfO{ clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf]
k|d'v cfo'St kbdf ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\n] l;kmfl/; u/L lgo'lQm lbPsf] ;+ljwfg;Ddt
gePsf] eGg] ;DaGwdf,
ƒ ;+j}wflgs kbflwsf/Lsf] kbdf lgo'Qm ePsf] JolQmdf ;+ljwfgn] tf]s]adf]lhdsf]
of]Uotf 5 jf 5}g egL Goflos lg¿k0fsf nflu k|:t't x'g cfPsf] ljjfbsf]
lg¿k0f Gofokflnsfn] g} ug{'kg]{,
ƒ /fhfsf] j+zLo k/Dk/fsf] lg/Gt/tf sfod /fVg ;+:yflkt ;Nnfxsf/L / /fhgLlts
k|s[ltsf] ;+:yf /fh;efsf] k|zf;lgs sfo{ x]g]{ /fhk|;fb ;]jfsf] pk;lrj kbdf

10
;'/]zk|;;fb ofba lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf klGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{no;d]t,d'2f M pTk]|if0fo'St k/dfb]z, l/6 g+= )^*-WO-)%((, ;jf]{Rr
cbfnt a'n]l6g @)^*, r}t -@_ .
11
g]=sf=k= @)&#, c+s !!, lg=g+= (&!) .
140
144 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf===

/xL sfo{ u/]sf]nfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !!(-%_-u_ sf]
k|of]hgsf nflu “n]vf, /fhZj, Ol~hlgol/ª, sfg"g, ljsf; jf cg';Gwfg” sf
If]qdf sfd u/L cg'ej xf+l;n u/]sf] egL] lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfd u/]sf] cjlw
hf]8L @) jif{ k'u]sf] dfGg gldNg] / o;/L of]Uotf k'U5 eGg] cy{ nufOof] eg]
;+ljwfgsf] ckJofVof x'g k'Ug],
ƒ ;+ljwfgn] k|:6¿kdf u/]sf] Joj:yf k|lts"n x'g] u/L ts{ / cf}lrTosf cfwf/df
cGo ;Defjgfx¿sf] vf]hL ug{' / To;nfO{ dfGotf lbg' kb{5 eGg' dgfl;j gx'g],
ƒ æVofltÆ jf æpRr g}lts rl/qÆ kb]g cfh{g -Ex-Officio Achievement_ x'Fb}g .
;fdfGo cy{df eGg'kbf{ ;bfrf/, lgi7f, Odfgbfl/tf tyf cg'zf;gsf] kfngf u/L
/fli6«o hLjgdf Voflt cfh{g ul/Psf] cj:yfnfO{ “pRr g}lts rl/q” eGg'kg]{
x'G5 . ;fdflhs ¿kdf tyf Jofj;flos st{Jo lgjf{xsf] s'/fdf ;fdfGo ;demsf]
dflg; -Person of Common Prudence_ sf] b[li6df rl/q lgGbgLo 5}g eGg]
s'/fnfO{ klg æpRr g}lts rl/qÆ lgwf{/0f ug]{ cfwf/ dfGg ;lsg] / sltko
cj:yfdf o;nfO{ gsf/fTds ¿kdf kl/eflift u/L -Negative definition_ ;Gbe{
tyf ljifo / k|;Ë cg';f/ ;fk]lIfs ¿kdf g}lts rl/q ;DaGwL s'/fx¿sf] lgwf{/0f
ug{'kg]{ cj:yf /xg],
ƒ j:t'tM lgo'lQmsf nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{ lgsfon] k|of]u ug]{ a'l4dQf jf :jljj]sdf
sltko kIf Goflos k/LIf0fof]Uo ljifo gaGg klg ;Sb5g\ . l;kmfl/;stf{
lgsfosf] :jljj]ssf s]xL jfl~5t jf :jLs[t If]qx¿ -Margin of Appreciation_
/xG5 . a'l4dQf k|of]u u/]sf] eGg] s'/fsf] cf8df :j]R5frfl/tfn] k|>o kfpg] vt/f
/xG5 . :j]R5frfl/tfnfO{ cbfntn] dfGotf lbg x'Fb}g, To;df lgoGq0f sfod ug{'
jf~5gLo x'G5,
ƒ nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotf, sfg"gsf] zf;g, ;+ljwfgjfb cflbsf b[li6n] x]bf{ /fHosf
;a} sfd sf/jfxL / lqmofsnfksf] dfkg cfwf/ eg]sf] ;+ljwfg g} xf] .
nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf / ;+ljwfgjfbsf] dfGotf cg';f/ ;+ljwfg cg';f/
/fhgLlt lgb]{lzt / ;~rflnt x'g' kb{5 . ;+ljwfg eGbf aflx/ uP/ /fhgLlt
;~rflnt x'g g;Sg],
ƒ kbLo lhDd]jf/L cg';f/sf] of]Uotf / Ifdtf j:t'ut cfwf/df olsg u/]/ dfq
of]Uotd\ JolQmnfO{ ;+j}wflgs c+usf] kbflwsf/Lsf] kbdf lgo'Qm ul/g' jf~5gLo
b]lvG5 . of]Uotf g} gk'u]sf JolQmnfO{ ;+j}wflgs kbflwsf/Lsf] kbdf :j]R5frf/L
tj/af6 lgo'Qm ul/Pdf ;+ljwfgsf] pNnª\3g x'g k'Ug] .
@= s]za a/fn lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t, d'2f M k/dfb]zsf]
;d]t -;=O=_12
clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] cfo'St kbdf lgo'lQm eP klg cfof]usf] k|d'v
cfo'St lgo'Qm gePsf]n] ;ky u|x0f ug{ gkfO{ sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f gePsf]n] ;+j}wflgs
tyf sfg"gL xssf] xgg ePsf] eGg] ;d]tsf] tYo /x]sf],

12
g]=sf=k= @)^(, c+s @, lg=g+= *&^* .
141
;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf=== 145

ƒ cfo'Qm kbdf lgo'Qm ubf{ of] o:tf] zt{ k"/f ePdf dfq lqmofzLn x'g] egL ;zt{
lgo'Qm gul/Psf] x'Fbf clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] k|d'v cfo'Qm lgo'Qm
x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f b]vfP/ clglZrt\ sfn;Dd kbef/ u|x0f ug{af6 al~rt ug{ /
zkyu|x0f gu/fO{ eO{ ;s]sf] lgo'lQmnfO{ lgliqmo agfO/xg gldNg] .
ƒ lgo'Qm eO;s]sf kbflwsf/LnfO{ klg zky u|x0f u/fpg g;lsPs} sf/0fn] sfo{ef/
;DxfNg] cj:yf gePsf] eGg] s'/f d'n'sdf sfg"gsf] zf;g sfod ug]{, /fHooGqsf]
;~rfngdf ;'zf;g sfod ug]{, nf]stGqsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfx¿ k|lt k|lta4 Pj+
hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL ;/sf/sf] nflu sbflrt zf]egLo dfGg g;lsg] .
ƒ JolQmut lxt jf ;/f]sf/sf] nflu bfo/ ul/Psf] lgj]bgdf ;fj{hlgs lxt
;/f]sf/sf] s'/f ;d]t lgxLt /x]sf] b]lvg cfPsf] cj:yfdf o; cbfntn] ;f]
b[li6sf]0faf6 ;d]t x]g{ ldNg] .
#= ;'af]w s'df/ s0f{ lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, 6+sdl0f zdf{;d]t,
d'2fM pTk|]if0f / k/dfb]z -;+=O=_13
;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\df k|wfg GofofwLzsf] zky glnPsf sf=d'= k|wfg GofofwLzn]
k|ltlglwTj u/L dxfn]vf k/LIfsdf 6+sdl0f zdf{nfO{ lgo'lQm l;kmfl/; u/]sf] ;+j}wflgs
Joj:yfsf] dd{ / efjgf ljkl/t ePsf] eGg] ;+lIfKt tYo /x]sf,
ƒ k|wfg GofofwLzsf] cg'kl:yltdf :jtM ;[hgf x'g] sf=d'= k|wfg GofofwLzsf] kb
k|wfg GofofwLz pkl:yt ePkl5 :jtM lgliqmo x'g] / sfod /xL g/xg] c:yfoL
k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . o;k|sf/ :jtM ;[hgf x'g] / :jtM ;dfKt x'g] sf=d'= k|wfg
GofofwLzsf] kb cNksfnLg k|s[ltsf] ;+j}wflgs dfGotf k|fKt kb xf] . k|wfg
GofofwLzsf] cg'kl:yltdf ;[hgf x'g] of] kbnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@( -^_ n]
dfGotf / e"ldsf k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df :jtM ;[hgf x'g] /
:jtM lgliqmo x'g] cNksfnLg k|s[ltsf] kb ePsfn] o; kbsf] nflu ;ky lnO{
/xg'kg]{ sNkgf :jod\ ;+ljwfg lgdf{tfn] u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . ;+ljwfg lgdf{tfn] g} ;ky
lng'kg]{ afWofTds cj:yf ;[hgf gu/L ;+j}wflgs dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf] cj:yfdf
s]jn ;kynfO{ cfwf/ dfgL k|wfg GofofwLz / sf=d'= k|wfg GofofwLzsf] e"ldsf
km/s km/s x'g] egL ha/h:tL JofVof ug{' ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ / efjgf cg'¿k;d]t
x'g] gb]lvg] .
$= /fd]Zj/ ofbj lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t, d'2fM pTk|]if0f
;d]t -;+=O=_14
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs kbsf nflu k|ltikwf{af6 5gf}6 eO{ clGtd
r/0fsf] lgo'lQm lng dfq afFsL /x]sf] cj:yfdf dnfO{ lgo'lQm glbO{ ;"rgf cg';f/
k|fKt ePsf k|:tfjx¿ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{, @)^* adf]lhd
egL /2 u/L k'gM kbk"lt{sf] ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] sfo{ dnfO{ lgo'lQm glbg]
jblgotk"0f{ /x]sf eGg],

13
g]=sf=k= @)&%, c+s !! lg=g+= !)!@* .
14
g]=sf=k= @)^(, cs (, lg=g+= ***( .
142
146 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf===

ƒ Psk6s sfg"g;+ut 9+uaf6 k|lt:kwf{åf/f kbk"lt{ ug{ ;'? ePsf] lgo'lQm k|lqmof
k"0f{ geP;Dd kl5 ag]sf] sfg"g jf cfb]zaf6 ;f] ;DkGg eO;s]sf] k|lqmof /
sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ s'g} ljlw;Ddt cfwf/ / sf/0fljgf cGTo jf lgliqmo x'g g;Sg] .
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{ -u7g / sfo{;~rfng_ cfb]z, @)^* ljwflosL
sfg"g jf cGo s'g} sfg"gåf/f u7g ePsf] af]8{ geO{ ;/sf/sf] k|zf;sLo cfb]z -
Executive Order_ åf/f u7g ePsf] af]8{ ePsf]n] sfg"g;/x zlQm -Sanction_
ePsf] af]8{ /x]sf] dfGg gldNg] .
ƒ k|ltikwf{af6 sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs lgo'lQm ug]{ u/L k|sfzg ePsf] ;"rgf cg';f/
k|f/De ePsf] k|lqmof tyf ;f] adf]lhd cGtjf{tf{ ;d]t ;DkGg eO{ ;lsO{
pDd]bjf/sf] clGtd d"NofÍg ;d]t eO;s]kZrft sfg"gsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L
vf/]h jf ab/ ug{ afx]s k|zf;sLo cfb]zaf6 g} ljgf cfwf/ / sf/0f ;f] ;DkGg
e};s]sf] sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ To;} ab/ jf vf/]h ug{ gldNg] .
%= /flhjk|;fb u'Ktf /f}lgof/ lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t, d'2fM
pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z -lj=O=_15
b'/;+rf/ k|flws/0fsf] l/St cWoIf / ;b:o kbsf] k"lt{sf nflu ;"rgf k|sflzt eO{ d
klg k|lt:kwL{ /x]sf]df ;"rgf k|sfzg ubf{ b"/ ;+rf/ P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf %-!_ / P]=
lgodfjnL, @)%$ sf] lgod # df ;b:o kb dfq Joj:yf ePsf]df ;"rgfdf sfg"g
;b:o kb ;[hgf u/L / ;f]xL adf]lhd z}lIfs of]Uotf tf]sL tyf cWoIf kbsf]
of]Uotfdf b"/;+rf/ ;]jf;+u ;DalGwt eGg] jfSof+z 5'§fO{ q'l6k"0f{ ;"rgf k|sfzg u/]af6
dh:tf b'/;+rf/ ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt sd{rf/Lsf] ;+ljwfg k|bQ ;dfgtf tyf k]zf /f]huf/
ug{ kfpg] xs xgg ePsf] eGg] tYo /x]sf],
ƒ ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt /fHosf sfd sf/jfxLx¿ -State Action_ ;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 .
;/sf/ tyf ;/sf/sf s'g} klg lgsfosf sfo{af6 ;dfg JolQmx¿aLr e]befj
ePsf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfgk|bQ gful/ssf] of] clwsf/df k|lts"n eO{ cf3ft k'Ub5 .
s'g} klg JolQm jf ;d"x -Person or Group_ x¿nfO{ sfg"gsf] k|of]u ubf{ jf
Jojxf/df ;dfgtf -Equality_ cjnDag ug{' g} ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtsf] Wo]o
ePsfn] km/s l:ylt ePsf] cj:yfdf Pp6} l:yltdf k'¥ofpg' jf kl/0ffddf ;dfgtf
vf]Hg' klg ;dfgtfsf] csf]{ kIf dflgG5 . ;dfgx¿sf aLr ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{' /
c;dfgx¿sf aLr tfls{s juL{s/0f / km/s Jojxf/ ug{' g} ;dfgtfsf] ;f/ x'g] .
ƒ ljwflosf /fHo Joj:yfsf] Ps cË ePsfn] /fHo ;~rfngcGtu{t ljleGg
;fj{hlgs sfg"gx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ Ps dfq clwsf/ ljwflosfdf g} lglxt /x]sf] 5 .
ljwflosfåf/f lgld{t sfg"g ;+ljwfgsf] ;Ldfdf /xL lgdf{0f ug{'kg]{ .
ƒ b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fdf lgo'Qm x'g] ;b:o tyf cWoIfsf] s'g If]qsf] of]Uotf x'g'kg]{ jf
of]Uotf tf]Sg] ljifo ljwflosfsf] clwsf/If]q xf] .
ƒ sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] ;t{ jf aGb]haf6 ;a}nfO{ ;dfg ¿kdf nfu" x'g] u/L agfOPsf]
sfg"gL Joj:yfn] JolQm ljz]ifnfO{ k|efljt t'NofPsf] cfwf/df dfq c;dfg Jojxf/
15
g]=sf=k= @)&!, c+s !), lg=g+= (@%% .
143
;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf=== 147

ePsf] jf ;+ljwfgk|bQ df}lns xsdf aGb]h jf sfg"gL xsdf cf3ft k'u]sf] eGg]
cy{ ug{ gldNg] .
ƒ ;"rgf ab/ ug{ dfu ug]{ / ;"rgf ab/ gePdf sfg"g g} ab/sf] dfu u/L h'g
pkfoaf6 x'G5 To;}af6 cfkm"n] bf]xf]/f] nfe lnO{ nfeflGjt x'g vf]h]sf] b]lvFbf bf]xf]/f]
nfe sfg"g adf]lhd u|fXo x'g g;Sg] .
^= ljlgts'df/ emf lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{no;d]t, d'2fM pTk|]if0f
k/dfb]z -lj=O=__16
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg jf]8{ -u7g tyf sfo{ ;+rfng_ cfb]z, @)^( sf] bkmf @-v_
n] u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] kl/efiffn] ;+:yfg P]g, @)@! nufotsf sfg"gsf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfnfO{ lglis|o / k|efjlxg agfPsf], jf]8{sf] ;b:odf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] ;b:o jf
tf]s]sf] lj1 ;b:o x'g] k|fjwfg nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] kbflsf/L cGo sfo{ ug{ cof]Uo x'g]
;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] ljkl/t /x]sf] eGg];d]t,
ƒ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@%-*_ df plNnlvt Joj:yfn] nf]s ;]jf
cfof]usf] cWoIf jf ;b:o eO;s]sf JolQm ;/sf/L ;]jfdf lgo'lQmsf nflu u|fXo
gx'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] eP klg ;f] Joj:yf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf cWoIf tyf ;b:o
kbdf axfn /xL /x]sf JolQmsf xsdf cfslif{t x'g] Joj:yf geO{ ;f] kbaf6
cjsfz k|fKt u/L ;s]sf JolQmsf xsdf cfslif{t x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvg
cfPsfn] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{ -u7g tyf sfo{ ;~rfng_ cfb]z, @)^(
sf] bkmf !! sf] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@%-*_ sf]
k|lts"n /x]sf] dfGg gldNg] .
ƒ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu pko'Qm
pDd]bjf/x¿sf] 5gf}6 u/L l;kmfl/; ug]{ sfo{ljlwdf ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fdfGo
l;4fGtsf ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] k/fdz{ lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] / nf]s ;]jf
cfof]usf] pkl:yltljgf pQm sfo{n] j}wtf / k"0f{tf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] x'Fb}g . ;fj{hlgs
;+:yfgsf k|d'vsf] lgo'lQm;DaGwL ljifo g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLltut ljifo eO{ ;f]xL
gLltut Joj:yf cg';f/ pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k|ltlglwTj
x'g] u/L ;f] cfof]usf kbflwsf/LnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg k|d'v lgo'lQm l;kmfl/;
;ldltsf] cWoIf tyf ;b:o /xg] u/L ul/Psf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@^-^_
ljk/Lt dfGg gldNg] .
ƒ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{ -u7g tyf sfo{ ;~rfng_ cfb]z, @)^( sf] bkmf
!! adf]lhdsf] l;kmfl/; ;ldlt :jod\n] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf k|d'vsf] lgo'lQm ug]{
geO{ lgo'lQmsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/;;Dd ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] / To:tf]
kbdf lgo'lQm ug]{ clwsf/ g]kfn ;/sf/df g} lglxt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L lgj]bsn]
bfaL u/]sf] lgo'lQm ug]{ lgsfosf ;DaGwdf tt\ tt\ sfg"gdf ePsf] Joj:yf / u7g
cfb]z, @)^( sf] Joj:yfdf lgo'lQm ug]{ lgsfo Pp6} eO{ leGgtf /x]sf] gb]lvFbf
lgj]bssf] pQm lhls/ ;+ljwfg Pjd\sfg"g;Ddt dfGg b]lvg gcfpg] .

16
g]=sf=k= @)&@, c+s !), lg=g+= ($&* .
144
148 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf===

v= kbfjlw afFsL 5Fb} kbd'St ePsf ljifo

!= l6sfk|;fb kf]v/]n lj= dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;lrjfno, d'2fM pTk|]if0f nufot hf] rflxg]
cf1f cfb]z -k"=O=_17
lgjf{rg kZrft\ ul7t dlGqkl/ifb\n] dnfO{ ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\sf] ;b:o ;lrj
kbaf6 kbfjlw 5Fb} ljgf cfwf/ sf/0f cjsfz lbPsf] sfo{n] d]/f] ;+j}wflgs tf sfg"gL
xs xgg ePsf] eGg] tYo /x]sf],
ƒ lgj]bs kl/ifb\sf] ;b:o ;lrj kbdf axfn /xL sfo{/t /x]sf] / ;dfh sNof0f P]g,
)$( sf] bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf -#_ n] dgf]lgt ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw $ jif{ x'g] 5 egL
sfg"gåf/f kbfjlw lgwf{l/t ePsf] kbaf6 cjsfz lbg], x6fpg] sfo{ klg sfg"g
adf]lhd g} x'g' kg]{,
ƒ g]kfn sfg"g JofVof ;DjGwL P]g, @)!) sfg"gsf s'g} zJb jf zJb ;d"xsf] ;xL
cy{ lgsfNg JofVof ug{ cfjZos b]lvPdf ;xf/f lng] xf] . sfg"gdf /x]sf] k|i6
Joj:yfsf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L cy{ ug{ o;sf] ;xf/f lnOg] xf]Og .
ƒ lgo'lQmsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t ;:k]08 jf jvf{:t ug{ kfpF5 eGg] g]kfn sfg"g JofVof
;DjGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf !^ sf] Joj:yfsf] ;xf/f lnO{ lgj]bssf] kb /fhgLlts
cf:yfsf cfwf/df lgo'lQm x'g] kb klg gePsf] cj:yfdf ;kmfO{sf] df}sf klg glbO{
s'g} cfwf/, sf/0f ljgf lgj]bssf] kbfjlw af+sL 5+b} cjsfz lbPsf] s'/f sfg"g
;+ut dfGg g;lsg] .
ƒ sfg"gn] g} kb, kbfjlw / kbaf6 x6\g] cj:yfx¿ k|i6 u/]sf] l:yltdf sfg"g
adf]lhd lgo'Qm kbflwsf/Ln] sfg"g adf]lhd kbaf6 x6\g' kg]{ cj:yfdf afx]s axfn
/xL cfˆgf] bfloTj / lhDd]jf/L jxg ub}{ sfo{ ug{ kfpg] xs /fVg] x'+bf lgo'Qm
kl/ifb\sf] ;b:o ;lrj kbaf6 lgj]bsnfO{ cjsfz lbg] sfo{n] lgj]bssf] ;dfgtf
tyf :jtGqtf h:tf] df}lns xsdf cf3ft k'u]sf]n] pQm sfo{ ;+ljwfg / sfg"g
;+ut eGg gldNg] .
@= ?Sd zDz]/ /f0ff lj= >L % sf] ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb ;lrjfno, d'2fM pTk|]if0f nufot
-k'=O=_18
v]ns'b kl/ifb P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf #-!_ -v_ adf]lhd ;/sf/n] rf/ jif{sf] nflu
kbfjlw tf]sL ;b:o tf]lsPsf] / ;f] cjlwdf ;b:o ;lrj eO{ v]ns'bsf] k'0f{ ljsf;df
tNnLg /xL tyf FIFA df;d]t g]kfnsf] k|ltlglwTjdf cj;/ h'6fO{ P]gsf] p2]Zo
cg'¿k sfd u/L /x]sfdf ;/sf/n] cgfof;} dnfO{ cjsf; lbPsf] sfo{n] ;+j}wflgs
tyf sfg"gL xs xgg ePsf] eGg] tYo /x]sf],
ƒ sfg"gn] g} kbfjlw :ki6 u/]sf] cj:yfdf dgf]gog ug]{ lg0f{o tyf lgo'lQmkqdf
kbfjlw pNn]v gu/]sf] eGg] cy{ u/L v]ns'b ljsf; P]g, @)$* jdf]lhd /fli6«o
v]ns'b kl/ifb\sf] ;b:odf dgf]lgt ;b:onfO{ $ jif{sf] kbfjlw jfFsL 5+b} ;'g'jfO{sf]
17
g]=sf=k= @)%#, c+s !@, lg=g+= ^@(% .
18
g]=sf=k= @)%$, c+s !, lg=g+= ^#)$ .
145
;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf=== 149

df}sf;d]t glbO{ k|fs[lts Gofo l;4fGt / sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ff ljkl/t sfg"gL
sf/afxL gu/L g]kfn sfg"g AofVof ;DaGwL P]g, @)!) adf]lhd lgo'lQm ug]{
clwsf/;+u} cjsfzsf] klg clwsf/ /x]sf] cy{df/ ljz]if P]gn] xssf] >[hgf tyf
Joj:yf u/] h:tf] u/L xssf] >[hgf tyf Joj:yf u/]sf] dfgL cjsfz lbg jf
x6fpg gkfpg],
ƒ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] kl/k|]Iodf lgo'Qm ug]{n] ljgf s'g} sfg"gL
cfwf/ cjsfz klg lbg ;Qm5 egL cy{ ubf{ kbdf lgo'Qm JolQm hlxn] klg
c;'/lIft eO/xg] / sfo{sfl/0fLsf] :j]R5frfl/tfnfO{ j9fjf x'g hfg] x'G5 . h'g s'/f
;+ljwfgsf] cjwf/0ffsf] k|lts"n x'g] . ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] kfngf ug{' kg]{ st{Jo
/fHo tyf JolQm ;j}sf] xf] . ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf / sfg"gsf] Joj:yf cg's"n /fHon]
cfˆgf] sfo{ z}nL ckgfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . ;+ljwfg tyf ljz]if sfg"gn] :ki6 ¿kdf
k|bfg u/]sf] ;'/lIft xsdf g]kfn sfg"g JofVof ;DjGwL P]gsf] JofVofsf] cf8df
x:tIf]k ug{ ldNg] cj:yf gx'g] .
#= nfSkf nfdf lj= :yflgo ljsf; dGqfno;d]t, d'2fM pTk|]if0f, k/dfb]z;d]t-k'= O=_19
ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, @)!# sf] bkmf # cGtu{t u'Daf Joj:yf tyf ljsf; ;ldltsf]
;b:o kbdf % jif{sf nflu lgo'lQm kfPsf]df kbfjlw afFls x'+b} cjsfz lbPsf] eGg]
tYo /xsf],
ƒ thljhL clwsf/ sfg"g;Ddt, Gofof]lrt / ;b\ljj]sdf cfwfl/t x'g' kg]{ .
ƒ sfg"gn] g} lglZrt kbfjlw tf]lsPsf] kbdf lgo'Qm jf dgf]gog ePsf JolQmnfO{ ;f]
kbfjlw k'/f gx'+b} x6fpg 7f]; / lglZrt cfwf/ b]vfpg ;Sg' kg]{ . thljhL
clwsf/ xn'sf lsl;dn] k|of]u ug{ gkfOg] .
ƒ ljjfb lg/f]k0fsf] ;Gbe{df lglZrt ult k|fKt ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf k|ltkflbt
l;4fGtx¿sf] kfngf ug{' ;a}sf] ;+j}wflgs st{Jo / bfloTj x'g] .
$= xl/rGb| zfx lj= nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, hgsk'/ c+rn sfof{no;d]t d'2fM pTk|]if0
;d]t-k'=O=_20
Ps jif{sf] k/LIf0fsfndf /xg]u/L lgo'lQm kfO{ sfo{/t /x]sfdf k/LIf0fsfn Joltt
eO{;s]kl5 kbk'lt{ ;DaGwL sfo{ clgoldt 7x/ ePsf] egL cjsfz lbPsf] sfo{
k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt ljkl/t /xL sfg"gL ;+j}wflgs clwsf/ xgg ePsf] eGg] tYo
ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf
ƒ lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod @%-@_ adf]lhd lgwf{/Lt k|lqmof /
zt{sf] kfngf gu/L lgo'lQm u/]sf] cj:yfdf To;/L lgo'Qm ePsf sd{rf/LnfO{
x6fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvPklg ;f] lgodfjnLdf k|o'Qm ======== ……To;/L
lgo'Qm ePsf] sd{rf/Lsf] k/LIf0fsfn leq n]lv cfPdf lghnfO{ cjlwleq x6fpg'kg]{

19
g]=sf=k= @)%(, c+s !, lg=g+= &)%@ .
20
g]=sf=k= @)%(, c+s !!, lg=g+= &!$* .
146
150 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf===

5…… egL lgo'lQm clgoldt 7x/ ePsf] v08df k/LIf0fsfn leq dfq x6fpg ;lsg]
cGoyf lgo'lQm ;b/ x'g hfg] cj:yf b]lvg cfpg] .
ƒ k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ k|of]u u/L kbk"lt{ ul/Psf] k|lqmof clgoldt ePsf] cj:yf
b]lvg cfPdf To:tf] kbdf lgo'Qm JolQmnfO{ k/LIf0fsfn leq g} x6fpg' kg]{
jfWofTds sfg"gL Joj:yf /x] ePsf]df lgj]bsnfO{ k/LIf0fsfn k"/f eP kl5
;]jfjf6 cjsf; lbPsf] b]lv+bf ;f] cjsf; lbg] u/L lbPsf] lakIfL cfo'j]{b :jf:Yo
s]G›sf] ldlt @)%^.!!.@$ sf] kq / tt\ ;DaGwL eP u/]sf] lg0f{o / sfd sfo{jfxL
sfg"g cg'¿k ePsf] gb]lv+bf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f jb/ x'g] .
u= lgo'lQmdf plNnlvt kbfjlw gtf]lsPsf] jf al9df jf cGo efiffsf] :ki6tf ;DaGwdf
!= Odfgl;+ nfdf lj= g]kfn ;/sf/, :yflgo ljsf; dGqfno, >Ldxn nlntk'/ ;d]t,
d'2fM pTk|]if0f tyf k/dfb]z-;+=O=_21
cflbaf;L hghflt lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] pkfWoIf kbdf lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf]
u7g ug]{ lgb]{lzsf adflhd $ jif{sf nflu lgo'Qm u/]sf]df Ps jif{ gk'Ub} u}/sfg"gL
lg0f{o u/L cjsfz lbPsf] eGg] k|:t't lgj]bgdf,
ƒ dgf]gog x'Fbfsf avt lgb]{lzsfadf]lhd rf/ jif{sf] kbfjlw ls6fg geO{ a9Ldf rf/
jif{sf] nflu egL zt{o'Qm kbfjlwnfO{ dgf]gog kfpFbfsf avt :jLsf/ u/]sf]df
clxn] cfP/ ljjfb ug{'sf] s'g} cf}lrTotf g/xg] .
ƒ dGqLaf6 dgf]gog x'g] kb :yfoL k|s[ltsf] kb geO{ c:yfoL k|s[ltsf] /fhgLlts kb
x'g] .
@= k|j]z/fd e08f/L lj= ;+;bLo Joj:yf tyf ;+:s[lt dGqfno;d]t, d'2fM pTk|]if0f
k/dfb]z-;+=O=_22
kz'klt If]q ljsf; sf]if P]g,@)%) adf]lhd sf]ifsf] ;+rfns kl/ifb ;b:o kbdf $
jif{sf nflu lgo'Qm xfdLnfO{ ljgf cfwf/ sf/0f x6fO{ c?nfO{ lgo'Qm u/]sf] eGg];d]t,
ƒ lgj]bsx¿ dgf]gog x'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf a9Ldf rf/ jif{sf] cjlwsf] nflu dfq lgo'lQm
ePsf] b]lvPsfn] lgo'lQm ug]{ lgsfon] h'g;'s} ;dodf lghx¿sf] ;]jf lng OGsf/
ug{ ;Sg] eGg] g} b]lvG5 . a9Ldf egL jf cjlw gtf]sL lgo'lQm jf dgf]gog
u/]sf]df lgo'lQm stf{af6 rfx]sf] ;dodf lgo'Qm jf dgf]lgt kbflwsf/LnfO{ kbaf6
cjsfz lbg ;Sg] eGg] g} b]lvg] .
ƒ lgj]bsx¿n] pQm ;b:osf] kbdf dgf]gog x'Fbfsf avt P]gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] rf/
jif{sf] kbfjlw ls6fg geO{ a9Ldf rf/ jif{sf] nflu egL /flvPsf] ;t{o'Qm
kbfjlwnfO{ dgf]gog kfpFbfsf avt :jLsf/ ul/;s]kl5 clxn] cfP/ ljjfb ug{'nfO{
;fGble{s dfGg g;lsg] .

21
g]=sf=k= @)^*, c+s %, lg=g+= *^!% .
22
g]=sf=k= @)&#, c+s %, lg=g+= (%(# .
147
;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf=== 151

#= czf]s/Tg ah|frfo{ lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t, d'2fM pTk|]if0f

k/dfb]z -;+=O=_23
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{on] 6|df ;]G6/sf] sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs kbdf rf/ jif{sf nflu ;+rfng
lgb]{lzsf adf]lhd lgo'Qm ePsf]df ;]G6/df cjl5Gg sfd ug{ kfpg] d]/f] clwsf/nfO{
s'l07t x'g] u/L ;]06/ g} vf/]h u/]/ jL/ c:ktfnnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf]pk/
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf/sf] lgj]bg,
ƒ ljsf; ;ldlt lj36g ug]{ cj:yfdf /x] g/x]sf] lg0f{o ug]{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
cGtlg{lxt sfg"gL clwsf/ xf] . ;/sf/n] ;do;dodf cfjZoQmf / pko'Qmtf x]/L
u7g cfb]z u7g lj36g ug]{ xf] . ;/sf/sf] cl3Nnf] cfb]zaf6 u7g u/]sf] rflxF
7Ls / kl5Nnf] lg0f{oaf6 u7gcfb]z sfod g/fVg] u/]sf] lg0f{o rflxF a]7Ls xf]
egL lgj]bsn] eGg ldNg] b]lvFb}g . ljsf; ;ldlt P]g cg';f/ u7g cfb]z g]kfn
;/sf/af6 hf/L x'g] ePsfn] u7g cfb]z vf/]h ug]{ clwsf/;d]t g]kfn ;/sf/df
/xG5 . ;/sf/åf/f ul/Psf] lgltut lg0f{o :j]R5frf/L Pj+ ;+ljwfg / sfg"g
k|lts"n ePdf cbfntaf6 x:tIf]k ug{ ;lsg] eP klg k|:t't ljifodf
dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ lg0f{o ug{af6 /f]Sg kg]{ sfg"gL Pj+ tYout cfwf/ sf/0fsf]
ljBdfgtf gb]lvg] .
ƒ s'g} JolQmsf] xslxt lj¿4 lg0f{o ul/G5 eg] To;/L lg0f{o ug{'kg]{ sf/0f cfwf/
oyf;dodf hfgsf/L u/fO{ k|lt/Iffsf] df}sf k|bfg ul/G5 . ljsf; ;ldlt P]g,
@)!# sf] bkmf * df u7g cfb]z vf/]h ubf{ ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf lbg'kg]{ afWofTds
Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvFb}g . ;fy} ljsf; ;ldlt P]gcGtu{t u7g cfb]z hf/L ug]{ jf
vf/]h ug]{ sfo{sfl/0fLsf] :jtGq clwsf/ ePsf] x'Fbf o;df k|fs[lts Gofosf]
l;4fGt cfslif{t x'g] b]lvFb}g . k|:t't ljifodf lgj]bsnfO{ rf/ jif{sf] nflu lgo'lQm
lbPsf] eGg] cfwf/df dfq} ;ldlt vf/]h ubf{ ;kmfOsf] df}sf lbg'kg]{ ljifo klg
xf]Og . o;/L k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt lg0f{o ePsf] eGg] lgj]bssf] lhls/
:jLsf/of]Uo gb]lvg] .
$= k|]d/fh e§ lj= dfggLo cy{ dGqL, cy{ dGqfno;d]t, d'2fM pTk|]if0f -;+=O=_24
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ dnfO{ # jif{sf nflu /fli6«o ladf ;+:yfgsf] ;+rfns
kbdf lgo'Qm u/L ;xfos k|zf;s;d]t sfdsfh ug{ tf]s]sf]df ljgf sf/0f pSt
;xfos k|zf;ssf] lhDd]jf/Laf6 x6fPsf] eGg] tYo /x]sf],
ƒ /fli6«o ladf ;+:yfg P]g, @)@% df :ki6 ¿kdf kbfjlw gtf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf h'g
lgsfon] h'g tl/sfn] lhDd]jf/L lbg] clwsf/ /fVb5, ;f]xL lgsfon] ;f]xL tl/sfn]
lhDd]jf/Laf6 x6fpg ;Sg] x}l;ot /fVg] .
ƒ csf]{ Joj:yf geP;Ddsf nflu egL lbOPsf] tby{ k|s[ltsf] lhDd]jf/Laf6 x6fpg
;'g'jfOsf] df}sf lbO{ /xg' cfjZos gx'g] .

23
g]=sf=k= @)&$, c+s !, lg=g+= (&$# .
24
g]=sf=k= @)&^, c+s @, lg=g+= !)!(! .
148
152 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf===

3= cjsfzsf] cfwf/, sf/0f / ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf k|bfg ;DaGwdf

!= t]h axfb'/ sfsL{ lj?4 Gofo kl/ifb ;d]t, d'2fM pTk]|if0f -;+=O=_25
d}n] ckx/0f z/L/aGws d'2fdf u/]sf] km};nfsf ;DaGwdf Ps ;b:oLo 5fglag
;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df sfo{Ifdftfsf] cefj / OdfGbfl/tfk"j{s st{Ao kfngf
gu/]sf] egL GofofwLz kbaf6 kbd'St ug]{ lg0f{on] df}lns xssf] xgg ePsf] eGg]
;+lIfKt tYo /x]sf],
ƒ GofofwLz pk/sf] sf/afxLsf nflu ;+ljwfg Pj+ sfg"gn] :ki6 cfwf/ / plrt
k|lqmofx¿sf] Joj:yf u/]sf]n] :j]OR5frf/L ¿kdf sf/afxL ug{ ;lsg] l:yltsf]
kl/sNkgf x'g g;Sg],
ƒ GofofwLznfO{ :jR5Gb x'gaf6 /f]Sgsf nflu GofofwLz pk/sf] cg'zf;g ;DaGwL
sf/afxL / avf{;L;d]tsf nflu ;+ljwfgn] Gofo kl/ifb\ h:tf] :jtGq lgsfosf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] ;Gbe{df cg'zf;g ;DaGwL jf avf{;Lsf] sf/afxL ug]{ lgsfo :jo+n]
klg Goflos d"No / dfGotfdf cfwfl/t sf/afxL k|lqmof cFufNg' kg]{,
ƒ GofofwLzn] cfˆgf] cf]xbfsf] st{Jo kfngfsf] l;nl;nfdf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] Gofo
lg¿k0f ;DaGwL sfo{ q'l6k"0f{ 5, 5}g eGg] s'/f k'g/fj]bsLo clwsf/ If]qsf]
k|of]uaf6 x]l/g] / af]lng] ljifo x'g\ . d'2fsf] /f]xdf GofofwLzaf6 x'g] cfb]z jf
lg0f{osf ;DaGwdf cg'zf;g ;DaGwL sf/afxL ug{'eGbf cufl8 ;+j]bgzLn eO{
GofofwLzsf] :jtGqtf ;DaGwL :yflkt dfGotftkm{ ;r]t /xL Goflos k|lqmofsf]
k"0f{ kfngfsf ;fy cg';Gwfg u/L To; cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt k|ltj]bgsf] cf}lrTosf]
k'li6 tYok/s 9Ëaf6 ePdf dfq sf/afxL cufl8 a9fOg' Goflos :jtGqtfsf]
nflu lxts/ x'g] .
ƒ j}olQms d"NofÍg j:t'k/s geO{ cfTdk/s x'g] x'Fbf j:t'lgi6 cfwf/ / k|df0fa]u/
Gofo kl/ifb\sf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] j}olQms d"NofÍgsf] cfwf/df GofofwLzsf] Goflos
sfd sf/afxLsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ kl/kf6Ln] Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{ :jtGq ¿kaf6
;Dkfbg ug{ b'¿x x'g hfg] . cfTdlgi7 / k|j[Q efjgfaf6 k|]l/t eO{ u/]sf] lg0f{on]
;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL dfGotf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g / sfg"gsf] zf;g -Rule of Law_
cg'¿k klg gx'g] .
@= s]zj :yflkt lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t, d'2fM pTk|]if0f,
k/dfb]z, k|ltif]w;d]t -;+=O=_26
sf7df08f} pkTosf ljsf; k|flws/0f P]g, @)$% adf]lhd kfFr jif]sf nflu k|lws/0f
cfo'St kbdf lgo'Qm dnfO{ u}/sfg"gL 5fglag ;ldltsf l;kmfl/zdf s'g}
:ki6Ls/0f;d]t g;f]wL kbfjlw cufj} cjsfz lbPsf] eGg] tYo /x]sf],
ƒ k|To]s lgsfosf lgo'lQm tyf cjsfzsf cf–cfˆgf sfg"gL :j¿k x'g;Sg]df Pp6f
lgsfosf ;Gbe{df ePsf] Joj:yf csf]{ lgsfosf xsdf ck|f;lËs x'G5 . t;y{, ;f]

25
g]=sf=k= @)&%, c+s %, lg=g+= !)))^ .
26
g]=sf=k= @)&), c+s %, lg=g+= ()!# .
149
;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf=== 153

lgsfosf ;Gbe{df p7fOPsf k|Zg ;f] lgsfosf] dft[ sfg"gsf] kl/k|]Iodf g} k/v
ul/g'kg]{ .
ƒ cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug]{ jf gug]{ eGg] ;Gb{edf ePsf] cfb]z glh/ gx'g] ePtf
klg kfFr ;b:oLo k"0f{ Ohnf;n] u/]sf] JofVofnfO{ o; Ohnf;n] cjZo klg dgg
ug{'kg]{ .
ƒ s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs clwsf/LnfO{ lbOPsf] lgo'lQm / tf]lsPsf] kbfjlw cs06s
gx'g] . t/ s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/LnfO{ ;]jf ug{ kfpg] xssf ;Gbe{df
lglZrt\sfg"gL ;'/If0f k|bfg ul/Psf] x'G5 . To;} u/L ;]jfsf] cGTosf nflu klg
s]xL sfg"gL k|aGw ul/Ps} x'g] .
ƒ cjsfz lbg} ;lsGg eGg] dfGotf sfg"g;Ddt gx'g] eP klg cjsfz lg0f{o
clVtof/L k|fKt lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Laf6 x'g' klxnf] cfjZostf xf] eg] bf];|f]
cfjZostf sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t cjsfz lbO{+bf cjnDag ug{'kg]{ sfo{ljlwsf]
kl/kfng x'g}kg]{ .
ƒ 5fgaLg ;ldltn] lgj]bsnfO{ kbaf6 x6fpg l;kmfl/z u/]sf] s'/f lglj{jfb 5 .
5fgaLg ;ldlt sfg"gåf/f l;lh{t lgsfo xf] . l;kmfl/z ug{'kg]{ cfˆgf] bfloTj k"/f
u/]kl5 of] ;ldlt :jtM lj36g x'G5 . t/, o;sf] bfloTj o;nfO{ u7g ug]{
lgsfodf ;b{5 . o:tf sfg"gcGtu{tsf c:yfoL k|s[ltsf ;ldltsf] bfloTj jf
hjfkmb]xLtf u7g ug]{ lgsfon] axg ug{'kg]{ .
ƒ sfg"gsf] JofVof ubf{ ;xh / :jfefljs cy{nfO{ u|x0f ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . cfkm" cWoIf
/x]sf] ;ldltn] cfˆg} cWoIfsf] sfo{Ifdtfsf] k|Zg p7fO{ 5fgaLg ;ldlt u7g
ul/g'kg]{ ljlwstf{sf] dg;fo x'g g;Sg] .
ƒ sf7df8f}F pkTosf ljsf; k|flws/0f P]g, @)$% sf] bkmf !# cGtu{tsf]
d"n;ldltn] lgj]bs ;~rfns ;ldltsf] cWoIfsf ljifodf lgod @$ sf] k|of]hgsf
nflu 5fgaLg ;ldltsf] u7g ul/Psf] sfo{nfO{ u}/sfg"gL eGg] cy{ ug{ g;lsg] .
ƒ s'g} P]gsf] bkmf jf lgodsf] pNn]vg ePdf To;df n]lvPsf] Joxf]/f :jtM
cGt/e"t x'g] .
ƒ k|ltjfbsf] df}sf lbOFbf :ki6Ls/0f jf hjfkm jf k|ltj]bg jf egfO{ /fVg jf :ki6
ug{ nufotsf h'gs'g} klg zAb k|of]u x'g ;Qm5g\ . :ki6Ls/0f zAb k|of]u gul/g'
g} k|ltjfbsf] df}sf glbPsf] 7xg]{ cj:yf gx'g] .
ƒ lgj]bsnfO{ lgod @$-!_ sf] pNn]vgsf ;fy k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ elgPsf] 5 . lgod
@$-!_ sf] k|of]u “ljsf; cfo'Qmn] cfˆgf] kbcg'¿k lhDd]jf/L k"/f gu/]df jf
lghdf sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj ePdf” dfq k|of]u x'g ;Sg] xf] . oxL ;ldlt;dIf
lgj]bsn] k]z ug{' ePsf] !& k[i7 nfdf] k|ltj]bgdf cfkm"df sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj
gePsf] / cfkm"n] kbcg'¿ksf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f u/]sf] eGg] s'/fdf g} s]lG›t 5 .
5fglag ;ldltn] lghnfO{ cjsfz lbg] l;kmfl/; ug{'k"j{ k|ltj]bg cWoog u/]sf]
l:yltdf lghfdtL sd{rf/L;/x b'O{ k6s :ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwPg eGg] ts{sf] cf}lrTo
gx'g] .
150
154 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf===

ƒ k|To]s sfg"g cfkm}Fdf k"0f{ x'G5 . s] s:tf k|fjwfg pQm sfg"gdf /fVg] eGg] s'/f
ljwfogsf] If]q xf] . ljwfog cGtu{t ljwflosf tyf ;f] lgsfoåf/f k|Tofof]lht
clwsf/ cGtu{t ag]sf] sfg"gdf plNnlvt Joj:yf g} s'g} klg sfo{ ljlw;Ddt\
eof] jf ePg eGg] x]l/g] dfkb08 xf] .
#= g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= clgns'df/ cfrfo{, d'2fM u}/sfg"gL ;DklQ cfh{g, e|i6frf/ -
;+=O=_27
;/sf/L sfof{nodf sfo{/t /x]sf] cj:yf gf]s/L afx]s cGo sfo{ ug{ ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt
lnPsf] gb]lvPsf] cj:yf To;/L sdfPsf] ;DklQ klg u}/sfg"gL ;DklQ cfh{g x'g] gx'g]
eGg] ljifo,
ƒ sd{rf/Ln] ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 :jLs[lt glnO{ cGoq s'g} k|sf/sf] gf]s/L ug]{ jf
cfly{s nfe jf s'g} ;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{ u/L k/fdz{bftf, ;Nnfxsf/ jf s'g} x}l;otn]
sfo{ u/]df ;f] ljifo /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lsf] Jofj;flos cfr/0fsf] k|lts"n x'g] x'Fbf
ljefuLo sf/afxLsf] bfo/fleq x]l/g] ljifo x'g],
ƒ ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 :jLs[lt glnO{ sfd u/]s} cfwf/df ;f] sfo{af6 cfh{g u/]sf]
;DklQnfO{ u}/sfg"gL ;DklQ dfGg' Gofof]lrt gx'g] .
8= kbfjlw ls6fg ug]{ lgod, sfg"g -Enaballing Laws_ sf ;DaGwdf
!= g]kfnL /fhb't stf/df g]kfnL /fhb"tdf sfo{/t 8f= dfof s'df/L zdf{ sf] xsdf
clwjStf dGh' d/fl;gL lj?4 /fi6«kltsf] sfof{no;d]t, pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z28
g]kfnL /fhb"t stf/df g]kfnL /fhb"tdf sfo{/t /x]sf] cj:yf k//fi6« ;]jf ;DaGwL
lgodx¿ adf]lhd d]/f] sfofjwL rf/ jif{sf] x'g]df ;f] cjlw Joltt gx'Fb} cgfof;}
/fhb"t kbaf6 d'St u/L lkmtf{ af]nfPsf] eGg] ;+lIfKt tYo /x]sf],
ƒ g]kfn k//fi6« ;]jf;DaGwL lgodx¿, @)^* g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g,
@)$( sf] bkmf &% n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L agfPsf]df l/6 lgj]bs lghfdtL
sd{rf/L jf g]kfn k//fi6« ;]jfsf] sd{rf/L geO{ /fhgLlts k|s[ltaf6 lgo'Qm
/fhb"t ePsf] cj:yfdf b]lvG5 eg] g]kfn k//fi6« ;]jf;DaGwL lgodx¿, @)^*
adf]lhd “cjlw tf]sL ;¿jf ul/Pdf afx]s lgof]udf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{
;fdfGotofM rf/ jif{sf] ;]jf cjlw k"/f ePkl5 ;¿jf ul/g]5” eGg] Joj:yf
ePsfn] lgof]udf sfo{/t k//fi6« ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;¿jfsf] ;DaGwdf nfu" x'g]
pQm lgodsf] Joj:yf lgof]u k|d'v /fhb"tsf] kbfjlw ;DaGwdf klg nfu" x'g] eGg
ldNg] gb]lvg] .
ƒ j:t'tM /fhb"tsf] kb k|zf;lgs jf lghfdtL kb geO{ cfˆgf] d'n'ssf] ;/sf/sf]
gLlt / lgb]{zgsf] cwLgdf /xL csf]{ ;fj{ef}d d'n'sdf cfˆgf] d'n'ssf] k|ltlglwTj
u/L sfdsfh ug{'kg]{ /fhgLlts k|s[ltsf] kb xf] . Pp6f ;fj{ef}d d'n'sn] csf]{

27
g]=sf=k= @)&^, c+s #, lg=g+= !)@!* .
28
g]=sf=k= @)&$, c+s !@ lg=g+= ($&(-;+=O=_ .
151
;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf=== 155

;fj{ef}d d'n'sdf cfˆgf] b]zsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ egL tf]lsPsf] o:tf] kbdf /xL
ul/Psf] s'g} klg sfo{af6 b'O{ b]zaLrsf] ;DaGwdf s6'tf jf ltQmtf k}bf ePsf]
cj:yfdf ;DalGwt ;/sf/ -Sending State_ n] h'g;'s} a]nf lhDd]jf/Laf6 d'Qm
u/fO{ :jb]z lkmtf{ af]nfpg ;Sg] .
ƒ /fhb"tsf] kbdf lgo'Qm ePsf] JolQmsf] s'g} klg cfr/0f, cleJolQm Pjd\
lqmofsnfkaf6 b'O{ b]zlarsf] ;'dw'/ ;DaGwdf k|lts"n c;/ kg{ uPsf] cj:yfdf
To:tf] /fhb"tnfO{ ;DalGwt b]zsf] ;/sf/n] h'g;'s} a]nf lkmtf{ af]nfpg ;Sg]
sfo{kflnsfsf] lglxt clwsf/ ePsfn] ;f]xL clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn ;/sf/
dlGqkl/ifb\af6 stf/sf] nflu g]kfnL /fhb"t kbaf6 l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ kb d'Qm u/L
:jb]z kmsf{pg] elg u/]sf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ gb]lvFbf l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ s'6gLlts
;DaGw ljifos leogf dxf;lGw -Vienna Convention on Diplomatic
Relation,1961) ljk/Lt cglws[t lgsfoaf6 kbd'Qm ul/Psf] eGg] lgj]bg lhls/
dgfl;a gb]lvg] .
@= 8f= ;f]dk|;fb k'8f;}gL lj= 8f= ljZjDe/ Kofs'/]n -k"=O=_29
kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] dxflgb]{zs kbaf6 ljgf ;f]wk'5, :ki6Ls/0f x6fPsf] / ;+3sf]
lgodfjnL, @)$@ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bgsf] Joj:yf;d]t gePsf]n] u}/sfg"gL avf{:t ab/
u/L ;]jfdf axfnL kfpF eGg] tYo /x]sf] k|:t't d'2fdf,
ƒ sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL P]g, @)!) g]kfn sfg"gsf] JofVof nfu" eP ;/x ;+ljwfgsf]
JofVofdf klg nfu" x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvFbf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f **-@_ df k|of]u
ePsf] sfg"gL xs / sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL P]g, @)!) n] u/]sf] g]kfn sfg"gsf]
kl/efiffsf] kl/k|]Ifdf ljrf/ ubf{ ljjflbt lgodfjnLsf] ;|f]t kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;+3sf]
ljwfg, @)#$ sf] wf/f !@ sf] b]xfo - t_ /xL pSt kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;+3sf] ljwfg
:jo+ g} ljwflosfåf/f lgld{t P]g jf To:tf] P]gn] k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] clwsf/ k|of]u
u/L ag]sf] geO{ ljjflbt lgodfjnLnfO{ :jzfl;t ;+:yfn] cfˆgf] clwsf/ k|of]u
u/L agfPsf] lgod eGg' kg]{ x'g cfPsf]n] g]kfn kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;+3sf]
lgodfjnLnfO{ sfg"gsf] ;+1f / lgodfjnL adf]lhd k|fKt x'g] xsnfO{ sfg"gL xssf]
;+1f lbg gldNg] ePaf6 sfg"gL xs ckx/0f ePsf] eGg ldNg] gb]lvg],
ƒ s/f/Lo k|s[ltsf] k|:t't lgodfjnLsf] xssf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f **-
@_ cGtu{t o; cbfntdf l/6 lgj]bg lbg kfpg] x'G5 eGg ldNg] gb]lvg] x'Fbf
o:tf] xs xgg ePdf lgoldt ;fdfGo pkrf/ cjnDag ug{ ;DalGwt lhNnf
cbfntdf sfg"g adf]lhd ph"/ ug{ hfg'kg]{ .
ƒ klxn]sf] d'2fdf sfod ePsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cg'z/0f gu/L To;sf] ljkl/t x'g] u/L
JofVof ul/Psf] cj:yfdf dfq ?lnª af+lemg uPsf] dfGg'kg]{ x'Fbf ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n]
?lnª aflemPsf] egL pNn]v u/]sf d'2fx¿df p:t} k|Zg ;dfj]z eO{ ;f]xL k|Zgdf
JofVof e} leGbfleGb} l;4fGt sfod ePsf] gb]lvFbf ?lnª aflemPsf] eGg ldNg]
gb]lvg] .

29
g]=sf=k= @)%@, c+s $, lg=g+= %)&* .
152
156 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf===

#= /3'gfy b'nfn lj= ;femf k;n ;]jf /Tgkfs{ sf7df08f} ;d]t, d'2fM pTk|]if0f
k/dfb]z ;d]t -;+=O=_30
;femf k;ndf sfo{/t /x]sf] cj:yf lan gsf6L ;fdfg lals| u/]sf] cf/f]kdf ;+:yfsf]
sd{rf/L lgodfjnL @)#! adf]lhd gf]s/Laf6 x6fPsf] eGg],
ƒ ;femf k;n ;]jfsf] ljlgod @)#! P]gåf/f k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ cGtu{t lgdf{0f
ePsf] lgod jf ljlgod ePsf]n] sfg"gsf] :yfg k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] .
ƒ ljBflosf4f/f k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ k'gM k|Tof]hg x'g g;Sg] l;4fGt cg';f/ ;femf
k;n ;]jfsf] ljlgod !@-v_ adf]lhd ;+rfns ;ldltn] agfPsf] sd{rf/L ;]jf
lgodfjnLn] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-@_ sf] kl/k|]Iodf
sfg"gL xssf] x}l;ot /fVg ;Sg] ca:yf b]lvg gcfpg] / ljlgodn] k'gM ;+rfns
;ldltnfO{ lgod agfpg] clwsf/ k'gM k|Tofof]hg ug{ ldNg] ca:yf gb]lvg] .
cGtl/d cfb]zx¿
!= ;'/]zk|;fb ofbj lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z
-k'=O=_, l/6 g+=)^*–WO–)%((,
/]Nj] sDkgLsf] dxfk|aGws kbdf b'O{ jif{sf nflu lgo'Qm o; d'2fsf lgj]bs lgo'Qm ePsf]
s]xL dlxgfd} x6fPsf] pk/ cfPsf] lgj]bgsf] ljifo o;} k|s[ltsf cGo d'2fdf tf]lsPsf]
kbfjlw ;DaGwdf ?ln+u af+lemPsf]n] k'0f{ Ohnfz -%hgf_ df k|j]z kfO{ cGtl/d cfb]z ePsf]
5 . cGtl/d cfb]z x'Fbf kbfjlw tf]lsPsf kbflwsf/Lsf] kbfjlw ;dfKt x'g' cufj} x'g]
cjsfzsf ;DaGwdf o; cl3 ePsf o;} k|s[ltsf ljleGg d'2fx¿df ePsf cfb]z, ;DalGwt
sfg"gL Joj:yf, lgo'Qm ug]{ clwsf/df cjsfzsf] clwsf/ lglxt x'g] gx'g] h:tf ljifodf
a[xt\ AofVof / ;Ldf/]vf :yflkt u/]sf]n] o; k|s[ltsf cGo d'2fx¿sf] nflu of] cfb]z
dxTjk'0f{ / cg's/0fLo 5 tyf o; k|s[ltsf d'2fdf eljiosf] nflu lbzflgb]{z u/]sf] 5 . o;
cfb]zdf /x]sf cg's/0fLo kIfx¿ lgDg b'O{ v08df ljeSt u/L pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M
;fj{hlgs lgsfo, o;sf kbflwsf/L / cbfntsf] k"j{ cEof; ljZn]if0f v08M
;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0f tyf ljsf; If]qsf ;fj{hlgs lgsfo / o;sf kbflwsf/Lsf] /xg]
eGg] ;dfGo ;"rL hfgsf/Ldf Nofpg] sfo{ u/]sf] 5, k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
k"0f{ jf cf+lzs :jfldTj, nufgL jf lgoGq0f /x]sf] jf g]kfn ;/sf/n] Jooef/ jxg ug'{kg]{ jf
============== g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;d]t k|ltlglwTj x'g] ;fj{hlgs k|s[ltsf cfof]u, kl/ifb\, af]8{,
;ldlt, ;+:yfg, sf]if, s]Gb|, lgud, k|flws/0f / sDkgL h:tf ;fj{hlgs lgsfo / cWoIf,
;efklt, dxfk|aGws, ;~rfns, lgb]{zs, k|zf;s, dxf;lrj, ;b:o ;lrj, ;lrj, sf]iffWoIf
tyf ;b:o ==== ;d]tsf ;fj{hlgs lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ kbflwsf/L elgPsf] 5
g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ljefuLo dGqLsf] lg0f{oaf6 tf]lsg] kbfjlwsf ;DaGwdf cbfnt ;dIf
cfPsf ljleGg -s_ ;DalGwt P]gdf g} ls6fgL kbfjlw /x]sf], -v_ P]g cGtu{t ag]sf]
lgoddf kbfjlw ls6fg /x]sf], b]lv====== -em_ g]kfn sfg"gdf kbfjlw ls6fg u/] klg ;f]

30
g]=sf=k= @)^@, c+s !, lg=g+= &$*& .
153
;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf=== 157

cjlwdWo] s]xL cjlw jf æa9LdfÆ egL lgo'lQm lbg] u/]sf], / -`_ ;DalGwt ;/sf/L
;+:yf÷sDkgLsf] lg0f{oaf6 kbfjlw ls6fg u/]sf] !) k|s[ltsf ljjfbx¿sf] af/]df pNn]v
u/]sf] 5,
;fj{hlgs lgsfosf ;fj{hlgs kbx¿df g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 ePsf lgo'lQm jf dgf]gog
eO{ ;DalGwt sfg"g jf lgo'lQm ;DaGwL kqdf ls6fg ul/Psf] cjlweGbf klxn] g} ;]jfaf6
x6fOPsf], cjsfz lbOPsf] jf avf{:t ul/Psf] ;DaGwdf cbfnt ;dIf bfo/ x'g] u/]sf l/6
lgj]bgx¿sf ;DaGwdf lgj]bs rGb|axfb'/ zfxL ljkIfL jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno;d]t
ePsf] l/6 g+= )^*–WO– )#^^, lgj]bs ddtf emf ljkIfL /fli6«o ;xsf/L ljsf; jf]8{;d]t
ePsf] l/6 g+= )^*–WO– @%( nufot, ========= ljleGg !% j6f l/6 lgj]bgdf cGtl/d
cfb]z hf/L ug]{ cfb]z ePsf lgj]bs dx]zbQ ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{no;d]t ePsf] l/6 g+= )^&–WO–!!!! nufot========= # j6f l/6 lgj]bgdf cGtl/d
cfb]z hf/L gug]{ u/L o; cbfntaf6 cfb]z ePsf], lgo'lQmdf æa9LdfÆ eGg] zAb k|of]u e}
kbfjlw cufl8 g} cjsfz lbPsf]tkm{ cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug{ OGsf/ ul/Psf] ljleGg tLg
j6f lgj]bgdf clGtd ;'g'jfO{ u/L :jR5 ;'g'jfO{sf] xssf] k|Tofe"lt ub}{ l/6 g} hf/L ePsf],
xl/k|;fb zdf{ lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t ePsf] l/6 g+= )^*–WO–
)%@$ df k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 lgo'lQm kfpg] kbflwsf/Lsf] kbfjlwsf] xsdf æa9LdfÆ eGg] zAb
c+lst /x]sf] sf/0f cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L gx'g] lg0f{o u/L To:tf] cj:yfdf cGtl/d cfb]z
hf/L gug]{ Goflos k|rng sfod x'gkg]{ cfb]z hf/L eP klg ;f]kZrft\ klg l/6 g+= )^*–
WO–)%$& df æa9LdfÆ eGg] zAb u7g cfb]zdf eO{ ;f]xLcg'¿k lgo'lQm ePsf] cj:yfdf
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] nufotsf ;jf{Rr cbfntaf6 hf/L x'g] u/]sf km/s km/s
?ln+u tyf cfb]zx¿sf] k|s[lt ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5,
ljsf; ;ldlt P]g @)!#, ;+:yfg P]g @)@!, ======= kz'kltIf]q ljsf; sf]if P]g @)$$, =====
g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg P]g @)^$, ===== k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\ P]g
@)$%, ===== g]kfn gful/s p•og k|flws/0f P]g @)%#, g]kfn ko{6g af]8{ P]g @)%#, ======
zlxb u+ufnfn /fli6«o x[bo s]Gb| P]g @)%&, ==== gful/s nufgL sf]if P]g @)$&, b"/;~rf/
P]g, @)%# h:tf ljleGg P]gx¿ cGtu{t u7g x'g] ;fj{hlgs k|s[ltsf cfof]u, kl/ifb\, af]8{,
;ldlt, ;+:yfg, k|flws/0f / sDkgL h:tf lgsfox¿ /fli6«o jf hg;/f]sf/sf] s'g} ljsf;
sfo{ jf ;]jf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu :yflkt lgsfox¿sf] hfgsf/L cfb]zdf pNn]v ul/Psf]
5,
AofVof tyf b[li6sf]0f v08
g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 ltgLx¿df lgo'Qm x'g] kbflwsf/Lx¿df
;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]lxtf x'g] / ltgLx¿n] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf, ;'ljwf / k|ltkmndf ;d:t
gful/sx¿sf] clwsf/ x'g] ePsf]n] o:tf lgsfox¿df x'g] lgo'lQmdf ;'zf;gsf d"No /
dfGotfx¿sf] kl/kfng x'g cfjZos x'g],
;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf #, n] g]kfn ;/sf/, bkmf $ n]
dGqfno tyf ljefux¿, bkmf % n] g]kfn ;/sf/n] u7g ug]{ ;lrjfno, cfof]u, af]8{, s]Gb|,
;ldlt jf cGo o:t} lgsfo / bkmf #^ n] ;+j}wflgs lgsfo, :yfgLo lgsfo, lgodgsf/L
154
158 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf===

lgsfo -/]u'n]6/L a8L_ jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs :jfldTj jf lgoGq0f ePsf]
;fj{hlgs ;+:yf;d]tnfO{ P]gsf] kl/lwdf kf/]sf] / To:tf lgsfox¿ hghLljsf;Fu ;DalGwt
;fj{hlgs ;]jfx¿ k|bfg ug{ tyf b]zsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, z}lIfs / ;f+:s[lts cflb ljljw
kIfx¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu sfg"gåf/f :yfkgf ePsf x'Fbf ltgLx¿ /fHo ;+oGq -State
Instrumentalities_ cGtu{t kb{5g\ . o:tf ;+oGqx¿sf] ;fj{hlgs sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ /
bfloTj /xg] x'Fbf ltgLx¿df ;/sf/åf/f kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQm jf dgf]gog ubf{ klg
;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ n] tf]s]sf ;Dk"0f{ k"jf{j:yf / k|lqmofnfO{
ljrf/ u/L ug'{ jf~5gLo x'g],
;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf kbx¿df lgo'Qm ubf{ / To:tf] kbaf6 x6fpFbf;d]t lg0f{ostf{sf] lg0f{odf
cfwf/ / sf/0f vf]nL kf/blz{tf, j:t'lgi7tf / OdfGbfl/tf k|i6¿kdf emNsg' kg]{ ;'zf;g -
Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ sf] efjgf / dg;fo /x]sf],
;fj{hlgs kbsf nflu ePsf lgo'lQmsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, clVtof/ k|fKt clwsf/Låf/f
ljlw;Ddt k|lqmofaf6 ePsf] s'g} klg lg0f{onfO{ ljlwjt\ r'gf}tL lbO{ ;f] ab/ geP;Dd To;
lg0f{on] sfg"gL clwsf/ / bfloTj l;h{gf ug]{,
g]kfn ;/sf/ jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{;Dkfbg lgodfjnLåf/f clVtof/L k|fKt ePcg'¿k
ePsf lg0f{onfO{ sfg"g k|lts"n ePsf] sfdsf/jfxL dfÌ gldNg] / To:tf lg0f{oaf6 lgo'lQm
kfpg]n] tnj eQf;d]tsf ;'ljwf k|fKt ub{5 / /fi6«;]jssf ¿kdf lghsf] bfloTj l;h{gf
x'g],
lgo'lQm kfpg]n] tf]lsPsf] cjlw;Dd k|rlnt sfg"g cg'¿k sfd ug{ kfpg] / ;f]afkt tnj
eQf ;'ljwf kfpg] j}w ck]Iff -Legitímate expectation_ /fVg' :jfefljs g} x'g],
P]g, lgod, ;"lrt cfb]z tyf lg0f{o;d]taf6 s'g} cjlw tf]sL lbOPsf] lgo'lQmkqdf tf]lsPsf]
cjlw;Dd sfd ug{ kfpg] j}w ck]Iff /fVg kfpg] xs ePsf] JolQmsf xsdf ljgf sfg"gL
k|lqmof lgo'lQmstf{sf] O{R5fg's"ntfsf] l;4fGt -Doctrine of pleasure_ lqmofzLn x'g
g;Sg],
lg0f{o u/]kl5 lg0f{ostf{ ;/sf/ jf kbflwsf/L k|lt1fTds ljjGwg -Promissory estoppel_
df afFlwg],
lgo'lQmkqdf a9Ldf eÌ] zAbsf ;fy cjlw tf]lsPaf6 h'g;'s} a]nf klg x6fOg ;Sg] dfgL
lghsf] kbpk/sf] xs kl/Tofu u/]sf] cyf{t\ ;dk{0f -Waive_ u/]sf] eÌ] cy{ ug{ gldNg],
k|rlnt sfg"g lj?4 sfd sf/jfxL u/]df, ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf nflu s'g} of]ubfg
lbg g;s]df / lghnfO{ lbOPsf] lhDd]jf/L ;'xfFpbf] lghsf] of]Uotf / cg'ej gePdf
lgo'lQmkqdf h] h:tf] efiff n]v]/ lbPsf] eP klg lgo'lQm lbg] clVtof/jfnfn] cjsfz lbg
;Sg] eP klg cjsfz :j]R5frf/L / ljgf sf/0f eg] x'g' gx'g],
l;lh{t sfg"gL xssf] ;dflKt ljlw / k|lqmof cg';f/ x'g'kg]{ ;Gbe{df lg0f{o ug{ ;Ifd lgsfo
jf kbflwsf/Ln] lg0f{o u/L kbfjlw tf]sL jf sfg"gdf g} kbfjlw pNn]v ePsf]df ;f] ;d]t

155
;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf=== 159

gtf]sL h] h:tf] ¿kdf lgo'lQm lbOPsf] xf];\, ;f] ljlwjt\ 5 / r'gf}tL/lxt 5 eg] To;af6
lgo'lQm kfpg]sf] sfg"gL xs l;h{gf x'g],
lglZrt ;dofjlwleq lglZrt s'/fsf] 5fgjLg jf hfFra'em jf sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ hf+ra'em
cfof]u P]g, @)@^ jf sfo{kflnsLo clwsf/ cGtu{t u7g x'g] cfof]u jf ;ldlt ;d]tdf
ul/g] lgo'lQmsf xsdf eg] To:tf lgsfo c:yfoL k|s[ltsf x'g] eO{ tf]lsPsf] sfd ;dfKt
ePkl5 :jtM lj36g x'g] ePaf6 lgo'lQm kfpg]sf] xs :yfoL k|s[ltsf ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf]
lgo'lQmaf6 k|fKt eP ;/xsf] xs l;h{gf ePsf] dfÌ g;lsg],
sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf ()-@_-!_ cg'¿k g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] k|ltlglw :j¿k k7fpg]
;~rfnssf xsdf klg ;f] kbdf lghsf] xs l;h{gf ePsf] dfÌ gldNg],
dlGqkl/ifb\ jf clVtof/L k|fKt dGqL ;d]tsf lg0f{oaf6 ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] :yfoL k|s[ltsf
;fj{hlgs kbdf lgo'lQm kfO{ ;f] kbdf /xg];d]tsf] sfg"gL xs l;h{gf ePsf] JolQmnfO{ s]
slt sf/0fn] cfˆgf] ;]jfsf] cGTo ul/Psf] xf] eÌ] hfgsf/L kfpg] clwsf/ /xg],
k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt o:tf] zfZjt l;4fGt xf], hf] st} n]lvg' kb}{g . k|fs[lts Gofo
l;4fGt nfu" gx'g] cj:yfsf] sNkgf ljlwstf{n] k|i6 zAbdf pNn]v ePsfdf afx]s cjsfz
jf avf{:t ug'{cl3 ;'g'jfO{sf df}sf clgjfo{ lbg'kg]{ / cfwf/ sf/0f v'nfpg'kg]{,
lgj]bsnfO{ g]kfn /]Nj] sDkgLsf] dxfk|aGws kbdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^*.$.$ sf]
lg0f{oaf6 a9Ldf b'O{ jif{sf nflu egL lgo'lQm lbOPsf]df k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt
ljgf s'g} cf/f]k tyf ljgf k|ltjfbsf] df}sf :j]R5frf/L ta/af6 ldlt @)^*.(.!@ df
cjsfz lbOPsf] b]lvPaf6 ;f] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog gug{ / lgj]bsnfO{ k"j{jt\ sfdsfh ug{
lbg] .
@= )&%–FN–))^@ -)&%–WO–)!$)_ d'2f M–pTk|]if0f -k'=O+=_, ld7f/fd l;njfn lj=
l8NnLk|;fb e§
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ldlt @))@÷!# sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ ;dfh sNof0f P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf %-@_-
9_ adf]lhd ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifbsf] ;b:o ;lrj kbdf lgo'Qml8NnLk|;fb e§af6 ePsf]
elgPsf] k|zf;lgs tyf cfly{s clgoldttfsf] ljifodf tLg dlxgfsf] cjlw tf]ls cfjZos
5fgljg tyf hfFra'em ug{ hfFra'em cfof]u u7g ePsf] cjlwdf 5fgljg ;DkGg ePsf]
k|ltj]bg k]z geP;Dd lghnfO{ ;b:o ;lrjsf] kbLo lhDd]jf/Laf6 cnu u/L xfn dlxnf,
afnaflnsf tyf h]i7 gful/s dGqfnoaf6 xflh/ u/fpg] u/L dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ePsf] lg0f{o
pk/ k/]sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf
hfFra'em sfo{nfO{ lgikIf, :jtGq / :jR5 tyf k|efjd'Qm ¿kdf ;DkGg ug{ l/6 lgj]bsnfO{
s]xL vf; cjlwsf nflu ;DalGwt dGqfnodf xflh/ u/fpg'nfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNg] b]lvPg, .
;/sf/;Fu ;Dj4 ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿df s'g} clgoldttf, a]lylt jf
e|i6frf/hGo sfo{ ePsf] 5 5}g egL lgu/fgL ug{ / ljlw;Ddt tj/af6 5fgljg ug{ kfpg],
lghn] kfpg] kfl/>lds nufotsf kbLo ;'ljwf ;x'lnotsf] s'/fdf s6f}tL ul/Psf] s'g} s'/f
b]lvg gcfPsf], lgj]bsnfO{ dGqfnodf xflh/ u/fO{Psf] ;Ddsf] sf/0faf6 lghsf] s'g} xs
156
160 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf===

clwsf/df cg'lrt c;/ kg{] jf lghnfO{ ck'/0fLo Iflt k'Ug ;Sg] cj:yf klg b]lvg
gcfPsf]n] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnfzaf6 ldlt @)&%÷)$÷@( df ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]zn]
lg/Gt/tf gkfpg] / cGtl/d cfb]znfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg' gkg{] u/L dfggLo GofofwLz >L
xl/s[i0f sfsL{n] JoQm ug{' ePsf] /fo dgfl;j x'Fbf Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnfzaf6 ldlt
@)&%÷)$÷@( df hf/L ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]z /2 -vf/]h_ x'g] . -@)&% ;fn ebf} @* ut]
/f]h %_
#= )&%–WO–)&*&, d'2fM–pTk|]if0f, /fhs'df/ nfdf lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{no;d]t
o;df g]kfn ;/sf/, ;+:s[lt tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfnoaf6 ldlt @)&%÷!!÷)@ df oL
lgj]bsx¿nfO{ sf/jfxL ubf{ :kli6s/0f lng] nufotsf sfg"g adf]lhdsf k|lqmof k"/f u/]sf]
b]lvPsf], lgj]bsx¿n] p7fPsf cGo ljifox¿ clGtd ;'g'jfO{ x'Fbfsf avt lg¿k0f x'g] g} x'Fbf
xfn lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug{' kg{] cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf] gb]lvFbf
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L /xg' k/]g . -@)&% r}q # ut] /f]h !_
$= )&%–WO–)*@@, d'2f M– pTk|]if0f, lgndl0f a/fn lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{no;d]t
;dfh sNof0f P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf %-!_ adf]lhdsf] kbdf g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\af6
dgf]lgt e} lgo'lQm lgj]bsx¿nfO{ ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifbdf ePsf] clgoldttfsf ljifodf
5fgljg ug{ ul7t cfof]un] k|ltj]bg a'emfPsf] ;d]tsf cfwf/dfkkbd'Qm u/]sf] pk/ k/]sf]
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
lgj]bs l8NnLk|;fb e§ ePsf] l/6 g+= )&%–WO– )!$) df p7]sf]df o; cbfntsf] k"0f{
Ohnfzaf6 ldlt @)&%÷%÷@* df cfb]z x'Fbf===== æ;/sf/n] ljlw;Ddt tj/af6 5fgljg
ug{ kfpg] / 5fgljgsf nflu dgfl;j jf ts{k"0f{ Joj:yf ldnfpg ;lsg] g} x'G5Æ=== eGg]
pNn]v ePsf], g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)&%÷!!÷# sf] lg0f{oaf6 lgj]bsx¿nfO{
kbd'Qm ug{'sf] cltl/Qm pQm k|ltj]bg clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf k7fOPsf],
sfg"g adf]lhd kbfjlw tf]lsPsf] kbdf lgo'Qm JolQmn] ;f] cjlw e'Qmfg geP;Dd ;j}
cj:yfdf ;f] kbdf /xg] eGg] gx'g], sfo{ ;Gtf]ifhgs gb]lvPdf cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{ cfˆgf
s'/f eGg] df}sf lbO{ lgo'lQm ug{] clVtof/k|fKt lgsfon] cfjZos lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] s'/fnfO{
o; cbfntn] lgj]bs ;'/]zk|;fb ofbj ePsf] l/6 g+= )^*–WO–)%(( sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf
:jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yf ;d]t ePsf] / lgj]bsx¿nfO{ :ki6Ls/0f ;f]wL kbd'Qm u/]sf] cj:yf
b]lvFbf lgj]bgdf p7fPsf cGo s'/fdf clGtd lg0f{o x'Fbf ljrf/ x'g] g} ePaf6 xfn lgj]bg
dfu adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldn]g . -\@)&^ ;fn a}zfv #! ut] /f]h #_
$=#= cbfntsf] b[lisf]0f ljZn]if0f ;f/;+If]k
;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf kbdf lgo'lQmsf] of]Uotf, kbdf lgo'lQm jf dgf]gog ePkl5 kbfjlw
tf]lsPsf, lgo'lQmdf “a9Ldf” eGg] zAb k|of]u u/L lgo'Qm ePsf, kbfjlw gtf]sL lgo'Qm
ePsf, kbfjlw x'g] eP klg g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] c:yfoL k|sl[ tsf kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz

157
;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf=== 161

;DaGwdf dfly zLif{s $=@ df plNnlvt s]xL d'2fx¿df ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 :yflkt k|d'v
b[i6fGtx¿sf] a'Fbfut ;f/;+If]k lgDg /x]sf] 5M
ƒ /fhk|;fb ;]jfsf] sfo{ cg'ej g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !!(-%_-
u_ sf] k|of]hgsf nflu “n]vf, /fhZj, Ol~hlgol/ª, sfg"g, ljsf; jf cg';Gwfg”
sf If]qdf sfd u/]sf] cg'ej gdflgg],
ƒ zky u|x0f u/fpg g;lsPs} sf/0fn] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg] sfo{ eO;s]sf] lgo'lQmnfO{
lgliqmo agfO/xg gldNg],
ƒ ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\df k|wfg GofofwLzsf] cg'kl:yltdf sf=d'= k|wfg GofofwLzsf]
x}l;otdf pkl:ylt c;+j}wflgs gx'g],
ƒ Psk6s sfg"g;+ut 9+uaf6 k|lt:kwf{åf/f kbk"lt{ ug{ ;'? ePsf] lgo'lQm k|lqmof
k"0f{ geP;Dd kl5 ag]sf] sfg"g jf cfb]zaf6 ;f] ;DkGg eO;s]sf] k|lqmof /
sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ s'g} ljlw;Ddt cfwf/ / sf/0fljgf cGTo jf lgliqmo x'g g;Sg],
ƒ ;/sf/sf] k|zf;sLo cfb]z -Executive Order_ åf/f u7g ePsf] af]8{ ePsf]n]
sfg"g;/x zlQm -Sanction_ ePsf] af]8{ /x]sf] dfGg gldNg] .
ƒ s'g} kbdf jf If]qsf] s:tf] of]Uotf x'g'kg]{ jf of]Uotf tf]Sg] ljifo ljwflosfsf]
clwsf/If]q -Legislative wisdom _sf] ljifo x'g,
ƒ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf k|d'vsf] lgo'lQm ;DaGwL ljifo g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLltut ljifo
x'g],
ƒ sfg"gåf/f kbfjlw tf]lsPsf] jf lgwf{l/t ePsf] kbaf6 cjsfz lbg], x6fpg] sfo{
klg sfg"g adf]lhd g} x'g' kg]{,
ƒ lgo'lQmsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t ;:k]08 jf jvf{:t ug{ kfpF5 eGb}df s'g} cfwf/,
sf/0fljgf ;kmfO{sf] df}sf klg glbO{ k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt / sfg"gL /fHosf]
cjwf/0ff ljkl/t cjsfz ug{ gldNg],
ƒ k/LIf0fsfn leq g} x6fpg' kg]{ jfWofTds sfg"gL Joj:yf /x] ePsf]df k/LIf0fsfn
k"/f eP kl5 ;]jfjf6 cjsf; lbg gldNg],
ƒ kbfjlw ls6fg geO{ “a9Ldf” pNn]v u/L lbPsf] zt{o'Qm kbfjlwnfO{ dgf]gog
kfpFbfsf avt :jLsf/ u/]sf]df h'g;'s} ;dodf ;]jf lng OGsf/ ug{ ;lsg],
ƒ dGqLaf6 dgf]gog x'g] kb :yfoL k|s[ltsf] kb geO{ c:yfoL k|s[ltsf] /fhgLlts
kb x'g],
ƒ ljsf; ;ldlt lj36g ug]{ gug]{] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cGtlg{lxt sfg"gL clwsf/ x'g],
ƒ csf]{ Joj:yf geP;Ddsf nflu egL lbOPsf] tby{ k|s[ltsf] lhDd]jf/Laf6 x6fpg
;'g'jfOsf] df}sf lbO{ /xg' cfjZos gx'g],
ƒ :ki6 cfwf/ / sfg"gsf] plrt k|lqmof tyf k|df0f ljgf :j]OR5frf/L ¿kdf
sf/afxL ug{ ;lsg] l:yltsf] kl/sNkgf x'g g;Sg],
158
162 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf===

ƒ k|ltjfbsf] df}sf lbOFbf :ki6Ls/0f jf hjfkm jf k|ltj]bg jf egfO{ /fVg jf :ki6

ug{ nufotsf h'gs'g} klg zAb k|of]u eP klg :ki6Ls/0f cy{df k|of]u ePsf]
dflgg],
ƒ /fhb"tsf] kb /fhgLlts k|s[ltsf] kb ePsf]n] o:tf] kbdf /xL ul/Psf] s'g} klg
sfo{af6 b'O{ b]zaLrsf] ;DaGwdf s6'tf jf ltQmtf k}bf ePsf] cj:yfdf ;DalGwt
;/sf/ -Sending State_ n] h'g;'s} a]nf lhDd]jf/Laf6 d'Qm u/fO{ :jb]z lkmtf{
af]nfpg ;Sg],
ƒ sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL P]g, @)!) g]kfn sfg"gsf] JofVof nfu" eP ;/x ;+ljwfgsf]
JofVofdf klg nfu" x'g],
ƒ kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;+3sf] ljwfg, @)#$ / ;+3sf] lgodfjnLnfO{ sfg"gsf] /
lgodfjnL adf]lhd k|fKt x'g] xsnfO{ sfg"gL xssf] ;+1f lbg gldNg],
ƒ s/f/Lo k|s[ltsf] k|:t't lgodfjnLsf] xssf] ljifodf ;DalGwt lhNnf cbfntdf
sfg"g adf]lhd ph'/ ug{ hfg'kg]{ .
ƒ ljBflosfåf/f k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ k'gM k|Tof]hg x'g g;Sg] ;femf ;+:yfsf] ;+rfns
;ldltnfO{ lgod agfpg] clwsf/ k'gM k|Tofof]hg ug{ ldNg] ca:yf gb]lvg],
ƒ hf“ra'em cfof]u P]g jf sfo{kflnsLo clwsf/cGtu{t u7g x'g] cfof]u jf ;ldlt
;d]tdf ul/g] lgo'lQm c:yfoL k|s[ltsf x'g] / To:tf lgsfo tf]lsPsf] sfd ;dfKt
ePkl5 :jtM lj36g x'g] ePaf6 :yfoL k|s[ltsf ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] lgo'lQmaf6
k|fKt eP ;/xsf] xs l;h{gf ePsf] dfÌ g;lsg],
&= lgisif{
/fHo ;+rfngsf nflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . /fHosf gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf
NofO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0f / ljsf; ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gljgf ;+ej xF'b}g . :yfoL ;/sf/
dflgg] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g lghfdtL sd{rf/L / sd{rf/LtGqsf dfWodaf6 ;+rflnt x'G5 .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0f tyf ljsf; sfo{ u/L ;du| b]z ljsf;
ug{sf nflu hgzlSt Joj:yfkgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . d"ntM To:tf] Joj:yfkg of]Uotf
k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df 5gf}6 x'g] lghfdtL tyf ;/sf/L ;]jfsf sd{rf/L / cGo cfjZos
;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf lgsfodf lgo'Qm x'g] hgzlStsf dfWodaf6 /fHon] ub{5 . ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf s]xL k|d'v ;]jfx¿ afx]s clwsf+z ;]jf lgsfox¿ /fhgLlts ¿kdf lgo'Qm
kbflsf/Laf6 ;+rfngdf cfp+5g\ . o;sf] ;kmn cEof; x/]s /fHo k|0ffnLx¿df s'g} g s'g}
¿kdf /x]sf] kfOG5 .
;fj{hlgs ;]jf, ljsf; / Joj;fonfO{ ;/sf/L lgoGq0fsf lgsfo / kbflsf/Lx¿sf
dfWodaf6 ;+rfng Joj:yfkgsf] cEof; g]kfndf klg /xL cfPsf] 5 . tyflk xfd|f] h:tf]
d'n'sdf /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, b]]zljsf; / ;]jfeGbf kIfkf]if0f, gftfjfb s[kfjfb, h:tf
nf]stGqsf b'u'{0fsf] k|efj, hgr]tgfsf] :t/f]Gglt gx'g', sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] k/Dk/fut z}nL,
ljsf; / ljsf; k|zf;gsf gjLgtd\ dfGotfx¿nfO{ ljsf; nlIft sfo{df k|efjsf/L agfpg
g;Sg' h:tf ljljw sf/0fn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0fsf dfWodaf6 ljsf; sfo{n] ck]Iffs[t

159
;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf=== 163

ult lng ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf If]qdf x'g] lgo'lQm / ;]jf lgsfosf] :jfoQtf
ljifodf /fhgLlts x:tIf]k, bafj, k|efj / clgoldttfsf cS;/ ljjfb x'g] / To:tf sltko
ljjfbx¿ cbfnt ;dIf cfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf ljjfbx¿sf ;DaGwdf ljutdf ePsf
sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ckAofVof, sfg"gsf sldsdhf]/Ldf v]Ng] k|a[lQ, Pp6} k|s[ltsf tYodf
/x]sf cfb]zsf cg]stf, cflbh:tf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ l5rf]Nb} ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;fj{hlgs
;]jfsf If]qdf x'g] lgo'lQm / lgo'Qm kbflwsf/Lsf kbfjlwsf ;DaGwdf :ki6 dfGotfx¿sf]
ljsf; / lbzflgb]{z u/]sf] 5 . cbfntn] o; ljifo :yflkt u/]sf] dfGotfx¿nfO{ ;/sf/,
;fj{hlgs lgsfo, o;sf ;/f]sf/jfnf tyf :jo+ cbfnt;d]tn] ;+j]bglzntfsf ;fy
sfo{If]qdf cfTd;ft ug{ h?/L 5 .

YZ

160
164 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf /fhgLlts lgo'St kbflwsf/Lsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf===
GofofwLzM Ps Gofofno 165

jif{ #, c° !

GofofwLzM Ps Gofofno

# cRo"tdl0f g]pkfg] i

!= e"ldsf
/fHodf Gofokflnsf hgtfn] ljZjf; u/]sf] ;a}eGbf ljZj;gLo ;+:yf xf] . o;sf] dfGotf
Separation of power of the state ;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . cGofoL / cg'bf/ ;/sf/ / lg/+s'z /fHo
Joj:yfdf klg Gofosf] vf]hL ul/G5 . sf/0f, Gofosf nflu plrt, lgikIf / :jtGq Ps
lgsfosf] h?/t k5{ . hxfF Gofosf] vf]hL Goflos tj/af6} x'g ;sf];\, c? jf ;/sf/sf] k|efj
To;df gk/f];\ . /fHosf] of] c+unfO{ x]g{] b[li6sf]0f / c? c+unfO{ x]g{] / a'em\g] b[li6sf]0f
ljns'n km/s 5 . o;sf] bfo/f x]bf{ Gofokflnsfsf] cfofd (Dimensions) / ljz]if
cleofgx¿ (Missions) klg vf; b]lvG5g\ .1
;/sf/sf] Ps cË (Part of the government) sf] ¿kdf Gofokflnsf /x]sf] x'G5 .
Gofokflnsfsf] nIo eg]sf] ;+ljwfgsf] /Iff tyf ;+ljwfgn] Uof/]G6L u/]sf clwsf/ / :jtGqtf
;+/If0f ug{' xf] . ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] kmf]/d (Dispute settlement forum) sf] ¿kdf sfo{ ug{' xf] .
hgtfsf] Gofosf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{'sf ;fy} cbfntdf cf}krfl/s ¿kdf d'2f / ljjfbx¿sf]
Gofo;+ut / zL3| ;dfwfgsf] lglZrttf lbOG5 . Ps ;fj{hlgs Ph]G;L (Public agency) sf]
¿kdf, Gofo k|0ffnLdf ;fj{hlgs ;|f]tsf] k|efjsf/L, lskmfotL / s'zn pkof]usf] nflu k|bfg
ug{', k|jw{g ug{' / ;'lglZrt ug{' xf] . b]zsf] sfg"g k|0ffnLsf] pkk|0ffnL (Subsystem) sf]
¿kdf, sfg"gL k|0ffnLsf ljleGg cGo tTjx¿åf/f Gofosf] k|efjsf/L / ›'t k|zf;gnfO{ d2t
ug{' xf] . kl/jt{gzLn ;dfhsf] ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf (As an institution of a changing society)
Gofokflnsfsf] nIo eg]sf] ;dfhsf] kl/jlt{t Goflos cfjZostfx¿sf] k"j{fg'dfg / ;Daf]wg
ug{' xf] .
plNnlvt bfloTj / e"ldsf ePsf] GofokflnsfnfO{ xfFSg] jf o;sf] ul/df arfO{ /fVg] eg]sf]
GofofwLzx¿n] xf] . GofofwLz g} cbfntsf] uxgf xf], d"n k'FhL xf] . o;}n] g} Gofokflnsfsf]
k|of]hg nIo k"/f ug{ ;Sg] x'G5 . j:t'tM GofofwLz g} Gofofno xf] .2 lsgsL, cd"t{
GofofnonfO{ d"t{¿k lbg] g} GofofwLzn] xf] . Gofofnosf] Picture, Performance jf Perception
i
;xGofoflwjQmf, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u .
1
Sumida, Gerald A . (2002) .The Role of the Judiciary: Improving the Investigation and Prosecution of Bribery – Conditions for
Effective Reform . Asian Development Bank/Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, in Taking Action
Against Corruption in Asia and the Pacific (Asian Development Bank,2002 . pp . 127-139 . (Cited, Dator 2001; Sugimoto
and Yasutomi 1981)
2
cf]emf, kjgs'df/, -@)&%_,=Gofokflnsf k|lt rf;f], lrGtf / ;'wf/sf nflu s]xL ;'emfj, el8{S6, c+s (, aif{ @, sf7df8f}+M no;{
kmf]/d g]kfn, k[= $ .=
161
166 GofofwLzM Ps Gofofno

GofofwLz / p;sf sfo{af6 g} x'G5 . To;}n], k|:t't n]vdf GofofwLzsf ljleGg kIfnfO{
p7fpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
@= GofofwLzdf cfjZos u'0f / ck]Iff
JolQm sfg"gsf] If]q / sfg"gL k]zfdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbP kl5 g} GofofwLz lgo'QmL eO{
cfpF5g\ . GofofwLz o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ kb xf] ls GofofwLzsf] Ps lg0f{on] JolQmut /
;fdflhs hLjg g} k|efljt agfpF5 . GofofwLzsf] nflu GofofwLz …kbÚ x'g ;S5 .
GofofwLznfO{ b]Vg], e]6\g] / ef]Ug]sf nflu pm eujfgsf] ¿k xf] . GofofwLz dfgjsf] ¿kdf
eujfgåf/f Gofo ug{ v6fOPsf x'g\ . To;}n] GofofwLzsf] lgo'QmLdf >]i7 u'0f ePsf JolQm
vf]hL u/L lgo'QmL ug{] k/Dk/f 5 .3 t/ xfn sfg"g Joj;foLsf] k[i7e"ldaf6 GofofwLzsf] kbdf
lgo'Qm x'g vf]Hg] :ki6tM b'O{ j6f k|j[lQx¿ b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . klxnf] sfg"g Joj;foLsf] k]zfdf
:yflkt x'g sl7gfO{ dx;'; ePsf] JolQmn] GofofwLz x'g kfP lhljsfsf] nflu sdfpg ;lsG5
eGg] wf/0ff /fVg] / bf];|f] k]zfaf6 k|z:t bfd sdfOof] ca gfd sdfpg kfP x'GYof] eGg]
wf/0ff /fVg] sfg"g Joj;foLx¿ GofofwLzdf hfg rfx]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . h]–h:tf] ePtf klg
:jTfGq Gofokflnsfsf] vDaf eO{ sfd ug'{kg]{ GofofwLzsf] x}l;otdf ;]jfut efjgf 7\ofDd}
gx'g]x¿sf] le8 nfUg] 7fpF cbfnt x'g' xF'b}g\ .4 GofofwLz ePkl5 pgLx¿sf] Jofj;flos /
JolQmut hLjg b'a}df OdfGbf/Lsf] pRr dfkb08sf] k|of]u / kfngf ug{' kb{5 . sfg"gsf] af/]df
/fd|f] hfgsf/ x'g'k5{ . :ki6 lg0f{o n]Vg / lg0f{o ug{ ;Ifd x'g'k5{ . lgikIf / v'nf lbdfu
(Fair and Open-minded) x'g' k5{ / b]lvg' k5{ . plgx¿ Ps /fd|f] ;|f]tf klg x'g' k5{ .5
Australian Chief Justice Gleeson eG5g\, GofofwLz lgo'QmL / tflnd Ps l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6f
x'g\ . Gofo ;Dkfbgdf k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu oL b'O{ ljifo cxd\ x'g\ . GofofwLznfO{ lg/Gt/
tflndsf] cfjZostf k5{ .6
GofofwLzdf gd| / ;Gtf]ifhgs cg'ej x'g' kb{5 . tkfOF;Fu}sf c? gful/sx¿n] tkfOFnfO{
lg0f{odf a:g / tkfOFsf] lg0f{onfO{ pgLx¿sf] cfkm\g} lxtsf] lj?4df klg :jLsf/ ug{ cg'dlt
lbG5g\ eg] of] c;fwf/0f s'/f xf] .7 To;}n] t gful/sn] GofofwLzk|lt ljZjf; / ck]Iff /fv]sf
x'G5g\ . dfG5] c? s'g} pkfo gb]v]kl5 Gofo vf]Hb} Gofofno cfpF5g\ . To;a]nf Ps l;ls:t
la/fdLsf] nflu tTsfn 8fS6/sf] h'g d"No (Value) x'G5, Gofosf nflu GofofwLzsf] ToxLF d"No
x'G5 . Pp6f ;fgf] uNtL jf sdhf]/Ln] ptf JolQmsf] Hofg hfg ;S5 . otf ;dfhdf Gofosf]
cf:yfsf] w/f]x/ uNof{du'n{'d 9Ng ;S5 .

3
Easwar, R .V . Judge, Delhi High Court . (2012) .The Qualities of a Good Judge . Posted on March 19, 2012 . Online at
https://itatonline . org/articles_new/the-qualities-of-a-good-judge/ . Accessed 5 September, 2020.
4
>]i7, 8f= z+s/s'df/, -@)&!_, xfd|f] Gofokflnsf kbf{leq / aflx/ , sf7df8f}F M k}/jL k|sfzg, k[= !%& .
5
The Qualities Required of a Judge . The Canadian Superior Courts Judges Association . Available at http://www .cscja .
ca/judges/the-qualities-required-of-a-judge/
6
Kerr, Jessica . (2020) .Turning lawyers into judges is a public responsibility . On AUSPUBLAW (26 August 2020)
7
Levitz, Dana M . (2008) .So, You Think You Want to Be a Judge . University of Baltimore Law Review: Vol . 38: Iss . 1,
Article 8 . Former Judge, Baltimore County Circuit Court, MD Available at: http://scholarworks .law .ubalt .
edu/ublr/vol38/iss1/8
162
GofofwLzM Ps Gofofno 167

“Who will judge the judges?” zLif{ssf] n]vdf Justice Krishna Iyer eG5g\8 ls Goflos
:jtGqtfsf] gfddf xfdL Goflos lg/+s'ztf (Judicial Absolutism and Tyranny) ckgfpg
;Sb}gf}+ . Goflos :jtGqtf GofofwLzx¿sf] JolQmut kmfObfsf] nflu xf]Og, oL dflg; /
k|hftGqsf] /Iffsf] nflu xf] . ha Ps Sns{n] cd]l/sL GofofwLz Learned Hand nfO{ ;f]w],
GofofwLzx¿ sf]k|lt hjfkmb]xL 5g\ < pgn] cfkm\gf] k':tsfno b]vfpFb} hjfkm lbP, of] tL
k':tsx¿ x'g\, h'gk|lt d hjfkmb]xL 5' . jflz+u6gsf d'v{x¿ slxn]sflxF d]/f] kl5 nfu] klg
pgLx¿n] cfkm"n] rfx]sf] cg';f/ lg0f{o u/fpg ;Sb}gg\ . Accountability takes you along the
path of judicial conscience and a judge must have a judicial instinct. cd]l/sfsf Chief
Justice William Howard Goflos hjfkmb]lxtfaf/] o;/L l6Kk0fL u5{g\M “Nothing tends more to
render judges careful in their decisions and anxiously solicitous to do exact justice, than the
consciousness that every act of theirs is to be subject to the intelligent scrutiny of their
fellowmen, and to their candid criticism.” cfˆgf] "The Judge" k':tsdf Lord Patrick Devlin
eG5g\, GofofwLzn] ;dfhnfO{ k|bfg ug{]
( Queen’s Bench of the High Court of England)
;fdflhs ;]jf eg]sf] ;dfhdf cGofosf] efjgf x6fpg' xf] . pgL eG5g\, “To perform this
service the essential quality which he needs is impartiality and next after that the appearance
of impartiality. I put impartiality before the appearance of it simply because without the
reality the appearance would not endure”.

Judges are the axle on which the wheels of justice turn.9 GofofwLz eg]sf] ;Dk"0f{ Gofo
k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/:tDe xf] . Gofokflnsfk|lt ;fj{hlgs ljZjf; / ;Ddfg (Public
(Pillar)
respect and confidence) Pp6f k|efjsf/L Gofo k|0ffnLsf] nflu / sfg"gsf] zf;gdf
k|hftGqsf] nflu cfjZos 5 . Goflos e"ldsfnfO{ cg'lrt cfnf]rgf jf ;fwf/0f e|d cflb
s'/fx¿n] Gofokflnsfk|lt hgtfsf] ljZjf; / ;DdfgnfO{ k|lts"n k|efj kfg{ ;S5 . hgtfsf]
;Ddfg / ljZjf;nfO{ sd ug{ ;Sg] csf]{ sf/s GofofwLzx¿sf] cfr/0f xf] . k"j{ k|wfg
GofofwLz /fds'df/k|;fb zfx eGg'x'G5, GofofwLz lgo'QmLsf] tl/sf / unt lg0f{ox¿sf]
sf/0f Gofokflnsfsf] Od]h v:s]sf] 5 . k"j{ GofofwLz s[i0fhª /fodfemLsf cg';f/
Gofokflnsfsf] v:s]sf] ;fvsf sf/0f c?sf] cufl8 cfkm"nfO{ ;jf]{Rrsf] k"j{ GofofwLz eg]/
kl/ro ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yf 5 .10 GofofwLzx¿af6 ck]Iff ul/Psf] lgi7f / lgikIftfk"0f{
Jojxf/ plgx¿sf] hLjgdf gemlNsP;Dd, ;fj{hlgs c;Gt'li6 o;}u/L sfod} /xG5 .
Goflos k|0ffnLsf] ;xh ;+rfngsf nflu Goflos lg0f{o lng] ljz]if1tfk"0f{ Ifdtf / Goflos
:jtGqtf clgjfo{ zt{ xf] . kf/bzL{ ¿kdf cf}krfl/s / j:t'ut d"NofÍgsf] dfkb08df
cfwfl/t /xL Goflos lgo'QmL x'g] x'Fbf Gofokflnsfdf :jtGqtf, lgi7f, kf/blz{tf, lgikIftf
sfod /xG5 eGg] dfGotf xf] . t/ Goflos lgo'QmL of]Uo JolQmnfO{ ug{] sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP
tfklg clxn];Dd kl/ifbdf gt of]Uo pDd]bjf/x¿sf] j:t'lgi7 Pj+ t'ngfTds clen]v

8
Supra note .3 .
9
Rachlinkski, Jeffrey J .and Wistrich, Andrew J . (2017) .Judging the Judiciary by the Numbers: Empirical Research on
Judges . 13 Annual Review of Law and Social Science . Available at https://scholarship .law .cornell .edu/facpub. Accessed
18 September, 2020.
10
https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/ex-cjs-say-judiciary-at-critical-juncture/.Accessed 5 September, 2020.
163
168 GofofwLzM Ps Gofofno

cWofjlws ul/Psf] 5, gt sfg"gdf ePsf] cfwf/ / sf/0fx¿sf] cIf/;M kl/kfngf g} .11

sfg"g nufot cfrf/ ;+lxtfn] GofofwLznfO{ st{Jo lgj{fxdf tyf cfkm\gf] lgoldt sfo{
Jojxf/df d2t ub{5 . cfkm\gf] klbo do{fbf sfod /fVg klg cfrf/ ;+lxtf cfjZos 5 .
lg0f{o / cfb]zsf] dfWodaf6 cGo lgsfo / JolQm dfly lhDd]jf/ agfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd
clwsf/ / bfloTj k"/f ug{] x'Fbf cbfnt :jod\df lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]xL x'g 'k5{ . ;a} Goflos
sfd sf/jfxLx¿ :jtGqtfk"j{s, lgikIf, b'/frf/d'Qm 5g\ eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ub{} Gofokflnsf
;dfhk|lt hjfkmb]xL 5 .
Gofofnoaf6 x'g] Gofo ;Dkfbgsf nflu GofofwLzdf lgi7f (Integrity) x'g' cfjZos 5 .
Goflos cfr/0fsf] a}ª\nf]/ l;4fGtn] lgi7f / OdfGbfl/tfnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . h;n] Goflos
hu lgd{f0f u5{ . GofofwLz s]/fdf :jfdL eG5g\12 Judicial scandal is the worst form of all
scandals, because it shakes the public confidence in the judiciary and the judges and erodes
the rule of law. olb xfdLn] k5fl8 kmls{P/ x]¥of}+ eg] Gofokflnsfsf] x/]s ;d:ofsf] h8
OdfGbfl/tfsf] cefjdf b]lvG5 . GofofwLzsf] bIftf / Ifdtfsf] s'/f ubf{, clwsf+z
Gofost{fx¿df s'g} klg ljifodf ljz]if1tf g} 5}g eGg] xf]Og, t/ pgLx¿ h'g;'s} d'2fsf
1ftfsf] ¿kdf d7fwLz aGg kl5 kb}{gg\ . h;n] ubf{ g pgLx¿n] cfkm\gf] Ifdtf b]vfpg
;s]sf 5g\ gt Gofo ug{ g} .13 alnof] OR5f–zlQm ljsf; u/]/, clenfiff, nf]eaf6 d'Qm eP/
xfdLn] cfkm"nfO{ hf]ufpg' k/]sf] 5 . Ps GofofwLzsf] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] cljj]sL sfo{n] To;
JolQmsf] k|lti7fnfO{ dfq a/jfb kfb{}g a? hgtfn] l;Ëf] ;+:yfnfO{ Pp6} n]jn nufO{ lbG5,
h'g cToGt b'ef{Uok"0f{ x'G5 . cfkm" /x]/ ;]jf ul/Psf] ;+:yfk|lt To;sf] 5aL sfod /fVg' x/
Pssf] st{Jo xf] . st{Joaf6 ljd'v GofofwLz x'g ;Sb}g .
zlQmdf /xg] JolQmn] zlQms} cf8df cfkm\gf] zlQmsf] b'¿kof]u ug{] vt/f plQs} x'G5, ta
emg a9L x'G5, hj lgi7f u'dfPsf] x'G5 . ;To lgi7tfsf] cefj zlQmsf] b'¿kof]usf] pbfx/0f
xf] . cfkm\gf] Hamlyn Lectures df English judge Henry Cecil eG5g\,14 x/]s JolQmn]
;do;dodf cfkm\gf] zlQmsf] b'¿kof]u u5{, / c¿ dflg;x¿nfO{ eGbf GofofwLznfO{ o;f] ug{]
a9L cj;/x¿ k|fKt x'G5g\ . pgL eG5g\ “A judge has to learn to control his adrenal glands
and if he is notable to control them, he should not be appointed to the Bench” To;}n] t
:jtGqtf;Fu hlxNo}} klg pQ/bfloTj / lgikIftf hf]l8P/ cfpF5 . ;do–;dodf GofofwLznfO{
dof{bf sfod /fVg g;s]sf], kbLo ul/df / lhDd]jf/L adf]lhd sfd gu/]sf], cg'lrt k|efj
k/L d'2fdf sf/jfxL u/]sf], cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] u+eL/ pNn+3g u/]sf] eGb} Wofgfsif{0f tyf
sf/jfxL u/]sf] o;}sf s]xL kl/0ffd x'g\ .15

11
s'Fj/, 6]sgf/fo0f, -@)&&_, Goflos hgcf:yf / ;fdflhs k/LIf0fdf Gofod"tL{x?, el8{S6, c+s !$, aif{ $, sf7df8f}+M no;{ kmf]/d
g]kfn, k[= !) .
12
Supra note .3 .
13
vltj8f, 8f= k'0ok|;fb, -@)&%_, ;+ljwfgjfbdf Gofo x/fpFbf xfd|f] cbfnt,= el8{S6,= c+s *, sf7df8f}+M no;{ kmf]/d g]kfn, k[=
$# .
14
Supra note .3 .
15
x]g{'xf];\, Gofo kl/ifb a'n]l6g, @)&^, jif{ !^, c+s !^, sf7df8f}+M Gofo kl/ifb ;lrjfno .
164
GofofwLzM Ps Gofofno 169

lgikIftfsf] nflu k|lta4tf ;a eGbf dxTjk"0f{ u'0f / ufx|f] sfd klg xf] . To;}u/L Goflos
k]zfk|lt k|lta4tf p;sf] d"No xf] . pgLx¿ sfg"gdf dfq geO{ Gofo ug{] snf (Art of
Judging) df klg yk lgVvf/tf Nofpg k|lzIf0fsf] nflu cu|;/ x'g vf]H5g\ . Gofo k|0ffnLsf]
;'wf/sf] nflu cGo GofofwLzx¿;Fu GofofwLzn] lzIff / cg'ejx¿ afF8\g pT;'s x'g' k5{ .
Gofok|ltsf] k|lta4tf csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ ljifo xf] . ;a} GofofwLzx¿ sfg"g nfu" ug{ afWo ePtf
klg Gofo ug{] clGtd p2]ZonfO{ Wofg lbP/ dfq Goflos sfd k|:t't x'g' k5{ . ltgLx¿ s'zn
Joj:yfks klg x'g\ .
Gofokflnsfsf] k|efjsf/L ;~rfngsf nflu Joj:yfkssf] ¿kdf GofofwLzsf] e"ldsf
dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . p;sf] cfkm\g} ;do, d'2f / sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . Ps
/fd|f] GofofwLzsf] ljz]iftf lrl8g', emls{g', s;}nfO{ lgr b]vfpg' xf]Og . /fd|f] GofofwLz
dflg;x¿ k|lt ;+j]bgzLn x'G5g\ . ;'s/ft (Socrates) n] /fd|f] GofofwLzsf] cTofjZos
u'0fx¿ j0f{g u/]sf 5g\ . GofofwLzsf rf/ j6f u'0f x'G5g\M e›tfk"j{s ;'Gg', a'l4dfgLk"j{s
hjfkm lbg', ljj]sL eO{ ljrf/ ug{' / lgikIf lg0f{o lng' "To hear courteously, to answer
wisely, to consider soberly, and to decide impartially."16 ;'s/ftn] @$)) jif{ eGbf cl3
af]n]sf oL zAbx¿ cfh klg plQs} ;fGble{s / ;To 5g\ . of] cfr/0f jf Jojxf/ d}n] k|of]u
/ kfngf u/]sf] 5', Gofofnodf c?af6 klg d}n] o:t} kfPsf] 5' egL lglZrGt x'g] GofofwLz
cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .
hf] GofofwLz cGo sfddf klg Jo:t 5, p;n] d'2fnfO{ kof{Kt ;do lbg ;Sb}g . ;dosf]
cefjn] ubf{ xtf/ xtf/ ul/Psf km};nf sdhf]/ aG5g\ . lg0f{odf ;'wf/ ug{ Caseload sd
ug{]tkm{ Wofg lbg' k5{ . o;n] dfgl;s tgfj klg sd u/fpF5 . GofofwLzx¿nfO{ yk
k|ltlqmof (feedback) klg rflxG5 . cbfntn] GofofwLzx¿nfO{ sd k|ltlqmof k|bfg ub{5 .
km};nf u/]sf] l7s xf] / xf]Og, k|s[of l7s xf] / xf]Og klg elgFb}g . tyflk, GofofwLzx¿n]
k|ltlqmof k|fKt ug{] ;+oGqsf] ljsf; eg] ug{ ;S5g\ . kqklqsfdf cfpg] ;dfrf/, n]v klg
o;sf] dfWod aGg ;S5 .
Goflos sfo{sf] nflu pTs[i6 k|ltef cfslif{t ug{ / l6sfpg, ToxfFsf] tna ;'ljwf / sfo{
jftfj/0f /fd|f] x'g' k5{ . Ps /fd|f] jsLnsf] sdfO{;Fu Goflos sfd ug{] JolQmsf] tnj t'ngf
x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] klg xf], sd jsLnx¿ GofofwLzdf cfpg rfxG5g\ . of] lj8Dagfk"0f{ s'/f
xf] ls GofofwLz / cem sd{rf/Lx¿n] kfpg] tna eGbf sfg"g k9]/ ev{/} jsfntdf k|j]z
u/]sfx¿nfO{ ;+:yfn] lbPsf] tna jf kfpg] kfl/>lds pRr x'G5 . o;/L cfkm\g} kfl/jfl/s /
;fdflhs hLjg ofkg ug{ wf}wf} k/]sf] cj:yfdf Tof] JolQmn] s'g dfgl;s cj:yfdf, s:tf]
Gofo ;Dkfbg u5{ < s:tf] ;'zf;gsf] ck]Iff x'G5 <17 ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ GofofwLzsf] kbLo
x}l;ot, kfl/>lds, ;'ljwf cflbaf/] s'g} rf;f] 5}g\ jf /xFb}g, t/ lghx¿n] lgjf{x ug]{ e"ldsf
eg] lgSs} rf;f]sf] ljifo ag]sf] x'G5 . GofofwLzn] s] ck]Iff /fv]sf x'G5g\ eGg] ljifo eGbf
hgtf cyjf ;]jfu|fxLn] lghx¿af6 s]–s:tf] ck]Iff /fv]sf x'G5g\ eGg] rflxF uDeL/ rf;f]sf]

16
Nelson,JaneW.(1989). What Makes a Good Judge?.9 J. Nat’l Ass’n Admin .L .Judges.Available at
http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/naalj/vol9/iss2/5.Accessed 20 September, 2020.
17
Andhyarujina,T.R.(2014).The quality of judges. Available at https://indianexpress.com /article/opinion/columns/the-quality-
of-judges/. Accessed 20 September, 2020.

165
170 GofofwLzM Ps Gofofno

ljifo xf] . GofofwLzdf ljj]szLn, pbf/, dfgj clwsf/d}qL, cfFl6nf], OdfGbf/, cWoogzLn,
d]xgtL cyf{t\ ;du|df Pp6f enfdfg'ifdf x'g'kg]{ ;b\u'0f gx'Fbf ;]jfu|fxLx¿n] s]–s:tf]
zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, cfly{s h:tf csygLo kL8fx¿ Ef]u]sf x'G5g\ eGg] ljifodf GofofwLz ;w}F
uDeL/ x'g' clgjf{o x'G5 .18
#= GofofwLzsf] :jefj / efjgf
xf], GofofwLz JolQm x'g\, /f]af]6 xf]Ogg\ . efjgfx¿ :jefljs ¿kdf pgLx¿sf] b}lgs hLjgsf]
lx:;f x'g\ . To;sf/0f, GofofwLzn] cfˆgf efjgfx¿ Jojl:yt / lgolGqt ug{' k5{ . /fd|f]
GofofwLzn] s'g} Emotion k|bz{g ug{' x'Fb}g . GofofwLz t6:y (Neutral), lgikIf (Impartial) /
p2]Zok"0f{ (Objective) x'g' kb{5 . GofofwLzn] km};nf JolQmut efjgfsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf]
5}g, sfg"g / k|df0fsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] 5 eg]/ cfkm" lglZrGt x'g' k5{ . km};nfdf l/;
(Anger) / efjgf (Emotion) JoQm ug]{ xf]Og, Emotionally well-regulated x'g] xf] . To;n]
GofofwLzx¿nfO{ /fd|f] lg0f{o ug{ d2t ug{ ;S5 . Columbia Law school, 2015 df Brett
Kavanaugh n] Ps efif0fdf Goflos :jefj (Judicial Temperament) sf] ;f/ k|:t't u/]sf
lyP, h;df pgn] Tof] GofofwLzx¿sf nflu slt dxTjk"0f{ 5 eGg] af/]df af]n]sf lyP “…to
keep our emotions in check . To be calm amidst the storm … to demonstrate civility I think
that’s important as well … to help display that you are trying to make the decision
impartially and dispassionately, based on the law and not based on your emotions.”19

GofofwLz w}o{jfg (Patient), dof{lbt (Dignified), lzi6 (Courteous) x'g' kb{5 . cbfntdf jf
cGo cj:yfdf GofofwLz h;/L k|:t't x'G5g\, h;/L af]Ng] / Jojxf/ u5{g\, ToxfFaf6} p;sf]
Wisdom emNsG5 . GofofwLzsf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf ck]lIft / clgjfo{ Jojxf/ xf] . o;n] dof{lbt
x'g eG5 / of] l;df xf] . hf] GofofwLz a]~rdf x'Fbf ;Fw} cg's/0fLo :jefj (Exemplary
Temperament) sf] k|bz{g ub{5g\, ltgLx¿ zfGt /xG5g\ / cbfntdf k|j]z ug]{ ;a}nfO{ ;dfg
/ ;Ddfgsf ;fy Jojxf/ u5{g\, h'g cfjZos 5 . jf:tjdf, To:tf GofofwLzx¿ cbfntsf]
>]o x'g\ . t/ s]xL GofofwLz ljjfbf:kb tx;Dd k'U5g\ . pgLx¿ ;fd' pkl:yt x'g] cGonfO{
dfG5] uGb}gg\, cfkm" eujfgsf] cjtf/ ;DemG5g\, 7\ofSs} GofofwLzsf] u'0f ljkl/t . To;}n],
s]xL GofofwLz lj?4 Demeanor/Injudicious Temperament / e|i6frf/sf] ph'/L klg k5{g\ .20
GofofwLz x'gf ;fy tyfslyt ;j{1 eOPsf] dflgg] bDe / oyfl:yltaf6 lghx¿nfO{ d'Qm
u/]/ x]g'{ / hfFRg' PSsfO;f}+ ztflAbsf k|lt:kwL{ GofofwLzx¿sf cfjZostf x'g\ . 21

GofofwLzdf olt lxDdt 5}g ls cfkm" lj?4sf cf/f]ksf] 86]/, v'n]/ ;fdgf u?g\ . d'v
n'sfP/ cfnf]rgf ;'G5g\, k9\5g\ dfq . w]/}df g}lts cfr/0fsf] vf]6 ;'lgG5 . slt g}ltsjfg\ /
/fd|f GofosdL{ 5g\, hf] ba]sf 5g\, af]Ng] lxDdt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .22 slt GofofwLz OdfGbf/ klg

18
k"j{kfb l6Kk0fL $, k[= #( .
19
Flower, Lisa .( 2018) . So, what is Judicial Temperament ?/ Brett,Kavanaugh: why we don’t want angry judges . Available
at https://theconversation . com/au. Accessed 20 September, 2020.
20
Sterba, David P . ( 2015) . Good judicial temperament the hallmark of a good judge. Chicago Law Bulletin . David P.
Sterba is a retired Illinois appellate justice and a former presiding judge and trial judge. He is presently a partner at Walsh,
Fewkes & Sterba and an adjunct professor at The John Marshall Law School.
21
k"j{kfb l6Kk0fL $, k]h & .
22
k"j{ kfb l6Kk0fL @ .
166
GofofwLzM Ps Gofofno 171

xf]nfg\ t/ cfh GofofwLznfO{ x]g]{ Psy/L dflg;x¿sf] b[li6sf]0f lgs} gsf/fTds ePsf]
cg'ej eO/x]sf] 5 . b[li6sf]0f o:tf] agfpg'df xfd|} Goflos ;+:yfs} klg xft 5 lsgeg] s'g
Gofostf{ jf:tjdf s:tf] xf] To;nfO{ d"No+fsgåf/f olsg ug]{ / h:tf] b]lvG5 tbg'¿k
To;nfO{ klxrfg lbg] sfd j:t'tM ;DalGwt ;+:yfs} xftdf 5 . d"Nof+sg kl/kfl6d} clxn]
lvof nfu]sf] 5 . ;]jfleq cfh h'g Gofostf{x¿ sfd / cfrf/0fsf b[li6n] cAan bhf{sf
x'G5g\ ltgsf] eGbf w]/} al9 k|efj / k|e'Tj bf];|f] sf]6Lsfx¿s} 5 . ;'ljwf dfly 9lndnL ug]{
nufotsf ;]jfleq v'§f 3'dfpg] sfd s'/fx¿ klg ltgs} lglDt ;xh 5g\ . cAanx¿nfO{
l5sL{ nufP/ aN8\ofª v]nfpg] tfut klg ltgd} 5 . zlQmsf] s[kfb[li6 klg ltgnfO{ g} k|fKt
5 . d"Nofs+gstf{x¿ :j+o klg ltg};Fu ql;t x'G5g\ .23 lj8Dagf t s] xf] eg] Ifdtfjfg
GofofwLzx¿sf] 1fg, cg'ej / bIftf sb/ ug]{ jftfj/0f 5}g\ .24 hfoh s'/f ug{ 8/ lsg <
ls cfkm" r'lsPsf] 5, jf ;?jf / ;'ljwfsf] nf]e clg g]t[Tjsf] 8/ xf] < GofofwLz aLr klg
Pscsf{df ;Ddfg efj x'g' k5{ . xflb{stf clg ;fd"lxskg (Collegiality) x'g' k5{ .
GofofwLzdf cbfntdf JolQmx¿nfO{ a'‰g] / pgLx¿;Fu ldNg] Ifdtf rflxG5 . Ps csf{nfO{
cfb/ ug{'sf] ;fy;fy, GofofwLzn] pgLx¿n] ;]jf ug]{ ;+:yfsf] ;Ddfg ug{' kb{5 .25 /fd|f]
GofofwLz Goflos :jefjsf nflu dfq} xf]Og, lgi7f / k|0ffnLsf] ;Ddfgsf nflu klg cfjZos
5 . of] xfd|f] sfg"gL k|0ffnLdf ljZjf; a9fpg / ljZjf; sfod /fVg klg ;xof]uL 5 .
$= GofofwLzsf lg0f{o / k|efj
GofofwLzn] d'2fdf lg0f{o u5{g\ . kIf / ljkIf aLr ljjfbx¿sf] lg¿k0f ub}{ Gofo u5{g\ .
s;n] lhTof] / s;n] xf¥of] lgwf{/0f u5{g\ . /, of] ;a}, GofofwLzaf6 Gofokflnsf ;b:osf]
¿kdf, k|fKt clVtof/sf] cfwf/df / sfg"g cg'¿k x'G5g\ . jf:tjdf To;/L vfl/P/ lgo'Qm
ePsf GofofwLzn] :t/Lo km};nf lbg] u5{g, clg lghx¿n] tof/ u/]sf] /f]8 Dofkdf b'3{6gfsf]
;Defjgf k|foM x'g] ub{}g eg]/ To;} elgPsf] xf]Og . xfd|f GofofwLzdf klg To:tf] Ifdtf 5
eg]/ b]vfpg tof/ x'g' clgjfo{ eO;s]sf] 5 .26
d'2f km};nf ubf{ GofofwLzn] s;/L u5{g\ eGg] af/] hgtf ;hu x'g' cfjZos 5 . d'2fsf kIf
/ jsLn;Fu dfq xf]Og, ltgLx¿ ;a} dflg;x¿;Fu s'/f u5{g\, ;a}sf] cbfntdf kx'Fr 5 eGg]
1fg a9fpg' / Gofokflnsfsf] ;a} txdf Gofosf] af/]df hgtfnfO{ lzlIft ug{' cfjZos 5 .
Gofo k|flKtsf nflu Less formal institution / Alternative modes of resolving disputes x'g'
cfjZos b]lvG5@27
sf] ;Gbe{df s'/f ubf{, Sir William Blackstone sf cg';f/,
Judicial decision-making process
GofofwLzx¿ sfg"g nfu" ub{5g\, t/ sfg"g agfpFb}gg\ . GofofwLzsf] st{Jo eg]sf] a]~r

23
bfxfn, nIdLk|;fb, -@)^!_, Gofo–;Gb{e, sf7df8f}F Mk[= %* .
24
sfsL{, ;'zLnf -@)&%_, Gofo, sf7df8f}FM a'slxn klAns]zg, k[= !^$ .
25
Geggel, Laura .( 2017) . What Traits Should Every Supreme Court Justice Have? Available at https://www .livescience .
com/57917-supreme-court-justice-qualities .html. Accessed 15 September, 2020.
26
k"j{kfb l6Kk0L $, k[. $ .
27
Philip, J .&Grib, S .J .The Ethical Foundations of Judicial Decision-Making . The Catholic Lawyer, Volume 35, Number 1 .
Available at https://scholarship .law .stjohns. edu/cgi/viewcontent .cgi?article=2329&context=tcl. Accessed 16 September,
2020.
167
172 GofofwLzM Ps Gofofno

;dIf sfg"gsf] ljZn]if0f ug{' / To; sfg"gnfO{ Case df k|of]u ug{' xf] . GofofwLzn] lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] sfg"gn] O{Zj/Lo an k|bfg ub{5 . GofofwLzn] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf l;4fGtsf] ¿kdf lgDg
tTjx¿ klxNofp5g\ M 1.Precedent. 2. Logic. 3. Legal experience and 4. Preparation of the
lawyer. GofofwLzn] s;/L lg0f{o lnG5g\ eGg] b[li6sf]0fdf cWoogaf6 pgLx¿n] cfˆgf
lg0f{onfO{ tYo / sfg"gdf cfwf/ agfpF5g\ . ;dfgtf, lgikIftf / bof (Equity, Fairness
andCompassion) sf] cfwf/df lg0f{o ub{5g\ . /, h'g Gofo ;+ut, plrt / Jofjxfl/s
(Equitable, Reasonable and Practical) 5, df cfwfl/t eO{ lg0f{o lnG5g\ eGg] kfOPsf] 5 .28

GofofwLzn] pgLx¿n] ug]{ lg0f{osf] Jofjxfl/s k|efjnfO{ slxn] klg la;{g' x'Gg . GofofwLzn]
;xdlt lgdf{0f ug{ ;Ifd x'g' kb{5 . cbfntsf] /fodf ta dfq an x'G5, ha To;df ax'dt
;xdt x'G5 .29 pb]snfUbf glh/, d'2} lkR5]sf glh/ agfO{ glh/sf] dof{bfdf ljrng cfpg]
cj:yf l;h{gf ug{' x'Fb}g . GofofwLzn] Goflos lg0f{o ubf{ l/;, :jfy{, efjgf, k|efj, nf]e ;a}
Tofu]/ OG;fkm u/] glh/df huxF;fO{ x'Fb}g . Goflos lg0f{odf Judicial Heart / Judicial Head
sf] aLrdf Judicial Head n] k|foM h;f] :yfg lnG5, lhT5 .30 sfg"g k|foM k"0f{ ¿kdf :ki6
x'G5 / o:tf] cj:yfdf efjgfn] sd k|efljt kfb{5 . tyflk, Judicial Heart n] w]/} ljjfb
lht]sf] Experiment sf] kl/0ffdaf6 b]lvG5 . clwsf+z GofofwLzx¿ OdfGbf/k"0f{ eO{ sfg"g
nfu" ug{ sf]l;; u5{g\, t/ ha sfg"g c:ki6 x'G5, tYo ljjfbk"0f{ x'G5, jf GofofwLzsf]
Discretion 5 eg] pgLx¿sf] lg0f{o efjgf (Emotions/feelings) af6 k|efljt x'g ;S5 . hj
Judicial Head n] s'g lg0f{o l7s x'G5 eg]/ :ki6 ¿kdf eGg g;Sg] cj:yf x'G5, Judicial
Heart cl3 a9\g ;S5 . xfdL ljZjf; ub}{gf}+ ls Goflos lg0f{ox¿ efjgfdf cfwfl/t x'G5g\ .
t/ klg lglZrt kl/l:yltdf GofofwLzsf] efjgf d'2fsf] kIfsf] af/]df Ps lbzfaf6 csf]{
lbzfdf axg ;S5 . Tof] cfFkm}df /fd|f] jf v/fa b'a} x'g ;S5, t/ lgi7f / OdfGbf/Lsf]
l;4fGtnfO{ eg] Wofgdf /fVg' k5{ .
sltko cj:yfdf sfg"gn] JofVofsf] nflu 7fpF lbPsf] x'G5 . Gofo;Dkfbgdf tL e/kbf]{ /
lgikIf lg0f{ox¿ x'G5g\ . tyflk, GofofwLzx¿sf] JolQmut ljz]iftfx¿af6 pTkGg leGgtfn]
GofofwLzn] s;/L lg0f{o u5{ eGg] s'/fdf k|efj kf5{ . p;sf] lzIff, ;+:sf/, /xg;xg, ;+ut,
kfl/jfl/s cj:yf, ;DaGw, kl/j]z cflb x/]s s'/fn] k|efj kfg{ ;S5 . cg';Gwfgn] b]vfpF531
ls GofofwLzx¿sf] JolQmut ljz]iftf, pgLx¿sf] /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/f, ln+u, hflt /
cg'ejn] cfˆgf] lg0f{ox¿nfO{ c;/ u5{ . /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/f GofofwLzx¿df ;a}eGbf
Jofks ¿kdf plNnlvt aflx/L k|efj xf] . h;sf] ljZjf;n] ltgLx¿sf] lg0f{onfO{ c;/ u5{ .

28
Capurso, Timothy J .(1998) .How Judges Judge: Theories on Judicial Decision Making . University of Baltimore Law
Forum: Vol .29 : No . 1 , Article 2 . Available at: http://scholarworks .law .ubalt . edu/lf/vol29/iss1/2
29
What makes a great Supreme Court justice? NATIONAL & WORLD NEWS| Aug 11, 2012 . Available at https://www.ajc
.com/news/national/what-makes-great-supreme-court-justice/Yj9Ujy57BRMVlwtCFlAe7M/. Accessed 20 September, 2020.
30
See KARSTEN . (Describing the concepts of the “Jurisprudence of the Head” and “the Heart” and emphasizing that
Jurisprudence of the Head is driven by the existence of rules and precedent while Jurisprudence of the Heart is driven by
conscience, principle, and “justice”) . Cited by Andrew J . Wistrich, Jeffrey J .Rachlinski & Chris Guthrie. (2015).Heart
Versus Head: Do Judges Follow the Law or Follow Their Feelings?Available at http://texaslawreview . org/wp-
content/uploads/2015/08/Rachlinski-93-4 .pdf. Accessed 16 September, 2020.
31
Supra note. 9.
168
GofofwLzM Ps Gofofno 173

cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 ls wfld{s d"No dfGotfx¿n] klg GofofwLzx¿nfO{ s]xL k|sf/sf] Case
df km/s ¿kdf lg0f{o ug{sf] nflu pTk|]l/t ub{5 . cg';Gwfg x]bf{, GofofwLzx¿sf] Age and
Experience sf] ;jfndf j[4 GofofwLzx¿ kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf cleof]hg kIfsf] favor a9L lyP .
sd pd]/sf GofofwLzx¿df k'/fgf] GofofwLzx¿ eGbf kLl8ttkm{ sd ;xfg'e"lt lyof] . klxn]
cGoq sfd u/]sf jf hflu/n] GofofwLz eP kl5 s] k|efj kf5{ < egL cd]l/sfsf] ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] u/]sf] cWoogdf em'sfj jf k|efj x'G5 eGg] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] b]lvG5 . GofofwLzn]
cfˆgf] ljZjf;;Fu ldNbf] lsl;dn] d'2fx¿ lg0f{o ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
GofofwLzn] u'? ag]/ efif0f, n]v cflbdf kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf cg';Gwfgsf] hjfkmb]xL k|x/Ln] lng'
k5{, cleof]hgsf] hjfkmb]xL ;/sf/L jsLnn] lng' k5{ eGg ;S5f}F, t/ Gofo / OG;fkmdf k/]sf]
prlgrsf] hjfkmb]xL GofofwLzn] lng' k5{ eg]/ lsg eGg ;Sb}gf} < g}ltstfsf] kf7
l;sfpg]n] cfkm" :jod\ g}lts dof{bfsf] l;dfleq aflwg' kb{5 .32 ;dfhn] GofofwLzx¿af6 w]/}
cfzf ub{5 . clwsf+zn] hjfkmb]lxtf (Accountability) sf] ;+oGqx¿df Overreact ub{5g\, t/
xfdL GofofwLzx¿n] tf]lsPsf] cfr/0f jf dfkb08df /xL React ug{' k5{ eGg] s'/fdf cfzf
ub{5f}+ . w]/} JolQm cGt/1fg (Intuition) / Heuristics df w]/} e/ kb{5g\, t/ xfdL cfzf ub{5f}+
ls GofofwLz ;f]r, ljrf/ / ts{;+ut (Deliberative and Logical) ePsf] x'g' k5{ . efjgf /
kIfkft (Emotions and Biases) n] JolQmnfO{ ;lhn} k|efj kf5{, t/ xfdL GofofwLzx¿ sfg"g
/ tYoleq /xL lg0f{o ug]{ s'/fdf cfzf ub{5f}+ .
%= GofofwLzsf] ljZjf;
ljZjf;sf] b'O{ j6f cfofd x'G5g\ . klxnf], JolQmsf] Ifdtfdf xfd|f] ljZjf; . bf];|f], JolQmsf]
rl/qdf xfd|f] ljZjf; . Justice Dhananjay Chandrachud n] GofofwLzx¿nfO{ ljZjf; ug{'kg]{
s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5g\ . lsgls, olb cbfnt / GofofwLzx¿k|lt ljZjf; x/fof] eg] k|hftflGqs
Joj:yfdf g} xfdLn] uDeL/ ;d:of ef]Ug' kg]{5 . t/ dgg\ ug]{ s'/f of] xf] ls ljZjf; s],
s;df / s:tf] cj:yfdf ug]{ < ;fj{hlgs ljZjf; afWo agfOg] s'/f xf]Og . xfdLn] ljZjf;
ug{' k5{ ls xfd|f GofofwLzx¿ ;Ifd / lgikIf, of]Uo / plrt 5g\ . ;Fu}, GofofwLzx¿n] klg
of] dx;'; u/fpg ;Sg' k5{ . olb GofofwLz / Gofofnodf hgtfn] cfˆgf] ljZjf; u'dfP eg]
Gofokflnsf s] x'G5 < GofofwLz s] u5{g\ < olb JolQm Goflos lgsfo 5f]8L Gofosf] vf]hLdf
cGt} hfg] lg0f{o u5{g\ eg] o;n] ;Dk"0f{ Goflos ;+/rgfsf] cl:tTjdf k|Zg v8f u5{ . t;y{,
GofofwLzx¿ g} x'g\, h;n] cfkm"nfO{ ljZjf;sf] sflan agfpg ;S5g\ . of] pgLx¿sf] cfˆg}
rf;f] xf] / x'g'k5{ ls dflg;x¿n] Goflos k|lqmofdf ljZjf; u?g\ . GofofwLzn] of] a'‰g'
h?/L 5 ls cbfntk|lt e/f];f / ljZjf; ug{' cfjZos 5 To;}n] ljZjf; ug{' k5{ eg]/
JolQmn] ljZjf; ub}{g, ljZjf; k|fKt ug{sf nflu sfd / Jojxf/af6 ljZjfl;nf] b]lvg' k5{ .33
of] ljZjf; sfod /fVg' r'gf}tL alg/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
GofofwLzsf] klxnf] of]Uotf, :jtGq / lgikIf lg0f{o lng] Ifdtf xf] . Gofokflnsfdf hgtfsf]
ljZjf; sfod /fVg / pgLx¿sf] ljZjf; a9fpg GofofwLzn] cfkm"nfO{ lgi7f;lxt Jojxf/
ug{ sf]l;; ug{' k5{ . GofofwLzn] cfˆgf] cfr/0f c? eGbf dfly 5 egL ;'lglZrt ug{
x/;Dej k|of; ug{' k5{ . ;fy} cfˆgf Goflos ;xof]uLx¿nfO{ klg o;sf] kfng ug{ k|f]T;fxg
32
k"j{kfb l6Kk0fL $, k[= !^* .
33
Tripathy, Rangin Pallav . (2019).Don't Judges Need the Trust of People More Than People Need to Trust Judges?Available at
https://thewire .in/. Accessed 17 September, 2020.
169
174 GofofwLzM Ps Gofofno

/ ;dy{g ug{' kb{5 . GofofwLzn] cfkm}+nfO{ To:tf] Jojxf/ ug]{ sf]l;; ug{' k5{, h;n] hgtfsf]
;Ddfg / ljZjf; sfod} /fvL pgLx¿sf] lgi7f, lgikIftf / /fd|f] lg0f{o (Integrity,
Impartiality and Good Judgment) df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;sf];\ .

GofofwLzx¿sf] klg lghL hLjg x'G5 / gful/ssf] x}l;otdf clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] cfgGb
lng' k5{ . GofofwLzn] JolQmut ljsf; ug{ / ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf] ljifodf hfgsf/ x'g' k5{ .
olb GofofwLzx¿ pgLx¿sf] ;]jf ug]{ ;d'bfox¿af6 cgfjZos ¿kdf 6f9f eP eg]
Jofjxfl/stf a'‰g ;Sb}gg\ . sfg"gL dfkb08x¿n] cS;/ Jofjxfl/s k/LIf0fsf] klg dfu ub{5
.34 Goflos tYo kQf nufpg] sfd GofofwLzsf] sfdsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf], h;n] ;fdfGo 1fg
/ cg'ejsf] cfwf/df k|df0fsf] d"Nof+sg ug{'kg]{ dfu ub{5 . o;}n] GofofwLzn] cfˆgf] ljz]if
e"ldsf cg'¿ksf] xb;Dd c?;Fu glhssf] ;DaGw /fVg' kb{5 . cbfnt / aflx/ b'j} 7fpFdf
GofofwLzsf] cfr/0f ;fj{hlgs 5fglag / l6Kk0fLsf] ljifo x'G5 . To;sf/0f GofofwLzn]
cfˆgf] ultljlwdf s]xL k|ltaGwx¿ :jLsfg{' k5{ . GofofwLzx¿n] Goflos sfo{ / JolQmut
hLjg, ljsf; / kl/jf/ aLr ;Gt'ng (Delicate balance) sfod ug{' cfjZos 5 . oL
s'/fx¿n] klg ;dfhdf p;sf] d'NofÍg x'G5, h;n] Gofo / Gofofno k|ltsf] e/f];f jf
ljZjf;df k|efj kfb{5 .
^= cGTodf
Gofofnoaf6 GofofwLz x6fP Gofo /xFb}g . GofofwLz Gofofnodf g/x] Gofo /xFb}g .
GofofwLz eGg' g} Gofo xf], Gofofno xf] . Gofo plrt, lz3|, ;xh / k|efjsf/L agfpg, Gofo
dg{ glbg, Gofo dxFuf] x'g glbg dfly plNnlvt GofofwLzsf u'0f / sfo{ Jojxf/ tyf
cfr/0fsf] kfngf x'g' k5{ . cfˆgf] wd{df ljrng cfpFbf GofofwLz / Gofofnon] cfˆgf] af6f]
la/fpg] xf] . GofofwLz /fd|f] eP Gofofno / To; leqaf6 lbOg] OG;fkm plrt (Just) x'g] xf] .
kl/0ffdtM hgljZjf; lbuf] x'G5, ;du|df Gofokflnsf z;Qm x'G5 .
Goflos ;'wf/ k|of; ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ k|lta4tf ljgf x'g ;Sb}g . t/ ;'wf/sf] g]t[TjbfoL
e"ldsf GofofwLzsf] x'G5, x'g' k5{ . oxfF rrf{ ul/Psf] ;Gbe{df eg] ;/sf/ eGbf klg
GofofwLz :jod\sf] kxn / k|lta4tf cfjZos 5 . cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] k"0f{ kfngf / unt,
cg}lts / e|i6frf/hGo sfo{df lgikIf ¿kn] sf/afxL ug]{ xf] eg] GofofwLzdf b]lvPsf
ljrngdf sdL cfO{ gkTofpFbf] lsl;dn] ;'wf/ x'G5 . t/ of] gofF s'/f xf]Og, a? gul/Psf]
s'/f xf] . o;n] ubf{ ;+:yf / To;sf ;b:osf] ul/df, cf:yf Pjd\ ljZjf; x/]s lbg x/]ssf]
gh/df ;+s6df kl//x]sf] b]lvG5 . Ifdtf / of]Uotf gx]/L cfˆgf] dfG5] / /fhgLlts
l;kmfl/;sf dfG5] GofofwLzdf lgo'QmL u/] kl5 GofofwLz / Gofofnon] cfˆgf] wd{ 5f8\5 .
cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L / hjfkmb]xL k"/f gu/] jf gubf{ klg x'g] cj:yf x'g yfn] cJoj:yf /
c/fhstfsf] hGd eO{ Gofosf] dd{ ;dfKt x'G5 . ctM Gofofno, GofofwLz / Gofo o:tf]
xf];\, h;sf] lg0f{o cfˆgf] lxt lj?4 x'Fbf klg ;xh} :jLsf/ ul/of];\ . of] lbuf] ljZjf; /
e/f];f a9fpg'sf] ljsNk 5}g .

YZ

34
Ethical principles for judges .Canadian Judicial Council, Ottawa, Ontario.Online at https://cjc-ccm .
ca/cmslib/general/news_pub_judicialconduct_Principles_en .pdf. Accessed 20 September, 2020.
170
GofofwLzM Ps Gofofno 175

jif{ #, c° !

;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleof]hgdf

;/sf/L jsLnsf r'gf}tL / ;dfwfgsf
pkfo

# afns[i0f jfUn] i

!= ljifo k|j]z
;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cjwf/0ffn] kmf}hbf/L ljlwzf:qdf k|j]z kfPsf] w]/} nfdf] ;do ePsf] 5}g .
vf;u/L ;g\ !(&) sf] bzs kl5 o; ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffnfO{ kmf}hbf/L ljlwzf:qdf ljz]if
:yfg k|bfg u/L o;sf ljleGg cjojx¿sf] af/]df rrf{ / 5nkmn cufl8 a9fOPsf] xf] .
cGo k/Dk/fut ck/fwsf] t'ngfdf o; lsl;dsf] ck/fwsf] p2]Zo, z}nL, ;+u7g ;+/rgf,
ck/fwsf] tf}/tl/sf -Modus operandi_ k|efj, k|sf/ / k|ljlw h:tf ljleGg sf/0fn] o;
lsl;dsf ck/fwn] ljZjsf ljslzt Pa+ ljsf;f]Gd'v ;a} lsl;dsf /fi6«x¿nfO{ Pp6f
r'gf}tL l;h{gf ul/lbPsf] 5 . lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;F+u} ljslzt ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|efj
/ c;/ ;d]tn] ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df dnhn k'¥ofPsf] 5 . cfk/flws
;+u7gx¿sf] :yfkgf / ;+~hfn lgdf{0fsf] sf/0fn] ck/fwLx¿ Pp6f If]qflwsf/ -Jurisdiction_
af6 ;xh ¿kdf csf]{ If]qflwsf/df :yfgfGt/0f x'g] k|s[ofn] ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] hfnf]
lj:tfl/t x'Fb} Psb]zLo ;d:of dfq} geO{ If]qLo, cGt/b]zLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o rf;f] /
;/f]sf/fsf] ljifo aGb} uO{ /x]sf] 5 . h;sf] kmn:j¿k kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ dfq}
geP/ ;+ul7t cfk/flws ;d"xsf] ultlzntf / k|efjsf] sf/0f ;+ul7t ck/fw cfh ljZj
;d'bfosf] nflu 7"nf] r'gf}tLsf] ljifo ;d]t aGg uPsf] 5 .
ck/fwsf] k|efjsf/L cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg sfg"gL /fHosf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/lznf xf] .
ck/fw cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hg k|efjsf/L gePdf /fHon] cfˆgf] clei7 k"/f ug{ ;Sb}g .
o;sf] nflu pko'Qm sfg"gL Joj:yf Ps zt{ xf] t/ sfg"gL Joj:yf eP/ dfq} ck/fwsf]
/f]syfd / Go"gLs/0f ;Dej x'Fb}g . sfg"gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu pko'Qm ;+:yfut
k|aGw tyf bIf / OdfGbf/ hgzlQmsf] plQs} cfjZostf /xG5 . cleof]hgsf] sfo{ /fHosf]
dxTjk"0f{ / cfkm}df r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{ ;d]t xf] . o;sf] cfwf/df kmf}hbf/L Goflos k|lqmof
k|f/De x'g] / cleof]hg ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ bf]ifL jf lgbf]{if s] xf] egL lgSof{}n ul/g] ePsf]n]
i
dfggLo lhNnf GofofwLz .

171
176 GofofwLzM Ps Gofofno

of] sfo{ cToGt ;+j]gzLn / xf]lzof/Lk"j{s ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . ;+ul7t ck/fw cfkm}df Ps hl6n
lsl;dsf] ck/fw ePsf] / o;sf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf ;Gbe{x¿df cGo k/Dk/fut
ck/fwdf eGbf leGg z}nL, k4lt / k|s[of cjnDag / cg'z/0f ul/g] ePsf]n] ;/sf/L
jsLnn] cleof]hg ubf{ ljz]if Wofg / ;ts{tf ckgfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df xfn
kl5Nnf lbgx¿df ;+ul7t ¿kdf ul/g] cfk/flws lqmofsnfkdf j[l4 xF'+b} uO{ /x]sf], o;sf]
;+u7g / ;~hfn lj:tf/ ePsf] / ;+ul7t ¿kdf s]xL 36gfx¿ eO{ /x]sf] cj:yf Pj+
cGt/f{li6«o bfloTj / k|lta4tf ;d]tnfO{ k"/f ug]{ lx;fan] ;+ul7t ck/fw lj?4sf] ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGwnfO{ !! l8;]Da/ @))@ df x:tfIf/ u/L kIf /fi6«sf] bfloTj cGtu{t
/fli6«o sfg"gsf] ¿kdf ;'?df cWofb]z1 dfkm{t / kl5 P]gs} ¿kdf ;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f
P]g, @)&) hf/L eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 .2 ;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f P]g cg';f/ d'2fsf]
cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg x'g] u/]sf] ;Gbe{df ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cjwf/0ff, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf]
dxf;lGwsf Joj:yf / xfd|f] sfg"gL Joj:yf Pj+ sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhd cg';Gwfg tyf
cleof]hgdf ;/sf/L jsLnn] ef]Ug' k/]sf ;d:of / r'gf}tL Pj+ ltgsf ;dfwfgsf ljifodf
rrf{ ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
@= ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cy{ / cjwf/0ff
;+ul7t ck/fw s] xf] / o;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ s;/L a'‰g] eGg] ;DjGwdf ljZjJkfkL ¿kdf
;j{ :jLsfo{ / PsLs[t dfGotf / kl/efiff 5}g . ;+ul7t ck/fwnfO{ kl/efiff ug{ g;Sg' o;
ck/fwsf] ultlzn k|s[lt klg Ps d'Vo sf/0f xf] . vf;u/L s] s:tf cfk/flws ultljlw
cfk/flws ;d"xaf6 s] s;/L ;+~rfng x'G5g < o;sf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf s:tf] 5 <, sfo{z}nL,
p2]Zo, tyf rl/q s:tf] k|s[ltsf] 5 < eGg] h:tf cfwf/df s'g} klg ck/fw ;+ul7t xf] jf
xf]Og egL ljZn]if0f ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . o; ;DaGwdf ljlwzf:qL Cowling sf] egfO{ ljz]if
dggLo b]lvG5 . pgsf cg';f/ The fact that organized crime and criminal gangs by their
nature are difficult to define, contributes to the absence of universally accepted definition
=== . ;+ul7t ck/fw ;Da4 ck/fw -Predicated offence_ ;Fu hf]l8P/ cfpg] x'Fbf s'g} cd's
s;"/ ;+ul7t ck/fw xf] jf xf]Og eGgsf] nflu To:tf] ck/fwsf] ljz]iftf, lu/f]x, :j¿k,
ck/fw ug]{ tf}/tl/sf -Modus operandi_, ck/fwLx¿sf] ;+VofTds pkl:ylt tyf ck/fw ug]{
p2]Zo cflbsf cfwf/df klxrfg ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . ;fdfGo cy{df ;+ul7t ck/fwnfO{ b'O{ eGbf
a9L ck/fwLn] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf Jojl:yt tl/sf ckgfO{ ul/g] cfk/flws sfo{sf] ¿kdf a'lemG5
hxfF ;+ul7t ;b:ox¿n] cfk;L ;xof]u / ;xsfo{df u}/sfg"gL sfo{ ub{5g\ . ;+ul7t
ck/fwsf] cy{ / cjwf/0ffnfO{ b'O{ j6f b[li6sf]0faf6 a'‰g ;lsG5 . klxnf] b[li6sf]0f xf]
stf{nfO{ cfwf/ lnP/ kl/efiff ul/g] b[li6sf]0f . -Who centric approach_ o;df ck/fwdf sf]
;+nUg 5 jf x'G5g\, s;n] ck/fw u¥of] egL x]l/G5 . bf];|f] b[li6sf]0f eg]sf] sfo{nfO{ cfwf/
lnP/ kl/efiff ul/g] b[li6sf]0f -What centric approach_ hxfF s] ul/of] < s'g sfo{ eof] /
sfo{sf] k|s[lt s:tf] xf] egL x]l/G5 / o;sf cfwf/df ;+ul7t ck/fwnfO{ a'‰g] k|of;
ul/G5 .

1
;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f cWofb]z, @)^( ldlt @)^(.!!.$ df hf/L ePsf] .
2
;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f P]g, @)&) @)&).!@.!@ df g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] .
172
;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleof]hgdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf r'gf}tL / ;dfwfgsf pkfo 177

klxnf] b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ ;+ul7t ck/fw cfk/flws k[i7e"ld ePsf tLg hgf eGbf a9L
JolQmx¿sf] ;+u7g xf] h;n] ;+ul7t / of]hgfa4 ¿kdf uDeL/ ck/fwx¿ ub{5g\ . o;df
;d"xsf] pkl:yt x'G5 To:tf] ;d"x cfk/flws lqmofsnfk ;+~rfngsf] nflu :yfkgf x'G5 .
of]hgfa4 ¿kdf uDeL/ k|s[ltsf 36gfx¿ ;d"x jf ;d"xsf] tkm{af6 ul/G5 . Donald Taft3
n] ;+ul7t ck/fw k|lt k|lts[of lbFb} o;nfO{ ck/fwLx¿sf] ;+u7gsf] ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ .
h;n] ;fdfGo cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts hLjgdf k|efjsf/L dflgg] g]t[Tjlzk,
cg'zf;g, cf1fsfl/tf, jkmfbfl/tf, sfo{ ljefhg, ;xof]u, jlnbfg, ;xsfo{ / ;fd"lxs
of]hgf h:tf tTjx¿ ck/flws hutdf k|of]u ub{5g\ eGb} ;+ul7t ck/fwdf cfa4
JolQmx¿sf] ljz]ktf / e"ldsfaf6 ;+ul7t ck/fwnfO{ k|i6fpg] sf]lz; u/]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L
Hbadinsky n] ;+ul7t ck/fwnfO{ cfk/flws ;d"xn] ug]{ u}/sfg"gL ultljlwsf ¿kdf
kl/eflift ub}{ ;+ul7t ck/fw leq 5 j6f s'/fx¿ x'G5g\ egL ;+ul7t ck/fwnfO{ stf{ eGbf
sfo{af6 klxrfg ug{ ;lsg] atfPsf 5g\ .4 ;}4flGts ¿kn] k|efljt gePsf], -Non
ideological_ cfk/flws ultljlw, -Criminality_ kb;f]kfg ;lxt ->]0fLa4 ¿kdf_ ;+ul7t bIf
hgzlQm -k]zfut bIftf_ / If]q sfo{ljefhg ;lxt ;+ul7t, lglZrt lgodfg';f/ ;+~rflnt
cfk/flws ultljlw, :j]R5frf/L jf Psnf}6L ¿kdf ul/g] ck/fw, k]z]j/ ck/fwLnfO{ ;b:o
agfpg] k|j[lQ jf k|lqmof egL pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .
kfl/jfl/s cfk/flws ;+~hfnsf] ¿kaf6 ljslzt x'F+b} cfPsf] ;+ul7t ck/fw ;g\ !(() sf]
bzs kl5 ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] nx/;Fu} j:t' / ;]jfsf] If]qdf ePsf] ljljwLs/0f tyf lj:tf/ /
o;n] kf/]sf] k|efj ;d]tsf cfwf/df a9L d'gfkmf s]lG›t If]q k|lt cfslif{t xF'b} ToxLF If]q;Fu
;DalGwt s;"/df s]lG›t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . vf;u/L nfu" cf}ifwsf] sf/f]jf/, cj}w xftxltof/sf]
cf];f/kf];f/, dfgj j]rljvg, e|i6frf/, ;DktL z'4Ls/0f, t:s/L, cf+tsjfb h:tf
cfkf/flws sfo{ ;+ul7t ;d"xaf6 x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . Ps tyf+s cg';f/ ;+ul7t
ck/fwaf6 jflif{s b; vj{ cd]l/sL 8n/ a/fj/sf] cfDbfgL x'g] u/]sf] cg'dfg 5 .5 ;+ul7t
cfk/flws ;d"xaf6 x'g] o; lsl;dsf ck/fw of]hgfa4 9+un] ;+ul7t ¿kdf ul/g], s'g} Ps
7fpFdf a;L csf]{ 7fpFdf 36gf 36fpg] / csf]{ b]zdf uO{ n'Sg] / o;sf] k|efj / c;/ s'g}
Ps If]q jf /fi6«df dfq l;ldt gx'g] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ Transnational / Cross Boarder Crime
klg elgG5 . O{G6/kf]nn] ;g\ !((* df u/]sf] Pp6f kl/efiffdf ;+ul7t ck/fw eGgfn]
/fli6«o l;dfsf] jf:tf gu/L cfly{s nfe k|fKt ug]{ pb]Zon] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf u}/sfg"gL sfo{df
;+nUg /xg] s'g} ;+u7g jf JolQmx¿sf] ;d"x xf] egL ;+ul7t ck/fw Cross Boarder k|s[ltsf]
x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ yk k|i6 kf/]sf] 5 . cfk/flws sfo{ ;+rfngsf nflu pgLx¿n] cfˆgf]
;+u7gnfO{ h;/L Jofj;flos k|lti7fgx¿n] cfˆgf] ;+/rgf ljsf; u/]sf x'G5g\ 7Ls ToxLF
¿kdf ;+ul7t cfk/flws ;d"xn] Enterprise model df cfˆgf] ;+u7gnfO{ kl/0ft ul//x]sf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . o; qmddf ljleGg cfk/flws ;d"xx¿ Ps cfk;df ;DaGw agfO{ ;xsfo{
-alliance_ ug]{, cfk;L ;xof]u / ldn]dtf]df ljleGg 36gfx¿ 36fpg], Ps d'n'saf6 csf]{
d'n'sdf uO{ a:g] n'Sg] u/L cfˆgf] ;+u7gnfO{ a9L hl6n agfO{ /x]sf x'G5g\ . ;+ul7t

3
Donald Taft: Criminology.(4th ed), p.183 Quated from:Prof. N.V.Paranjape, Criminology and penology with Victiomology.(5th
ed) central Law publication,Allababas, 2011, p.111.
4
Haward Abadninsky. Organized Crime. (2003) Thomson Wordsworth, P.4.
5
;+ul7t ck/fw Ps kl/ro -@)^*_ /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fg xl/x/ejg sf7df8f}+ .
173
178 ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleof]hgdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf r'gf}tL / ;dfwfgsf pkfo

cfk/flws ;d"xsf] sfo{ ug]{ l;df cl;ldt aGb} uPsf] / ltlgx¿ Ps cfk;df k|lt:kwf{
eGbf klg ldn]/ ;+~hfnsf] lgdf{0f u/L sfd ug]{ OR5f / Ifdtf /fVg] ePsf]n] o;sf] d'Vo
k|efj b]zsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs If]q / sfg"g sfof{Gjogdf k/]sf] kfOG5 h;n] ubf{ ;+ul7t
cfk/flws ;d"xaf6 ePsf] 36gfsf] jf:tljstf kQf nufpg / cfk/flws ;d"xsf] klxrfg
u/L ltgLx¿af6 ePsf] ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] j:t'lgi6 cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ug]{ sfo{df ;d]t
sl7gfO{ ePsf] 5 .
;g\ @))# b]lv sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] cGt/b]lzo ;+ul7t ck/fw lj?4sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo
dxf;lGw @))$ n] ;Dejt\ ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] pNn]lvt cjwf/0ff / o;sf] kl/jt{glzn
k|j[lQ / :j¿ksf sf/0f ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] kl/efiff gu/L ;+ul7t ck/flws ;d"xsf] kl/efiff
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . h; cg';f/ ;+ul7t cfk/flws ;d"x eGgfn] tLg jf ;f] eGbf a9L
JolQmx¿sf] ;+/rgfdf cfwfl/t ;d"x h;n] s]xL lglZrt ;dosf] nflu Ps jf ;f] eGbf a9L
uDeL/ ck/fw ug]{ p2]Zon] ;fd"lxs ¿kdf sfo{ ub{5g\ h;sf] k|ToIf / k/f]If nIo jf p2]Zo
eg]sf] cfly{s kmfObf jf d'gfkmf /x]sf] x'G5 egL eg]sf] 5 . -Organized Criminal group
shall mean a structured group of three or more persons, existing for a period of time and
acting in concert with the aim of committing one or more serious crimes or offences,
established in accordance with this convention, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly a
financial or other materials benefit_6
dxf;lGwn] uDeL/ s;"/sf] ¿kdf rf/ jif{ jf ;f] eGbf
a9Lsf] ;hfo x'g] s;"/nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
;+ul7t ck/fwsf] ;DaGwdf pNn]lvt ljåfgsf wf/0ff tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGwsf]
kl/efiff ;d]tsf cfwf/df ;+ul7t ck/fw eGgfn] ;+ul7t cfk/flws ;d"xaf6 ul/g] uDeL/
ck/fw xf] . h'g k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf cfly{s jf ef}lts kmfObfsf jf k|flKtsf] nflu
ul/G5 . o; ck/fwnfO{ cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] cfwf/df ck/fw pBf]u -Crime –enterprise_
sf] ¿kdf klg lng] ul/G5 . ;+ul7t ck/fw of]hgf, tof/L ;+u7g ;+hfn, k|ofKt ;|f]t ;fwg
;lxt w]/} JolQmx¿ ldnL >[+vnfa4 ¿kdf ul/G5 . cfly{s nfe d'Vo pb]Zo eP klg k|l;l4
xfl;n ug]{, ;dfhnfO{ cft+lst kfg]{, ;fd"lxs abnf lng] lx;fan] klg o; lsl;dsf ck/fw
x'g] u/]sf] x'G5 .
#= ;+ul7t ck/fwsf cfwf/e"t ljz]iftfx¿
;+ul7t ck/fw s'g} 5'6} :jtGq cfk/flws sfo{ geO{ ljBdfg ck/fwsf] >[+vnfdf k/Dk/fut
jf ;fdfGo ck/fw eGbf 5'§} 9+ujf6 ul/g] cfk/flws sfo{ xf] . ljBdfg kmf}hbf/L sfg"gn]
cfk/fwLs/0f u/]sf] s'g} ;Da4 ck/fw ;+ul7t 9+uaf6 ;+ul7t ck/flws ;d"xaf6 ePsf]
v08df To:tf] ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmsf] ;d"x, ck/fwsf] k|j[lQ p2]Zo ;~hfn h:tf kIfsf
cfwf/df ck/fw ;+ul7t x'g k'Ub5 . ;+ul7t cfk/flws ;d"xaf6 ul/g] ck/fw / JolQmut
¿kdf ul/g] ck/fwnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] ck/fw ljz]ifsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 b'j}df vf; leGgtf x'Fb}g .
kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 b'j} ;dfg ck/fw dflgG5 t/ ck/fw ug]{ sfo{z}nL, ;+u7g
;~hfn, ;xefuLx¿sf] ;+VofTds pkl:yltsf] sf/0faf6 sfg"g sfof{Gjogsf] b[li6sf]0faf6
;+ul7t ck/fwnfO{ a9L uxg, ;+j]bglzn / hl6n ck/fwsf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . ;+ul7t

6
United Nations convention against Transnational Organized Crime.(2000). Article 2(a).
174
;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleof]hgdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf r'gf}tL / ;dfwfgsf pkfo 179

ck/fwnfO{ cfk/flws p2]Zo, ck/fwsf] k|s[lt, o;sf] lj:tfl/t If]q ;~hfn, cfk/lws k|j[lt,
;+VofTds cfwf/, ;+/Ifs tyf ;xof]uL ;d"x nufotsf kIfx¿af6 cGo ck/fw eGbf k[ys
ug]{ ul/G5 . log} kIfx¿sf] cfwf/df ;+ul7t ck/fwnfO{ ljz]if jf yk ;hfosf] Joa:yf
ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] ljz]iftfsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf /
ljåfgx¿n] ljleGg ljz]iftfsf] af/]df j0f{g u/]sf] kfOG5 . d"ntM ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] k|s[ltsf
cfwf/df o;sf ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
!= ;}4flGts ¿kdf k|efljt gePsf] -Has no political goal; Non ideological_ ;+ul7t
ck/fwdf ;+nUg cfk/flws ;d"x s'g} lglZrt /fhgLlts bz{g jf ljrf/af6 lgb]{lzt
xF'+b}gg\ . lolgx¿sf] p2]Zo /fhgLlts kmfObfsf] nflu klg x'Fb}g . t/ cfˆgf] ;+u7gsf]
;'/Iff jf ultljlwsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu /fhgLlts kf6L{ jf bn;Fu glhs eO{ jf
/fhgLlts bn jf ;+u7gsf] ;fxf/f jf ;xof]u jf ;dy{g lnO{ cfˆgf] clei6 eg] k"/f
ug{ ;Sb5g .
@= kb;f]kfg k4ltdf cfwfl/t ;+u7g ;+/rgf -Is hierarchical/ highly organized_ ;+ul7t
ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿n] cfˆgf] ;+u7g lgdf{0f / lj:tf/ ubf{ kb;f]kfg k4ltdf
cfwfl/t x'G5 . txut ;+/rgf v8f u/L cfk/flws sfo{x¿ ub{5g\ . ;+u7gsf] g]t[Tj,
;xof]uL, ;+/Ifs jf cfk/flws ;d"x u/L ljleGg tx / l;ko'Qm hgzlQmsf] cfa4tf
o;df /xG5 . cfk/flws ultljlws} nflu ;+u7g tof/ ul/Psf] x'gfn] lolgx¿ cToGt}
;+ul7t eO{ sfd ub{5g\ .
#= s]lG›s[t g]t[Tj -Centralized authority_ ;+u7gsf] ultljlw ;+~rfng ubf{ xf];\ jf cGo
s'g} sfd ubf{ xf];\ ;+u7gsf] g]t[Tjsf] cfb]z jf lgb]{zg cg';f/ pgLx¿ kl/rflnt
x'G5g\ . g]t[Tj txdf sd / tNnf] txdf -sfo{ut txdf_ a9L hgzlQm x'g] / dflyNnf]
clwsf/Lsf] cfb]z / lgb]{zgdf lolgx¿n] cfˆgf] ultljlw ;+~rfng ub{5g\ . s]lG›o
g]t[Tjsf] cfb]z jf lgb]{zg x/]s ;b:on] k|of]u / kfnfgf ub{5g\ .
$= l;ldt / uf]Ko ;b:otf -Has a limited or exclusive membership_ o;sf ;b:o uf]Ko /
l;ldt x'G5g\ . sl7g kl/If0f u/] kl5 dfq ;+u7gdf ;b:onfO{ cfa4tf lbOG5 .
;+u7gdf k|j]z u/] kl5 ;+u7gsf] cl:tTj /x];Dd jf hLjg /x];Dd ;f]af6 pGd'lQm
kfpg] ;Defjfgf lgSs} sd x'G5 . ljutsf] cfk/flws k[i7e"ld, ;+u7g k|ltsf]
OdfGbfl/tf / akmfbfl/tf tyf l;k, bIftf, sfo{s}zntfsf] k/LIf0faf6 dfq ;+u7gdf
lghx¿nfO{ k|j]z lbOG5 .
%= ;+u7gsf] cfˆg} ljlzi6 sfo{ ;+:s[lt -Constitutes a unique subculture_ ;+ul7t
ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿n] cfˆgf] ljlzi6 sfo{ ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f u/]sf x'G5g\ .
;b:ox¿sf] klxrfgsf] nflu xf];\ jf sfd ubf{ k|of]u ug]{ efiff jf sfd ug]{ z}nL
lolgx¿sf] cfˆg} t/ df}lns x'G5 . ;b:ox¿sf aLrdf ul/g] Jojxf/ jf cGo aflx/L
hut;Fu ul/g] Jojxf/sf nflu lghx¿n] Ps lsl;dsf] sfo{ ;+:s[lt, cg'zf;g /
cfr/0fsf] Joj:yfaf6 cfk'mx¿nfO{ lgb]{lzt ug]{ lsl;daf6 sfd ub{5g\ .
^= /fhgLlt k|zf;g / Gofofno tyf ;+~rf/ If]qsf JolQmx¿nfO{ k|of]u / k|efj -
Influence on politics, public administration, the judiciary, and the media -corruption_
175
180 ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleof]hgdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf r'gf}tL / ;dfwfgsf pkfo

;+ul7t cfk/flws ;d"xn] e|i6 /fhlglt1, k|zf;s, Gofofno b]lv ldl8of;DdnfO{

cfˆgf] clei6 k"/f ug{sf] lgldQ ljleGg dfWodaf6 k|efljt ug]{, ;xof]u lng], lbg] /
To;sf] cf8df cfˆgf ultljlw ;+~rfng ug]{ ub{5g\ . o;sf nflu lolgx¿n] tL If]qsf
e|i6 5jL ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ xftdf lng] ;DalGwt If]qsf ;"rgf / hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{
/ cfˆgf] arfpsf] nflu cfjZos k/] lghx¿nfO{ g} k|of]u ug]{ ub{5g\ .
&= ;DklQ z'4Ls/0fsf] nflu ul/g] sfo{x¿ -Money laundering activity_ ;+ul7t ck/fw
cfly{s d'gfkmfsf nflu ul/g] ck/fw ePsf] / o;af6 cfh{g ul/Psf] ;DklQnfO{ j}w
agfpg o;df ;+nUg JolQmx¿n] ljleGg dfWodaf6 ;DklQ z'4Ls/0fsf ug{ /sd
nufgL ug]{ / To;nfO{ kl/rfng u/L cj}w cfDbfgLnfO{ j}w agfpg] ub{5g\ . o;sf
nflu ljleGg Jofkf/ Joj;fo, a}lsª pwf]uwGbf cflb h:tf lqmofsnfkdf lolgx¿sf]
nufgL /xG5 .
*= u}/sfg"gL sfo{df dfq l;ldttf gx'g] -Non confined in Illegal activities_ ;+ul7t
ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿sf] ultljlw eg]sf] d"n ¿kdf u}/sfg"gL sfo{ ug]{s} nflu xf]
t/ u}/sfg"gL sfo{sf cltl/Qm lolgx¿sf sltko ultljlw jf sf/f]jf/ sfg"g;Ddt
9+un] klg ;+~rfng ub{5g\ . ;dfhdf cfˆgf] k|e'Tj / k|efj b]vfpg / cfˆgf ultljlw
sfg"g;Ddt 5g\ eGg] b]vfpg / u}/sfg"gL cfh{gnfO{ j}w agfpg;d]t lolgx¿n] sfg"g
adf]lhdsf sfo{x¿df nufgL ug]{ To;sf] ;b:otf lng] ;dfh ;]jf jf /fhgLlts,
wfld{s tyf ;fdflhs / k/f]ksf/L ;+:yf;Fu cfa4 eO{ To;df ;d]t cfk'mnfO{ ;dlk{t
ePsf] b]vfpg] sfo{;d]t ub{5g\ . h;af6 o:tf lqmofsnfkdf ;+UnUg JolQmsf]
jf:tljs ¿k 5§fpg ;d]t ufx|f] x'G5 .
(= Jofj;flos ;+u7g h:tf] ;+/rgf -Business-like structure_ ;+ul7t ck/fwdf ;+UnUg
;d"xn] cfˆgf] ;+u7gnfO{ Pp6f ;kmn / Jofj;flos ;+u7gn] h;/L ;+~rfng ub{5g\ .
cToGt} Jojl:yt sfo{k|0ffnL, cfˆgf] sfd sf/f]jf/sf] of]hgf, tof/L, ;+u7g
sfo{ljefhg, lj1 / ;Nnfxfsf/sf] lgo'lQm nufot Pp6f Jofj;flos sfdsf] nflu
cfjZos kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ k'jf{wf/ hgzlQm / ;+/rgf tof/ u/L ;f] dfkm{t cfˆgf sfd
sf/jfxL ;+~rfng ub{5g\ .
!)= lx+;f / wDsL tyf ansf] k|of]u -Use of violence and intimidation_ ;+ul7t cfk/flws
;d"xn] cfˆgf] clei6 k"/f ug{ ljleGg lsl;dsf lx+;fTds sfo{ tyf ansf] k|of]u
ub{5g\ . JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ wDsfpg], s'6lk6 ug]{, ckx/0f ug]{, Hofg lng] b]lv lnP/
ltgsf kl/jf/ tyf cfkmGt ;d]tnfO{ wDsL lbg] sfd klg x'g] ub{5 . o:tf JolQmx¿n]
ljleGg 7fpFdf lx;fTds sfo{ u/]/, JolQm tyf ;dfh / /fi6«nfO{ cft+lst kfg]{ /
;f]af6 cfˆgf] zlQm b]vfpg] abnf lng] jf cfly{s kmfObf lng] sfd ub{5g\ . lx+;f tyf
an / wDsLk"0f{ sfo{ o:tf ;+u7gsf] d'Vo c:qsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 .
!!= sfo{ ljlzi6Ls/0f -Specialization_ sfo{ ljlzi6Ls/0f ;+ul7t cfk/flws ;d"xsf] Ps
dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftf xf] . sfdsf] k|s[lt cg';f/sf hgzlQmsf] k|flKt, ljsf; / k|of]u
dfkm{t cfˆgf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ r':t /fVb5g\ . ljifout jf If]qut 1fg ePsf jf

176
;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleof]hgdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf r'gf}tL / ;dfwfgsf pkfo 181

sfdsf] k|s[lt cg';f/sf hgzlQmnfO{ ;f]xL sfo{df ;+nUg u/fpg] sfo{ x'G5 . cfˆgf]
sfo{df lgk"0f{ / bIf hgzlQm dfkm{t lghx¿n] cfˆgf ultljlw ;+~rfng ub{5g\ .
!@= lg/Gt/tf -Continuity_ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf cfk/flws ultljlwdf ;+nUg x'g' of] ;+u7gsf]
ljz]iftf xf] . s'g} Ps jf b'O{ j6f 36gfdf dfq lolgx¿sf] ;+Ungtf l;ldt x'+Fb}g .
nuftf/ ¿kdf Ps kl5 csf]{ ck/fw >[+vnfa4 ¿kdf 36fpg] lsl;daf6 lolgx¿n]
sfo{ u/]sf x'G5g\ . slxn]sfFxL ;'/Iff ;+j]bglzntfsf] lx;fan] s]xL ;do ;';'Kt /x]
klg leqleq cfˆgf ultljlw ul//xg] / /fHo jf ;'/Iffsf] k|jGw sdhf]/ /x]sf]
cj:yfdf a9L ;lqmo /xg] :jefj o:tf ;+u7gdf b]lvG5 . ;+u7gsf] g]t[Tj s'g}
sf/0fn] cGoyf ePdf klg t'?Gt} ;+u7gsf] g]t[Tj ljsf; u/L ;f] dfkm{t ;+u7gsf] sfd
/ cl:tTjnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbG5g\ .
!#= cg'zf;g / lgoGq0f -Employing discipline and control_ ;+u7g k|ltsf] jkmfbfl/tf /
st{Jo k/fo0ftf ;+u7gdf cfa4 ;b:osf] ;a} eGbf dxTjk"0f{ u'0f xf] . ;d"xsf
;b:odf cfb]zsf] PsfTdstf, clwsf/If]qsf] :ki6tf, sfdsf] afF8kmf8 tyf ;f] sfd
sf/jfxL ;DkGg ubf{ axg ug{' kg]{ cg'zf;g tyf bfloTjsf] ;+~rf/ ;b:ox¿sf aLrdf
x'G5 . cfˆgf x/]s ;b:osf] sfdsf] lgu/fgL / cg'zf;gsf] bfo/df pgLx¿sf] sfdsf]
d"Nofª\sg / lhDd]jf/L km]/abn x'g] ePsf]n] lolgx¿ cToGt} cg'zfl;t ¿kdf cfˆgf]
;+u7gdf /xG5g\ . ;+u7gsf] cg'zf;g / dof{bfdf ga:g] jf g/xg]nfO{ ;d"xaf6}
cfjZos sf/jfxL x'G5 / To:tf] sf/jfxL ;Dejt xTofdf ablnG5 .
!$= cfˆgf ultljlwx¿sf] lz3| lgoGq0f -Swift control over their activities_ ;+ul7t
ck/fwL ;d"xn] cfˆgf x/]s ultljlwx¿nfO{ t'?Gt} cfˆgf] lgoGq0fdf lng ;Sg] u/L
;"rgf k4ltsf] ljsf; u/]sf x'G5g\ . cfˆgf ;b:ox¿ s'g} cˆ7f/f]df kg]{ ;Defjfgf
ePdf jf k/]df t'?Gt l/xfO{ ug{ cfjZos ;j} k|aGw ldnfpg], cfˆgf uf]Ko of]hgf jf
if8oGqsf] r'xfj6 x'g glbg], cfˆgf] ultljlwx¿ uf]Ko /fVg], cfkm"x¿dfly cfqmd0f jf
ksfp kg]{ ;Sg] ;Defjfgfsf] clu|d hfgsf/L lng] / ;f]sf] ;ts{tf ckgfpg], cfˆgf
lj?4sf k|df0f jf bzL lgoGq0fdf lng] h:tf sfo{x¿ clt lz3| ¿kdf ub{5g\ . h;n]
ubf{ sfg"g sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfoaf6 cfkm"x¿nfO{ x/bd ;'/lIft /fVg ;lsof];\ eGg]
lolgx¿sf] k|oTg /xG5 .
!%= sf]ifsf] Joj:yf -Reserved fund_ ;+ul7t ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿n] cfˆgf ;b:o
tyf lghx¿ kl/jf/sf] tTsflng / cfktsflng ;'/Iffsf tyf e/0fkf]if0fsf] nflu
sf]ifsf] Joj:yf u/]sf x'G5g\ . pQm sf]ifsf] /sdaf6 cfktsflng Joj:yfsf cltl/Qm
sfg"g sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo jf ;f]df cfa4 JolQmnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ sfdsf] nflu nflu
;f] sf]ifsf] k|of]u x'G5 . o:tf] sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ;+ul7t cfk/flws lqmofsnfkaf6 cfh{g
dWo]s} s]xL c+z s6fO{ Jojl:yt ul/Psf] x'G5 .
oL pNn]lvt ljz]iftfx¿ k|foM ;+ul7t cfk/flws ;d"xsf ;femf ljz]iftfx¿ x'g\ . o; afx]s
ljlwzf:qL Edwin H.Sutherland n] ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] ljz]iftfsf af/]df pNn]v ub}{ ;+ul7t
ck/fwsf] ljz]iftf eg]s} >dsf] ljefhg ePsf], s'g} lglZrt If]qleq :yflkt / ;s[o, cfˆg}
tl/sfn] g]t[Tj / >]0fLut ljefhg /x]sf], lgotjz cfk/flws sfo{ ug]{ / k|foMh;f] ;/sf/L
177
182 ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleof]hgdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf r'gf}tL / ;dfwfgsf pkfo

sd{rf/LnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ x'G5g\ egL pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . 7 To;}u/L o'/f]kdf ;+ul7t
ck/fwnfO{ cWoog ug]{ qmddf !! j6f ;femf ljz]iftf ;+ul7t ck/fwdf x'g] / tL dWo] ^
j6f ljz]iftf b]lvP s'g} klg ;+ul7t cfk/flws ;d"xnfO{ ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] ¿kdf kl/ifflift
ug{ ;lsg] ;xdltdf k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . tL dWo] if8oGq -Conspiracy_, uDeL/ cfk/flws sfo{ -
Serious criminal act_, gfkmf, jf zlQm k|flKtk|lt pTk|]l/t -Motivation of profit and/or
power_ s'g} klg cfk/flws ;d"xnfO{ ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] ¿kdf juL{s[t ug{ cfjZos tTjsf]
¿kdf lng' kg]{ eGb} cGo afFsL ljz]iftf lgDg /xg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . 8
• Influence on politics, public administration, the judiciary and the media
• Money laundering activity
• Business-like structure
• Use of violence and intimidation
• International activity
• Speculation
• Continuity
• Employing discipline and control

$= ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] k|d'v sfo{If]q

;+ul7t ck/fwL ;d"xsf] d'Vo p2]Zo g} cfly{s nfe ePsfn] h'g If]q cfly{s pkfh{gsf] nflu
cfsif{s 5 ToxLF If]qdf pgLx¿sf] ultljlw s]lG›t /xG5 . d"ntM Jofkf/L tyf Jofj;flos
If]q lolgx¿sf] d'Vo lgzfgf / lgu/fgLsf If]q x'G5g\ . ljZjJofkL ¿kdf ;+ul7t cfk/flws
;d"xsf] ultljlwx¿ lgDg If]q / sfo{df ;+nUgtf /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . 9
dfgj a]rlavg, k|ltalGwt ;fdfgx¿sf] cf];f/kf];f/, j:t' / ;]jfsf] Psflwsf/ /
ldn]dtf]df sf6]{lnª, e|i6frf/, ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f, ckx/0f tyf z/L/aGws, jGohGt'sf]
cfv]6f]kxf/ cf];f/kf];f/, ljB'tLo ck/fw, lkm/f}tL c;'nL, a}+s tyf ljQLo If]qsf] 3f]6nf,
j]Zofj[lQ, n'6kf6, wf]vf, lj:kmf]6g, d'2f ckrng tyf gSsnL d'›fsf] rng, s/ 5nL
cft+sjfb cflb .
%= ;+ul7t ck/fw / g]kfn sfg"g
;+ul7t ck/fwsf ultljlwx¿nfO{ lgjf/0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf 5'6} sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] nfdf]
;do ePsf] 5}g . ;+ul7t ck/flws ;d"xsf] ultljlwx¿n] /fHonfO{ eoljt jf cft+lst
kf/]sf] jf o;n] ;fdflhs zflGt ;b\efj jf ljsf;df c;/ jf k|efj kf/]sf] eGg] h:tf
;fdflhs / /fli6«o cfjZostfsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f P]g, hf/L ePsf]
7
Sutherland,E.(1949). White Coller Crime.New York, NY, USA: Dryden Press,p.217.Quited from 8f= s'G;fª nfdf ;+ul7t
ck/fwsf] cjwf/0ff / g]kfndf ;+ul7t ck/fw ;DaGwL sfg"g sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] bf];|f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng
ljz]iffª\s -@)&%_ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, sf7df8f}+ .
8
;+ul7t ck/fw ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] ljlzli6s[t !% lbg] tflnddf k|lzIf0f sfo{qmddf g]kfn k|x/Lsf] tkm{af6 ljt/0f ul/Psf]
sfo{kq .
9
;+ul7t ck/fw Ps kl/ro -@)^*_ ;|f]t ;fdfu|L, /fli6«o GofoLs k|lti7fg, xl/x/ejg sf7df8f}+ .
178
;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleof]hgdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf r'gf}tL / ;dfwfgsf pkfo 183

eGg] cj:yf gePtf klg ljZj kl/j]z / ;+ul7t ck/fwsf a9\bf ultljlwnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{
tyf o:tf ck/fwk|lt cGt/f{li6«o hut;Fu ;xof]u, ;xsfo{ / ;dGjonfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg]
p2]Zosf ;fy ;+ul7t ck/fw lgoGq0fsf nflu k|yd sfg"gL b:tfj]hsf] ¿kdf ldlt
@)^(.!!.$ df klxnf] k6s ;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f cWofb]z NofOPsf] lyof] . o;k"j{ ;+ul7t
¿kdf ul/g] s]xL s;"/x¿sf] lgoGq0fsf] nflu d'n'sL P]g / s]xL ljifout P]gsf ¿kdf /x]sf
sfg"g Pj+ Joj:yf h:t} lst]{, 7uL, vf]6frng, ckx/0f tyf z/L/aGws, nfu" cf}ifw, dfgj
a]rlavg, e|i6frf/ h:tf ck/fwhGo sfo{sf] lgodgsf nflu sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] /
pNn]lvt s;"/ dWo] s]xL s;"/df x'n jf ;d"xdf s;"/ ePsf] cj:yfdf yk ;hfo ug{
;lsg] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . kl5Nnf ;dodf g]kfndf klg ;+ul7t cfk/flws ;d"xsf]
ultljlw a9\b} uPsf] / s]xL ;+ul7t cfk/flws ;d"xn] g]kfnnfO{ cf>o:yn agfO{ ultljlw
;+rfng u/]sf], ;+ul7t ¿kdf s]xL l56k'6 36gfx¿ klg ePsf], ;+ul7t cfk/flws ;d"xn]
g]kfnnfO{ 6«flGh6 :ynsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ yfn]sf] h:tf sfo{x¿n] o:tf ultljlwx¿nfO{
lgoGGq0f / lgodg ug{ cWofb]zsf] ¿kdf NofOPsf] ;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f cWofb]z, @)^(
vf/]h ub}{ ldlt @)&).!@.!@ df ;+ul7t ck/fw lgoGq0f P]g, @)&) hf/L eO{ sfof{Gjogdf
cfPsf] 5 .
;j{;fw/0fsf] hLp, Hofg tyf ;DklQsf] ;'/Iff u/L zflGt / ;'Joj:yf sfod u/L d'n'sdf
sfg"g / Joj:yf sfod ug]{, To:tf ck/fwdf ljz]if k|ljlw ckgfO{ ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg u/L
ck/fw kLl8t tyf ;fIfLsf] ;'/Iff ug]{ / ;f];Fu ;DalGwt cGo ljifodf sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{
cfjZostf /x]sf] s'/f P]gsf] k|:tfjfgfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf #-@_ df ;+ul7t
ck/fwsf] kl/efiff ub{} s;}n] cfk/flws ;d"xsf] nfesf nflu, cfk/flws ;d"xsf] lgb]{zgdf,
cfk/flws ;d"xsf] tkm{af6, cfk/flws ;d"x;Fu ldn]/ jf cfk/flws ;d"xsf] ;+:yfks jf
;b:o eO{ hfgLhfgL s'g} uDeL/ ck/fw u/]df To:tf] ck/fw ;+ul7t ck/fw ePsf] dflgg]
pNn]v 5 . o; kl/efiffn] cfk/flws ;d"xaf6 x'g] ck/fw / ;f] ;d"xsf] nfesf] nflu ul/g]
uDeL/ s;"/nfO{ dfq ;+ul7t ck/fw dfg]sf] To:tf] s;"/df tLg jif{ eGbf dflysf] s}b ;hfo
x'g' kg]{ / sDtLdf tLg hgf jf ;f] eGbf a9Lsf] JolQm jf ;d"xn] u/]df dfq} ;+ul7t ck/fw
x'g] eGg] b]lvG5 .
ldlt @)&% ef› ! b]lv sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L ck/fw ;+lxtf tyf kmf}hbf/L
sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf klg ;+ul7t ¿kdf x'g] cfk/flws s;"/sf ;DaGwdf s]xL Joj:yf ePsf]
b]lvG5 . d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtfsf] bkmf #! df ;d"xaf6 ePsf] s;"/df ;a} ;b:onfO{ ;hfo
x'g] Joj:yf 5 . o;}u/L bkmf #* df ck/fwsf] uDeLo{tf a9fpg] cfwf/ / cj:yfdf cGo
s'/fx¿sf cltl/Qm kfFr jf kfFr eGbf a9L JolQmx¿ ldnL lgof]lht jf ;+ul7t ¿kdf s;"/
u/]sf] cj:yf ePdf To:tf] sfo{n] s;"/sf] uDeLo{tf a9fPsf] dflgg] cj:yf 5 . 10 ;+lxtfn]
h3Go, uDeL/ / ;fdfGo u/L s;"/sf] juL{s/0f u/L tLg jif{ eGbf a9L bz jif{;Dd s}b x'g]
s;"/nfO{ uDeL/ s;"/ eGb} ;fj{hlgs zflGt, g}ltstf, /fHo lj?4, ;fj{hlgs Gofo, xft
xltof/ tyf v/vhgf lj:kmf]6s kbfy{ Hofg, ckx/0f tyf z/L/aGws, rf]/L 8fFsf, 7uL
cfk/flws ljZjf;3ft tyf cfk/flws nfe h:tf ck/fwnfO{ cfk/fwLs/0f u/L ;hfosf]

10
d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ bkmf #*-em_ .
179
184 ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleof]hgdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf r'gf}tL / ;dfwfgsf pkfo

Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;+lxtfn] cfk/fwLs/0f u/]sf oL dWo] sltko s;"/x¿ ;+ul7t ¿kdf
ul/g] ck/fwsf] sf]6Ldf kg]{ s;"/sf ¿kdf ;d]t b]lvG5g\ . To;}u/L tLg hgf eGbf a9Lsf]
;+nUgtfdf rf]/L eP 8fFsf ck/fwsf] Modus operandi dflgg] u/L ul/Psf] gofF Joj:yfn] 11
;+ul7t ¿kdf ul/g] cfk/flws sfo{df /fHo lgd{d ¿kdf k|:t't x'g vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;}u/L d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ df ePsf s]xL Joj:yfx¿ h:t}M cg';"rL !
/ @ sf s;"/sf ;DaGwdf s;"/sf] uDeLo{tfnfO{ x]/L cg';Gwfgdf ljz]if 6f]nL u7g ug{
;lsg]],12 ;+lxtf adf]lhd sf/jfxL / lsgf/f x'g] s;"/ ;DaGwL d'2fsf] s'g} cleo'Qm ljb]zdf
/x]sf]df kf/:kl/s sfg"gL ;xfotfsf] dfWodaf6 ;dfXjfg jf kqmfp k'hL{ tfd]n ug{ u/fpg
;lsg] 13 Joj:yfnfO{ o; ;Gbe{df ;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f P]gsf ljz]iftf;Fu glhs ;DaGw
/fVg] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
^= ;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f P]gn] ck/fwLs/0f u/]sf s;"/x¿
;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f P]g, @)&) n] ck/fwLs/0f u/]sf ;a} s;"/x¿ cfkm}df ;+ul7t
ck/fw xf]Ogg\ . P]gsf] kl/R5]b @ df pNn]lvt s;"/x¿ dfq ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] ¿kdf /x]sf]
s'/f bkmf @ -5_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfaf6 b]Vg ;lsG5 . kl/R5]b # cGtu{tsf s;"/ ;+ul7t
ck/fw lgjf/0f P]g, @)&) n] ck/fwLs/0f u/]sf s;"/ eP klg tL s;"/ cfkm}df ;+ul7t
s;"/ geO{ :jtGq t/ P]gsf] kl/R5]b @ n] dfg]sf uDeL/ s;"/ x'g\ . olb oL s;"/x¿
cfk/flws ;d"xaf6, cfk/flws ;d"xsf] nfesf nflu, cfk/flws ;d"xsf] lgb]{zgdf,
cfk/flws ;d"xsf] tkm{af6, cfk/flws ;d"x;F; ldn]/ jf cfk/flws ;d"xsf] ;+:yfks jf
;b:o eO{ hfgLhfgL u/]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 eg] dfq tL ck/fwx¿nfO{ ;+ul7t ck/fw egL
gfdfs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 s'g} cd's gfdsf] s;"/df tLg hgfsf] ;d"x eO{ u/]sf] /
tLg jif{ eGbf a9L ;hfo x'g] cj:yf ePsf] sf/0fn] dfq ;+ul7t ck/fw xf] egL eGg
;lsb}g . ;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f P]g, @)&) n] cfk/fwLs/0f u/]sf s;"/x¿ lgDg 5g\M
-s_ ;+ul7t ck/fw ug{ jf u/fpg] sfo{ bkmf #-!_,
-v_ ck/flws ;d"xnfO{ ;+ul7t ck/fw ug{ jf ;+ul7t ck/fwdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] s'g}
sfd hfgLhfgL u/L jf gu/L ;f] ;d"xsf] sfd sf/jfxLdf ;xefuL x'g], ;3fp k'¥ofpg],
jf ;+~rf/ ;fwg jf ;"rgf k|jlw pknJw u/fpg] jf cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ jf s'g} ;fwg
pknAw u/fpg] jf ;+ul7t ck/fw ug]{ JolQmnfO{ cf>o lbg] n'sfpg] jf eufpg] sfo{,
bkmf #-$_
-u_ ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] tof/L pwf]u if8oGq ug]{ jf b'?T;fxg lbg] jf dltof/ x'g] sfo{ -
bkmf $_
-3_ ck/flws ;d"x :yfkgf ug]{ sfo{= -bkmf %_
-ª_ ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] Goflos sfo{df cj/f]w k'¥ofpg] sfo{, -bkmf ^_

11
d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf @$$ -3_ -#_ .
12
d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf !@ .
13
P]= bkmf !(! .
180
;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleof]hgdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf r'gf}tL / ;dfwfgsf pkfo 185

-r_ ljWjf+;fTds sfo{, -bkmf &_

-5_ cfk/flws nfe lng] sfo{, -bkmf *_
&= ;Ël7t ck/fw lgjf/0f P]g, @)&) sf d"ne"t ljz]iftfx¿
;+ul7t ck/fw P]gsf d"ne"t Joj:yfx¿ o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\M
x ;+ul7t ck/fw / ;Ël7t cfk/flws ;d"xsf] kl/efiff -bkmf @ -3_ / -5__
x ;+ul7t ck/fw, ;f]sf] ck"0f{ ck/fw ug]{ / s;"/df ;xefuL x'g] sfo{nfO{ s;"/
sfod u/L s7f]/ ;hfosf] Joj:yf -bkmf #-$_ tyf bkmf (_
x ;+ul7t ck/flws ;d"x :yfkgf ug]{, Goflos sf/jfxLdf cj/f]w ug]{, ljWj+;fTds
sfo{ ug]{ / cfk/flws nfe PS;6;{g lng] sfo{nfO{ s;"/ sfod u/L ;hfosf]
Joj:yf -bkmf %,^,&,*,( -u_, -3_, -ª_, -r__
x ;+ul7t ck/fw ;DaGwL s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yfM
yk cleof]hg ug{ ;Sg] tyf cg';Gwfgdf cj/f]w ug]{nfO{ ;hfo -bkmf !!, !@, !#,
!$, !%, !^, !&, !*, !(, @@, $*_
x cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgdf ;xof]u ug]{ s;"/bf/nfO{ &% k|ltzt;Dd ;hfodf 5'6
lbO{ dfu bfjL lng ;Sg] -bkmf @!_
x d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{ tyf k|df0f / k|df0fsf] ef/ ;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yf -kl/R5]b ^_
x ;'/fsL ph'/Lstf{ / ;fIfLsf] ;+/If0f ;DalGw ljz]if Joj:yf -bkmf %#_
x o; P]g cGtu{tsf] s;"/ ug]{ nfO{ k|rlnt sfg"g jdf]lhd x'g] ;hfosf] cltl/Qm
yk krf; k|ltzt ;hfo x'g] -bkmf ( -s__
x ;+ul7t ;+:yf -sfg"gL JolQm_ nfO{ ;hfo x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf -bkmf $(_
x aGb Ohnf; ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf -bkmf $@_
x d'2f ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] / xbDofb gnfUg] -bkmf %*, / ^)_
x kqmfp ug{ jf cg';Gwfgdf ;xof]u ug]{nfO{ hl/jfgfsf] aL; k|ltzt a/fa/sf]
/sd k'?:sf/ :j¿k lbOg] -bkmf ^)_
*= ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg
;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ;DaGwL Joj:yf P]gsf] kl/R5]b $ df ul/Psf] 5 .
e|i6frf/ jf ;DkQL z'4Ls/0f ;DaGwL ck/fw afx]ssf cGo ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg
sDtLdf clws[t:t/sf] sd{rf/Laf6 x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 . 14 ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] ljz]iftf,
o;sf] hl6ntf / s;"/sf] ufDeLo{tf ;d]tsf cfwf/df o:tf s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg ug{sf] nflu
;DalGwt ljifosf] ljz]if1 ;+nUg /x]sf] ljz]if1 6f]nL u7g ug{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvPdf g]kfn
;/sf/n] dxfGofoflwjQmf / k|x/L dxflg/LIfs;Fu k/fdz{ u/L ljz]if cg';Gwfg 6f]nL u7g
14
;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f P]g, @)&) sf] bkmf !! .
181
186 ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleof]hgdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf r'gf}tL / ;dfwfgsf pkfo

ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg ug{ cfjZostf cg';f/ ljz]if
cg';Gwfg k|ljlw / ljlw sG6«f]n 8]lne/L tyf u'Kt cg';Gwfg -cG8/se/ ck/]zg_ / o:t}
k|s[ltsf cGo pko'Qm k4tLsf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] 7fpF P]gn] lbPsf] 5 .15 cg';Gwfgsf]
l;nl;nfdf cg';Gwfg clws[tn] cfjZostf cg';f/ uf]Ko ;'/fsLsf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] /
To:tf] ;'/fsLsf] ljj/0f uf]Ko /fVg' kg]{ Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 .
;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf k|ltjfbLsf] ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg ;lsg],16 cf/f]lkt
JolQm jf lghsf] kl/jf/sf] s'g} ;b:o jf o:tf] cf/f]kdf ;+nUg ePsf] 5 eGg] ljZjf; ug{'
kg]{ dgfl;j sf/0f ePsf] s'g} klg JolQmsf] s'g} j}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yfdf /x]sf] vftfsf]
ljj/0f dfu ug]{ / To:tf] vftf /f]Ssf /fVg ;Sg], /fxbfgL /f]Ssf /fVg ;lsg], 17 sDKo'6/
6]lnkmf]g df]afOn kmf]g jf ;+~rf/ dfWod ;DaGwL ljj/0f dfu ug{ ;Sg], To:tf df£odaf6
ePsf] jf x'g] ;+~rf/ ;Dks{nfO{ lg:s[o jf ;Dks{ gx'g] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf P]gdf
ul/Psf] 5 . ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Lsf]
cg'dlt lnO{ jf tTsfn s;}sf] d[To' x'g ;Sg] jf hLp Hofgdf uDeL/ rf]6k6s nfUg ;Sg]
;Eefjgf ePdf d'n'ssf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff jf lxtdf cf3ft kg]{ ePdf jf ;/sf/L, ;fj{hlgs jf
lghL ;+/rgf jf ;DklQ tTsfn Wj:t x'g] jf cfuhgL x'g] ;Defjfgf ePdf cg'dlt ljgf
klg s'g} JolQmsf] ;~rf/ clen]v ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf18 P]gdf ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ul7t ck/fwsf]
cg';Gwfgsf] hl6ntfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L o;sf] cg';Gwfgsf] nflu ;f7L lbgsf] cjlw tf]lsPsf]
5.
;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ x]bf{ e|i6rf/ / ;DklQ z'4Ls/0fsf
s;"/ afx]ssf cGo s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg qmdzM g]kfn k|x/L / ;/sf/L jsLn
dfkm{t ul/G5 eg] ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f / e|i6frf/sf s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ;DalGwt
lgsfoaf6 x'G5 .
;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleof]hgsf ;DjGwdf cg';Gwfgaf6 ;+slnt tYy / k|df0fsf] d"Nof+sg /
ljZn]if0fsf] s;"/ u/]sf] b]lvg] kof{Kt cfwf/ ePdf ;/sf/L jsLnaf6 cleof]hg ul/G5 .
cleof]hgsf ;DaGwdf P]gn] u/]sf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ Joj:yf eg]sf] bfjLsf] ;f}bfafhLsf]
l;4fGtsf] k|of]u cg';f/ ;hfodf 5'6 lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf klg o; ;DjGwdf dxTjk"0f{
Joj:yf xf] . ;+ul7t ck/flws ;d"xsf] lu/f]x;Dd k'uL ck/fw cg';Gwfgdf jf:tljs
ck/fwL kQf nufO{ ltgx¿sf] ;~hfn / Wj:t kfg]{, cg';Gwfgsf] ;do >d / d]xgt sd
u/L ;fwg ;|f]tsf] art ug]{, Goflos k|s[ofnfO{ ljZj;gLo agfpg] / ;du| ¿kdf ck/fw
cg';Gwfgsf] sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ b08xLgtfnfO{ sd ug]{ clek|fon] o; Joj:yfnfO{
cfTd;ft ul/Psf] xf] . h; cg';f/ ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cf/f]k nfu]sf s'g} cleo'Qmn] cfk'mn]
u/]sf] cf/f]k :jLsf/ u/L ;f] ;DaGwdf k|df0f h'6fpg tyf cleo'Qm jf To;sf] lu/f]x jf
dltof/nfO{ kqmfp ug{ ;xof]u k|x/L, ;/sf/L jsLn jf cbfntnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPdf klxnf]

15
P]= bkmf !# .
16
P]= bkmf !% .
17
P]= bkmf !^ .
18
P]= bkmf @# .
182
;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleof]hgdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf r'gf}tL / ;dfwfgsf pkfo 187

k6s lghn] ;+ul7t ck/fw u/]sf] b]lvPdf To:tf] ;+ul7t ck/fwdf lghnfO{ x'g] ;hfodf
krxQ/ k|ltzt;Dd ;hfodf 5'6 lbg ;lsg] u/L dfubfaL lnO{ d'2fdf cleof]hg ug{ ;lsg]
Joj:yf P]gn] u/]sf] 5 .19 t/ of] Joj:yf zt{o'Qm Joj:yfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . ;+ul7t
ck/fwsf] d'Vo cleo'QmnfO{, s'g} ;+ul7t ck/fwdf s}b ;hfo kfPsf]df s}b ;hfo e'Qmfg
ePsf] ldltn] tLg jif{ pd]/ k"/f gePsf cleo'QmnfO{ / Ps k6s ;hfo 5'6sf] ;'ljwf kfO{
;s]sf cleo'Qmsf xsdf eg] o; Joj:yf adf]lhd ;hfo 5'6sf] dfubfaL ug{ g;lsg]
b]lvG5 .20 o;/L ;hfo 5'6sf] dfubfjL lnPsf] cleo'Qmn] cg';Gwfgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]
eGg] cGo ;j'b k|df0fjf6 k|dfl0ft gePdf jf lghn] k|x/L jf ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ u/]sf]
;xof]usf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L cbfnt ;dIf aofg lbPdf lgh pk/ k'gM d'2f bfo/ ug{ ;lsg]
Joj:yf ;d]t P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . o; P]g k"j{ hf/L ePsf s]xL ljifout P]gdf klg o;
lsl;dsf] bfjLsf] ;}bfjfhLsf] l;4fGtsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ sfg"gdf ;dflxt u/]sf] ePtf klg
k|of]usf] b[li6sf]0faf6 of] Joj:yf k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu" gePsf] / ;+ul7t ck/fw P]gsf]
xfn;Ddsf] sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf o; lsl;dsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ k|of]u eg] u/]sf]
b]lvFb}g . 21
cleof]hgsf] ;DaGwdf P]gn] u/]sf] csf]{ Joj:yf eg]sf] yk cleof]hg ug{ ;lsg] sfg"gL
Joj:yf22nfO{ klg o; ;DaGwdf dxTjk"0f{ Joj:yfsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . ;fdfGotofM s'g}
cleo'Qmsf ;DaGwdf Pp6} ck/fwsf ;DaGwdf Ps k6s cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ eO{ ;s]
kZrft ;f]xL ck/fwdf k'gM bfaL lng ;lsFb}g . o:tf] ePdf kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] dxTjk"0f{
l;4fGtsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] bf]xf]/f] vt/fsf] l;4fGt23 k|lts"n /x]sf] dflgG5 . t/ ;+ul7t ck/fw
lgjf/0f P]gn] s'g} JolQm lj?4 ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] d'2fsf] cleof]ukq bfo/ eO{ ;s] kZrft
;f]xL d'2fsf ;DaGwdf cGo cleo'Qmsf lj?4df d'2f bfo/ ug{ jf To;/L d'2f bfo/ eO{
;s]sf] cleo'Qm lj?4 ;f]xL ck/fwdf jf cGo s'g} s;"/df yk cleof]u nufO{ cbfntdf
cleof]ukq bfo/ ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yfnfO{ P]gdf cfTd;ft u/]sf] 524 . o;af6 ;+ul7t ck/fw
/ o;df ;+nUg k|lt /fHo s7f]/ ¿kdf k|:t't ePsf] / ;f]xL cg';f/ sfg"gL k|aGw ul/Psf]
eGg] :ki6 b]lvg cfpF5 .
cleof]hgsf] ;Gbe{df cfjZos kg]{ k|df0f ;+sng / k|:t'tL tyf k|df0fsf ljifosf cGo
ljljw b[li6sf]0faf6 klg ;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f ;DjGwL P]gsf s]xL Joj:yfx¿ cGo ;fdfGo
lsl;dsf ck/fwdf ul/g] tf}/tl/sf eGbf leGg / km/s b]lvG5g\ . k|df0f / k|df0fsf] ef/
;DaGwL Joj:yfsf xsdf P]gdf ePsf Joj:yfx¿ ;f] xb;Dd P]gs} Joj:yf nfu" x'g] /
P]gdf gePsf Joj:yfsf] xsdf dfq} k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf ePsf]n] ;+ul7t
ck/fwsf] P]gdf gePsf Joj:yfsf] xsdf dfq k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf Joj:yf cfslif{t x'g]

19
;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f P]g, @)&) sf] bkmf @! .
20
P]= bkmf @! sf] b]xfo #-!_ s_ -v_ -u_ .
21
;+ul7t ck/fw ;DjGwL sfg"gsf] k|dfj d"Nofª\sg ;DaGwL cg';Gwfg d"ns cWoog, @)&$ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no,
sf7df8f}+ .
22
;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f P]g, @)&) sf] bkmf @@ .
23
bf]xf]/f] vt/fsf] l;2fGtnfO{ g]kfn ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @@ n] cleo'Qmsf] df}nLs xssf] ?kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 .
24
;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f P]g, @)&) sf] bkmf @@ .
183
188 ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleof]hgdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf r'gf}tL / ;dfwfgsf pkfo

b]lvG5 . ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleo'QmnfO{ ;'/Iffsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 cbfntdf pkl:yt u/fpg

g;lsg] cj:yf ePdf >Job[Zo ;+jfb dfkm{t cbfntdf pkl:yt u/fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf]
5 .25 To:t} ;+ul7t ck/fw d'2fsf] ;'/fsL ph'/Lstf{ jf s'g} ;fIfLnfO{ cbfntn] >Job[Zo
;+jfb dfkm{t jf 8f]/ dfkm{t a'‰g k/]df jf cleo'Qmn] gb]Vg] u/L lghsf] askq u/fpg jf
lghsf] :j/ oflGqs jf cGo tl/sfaf6 kl/jt{g jf ¿kfGt/0f u/L a'‰g jf cbfnt afx]s
cGo s'g} :yfgdf ;fIfL k|0ff0f a'‰g ;Sg] u/L 8f]/ dfkm{t klg >Job[Zo ;+jfb u/L a'‰g
;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . 26 ;'/fsL ph'/stf{ jf ;fIfLn] ;'/Iffsf sf/0faf6 rfx]df cfˆgf]
sfNklgs jf ;f+s]lts gfdaf6 aofg jf askq ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . 27 o;sf]
cltl/Qm ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] d'2fdf ;'/fsL ph'/Lstf{ jf cGo s'g} ;fIfLnfO{ cleo'Qmn] s'g}
k|sf/sf] lh/x jf k|Zg ug{ g;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . t/ cbfntn] cfb]z lbPdf eg]
cleo'Qm jf lghsf] sfg"g Joj;foLn] >Job[Zo ;+jfb dfkm{t jf cleo'Qmn] lghnfO{ gb]Vg]
u/L jf lghsf] klxrfg ug{ g;Sg] jf ;'/fsL ;fIfL jf ph'/Lstf{n] JoQm u/]sf] s'/f g;'Gg]
u/L lh/x ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . 28 kmf}hbf/L Gofodf cleo'Qmsf] :jR5 ;'g'jfO xs / lh/x
ug{ kfpg] clwsf/sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 k|:t't sfg"gL Joj:yf cfklQhgs /x]sf] egL cfnf]rgf
ug]{ ul/Psf] eP klg ;'/fsL, ph'/Lstf{ / ;fIfL ;+/If0fsf lx;fjn] of] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{
k|efjsf/L dfGg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .
P]gsf] bkmf #& cg';f/ ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] d'2f rnfOPsf] s'g} JolQmsf] cfo;|f]tsf] t'ngfdf
lghsf] ;DklQ c:jfefljs b]lvg cfPdf jf lghn] c:jfefljs pRr hLjg:t/ ofkg u/]df
jf cfˆgf] x}l;ot eGbf a9L s;}nfO{ bfg bftJo, pkxf/ ;fk6L rGbf jf as; lbPsf]
k|dfl0ft ePdf lghn] To:tf] ;DklQ s] s:tf] ;|f]taf6 cfh{g u/]sf] xf] lghn] k|dfl0ft ug{'
kg]{ / To;/L k|dfl0ft ug{ g;s]df To:tf] ;DklQ ;+ul7t ck/fw u/L k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg]]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . cg'dflgt s;"/sf] ¿kdf x]l/g] o; lsl;dsf] Joj:yfaf6 ;|f]t v'Ng
g;s]sf] ;DklQ :jefljs ¿kdf ;+ul7t ck/fwaf6 cfh{g u/L sdfP/ /fv]sf] dfgL To:tf]
;DklQsf] xsdf cfjZos sfg"gL k|s[of cjnDag ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf pNn]lvt sfg"gL
Joj:yfaf6 b]Vg ;lsG5 .
o;}u/L ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleo'Qmn] s;}nfO{ ckx/0f u/L jf gu/L jf z/L/aGws agfO{ jf
gagfO{ s;}af6 lkm/f}tL dfu u/L 6]lnkmf]g, df]afOnkmf]g jf cGo s'g} ;+~rf/ dfWodaf6
wDsL lbPsf] cGoyf k|dfl0ft ePsf]df afx]s lghn] lkm/f}tL lnPsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 . 29 o;af6 lkm/f}tLsf nflu dfu jf wDsL lbPsf] t/ lkm/f}tL c;"n pk/ e}g;s]sf]
cj:yf -pBf]u_ df klg cfk/flws sfo{n] k"0f{tf kfP ;/x k"0f{ ck/fw ;/x dfgL ;hfo x'g]
Joj:yf ePsf]n] o; ;DaGwdf cleof]hg / cg';Gwfgsf] cj:yf b]lv g} ljz]if Wofg lbg' kg]{
b]lvG5 .

25
P]= bkmf ## -!_ .
26
P]= bkmf #$ .
27
P]= bkmf #%-!_ .
28
P]= bkmf #%-@_ .
29
P]= bkmf #* .
184
;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleof]hgdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf r'gf}tL / ;dfwfgsf pkfo 189

(= ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleof]hgdf b]lvPsf ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿

kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf cleof]hgsf] sfo{ cfkm}df ljlzi6 / dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . /fHosf] sfo{sf/0fL
zlQmsf] k|of]u u/L ul/g] sfo{ eP klg cleof]hgsf] sfo{ Goflos lg0f{o ;/xsf] dflgG5 .
cleof]hgsf] p2]Zo cfk/flws sfo{df ;+nUg JolQmnfO{ sfg"gsf] bfo/df NofO{ cfk/flws
bfloTj axg u/fpg' ePsf]n] sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] ljlw / k|s[ofsf cfwf/df cg';Gwfgaf6
b]lvPsf tYo / k|df0fsf] ;xL ljZn]if0f u/L k|df0fjf6 bf]ifL b]lvPsf JolQmx¿sf pk/ dfq
cleof]hg ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . ;+ul7t ck/fw cfkm}df ;+ul7t cfk/flws ;d"xaf6 of]hgfa4
¿kdf ul/g] uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] ck/fw ePsf]n] s'g} klg s'g} uDeL/ ck/fw ;+ul7t ;d"xaf6
;+ul7t ;d"xsf] nfesf] nflu, ;+ul7t ;d"xsf] ;b:o eO{, hfgLhfgL u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;+ul7t
ck/fw u/]sf] dflgg] ePsf]n] ;Da4 ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿sf] p2]Zo, ck/fw ug]{ tl/sf,
cfk/flws lu/f]xsf] ;+VofTds pkl:ylt / cfk/flws sfo{ ;d]tsf cfwf/df s'g} klg ck/fw
;+ul7t ¿kdf eP gePsf] Plsg u/L cleof]hg ;DaGwL lg0f{o ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf] nflu
;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cjwf/0ffTds kIf, o;sf] kl/efiffsf ;DaGwdf b]lvPsf ljljwtf,
ljz]iftfx¿, ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] lgoGq0fsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGwn] u/]sf Joj:yf /
;+ul7t ck/fw lgoGq0f P]g, @)&) n] ;d]6]sf Joj:yfx¿sf] /fd|f] cWoog / ljZn]if0f u/L
cleof]hg ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . cleof]hg ubf{ jf gubf{ wf/0ffut :ki6tf / sfg"gsf] k|:6tf,
sfo{ljlwdf Ps¿ktf ePdf dfq cleof]hgstf{af6 x'g] cleof]hg ;DaGwL sfo{ lgikIf,
k|efjsf/L / j:t'lgi6 x'g ;Sb5 . cleof]hgsf] sfo{ cfkm}df :jtGq, lgikIf / j:t'ut x'g
cfjZos x'G5 t/ cg';Gwfgsf] hudf pleP/ ug{' kg]{ cleof]hgsf] sfo{ cg';Gwgsf]
s'zntf / ;Ifdtfdf lge{/ /xg] ePsf]n] k|efjsf/L cg';Gwfg ljgf j:t'ut cleof]hg x'g
;Sb}g . o;sf nflu cg';Gwfgsf] txb]lv g} o; ;DaGwL ck/fwsf] cGt/j:t' / cjojnfO{
/fd|f];Fu lgofnL sfg"gsf] dd{ / efjgf cg';f/ cg';Gwfg ePdf dfq} cleof]hg s]xL xb;Dd
;kmn aGg ;Sb5 . cg';Gwfg /fd|f] eP/ dfq} klg cleof]hg /fd|f] eGg] x'Fb}g o;sf] nflu
;Ifd, s'zn, bIf / cg';GwfgnfO{ lbzflgb]{z ug]{ ;Sg} x}l;ot cleof]hgstf{df x'g
cfjZos x'G5 .
ck/fw cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg Ps l;Ssfsf b'O{j6f kf6f ePsf]n] b'j} lgsfosf] s'zn
sfo{z}nL, ;dGjo / ;xof]u ePsf] v08df dfq sfo{If]qdf cfO{ kg]{ ;d:ofx¿nfO{ xn ub}{
cufl8 a9\g ;lsg] b]lvG5 . ;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f ;DjGwL P]g sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5
jif{sf] cGt//fndf o; P]gsf] Joj:yf ;d]t ;d]6L cleof]hg ePsf d'2fx¿sf] Plsg
clen]v k|:t't x'g g;s]klg o; P]g cGt/ut yk ;hfosf] dfubfjL lnO{ cleof]hg ul/Psf]
cEof; 5 . k|of]usf] lx;fjn] Tolt Jofkstf gePtf klg P]gsf] k|of]u / cEof;df cGof}ntf
/x]sf], sfo{If]qdf ljleGg ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf], wf/0ff / a'emfO{df Ps¿ktf geO{
k|of]udf ljljwtf b]lvPsf], ljleGg ;do / ;Gbe{df o; P]gsf] k|of]u / k|efjsf af/]df x'g]
5nkmn tyf ax; ;d]taf6 ;'lgg cfPsf] cj:yf 5 . cleof]hgsf] ;Gbe{df b]lvPsf
;d:of / r'gf}tLnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsGG5 .

185
190 ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleof]hgdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf r'gf}tL / ;dfwfgsf pkfo

-s_ cjwf/0ffsf] a'emfO{df b]lvPsf] ;d:ofM

x ;+ul7t ck/fw cfkm}df :jtGq s;"/ xf]Og . s'g} cfk/flws sfo{ ;+ul7t ;d"xaf6
ePsf] cj:yfdf To;df ;+nUg ;d"xsf] sfo{ ug]{ tf}/tl/sf, z}nL, p2]Zo, lu/f]x,
;+u7g ;+/rgf nufotsf cfwf/df ;+ul7t ck/fw xf] jf xf]Og egL x]g{' kg]{ x'G5 .
t/ ;+ul7t ck/fw eg]sf] cfkm}df s] xf] < eGg] o;sf] :ki6 kl/efiff gePsf] /
kl/efiffdf Ps¿ktf ;d]t gePsf]n] s'g} vf; ck/fw ;+ul7t x'g] xf] jf To;
ck/fw s;/L ePsf] 5 < ;+nUg JolQmx¿sf] cfk/flws dgf]j[lQ, p2]Zo, z}nL /
;+u7g ;+/rgfaf6 x]g' kg]{ xf] < eGg] ;DaGwdf ck/fw cg';Gwfgdf ;+nUg tyf
cleof]hgdf cfa4 kbflwsf/Lsf aLrdf wf/0ff / a'emfO{df Ps¿ktf b]lvFb}g .
cGof}ntf / b'ljwfu|:t dgl:yltaf6 ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg k|efjsf/L
x'g ;Sb}g . ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgdf ;+nUg JolQmsf] nflu ;+ul7t
ck/fw s] xf] < / s:tf] ck/fw s;/L ePdf ;+ul7t x'G5 eGg] a'emfO{ gx'Fbf;Dd
cleof]hg k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb}g . of] Pp6f r'gf}tLsf] ljifosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
x s'g} ck/fw cfkm}df ;+ul7t x'G5 ls x'b}+g < cfk/flws ;d"x s:tf]nfO{ dfGg] <
;+Vof dxTjk"0f{ xf] ls sfo{ < s] s:tf] sfo{ s;/L eP To:tf] sfo{ ;+ul7t x'G5 <
eGg] ljifodf cem;Dd klg cndnd} b]lvG5 . st} tLg hgf jf ;f] eGbf a9L
k|ltjfbLsf] ;+VofTds pkl:yltnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL cleof]hg ug]{ u/]sf] / st}
cfk/flws sfo{nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL cleof]hg ug]{ ul/Psf] cEof; Jojxf/df b]lvG5 .
;+ul7t ck/fwsf] k|s[lt / o;sf ljz]iftfnfO{ /fd|f];Fu s]nfO{ cg';Gwfg gx'g' /
tL kIfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f / ljj]rgf gu/L cleof]hg ul/g] cEofosf] lg/Gt/tf
o;sf] csf]{ r'gf}tL xf] .
x ;+ul7t ck/fw eGgfn] ;+ul7t cfk/flws ;d"xaf6 ePsf] cfk/flws 36gf eGg]
a'lemG5 t/ sltko cj:yfdf c;+ul7t ;d"x -Random formed Group_ af6 ePsf]
s'g} cfk/flws 36gf jf/bftnfO{ klg ;+ul7t egL bfaL lng] cEof; b]lvG5 .
;+ul7t ck/fwsf] ljlwzf:q ljkl/t ;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f P]gdf c;+ul7t
;d"xaf6 klg ;+ul7t ck/fw x'g] ;Sg] Joxf]/f pNn]v eP cg';f/ c;+ul7t
;d"xaf6 klg ;+ul7t ck/fw x'g ;Sg] dfGotfdf ;+ul7t cfk/flws ;d"xsf]
pkl:ylt cfjZos x'g] jf gx'g] s] xf ]< of] kIf klg cleof]hgsf] nflu r'gf}tLsf]
ljifo ag]sf] 5 .
x ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] nflu ;+u7g jf ;d"xsf] cl:tTj b]vfpg cfjZos kg]{ gkg]{ s]
xf] < cl:tTj s]nfO{ dfGg] < s;/L Plsg ug]{ < ;d"xsf] cl:tTj gb]lvP s] x'g] <
cl:tTj Plsg ug]{ cfwf/ s] s] x'g ;Sb5g\ < eGg] ljifo jf:tjd} k]lrnf] ag]sf]
5 . h'g ljifo cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hgsf] nflu r'gf}tLk"0f{ ljifosf] ¿kdf /x]sf]
b]lvG5 .
x ;+ul7t ck/fw -Organized Crime_ / ;d"x ck/fw -Group Crime_ sf aLrdf
sltko ljifox¿ / ljz]iftfx¿ ldNbfh'Nbf b]lvG5g\ . tyflk ;}4flGts ¿kdf
;d"xut ck/fw / ;+ul7t ck/fwsf aLrdf k|i6 b]lvg] / 5'l§g] leGgtf 5g\ . t/
186
;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleof]hgdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf r'gf}tL / ;dfwfgsf pkfo 191

sltko cj:yfdf leGgtfsf] z'id cjnf]sg / cWoog gx'Fbf ;d"xut ck/fw

;+ul7t ck/fw / ;+ul7t ck/fwnfO{ ;d"xut ck/fw egL x]g]{ / a'‰g] sfo{n]
cleof]hgsf] k|efjsfl/tf b]lvPsf] 5}g . leGgtfsf] l;df/]vf klxrfg u/L
jf:tljs ¿kdf cleof]hg ug{ g;Sg'nfO{ klg r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
-v_ sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ciki6tfn] NofPsf] r'gf}tL
x ;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f P]g, @)&) ;+ul7t ck/fwnfO{ lgjf/0f ug]{ p2]Zo ;fy
hf/L ul/Psf] eGg] P]gsf] k|:tfjfgfaf6 b]lvG5 . ;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f ug{sf]
nflu hf/L ul/Psf] P]gdf pNn]lvt ;j} s;"/ :jfefljs ¿kdf ;+ul7t ck/fwsf
s;"/ x'g\ eGg] ;fdfGo / ;f]emf] a'emfO{nfO{ cGoyf eGg ;lsg] cj:yf klg
b]lvFb}g . t/ ;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f P]gn] ck/fwLs/0f u/]sf ;j} s;"/ cfkm}df
;+ul7t ck/fw xf]Ogg\ . ;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f P]gn] s]xL s;"/ h'g ;fljsdf
s;"/sf] ¿kdf g]kfnL sfg"gdf ;dfj]z ePsf lyPgg\ tL s;"/nfO{ o; P]gn]
klxnf] k6s ck/fwLs/0f u/L ;hfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] eGg] b]lvG5 . ;+ul7t
ck/fw lgjf/0f P]gn] ck/fwLs/0f u/]sf] o; lsl;dsf ck/fw P]gsf] bkmf %, ^, &
/ * df Jojl:yt eP klg tL s;"/ cfkm}df :jtGq s;"/sf ¿kdf /x]sf t/ P]gn]
uDeL/ s;"/ egL gfdfs/0f u/]sf s;"/ x'g\ . of] ljifonfO{ sfg"gdf :ki6 ¿kdf
pNn]v ug{ g;lsPsf] ;fy} Goflos sf/jfxLdf cj/f]w, e|i6frf/ tyf ;DkQL
z'4Ls/0fsf] s;"/nfO{ /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;lGwn] ;+ul7t ck/fw egL dfg]sf] cj:yf
x'Fbf Pp6} P]gdf ;dfj]z s]xL s;"/nfO{ ;+ul7t ck/fw / s]xL s;"/nfO{ :jtGq
s;"/ egL a'‰g sl7gfO{ /x]sf] ;Gbe{df o;sf af/]df ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfO{
;dod} cg'lzIf0f u/L wf/0ffdf Ps¿ktf Nofpg g;s]sf] sf/0f cg';Gwfg /
cleof]hgdf o;n] r'gf}tL l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 .
x ;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f P]g, @)&) sf] bkmf # sf] -$_ n] kl/eflift u/]sf s;"/
h:t} cfk/flws ;d"xnfO{ ;+ul7t ck/fw ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg] jf tL ;d"xsf] sfd
sf/afxLdf ;xefuL x'g] jf s'g} ;fwg, pks/0f, ;"rgf pknJw u/fpg] nufotsf
sfo{nfO{ ck/fwLs/0f u/L tL sfo{ ug]{nfO{ P]gsf] bkmf ( sf] -v_ df ;hfosf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . h; cg';f/ pNn]lvt s;"/ ug]{nfO{ k|rlnt sfg"gdf s'g}
;hfosf] Joj:yf ePsf] /x]g5 eg] kfFr jif{;Dd s}b / kfFrnfv ¿k}of;Dd
hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g] eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;hfosf] o;
lsl;dsf] k|fjwfgn] Psftkm{ bkmf # sf] pkbkmf -$_ df pNn]lvt s;"/x¿ cfkm}df
:jtGq s;"/ x'g\ sL eGg] h:tf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . k|rlnt sfg"gn] s;"/ dfg]sf]
s'g} ck/fwdf s'g} vf; ljz]iftfaf6 pQm ck/fw ;+ul7t x'g] / ;+ul7t ePsf]
sf/0fn] k|rlnt sfg"gdf pQm s;"/df x'g] ;hfodf ;+ul7t ck/fw P]g cg';f/
yk ;hfo x'g] xf], t/ k|:t't sfg"gL Joj:yfn] k|rlnt sfg"gdf To:tf] s;"/nfO{
ck/fw dfgL ;hfosf] Joj:yf g} u/]sf] /x]g5 eg] klg o; P]g jdf]lhd ;hfo
ug{' kg]{ egL ul/Psf] Joj:yfn] kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] ;j{dfGo l;2fGt “tTsfn
k|rlnt sfg"gn] ;hfo gx'g] s'g} sfd u/] jfkt s'g} JolQm ;hfosf] efuLbf/

187
192 ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleof]hgdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf r'gf}tL / ;dfwfgsf pkfo

gx'g]” eGg] l;4fGt k|lts"n x'g] cj:yf ;d]t x'Fbf o:tf s;"/sf ;DaGwdf
cleof]hg ubf{ :jtGq s;"/ dfgL cleof]hg ug]{ jf ;+ul7t egL yk ;hfosf]
dfubfjL lng] < yk bfaL lng t To:tf] s;"/df sfg"gn] klxnf ;hfosf] Joj:yf
ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] l:yltdf sfg"gsf] k|of]u / kfngfnfO{ s;/L ;dGjofTds
¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg] eGg] ljifo sfg"g sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfosf] nflu r'gf}tLk"0f{
b]lvG5 .
x P]gsf] bkmf $ df ePsf s;"/x¿ h:t}M ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] tof/L, pBf]u, if8oGq,
/ b'?T;fxg h:tf sfo{ ug{ gx'g] egL pNn]lvt s;"x¿nfO{ ck/fwLs/0f u/]sf]
ePtf klg ;hfo ;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf ( cWoog ubf{ oL s;"/ ug]{ u/fpg]nfO{
;hfosf] s'g} Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . sfg"gn] s;"/ egL ck/fwLs/0f u/] kl5
To:tf] s;"/ ug]{ u/fpg]nfO{ ;hfo ug{ g;Sg] xf] eg] ck/fwLs/0f ug{'sf] s'g}
;fy{stf x'+b}g . csf]{tkm{ ;hfo g} gePsf] s;"/ ck/fw gx'g] -No crime without
punishment_ eGg] kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] dfGo l;4fGtsf] k|lts"n /x]sf] o; sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] k|of]unfO{ s;/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf ;d:of /x]sf]
kl/k]Iodf @)&% ef› ! b]lv hf/L ePsf] d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtfsf] kl/R5]b # sf]
sfg"gL Joj:yf cg';f/ k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhd kl/eflift s;"/sf
;DaGwdf To:tf sfg"gn] cGoyf gu/]sf] cj:yfdf ;+lxtfsf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g] 30
u/L ePsf] Joj:yfn] o; ;DaGwL ljifonfO{ xfn ;Daf]wg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/
@)&% ef› k"j{sf o; lsl;dsf sfo{nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf
gePsf]n] ;f] ;DaGwdf bfaL lng] ls glng] < ;hfosf] dfu bfaL s'g lng] <
k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yf cg';f/ yk ;hfosf] ljifo s] x'g] h:tf k|Zgx¿ cg'Ql/t
g} /x]sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ klg ;d:of / r'gf}tLs} ¿kdf lng ;lsg] b]lvG5 .
x P]gsf] kl/R5]b # sf] bkmf % n] cfk/flws ;d"x :yfkgf ug{, ;+~rfng ug{ jf
u/fpg jf hfgLhfgL cfk/flws ;d"xsf] ;b:o x'g jf s;}nfO{ ;b:o agfpg gx'g]
egL lgif]w u/]sf] 5 . of] bkmfsf] s;"/ ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] s;"/ xf]Og t/ P]gn]
cfk/flws ;d"xsf] kl/efiff ub} k|ToIf jf k/f]If ¿kdf kl/R5]b @ df pNn]lvt
;+ul7t ck/fw ug]{ p2]Zon] ag]sf] ;+ul7t jf c;+ul7t tLg jf ;f] eGbf a9L
JolQmx¿sf] ;d"x egL eg]sf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf cfk/flws ;+u7g :yfkgf ====
nufotsf] s;"/nfO{ cfkm}df ;+ul7t ck/fw eGg] jf geGg] < bkmf # / bkmf % sf]
k|of]u;Fu;Fu} ug{ ldNg] gldNg] s] xf] < cGof}ntf / c:ki6tf b]lvPsf] ;Gbe{nfO{
klg o; ;Gbe{df sfg"gsf] c:ki6tfn] NofPsf] ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
x sfg"gsf] cGof}ntfn] NofPsf] csf]{ ;d:of jf r'gf}tL eg]sf] If]qflwsf/sf] ljifo
klg Ps xf] . e|i6frf/, ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f / cf+tssf/L lqmofsnfkdf ljQLo nufgL
;DaGwL d'2f afx]s cGo ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] s;"/sf] d'2f x]g]{ If]qflwsf/ lhNnf
cbfntsf] x'g] P]gsf] bkmf $) df Joj:yf 5 . t/ sltko ;+ul7t ¿kdf ul/g]
s;"/ h:t} a}+lsª s;"/, /fHo lj?4sf] s;"/ -;fljsdf_ ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f
30
d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf @)&% sf] kl/R5]b # .
188
;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleof]hgdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf r'gf}tL / ;dfwfgsf pkfo 193

nufotsf s;"/df d'2f x]g]{ cbfnt km/s /x]sf] ;Gbe{df ;Da4 s;"/sf ;DaGwdf
d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/If]q ePsf] cbfntdf cleof]hg ug]{ jf ;+ul7t ck/fw hf]8L yk
;hfo dfu]sf] sf/0f To:tf] d'2f lhNnf cbfntdf bfo/ ug]{ eGg] b'ljwfk"0f{ l:ylt
/x]sf] ;fy} s'g} s;"/df ;+ul7t klg egL cg';Gwfg ePsf] t/ cleof]hg x'g]
;dodf ;+ul7t gb]lvO{ d"n s;"/sf] dfq jf/bft b]lvP cg';Gwfgsf gfpFdf
cgfjZos ¿kdf z+lstnfO{ y'gfdf /fv]sf] eGg] h:tf cf/f]k / nfG5fgf k|lt
lrQa'‰bf] hjfkm lbg' kg]{ r'gf}tL klg cleof]hgkIfdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
x P]gsf] bkmf %! df ;+ul7t ck/fw ug{ k|of]u ePsf] h'g;'s} pks/0f j:t' jf
;fwg hf];'s} JolQm;Fu /x]sf] eP klg hkmt x'g] Joj:yf sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 t/
ck/fwdf ;+UnUg gePsf] jf To:tf] ck/fwsf af/]df s'g} yfxf hfgsf/L gePsf]
JolQmsf] s'g} j:t' jf ;fwg ;DklQ ck/fwdf k|of]u ePsf] cj:yfdf To:tf] ;DklQ
s] x'g] < hkmt ug]{ bfaL lng] jf ;DalGwt wgLsf] s;"/k|ltsf] ;+nUgtf k'i6L
ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq k|ltjfbL sfod ug]{ / hkmtsf] klg bfaL lng] xf] < sfg"gsf]
Joj:yfn] cleof]hgstf{n] cGo kIfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ 7fpF glbPsf] cj:yfdf
pNn]lvt kl/l:yltdf lgbf]{if JolQmsf] lxt ;+/If0f ug]{ bfloTjnfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg
ug]{ xf] eGg] ljifo klg cleof]hgsf ;Gbe{df cfpg] Pp6f hl6ntfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf]
5.
-u_ sfo{ut If]qdf kg]{ ;d:ofx¿
x s'g} s;"/sf] k|s[ltn] g} To:tf] s;"/ ;+ul7t ;d"xsf] of]hgf, ;+Ungtf, lgb]{zg,
;xeflutf cflb ljgf x'g ;Dej x'g ;Sg] gb]lvg] t/ kqmfp k/]sf] JolQmn] pQm
;+u7gsf] cl:tTj, ;+u7gsf ;b:osf] klxrfg, ;+u7g ;+/rgf, e"ldsf, ljutdf
ePsf / ul/Psf cfk/flws ultljlwx¿sf] ljj/0f nufot ;+ul7t ck/flws
;d"xsf cGo ultljlw v'nfpg g;Sg] -el/of lsl;dsf_ / cg';Gwfgaf6 To:tf]
lu/f]xsf] af/]df s]xL tYy v'n]tfklg To:tf JolQmx¿ kqmfp kg{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf
kqmfp JolQmsf xsdf dfq} ;+ul7ttkm{ jfbL lnO{ cleof]hg ug{ ;lsg] jf g;lsg]
eGg] ;DaGwdf cGof}ntf / b'ljwf x'g] u/]sf]n] ;dod} plrt lg0f{o lng g;lsg]
cj:yfnfO{ Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
x s'g} ck/fwsf ;DjGwdf cg';Gwfg cjlw e/L d"n ck/fwsf ;DaGwdf dfq}
cg';Gwfg x'g] / cg';Gwfg eO{ k|lta]bg tof/ eO{ /fo k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{
cj:yfdf dfq} ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] klg bfjL yk u/L cfpg] 31 sfo{nfO{ lg?T;flxt
ug{ jf To:tf] k|ltj]bgnfO{ pk]Iff u/L ;+ul7t xf]Og jf x'g ;Sb}g egL ;DalGwt
cg';Gwfg ug]{ lgsfonfO{ ljZj:t ug{ g;Sg] jf ug{ grfxfg] k|j[lQ klg
cleof]hgsf ;Gbe{df b]lvg] ;d:of xf] . ;+ul7t s;/L eof] jf xf] egL To;sf
cfjZos cjoj s]nfO{ jf ljZn]if0f g} gu/L cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgs} e/df
cleof]hg ug{' kg]{ kl/kf6L klg ;d:ofsf] Pp6f sf/0f ag]sf] 5 .

31
;+ul7t ck/fw ;DjGwL sfg"gsf] k|efj d"Nof+sg ;DjGwL cg';Gwfg d"ns cWoog, @)&$ dxfGofoflwjQmsf] sfof{no .
189
194 ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleof]hgdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf r'gf}tL / ;dfwfgsf pkfo

x ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] nflu cfjZos tTj ;+ul7t ;d"x, To;sf] ;b:otf, tLg hgf
eGbf a9L JolQmsf] ;+Vof, cfly{s kmfObf cflb nufotsf] kIf Plsg u/L ;+ul7t
¿kdf jf/bft ePsf] :yflkt x'g] lsl;dn] cg';Gwfg eO{ gcfpg] / ;f]cg';f/
cg';Gwg u/L Nofpg cg';Gwfgstf{nfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] jf cfjZos ;dGjo ug]{
u/fpg] sfo{ cleof]hg kIfaf6 klg gx'g] l:yltn] cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hg sfo{
s]jn sd{sf08L aGg k'u]sf] 5 .
x ;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f P]gn] Joj:yf u/]sf cg';Gwfgsf ljz]if ljlw / k4lt
sG6«f]n 8]nLe/L, cG8/se/ ck/]zg, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u, h:tf k4ltnfO{
cg';Gwfgsf] r/0fdf / bfjLsf] ;f}bfjfhL, -;hfodf 5'6_ lbg] Joj:yfnfO{
cleof]hgsf qmddf k|of]u ePsf] b]lvFb}g . cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgnfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpg] ;Gbe{df P]gsf Joj:yf ljz]if Joj:yf Pj+ sfg"gL k|aGwnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf
Nofpg] tkm{sf] lqmoflzntf / cu|;/tf gePsf] jf:tljstfn] klg cleof]hgsf]
sfo{ k|efjsf/L aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . e}/x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ klg pko'Qm 9+un]
k|of]u / kfngf ug{ g;Sg'nfO{ klg ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
x ;+ul7t ck/fwsf k|s[lt;Fu d]n vfg] t/ /fhgLlts cfj/0fdf ul/g] sltoo
lx+;fTds k|s[ltsf sfo{nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ ;DaGwdf /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] :ki6
b[li6sf]0f gx'g] sf/0fn] klg sfg"g sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{df cg';Gwfg /
cleof]hgstf{n] ljleGg vfn] ;d:of / r'gf}tL ;fdfg ug{' kg]{ l:ylt b]lvPsf]
5.
x Ps cWoog32 cg';f/ ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf ;DaGwdf d"ntM
b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿df d"n ck/fw k'li6 x'g] u/L kof{Kt cg';Gwfg g} gx'g] u/]sf],
w]/} hgfsf] ;d"x ePsf] cfwf/df dfq} / ;+ul7t eGg] /fo / ;f]xL cfwf/df
cleof]hg ePsf], ;+ul7t ¿kdf sfo{ u/]sf] eP klg s;/L slxn] b]lv ;d"xsf]
:yfkgf u/L sfo{ ePsf] v'nfOPsf] gb]lvPsf], ;d"xsf] cl:tTj, k"j{ 36gfsf]
ljj/0f, cfk/flws ;d"xsf] ;b:o tyf nfe lnPsf] k'li6 gul/Psf], cg';Gwfg /
/fo ljgf g} Ps hgfnfO{ k|ltjfbL agfO{ ;+ul7t ck/fwdf d'2f rnfOPsf], ;+ul7t
ck/fw egL ;hfosf] dfubfjL / ;f]xL d'2fdf tof/L, if8oGq Pj+ b'?T;fxg eGg]
pNn]v u/L cleof]hg g} b'ljwfk"0f{ agfOPsf] h:tf sdhf]/L / ;d:of ldl;n
cWoogaf6 b]lvPsf] cf}NofOPsf] 5 . pNn]lvt ;d:ofx¿ k|ltlglwd"ns ;d:ofsf
¿kdf /x]sf] s'/fdf s'g} ;Gb]x 5}g .
x ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿sf ljrdf cfk;L ;xof]u / ;dGjosf] cefj
!)= ;d:of ;dfwgfsf nflu ;'emfj
;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cjwf/0ff, o;sf cjoj jf ljz]iftf tyf g]kfnL sfg"gL Joj:yf /
sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{df b]lvPsf ;d:of / r'gf}tLsf ;DaGwdf dfly ul/Psf

32
P]= k[= %! / %@ .
190
;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleof]hgdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf r'gf}tL / ;dfwfgsf pkfo 195

ljZn]if0f / ljj]rgfaf6 s]xL cGof}ntf / c:ki6tf afFsL g} /x]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . P]gsf] ;kmn
sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;DalGwt ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿df P]gsf] p2]Zo, o;n] /fv]sf] ck]Iff,
o;sf] dd{ / efjgfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L ;xL 9+un] sfg"gsf] k|of]u / kfngf x'g ;s]df dfq
;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0fk|lt /fHon] /fv]sf] ck]Iff k"/f x'g ;Sb5 . o;sf] nflu ;+ul7t
ck/fwsf] cjwf/0ffdf k|i6tf / a'emfO{df Ps¿ktf d'Vo zt{ xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g
;Sb}g . sfg"g sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;+:yfut k"jf{wf/, ;DalGwt lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4,
hgzlQmsf] ljlzi6Ls/0f, cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u, ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ h:tf dfWodaf6
cufl8 a9\g ;lsG5 . o;sf] nflu lgGg s'/fdf ;'wf/ x'g ;s] P]gsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjog x'g] /
;+ul7t ck/fwsf] lgoGq0fsf] lbzfdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kg]{ b]lvG5 M
!= cjwf/0ffdf k|i6tf / a'emfO{df Ps¿ktfM ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cjwf/0ff / P]gsf]
Joj:yfsf ljifodf Jofks 5nkmn / ljrf/ ljdz{ cfjZos 5 . cjwf/0ffdf g}
k|i6tf geP P]gsf] ;xL sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sb}g . ck/fw cg';Gwfg /
cleof]hgstf{df ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cjwf/0ff / o;sf cjoj jf ljz]iftf /
ck/fwdf x'g' kg]{ cfjZos tTjsf] klxrfg nufotsf ljifodf ljlzi6Ls[t tflnd
/ Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{qmd cfjZos 5 .
@= ;+ul7t ck/fw P]gdf ;+zf]wgM P]gsf ;DaGwdf b]lvPsf sdLsdhf]/Lx¿sf]
;'wf/sf] nflu ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cjwf/0ff / cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL k|aGw cg's"n x'g]
u/L P]gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{' cfjZos 5 . c;+ul7t ;d"xaf6 klg ;+ul7t ck/fw
x'g] nufotsf s]xL c;+ut Joj:yfn] P]gsf] k|fjwfg sfof{Gjogdf cGof}ntf
NofPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGw, cGo d'n'sx¿sf] cEof; /
xfdLn] u/]sf] cg'ej ;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg / ;'wf/
cfjZos b]lvG5 .
#= k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; / pkof]uM ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfgsf] nflu P]gn] u/]sf
Joj:yfx¿s} ;xL ¿kdf k|of]u / kfngf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljz]if cg';Gwfg k4lt,
;'/fsL kl/rfng, >Job[Zo ;fdfu|Lsf] k|of]u nufotsf s'/fx¿sf] k|efjsf/L
k|of]usf] nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/, sfo{ljlwsf] cefj 5 . cfw'lgs k|ljlwx¿sf]
k|of]u, ;"rgf ;+sng, k|zf]wg, k/LIf0f nufotsf s'/fnfO{ Joj:yfkg / pkof]u
ug{ ;lsPdf dfq ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb5 .
$= lgb]{lzsf, sfo{ljlw / dfu{bz{gsf] lgdf{0f / k|of]uM ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg /
cleof]hgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug{' kg]{ s'/fsf cltl/Qm s] s:tf] ck/fwdf s] s]
cfjZos tTj ePdf ck/fw ;+ul7t x'g] xf] < To;sf] nflu s] s:tf k|df0f
cfjZos x'G5g\ < k|df0fsf] d"Nof+sg / ljZn]if0f s;/L ug]{ eGg] nufotsf kIfx¿
pNn]v u/L ;j}sf] sfd sf/jfxLdf Ps¿ktf, ;/ntf, ;xhtf, k|i6tf /
kf/blz{tfsf nflu cg';Gwfgstf{ / cleof]hg clwsf/Lsf nflu lgb]{lzsf, sfo{ljlw
/ dfu{bz{gsf] lgdf{0f / k|of]u cfjZos b]lvG5 .
%= sfg"gsf] lgdf{0fM ;+ul7t ck/fw h:tf] uDeL/ / cGt/b]lzo ck/fwsf] ;kmn
cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf] nflu pko'Qm / cfjZos sfg"gL k"jf{wf/ cfjZos
x'G5 . kf/:kl/s sfg"gL ;xfotf, ;k'b{uL tyf ;f+IfL ;+/If0f nufotsf sfg"gL
191
196 ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleof]hgdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf r'gf}tL / ;dfwfgsf pkfo

Joj:yf o; ;Gbe{df ljz]if ;/f]sf/ /fVg] sfg"gL k|aGw x'g\ . t/ sfg"gL ;+/rgfsf
lx;fan] kf/:kl/s sfg"gL ;xfotf / ;k'b{uL ;DaGwL P]g hf/L eO{ sfof{Gjogdf
/x]sf] ePtf klg ljleGg d'n'sx¿;Fu b'O{ kIfLo tyf ax' kIfLo ;lGw tyf
;+emf}tf gePsf]n] P]gsf Joj:yf :jefljs ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf
b]lvFb}g . csf]{tkm{ ;fIfL, ;'/fsL tyf ph'/Lstf{sf] ;+/If0f / ;'/Iffsf] nflu P]gdf
s]xL Joj:yf eP klg ;fIfL ;+/If0f ;DaGwL PsLs[t sfg"gsf] cefj 5 . P]g hf/L
ePsf] 5 jif{ k"/f e};s] klg P]gsf Joj:yf sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos lgodfjnL
xfn;Dd klg hf/L x'g g;s]sf] l:ylt b]lvPsfn] o; ;DaGwdf cfjZos kxn x'g
kg]{ b]lvG5 .
^= Ifdtf ljsf; k|lzIf0f / ljlzli6s/0fdf hf]8M ;+ul7t ck/fw cGo k/Dk/fut
ck/fw eGbf leGg z}nL, tl/sf, / sf/0faf6 36\g] ck/fw ePsf] / o;sf] k|efj /
c;/ tyf p2]Zo cGo ck/fwdf eGbf km/s x'G5 . ;+ul7t / k]z]j/ ;d"xaf6
cTofGt} Joa;flos 9+ujf6 k|lalwsf] k|of]u ul/ ul/g] ePsf]n] o:tf] ck/fwsf]
cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hgsf] nflu ;f]xL cg';f/sf] k|fljlws 1fg, ljz]if1tf bIftf
/ ;Lksf] cfjZostf x'G5 . k/Dk/fut ¿kdf ul/g] ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg z}nL /
cleof]hgsf] kl/kf6Ln] o;sf] lgoGq0f x'g ;Sb}g . o;sf nflu cg';Gwfg /
cleof]hg b'j} lgsfodf cfj4 hgzlQmx¿nfO{ lglZrt sfo{of]hgf ;lxt Ifdtf
clej[4L tflnd, k|lzIf0f / ljlzli6s[t tflndsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ;+o'Qm ¿kdf
b'j} lgsfosf kbflwsf/LnfO{ lbOg] tflnd / k|lzIf0fn] b'j} lgsfoaf6 ;dGjofTds
¿kdf cuf8L a9\g' kg]{ s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbg d4t k'Ub5 .
&= cleof]hg kl/If0f / cg'udgM ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleof]hg ePsf d'2fdf
cleof]hg l7s 9+uaf6 eP gePsf], k|df0fsf] d"Nof+sg ljZn]if0f ;xL ¿kdf ul/P
gul/Psf], P]gsf Joj:yfx¿sf] k|of]u s] s'g ¿kdf s] s;/L ul/Psf], cleof]hg
ul/Fbf kfngf ug{' kg]{ / x]g{' kg]{ kIfx¿df Wofg lbP glbPsf] nufotsf kIfx¿nfO{
x]/L d"Nof+sg u/L k[i7kf]k0f ug{ / ;'wf/sf If]q klxrfg ug{ cleof]hg k/LIf0f
tyf cg'udg ug{' cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu cg'udg ug]{ cfwf/ tyf ;+oGq
ljsf; ug{' kg]{ b]lvG5 .
*= P]gsf] sfof{Gjog / cEof;sf af/]df cWoog cg';GwfgM ;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f
P]g sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 jif{ k"/f ePsf] 5 . o; cjlwdf P]gsf] sfof{Gjog /
o;sf] k|efjaf6 ;dfhdf ;+ul7t ck/fw lgoGq0f / Go"gLs/0f ug{ P]gsf] of]ubfg
eP gePsf], P]gsf] sfof{Gjogdf s] s:tf ;d:ofx¿ /x] jf eP, P]gn] /fv]sf]
;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0fsf] nflu s] s:tf lgltut / sfo{ut /0fgLltx¿ cfjZos
kb{5g\, P]gsf] sfof{Gjogdf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿sf] e"ldsf s:tf] /Xof] / P]gsf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu s] s:tf] ;'wf/ cfjZos kb{5 eGg] nufotsf
ljljw kIfx¿df cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf P]gsf] sfof{Gjogsf]
nflu P]gsf] k|efj d"Nof+ªsg cfjZos b]lvG5 .
(= ;dGjo / ;xsfo{df hf]8M ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] ck/fw clxn] ljZjJofkL ¿kdf
;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . ck/fwsf] ultlzn k|j[lQ, oftfoft tyf ;~rf/sf]
192
;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleof]hgdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf r'gf}tL / ;dfwfgsf pkfo 197

ljsf; / lj:tf/ tyf cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u / kx'Frn] o; lsl;dsf ck/fwn]

/fli6«o ¿kdf dfq geO{ If]qLo / cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfonfO{ g} r'gf}tL lbO{ /x]sf] 5 .
o;sf] lgjf/0f jf lgoGq0fsf] nflu ck/fwsf] k|s[lt / o;sf] lu/f]x tyf ;+nUg
;d"xsf] e"ldsf / ;+u7g ;+/rgf cg';f/ b]z leq dfq} geO{ sltko cj:yfdf
If]qLo / cGt/f{li6«o ¿kd} /fi6«x¿sf aLrdf cfk;L ;xof]u, ;dGjo / ;femf
k|of; cfjZos b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu sfg"g sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lsf]
aLrdf b]z leq cfk;L 5nkmn, ;dGjo tyf ;xsfo{ / If]lqo tyf cGt/f{li6«o
¿kdf /fhgLlts g]t[Tj b]lv ;DalGwt lgsfosf aLr cfk;L ;xof]u / ;djGo
cfjZos b]lvG5 .
!!= lgisif{
;+ul7t ck/fw ck/fwsf] b'lgofFdf t'ngfTds ¿kdf gljgtd\ cjwf/0ff xf] t/ o;sf] k|efj
/ c;/sf] lx;fan] o;n] ck/fwsf] b'lgofFdf Pp6f lgs} gld7f] 5fk 5f]8\g ;kmn e};s]sf]
5 . cfly{s lqmofsnfksf b[li6n] ck/fw pBf]usf] -Crime-Enterprise_ ¿kdf lnOg] o;
lsl;dsf] ck/fw cfkm}df :jtGq s;"/ geO{ s'g} cfk/flws sfo{ ;+ul7t cfk/flws ;d"xn]
;DkGg ug]{ kl/is[t ck/fw xf] h;sf] d'Vo Wo]o cfly{s nfe eGg] x'G5 . ;+ul7t ck/fw
ck/fw ug]{ p2]Zo, tl/sf, k|sf/, ;+hfn, ;+u7g / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u h:tf tTjx¿sf cfwf/df
cGo k/fDk/fut ck/fw eGbf km/s tyf hl6n x'g] / o;n] ;dfh / /fHonfO{ uDeL/ c;/
/ k|efj kfg]{ ePsf]n] o;sf] k|efjsf/L lgoGq0fsf] nflu /fli6«o, If]qLo / cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf
ljleGg sfg"gL tyf ;+:yfut k|aGw tof/ eO{ lgoGq0fsf] nflu k|of;x¿ xF'b} cfPsf] cj:yf
5 . g]kfndf klg ;+ul7t ck/fw lgoGq0f ug]{ p2]Zon] @)&) ;fndf ;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f
P]g hf/L eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] klxrfg, k|lt/f]w /
lgoGq0fsf] nflu P]g hf/L eP klg o; ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffsf] a'emfO{ tyf P]gdf /x]sf s]xL
c;+ut Joj:yfx¿n] ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg k|efjsf/L aGg ;ls/x]sf]
5}g . ck/fwsf] k|efjsf/L cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg eP dfq /fHon] /fv]sf] Gofok"0f{ ;dfh
:yfkgfdf ;xof]u k'Ug] b]lvPsfn] ;du| kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLdf cfa4 JolQm Pj+ ;+:yfx¿
;Ifd / Jofj;flos x'g h?/L x'G5 . k|efjsf/L cleof]hgsf nflu b]lvPsf ult/f]w, ;d:of
/ r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ cufl8 a9\g ;s] w]/} xb;Dd ck/fw lgoGq0f x'g] s'/fdf
cfzfjfbL x'g ;lsG5 .

YZ

193
198 ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] cleof]hgdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf r'gf}tL / ;dfwfgsf pkfo
kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf g]kfn k|x/Lsf] e"ldsf 199

jif{ #, c° !

kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf

g]kfn k|x/Lsf] e"ldsf

# eLdk|;fb 9sfni

!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] sfg"g k|0ffnLdf cfw'lgsLs/0f ub}{ d'n'sL P]g nufotsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{
k|lt:yfkg u/L Jojl:yt / ;do ;fGble{s sfg"g agfpg] k|of; g]kfndf nfdf] ;do;Dd
hf/L ePkl5 @)&% ef› ! ut]af6 d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf / kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -
;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 .1 d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L
;+lxtfx¿nfO{ clGtd ¿k lbg] qmddf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿;Fu k/fdz{ ul//xFbf tTsfnLg
;dodf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7sf] cWoIftfdf ul7t kmf}hbf/L sfg"g
;'wf/ pRr:t/Lo sfo{bnn] ;+lxtfx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf g]kfn k|x/Ln] Jofks 5nkmn
/ ljdz{ u/]sf] lyof] .2 ljwflosL If]qdf klg oL ;+lxtfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;DaGwdf Jofks
rf;f] b]vfOPs} xf] . ;+lxtfx¿ sfof{Gjogdf hfFbf ;DalGwt If]qdf ;xhtfk"j{s sfof{Gjog
x'g ;sf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] k"j{ tof/Lsf nflu ;do /fvL lj=;+= @)&$ cflZjg #) ut]
k|df0fLs/0f eP/ sl/a Ps jif{kl5 @)&% ef› ! ut]af6 dfq sfof{Gjog3 ;'? ePsf]
b]lvG5 . tL ;+lxtfnfO{ sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf ck/fw cg';Gwfg ug]{ d'Vo lhDd]jf/L kfPsf]
g]kfn k|x/L, cleof]hg ug]{ ;/sf/L jsLn Pj+ Gofo;Dkfbg ug]{ cbfntx¿nfO{ ;Ifd
agfpg], ToxfF ePsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{, cfd gful/sx¿df ;r]tgf lbg],
;fwg ;|f]t Joj:yfkg ug]{ nufotsf sfo{x¿ pQm aLr cjlwdf s]xL dfqfdf ePsf]
b]lvG5 . ;fy} sfof{Gjog ;'? eO;s]kl5 klg cfcfˆgf lgsfox¿df cg'udg, lg/LIf0f,

i
k|x/L jl/i7 pk/LIfs, g]kfn k|x/L .
1
;+lxtf lgdf{0fsf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmdsf] af/]df lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g{ ;lsG5 M Zofds'df/ e6\6/fO{, g]kfndf ;+lxtfa4
sfg"g lgdf{0fsf] k[i7e"ld, d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$, d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ / kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -
;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ n] u/]sf gofF Joj:yf / ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf, ;|f]t ;fdu|L, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{no, @)&$ k[= ! .
2
pQm sfo{bndf g]kfn k|x/Laf6 k|x/L dxflg/LIfs ;b:o /xg' ePsf] lyof] . of] k++lQmsf/n] klg ;f] sfo{bnsf] sfo{ ;d"xdf /xL
sfo{ ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] .
3
d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf sf] bkmf !-@_ .
194
200 kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf g]kfn k|x/Lsf] e"ldsf

;dGjo, ;xsfo{, a}7s, ;Dd]ng, uf]i7L cflb u/]/ ;+lxtfdf ePsf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ cIf/zM
sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|of; g]kfn k|x/L, ;/sf/L jsLn Pj+ cbfntx¿af6 eO/x]sf] 5 .4
tL ;+lxtfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df /x]sf c:ki6tf ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ u/]/ d'n'sL ;+lxtf
;DaGwL s]xL g]kfn P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)&% lj=;+= @)&^ j}zfv @ ut]b]lv nfu"
ePsf] lyof] . o; ;+zf]wgn] d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ tyf d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw
;+lxtf, @)&$ sf s]xL ljifox¿df ;+zf]wg u/]sf] 5 . ;+lxtfx¿ sfof{Gjogdf cfpg' k"j{ /
sfof{Gjogdf cfO{ ;s]kl5 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ aLr ePsf 5nkmn, cGt/s[of, uf]i7L, ;Dd]ng
tyf sfo{qmdsf] k|ToIf lhDd]jf/L lnP/ a;]sf ;/sf/L jsLn, g]kfn k|x/L / cbfnt
;d]taf6 cfPsf ;'emfjsf cfwf/df of] klxnf] ;+zf]wg cfPsf] eGg ;lsG5 .
d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cg';Gwfgsf] ljifodf
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] k/fdz{ lnO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgod agfpg ;Sg]5 eGg] d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L
sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] bkmf !(^ sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)&% ;fn ef› ! ut]b]lv
nfu" x'g] u/L kmf}hbf/L s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)&% nfu" u/]sf] 5 . o;
lgodfjnLn] hfx]/L b/vf:t ;gfvt u/fpg], hfx]/L b/vf:t btf{ gu/]df pkNnf] sfof{nodf
btf{ ug]{, cg';Gwfg clwsf/L tf]Sg], kqmfp k'hL{ hf/L, zf/Ll/s hfFr, e|dk"0f{ jf sfNklgs
;"rgf tfd]nLdf /fVg], lx/f;tdf /fVg cg'dlt dfUg], lx/f;tdf /fv]sf] JolQmnfO{ cg';Gwfg
clwsf/Ln] 5f8\g ;Sg], w/f}6L, hdfgt, xflh/L hdfgL jf tf/]vdf 5f8\bfsf] k|s[of, >Jo—
b[Zo ;+jfb -lel8of] sGk|m]G;_ sf] dfWodaf6 ;+slnt k|df0fsf] clen]vLs/0f ug]{, zj k/LIf0f
vr{, ef}lts k|df0f k/LIf0f, kqmfp gu/L jf lx/f;tdf g/fvL cg';Gwfg ug]{, bzL ;gfvt
u/fpg], z'q kl/rfng ug]{ nufotsf ljifodf ;xh / :ki6 Joj:yfx¿ u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} o;
lgodfjnLsf] cg';"rLx¿df sfo{ljlw;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg 9fFrfx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
o;n] ubf{ sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf nu]/ cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg k|efjsf/L agfpg]
;xh dfu{ k|fKt ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] bkmf !(& cg';f/ sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf
adf]lhd ;Dkfbg x'g] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ ;/n, :ki6 / ;'—Jojl:yt ug{ ljleGg lgb]{lzsfx¿
ag]sf 5g\ . ;+lxtfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu xfn;Dd ul/Psf k|of;sf] af/]df ;+lIfKt ;dLIff
ug]{ p2]Zon] k|:t't n]v tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
@= ;+lxtfdf ePsf gofF Joj:yfx¿
g]kfn k|x/Ldf d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtfx¿ sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf ;DaGwdf rrf{ ug{' cl3
ljz]iftM g]kfn k|x/Ln] sfof{Gjog ug{' kg]{ ck/fw ;+lxtf / sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfdf ePsf d'Vo—
d'Vo gofF Joj:yfx¿ pNn]v ug{' ;fGble{s x'g hfG5 . kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf
sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ xfn cfkm}df gofF Joj:yf xf] . t/k|:t't n]vdf ;hfo lgwf{/0f P]gsf]
sfof{Gjogsf] af/] oxfF rrf{ ul/Psf] 5}Gf .

4
g]kfnsf cg';Gwfgstf{ k|x/L / cleof]hgstf{ ;/sf/L jsLnx?sf] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng, @)&^ df klg of] ljifodf ;3g ?kdf
5nkmn ePsf] lyof] .
195
kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf g]kfn k|x/Lsf] e"ldsf 201

d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf d'Vo gofF Joj:yfx¿

gful/ssf] k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] em08} !^$ jif{ k'/fgf] kmf}hbf/L sfg"gdf cfd"n kl/jt{g u/L
ljut nfdf] cjlwb]lv g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L sfg"gnfO{ ;+lxtfs/0f ug]{ k|of;nfO{ d"t{¿k k|bfg
u/]sf] of] ck/fw ;+lxtf ;fdfGo sfg"g -General law_ sf] ¿kdf cfPsf]5 / 5'§f5'§} kl/R5]bdf
s;"/sf] Joj:yf u/L ;f]xL kl/R5]bdf Ifltk"lt{ tyf xbDofb ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]
;+lxtfdf ul/Psf cg';Gwfgstf{sf] e"ldsf ;DaGwL s]xL k|ltlglw Joj:yfsf af/]df oxfF
;+If]kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
x alx{If]qLo clwsf/ M bkmf @ df alx{If]qLo clwsf/ k|of]u ;DaGwL Joj:yf cg';f/
s;}n] g]kfn aflx/ cGo d'n'sdf P]gdf pNn]v eP cg';f/sf] s;"/ u/]df
g]kfnleq g} s;"/ u/] ;/x dflgg] Joj:yf ;+lxtfdf 5 . of] ;+lxtfeGbf cufl8
sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] d'n'sL P]g, @)@) tyf cGo k|rlnt sfg"gx¿df o;
;DaGwdf :ki6 Joj:yf gul/Psf]n] cg';Gwfg tyf clen]lvs/0f -
Documentation_ df ;d:of kb}{ cfPsf] lyof] . of] ;+lxtfn] u/]sf] alx{If]qLo
clwsf/sf] k|of]u ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] ;fy{s k|of]usf nflu kf/:kl/s sfg"gL
;xfotf / ;k'b{uL ;lGw x'g jf s'6gLlts ;xdlt x'g ckl/xfo{ x'G5 .
x s;"/sf] juL{s/0f M bkmf # -u_ df s;"/ eGgfn] o; P]g jf sfg"g adf]lhd ;hfo
x'g] sfd ;Demg' kg]{ egL kl/eflift u/]sf] . o; ;+lxtfdf h3Go s;"/ -Heinous
crime_ eGgfn] hGds}b x'g] jf b; jif{ eGbf a9L s}b ;hfo x'g] s;"/, uDeL/
s;"/ -Serious crime_ eGgfn] tLg jif{ eGbf a9L b; jif{;Dd s}b ;hfo x'g] /
;fdfGo s;"/ -Normal crime_ eGgfn] tLg jif{ eGbf sd s}b ;hfo x'g] s;"/nfO{
dfg]sf] 5 . ;+lxtf hf/L x'g' k"j{sf sfg"gx¿df hGds}b;Dd x'g] ;hfosf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] ePtfklg s;"/nfO{ juL{s/0f ul/Psf] lyPg s]jn d'2f -kmf}hbf/L / b]jfgL_
nfO{ dfq juL{s/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
x kmf}hbf/L Gofosf ;fdfGo l;4fGtM d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf hf/L x'g' k"j{ g]kfndf
hf/L ePsf s'g} klg sfg"gdf kmf}hbf/L Gofosf l;2fGtsf af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf]
lyPg . klxnf] k6s of] ;+lxtfsf] bkmf ^ b]lv bkmf #@ ;Dd kmf}hbf/L Gofosf]
;fdfGo l;2fGtx¿ pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ .6 oL l;4fGtx¿ of] ;+lxtf / cGo P]g
cGtu{tsf s;"/df klg ;fdfGotM nfu" x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
x ck/flws if8\oGq, pBf]u, b'?T;fxg / dltof/nfO{ s;"/ dflgg]M d'n'sL ck/fw
;+lxtfsf] bkmf ## b]lv #^ ;Dd ck/flws if8\oGq, pBf]u, b'?T;fxg / dltof/nfO{

5
d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf % df ljz]if P]gsf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] bkmfdf s'g} vf; sfdnfO{
s'g} ljz]if P]gåf/f 5'6\6} s;"/ dfgL ;hfo ug]{ Joj:yf ePsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf s;"/sf ;DaGwdf ;f]xL Joj:yf nfu" x'g]5 eGg]
Joj:yf 5 .
6
sfg"g adf]lhdsf] jfx]s s;"/ gx'g], sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s ;hfo gx'g], tYosf] e|ddf kl/ u/]sf] s;"/ gx'g], Pp6} s;"/df bf]xf]/f]
;hfo gx'g], :jR5 ;'g'jfO{af6 jl~rt gx'g], cfˆgf] lj?4 ;fIfL x'g s/ gnfUg], s;"/ k|dfl0ft geP ;Dd s;"/bf/ gdflgg],
afnsn] u/]sf] sfd s;"/ gx'g], xf]; 7]ufg gePsf]n] u/]sf] sfd s;"/ gdflgg], d~h'/L lnO{ u/]sf] sfd s;"/ gx'g], enfO{sf
nflu ;+/Ifssf] d~h'/L lnO{ u/]sf] sfd s;"/ gx'g] cfbL kmf}hbf/L Gofosf ;fdfGo l;4fGtx¿nfO{ dxTjsf ;fy pNn]v ul/Psf]
5.
196
202 kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf g]kfn k|x/Lsf] e"ldsf

s;"/ dfgL ;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;k"j{ k|rlnt d'n'sL P]gn] pBf]u /
dltof/nfO{ s;"/ dfg]sf] ePtfklg b'?T;fxgnfO{ s;"/ dfg]sf] lyPg . of]
Joj:yfn] x/]s s;"/sf nflu PsLs[t ¿kdf dfu{bz{g u/]sf] 5 . o;nfO{
cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] uDeL/tfk"j{s ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .
x s;"/sf] uDeL/tf a9fpg] / 36fpg] cj:yfM ck/fw ;+lxtfdf klxnf] k6s s;"/sf]
uDeL/tf a9fpg] / 36fpg] cj:yfx¿sf] af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;+lxtfsf]
bkmf #* df s;"/sf] uDeL/tf a9fpg] / bkmf #( df s;"/sf] uDeL/tf 36fpg]
Joj:yfx¿ pNn]v 5 . oL Joj:yfx¿n] ;hfo lgwf{/0fdf k|ToIf c;/ ug]{ b]lvG5 .
d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtfn] ;hfosf] Joj:yfdf clws :jljj]ssf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf]
cj:yfdf ;f] Joj:yfsf] ;xL k|of]usf nflu o:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] .
x ;hfosf] k|sf/ -bkmf $) / $!_ M ;+lxtf sfof{Gjog x'g'k"j{ k|rngdf /x]sf] ;j{:j
x'g] u/L x'g] ;hfosf] k|fjwfgnfO{ x6fOPsf] 5 . ;hfonfO{ cfhLjg s}b -hLljt
/x];Dd s}b_, hGds}b -@% jif{ s}b_, s}b, hl/jfgf, s}b / hl/jfgf, Ifltk"lt{,
hl/jfgf jf Ifltk"lt{ glt/] afktsf] s}b, s}bsf] ;§f ;fd'bflos ;]jf -^ dlxgf
eGbf sd s}b ;hfo ePsf]df_ egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
x PsLs[t s;"/ / k6s] s;"/bf/nfO{ yk ;hfo -bkmf $#,$$_M s'g} JolQmn] Pp6}
jf/bftdf Ps eGbf a9L s;"/ u/]sf] jf leGg leGg jf/bftdf leGg leGg s;"/
7x/ ePdf To:tf] JolQmnfO{ PsLs[t s;"/ u/]sf] dflgg] / PsLs[t s;"/ ug]{
s;"/bf/nfO{ ;hfo ubf{ clwstd ;hfo x'g] s;"/ afktsf] ;hfo / To:tf]
;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo yk u/L 8]9L ;hfo ug{'kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L s'g}
s;"/df ;hfo kfPsf] JolQmn] To:tf] ;hfo e'Qmfg u/]sf] jf dfkmL ePsf] kfFr
jif{sf] cjlw k"/f gx'Fb} csf]{ h3Go jf uDeL/ s;"/ u/]df lghnfO{ k6s] s;"/bf/
dflgg] / k6s] s;"/bf/nfO{ lghn] kl5Nnf] k6s u/]sf] s;"/df x'g] ;hfosf]
bf]Aa/;Dd ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
x ;hfodf 5'6 -bkmf $&_M s'g} s;"/bf/n] cfkm"n] u/]sf] s;"/ :jLsf/ u/L To:tf]
s;"/sf ;DaGwdf k|df0f h'6fpg, cGo cleo'Qm jf To;sf] lu/f]x jf dltof/nfO{
kqmfp ug{ jf cg';Gwfg jf cleof]hg kIf jf cbfntnfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofPsf]df
sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] ;hfosf] a9Ldf krf; k|ltzt;Dd ;hfo 5'6 lbg ;lsg] u/L
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
x cGtl/d Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf -bkmf $*_M s'g} s;"/af6 kLl8t JolQm jf lghdf
cfl>t JolQmnfO{ tTsfn pkrf/ u/fpg' kg]{ ePdf jf Ifltk"lt{ jf s'g} k|sf/sf]
/fxt /sd lbg' k/]df To:tf] JolQmnfO{ cf}ifwf]krf/ u/fpg jf cGtl/d ¿kdf
Ifltk"lt{ jf /fxt /sd ltg{ cbfntn] cfb]z lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . of]
Joj:yf kLl8tnfO{ s]G›df /fvL th{'df ePsf] Joj:yf xf]. ;+lxtfk"j{ k|rlnt g]kfn
sfg"gdf kLl8tnfO{ pknJw u/fpg] /fxt tyf Ifltk"lt{sf] ;DjGwdf :ki6 sfg"gL

197
kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf g]kfn k|x/Lsf] e"ldsf 203

Joj:yf gePsfn] cGof]ntf ;[hgf x'Fb} cfPsf] lyof] h;nfO{ o; sfg"gn] ;Djf]wg
u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
x d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ / d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ nfu" eP
kZrft\ !# j6f sfg"gx¿ vf/]hL ePsf / #^ j6f sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg ePsf 5g\ .7
ck/fw cg';GwfgnfO{ :jR5 / dof{lbt agfpg ul/Psf sfg"gL JoJf:yfx¿
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] df}lns xsdf g} :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf] xssf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 . :jR5
;'g'jfOsf l;4fGt / dfGotfnfO{ ck/fw cg';Gwfgb]lv g} kfngf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . d'n'sL
ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ n] ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ :jR5 / dof{lbt
agfpgsf nflu ;+lxtfn] ljutsf] eGbf yk s;"/ / ;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . tL
Joj:yfx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf5g\ M
x em'¶f k|df0f agfpg gx'g]M agfPdf kfFr jif{;Dd s}b / krf; xhf/ ¿k}Fof;Dd
hl/jfgf x'g]5 . -bkmf *(_
x em'¶f k|df0f agfpg / lbg gx'g]M o;f]u/]df ug]{ jf u/fpg]nfO{ b'O{ jif{;Dd s}b /
aL; xhf/ ¿k}Fof;Dd hl/jfgf x'g]5 . -bkmf ()_
x em'¶f k|df0f jf k|df0fkq k|of]u ug{ gx'g]M o;f] u/]df tLg jif{;Dd s}b / tL; xhf/
¿k}Fof;Dd hl/jfgf x'g]5 -bkmf (!_
x ablgotk"j{s cg';Gwfg jf cleof]hg ug{ gx'g]M o;f] u/]df 5 dlxgf;Dd s}b jf
kfFr xhf/ ¿k}Fof;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 . -bkmf ((_
x oftgf lbg gx'g]M o;f] u/]df kfFr jif{;Dd s}b jf krf; xhf/ ¿k}Fof;Dd hl/jfgf
jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 . -bkmf !^&_
x ckdfghgs jf cdfgjLo Jojxf/ ug{ gx'g]M kfFr jif{;Dd s}b jf krf; xhf/
¿k}Fof;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 . -bkmf !^*_
x JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ sfd ug{ u/fpg gx'g]M kGw| jif{;Dd s}b jf kfFr nfv ¿k}of;Dd
hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 . -bkmf @)^_
oL Joj:yfx¿ ck/fw ;+lxtfn] u/]sf gofF Joj:yf x'g\ . cg';Gwfgstf{ Pjd\
cleof]hgstf{nfO{ j:t'ut cfwf/df sfd sf/jfxL ug{sf nflu dfu{bz{g ug{ oL Joj:yf
cfPsf] b]lvG5 . s'g} klg ¿kdf c;n lgotn] sfd ug]{ cg';Gwfgstf{ / cleof]hgstf{nfO{
arfp ub}{ ckjfbsf] ¿kdf dfq oL Joj:yfx¿ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' pko'Qm x'G5 . hyfefjL
¿kdf oL Joj:yfsf] k|of]u ul/g] xf] eg] ck/fw cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hgsf] sfo{df vl6g]
OdfGbf/ hgzlQmsf] dgf]andf gsf/fTds k|efj kg{ hfG5 . ;+lxtf sfof{Gjogsf k|f/lDes
lbgx¿df oL Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjogdf sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] k|lqmof g} cjnDag gu/L
cg';Gwfgstf{nfO{ ;hfo ug]{ cEof;n] ;sf/fTds ;Gb]z lbPsf] 5}g . sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]

7
s]xL g]kfn sfg"g ;+zf]wg, ;dfof]hg / vf/]h ug]{ P]g, @)&$ .
198
204 kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf g]kfn k|x/Lsf] e"ldsf

k|of]udf ;a} txaf6 plQs} lhDd]jf/L k|bz{g u/L ;+lxtfn] cfTd;ft u/]sf] dd{ cg'¿ksf]
sfof{Gjog x'g' pko'Qm x'G5 .
d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf d'Vo gofF Joj:yfx¿
x hfx]/L b/vf:t jf s;"/sf] ;"rgf M lnlvt, df}lvs, ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 hfx]/L
b/vf:t k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] tyf cg';"rL—@ adf]lhdsf s;"/sf] ;"rgf ;DalGwt
sfof{no jf clwsf/L ;dIf btf{ ug{ tTsfn ;Dej gePdf To:tf] ;"rgf glhssf]
k|x/L sfof{nodf lbg ;lsg] / To:tf] ;"rgf ;DalGwt k|x/L sfof{non] btf{ u/L
sf/jfxLsf nflu tLg lbgleq ;DalGwt sfof{no jf clwsf/L ;dIf k7fpg'kg]{
5 . xfn oL Joj:yfx¿ k"0f{¿kdf sfo{Gjogdf cfPsf] b]lvG5 . hfx]/L btf{ ug{
OGsf/ ePsf] cj:yfdf lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no jf dflyNnf] k|x/L
sfof{nodf ph"/ ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 . of] Joj:yfsf] klg k|of]u e}/x]sf] kfOG5 .
x cg';Gwfg clws[t M ;+lxtfk"j{ k|rlnt sfg"gdf k|x/L ;xfos lg/LIfs / ;f]eGbf
dflyNnf] bhf{sf] k|x/L clws[t cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] ¿kdf vl6g ;Sg] Joj:yf
/x]sf]df o; ;+lxtfn] cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] bhf{ a9fO{ slDtdf k|x/L gfoa lg/LIfs
cg';Gwfg clws[t x'g] Joa:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ /fHo lj?4sf ck/fw, Hofg ;DaGwL,
ha/h:tL s/0fL, vf]6frng, ablgotk"j{s Onfh u/]sf], 8fFsf OTofbL uDeL/
d'2fx¿df k|x/L lg/LIfsnfO{ cg';Gwfg clwsf/L tf]Sg'kg]{ JoJ:yf 5 h'g o;eGbf
klxn] g]kfndf k|rlnt kmf}hbf/L sfg"gdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyPg . d'n'sL ck/fw
;+lxtf nfu" eP kZrft\ o;} Joj:yf adf]lhd cg';Gwfg clws[t tf]lsFb} cfPsf]
5 . k|x/L lg/LIfs g} cg';Gwfg clws[t x'g] Joj:yfn] d'2fsf] cg';Gwfgsf]
k|efjsfl/tfdf j[l4 u/]tf klg g]kfn k|x/Ldf sfod k|x/L lg/LIfssf] ;+Vof
nufotsf sf/0fn] sltko cj:yfdf tTsfn ;f] bhf{sf] clws[t pknAw gePdf -
labf a;]sf] cj:yf, cGo :yfgdf vl6Psf] cj:yf cflb_ cg';Gwfg sfo{ cufl8
a9fpg r'gf}tL ylkPsf] 5 .
x cleo'Qmsf] kqmfp M cg';Gwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf s'g} JolQmnfO{ kqmfp ug{' k/]df d'2f
x]g]{ clwsf/Lsf] cg'dlt lnO{ kqmfp ug{'kg]{ 5 . cg';Gwfg clwsf/LnfO{ s;"/ ug]{
JolQm efUg pDsg ;Sg] jf ;a"b k|df0f nf]k gi6 ug{ ;Sg] nfu]df tTsfn kqfp
ug{' kg{] cj:yfdf h?/L kqmfp k'hL{ hf/L kqmfp ug{ ;Sb5 . To;/L kqmfp
ul/Psf]df :jLs[ltsf] nflu d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf k]z ug{' kb{5 . xfn clwsf/
k|fKt clwsf/Lsf] cg'dlt lnO{ kqmfp k'hL{ hf/L u/L kqmfp ug]{ tyf h?/L kqmfp
k'hL{ hf/L u/L kqmfp kZrft\ clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ljf6 ;xdlt lng'kg]{ b'j}
Joj:yf sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] ef}uf]lns kl/j]z / sfg"gsf] kfngf ug'{ kg]{
gful/s st{Jok/fo0ftfsf] cj:yf Pjd\ ;fdflhs dgf]lj1fg ;d]tsf] cfwf/df
cbfntaf6 cg'dlt lnP/ kqmfp ug]{ cEof;eGbf h?/L kqmfp k'hL{ hf/L u/L
kqmfp ug]{ cEof; w]/} b]lvg' cg';Gwfgstf{sf] afWofTds cj:yf xf] . gofF sfg"gL
Joj:yf cg';f/sf] ;+:sf/ ;a} kIfdf ljsf; x'Fb} hfFbf sfg"gn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf]
Joj:yfsf] klg k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
199
kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf g]kfn k|x/Lsf] e"ldsf 205

x hfx]/L b/vf:t tfd]nLdf /fVg ;Sg] M e|dk"0f{, em'¶f jf sfNklgs hfx]/L b/vf:t jf
;"rgfnfO{ cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] tfd]nLdf /fVg dgfl;j b]v]df sf/0f vf]nL
;fdfGotof tLg lbgleq ;/sf/L jsLn ;dIf k7fpg' kg]{ / ;/sf/L jsLnn]
tfd]nLdf /fVg] jf yk cg';Gwfg ug{ cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . tfd]nLdf /fVg] ;DaGwL ljifo k|fKt hfx]/L b/vf:tsf] ljZjf;lgotf /
k|f/lDes cg';Gwfgsf] glthfdf e/ kg]{ b]lvG5 . l56k'6 ¿kdf of] Joj:yfsf] klg
k|of]u ;'? ePsf] kfOG5 .
x cg';Gwfg 6f]nLsf] u7g M s;"/sf] ufDeLo{tf x]/L ;DalGwt cg';Gwfg clwsf/Laf6
dfq cg';Gwfg x'g g;Sg] tfn's clwsf/L jf k|x/L dxflg/LIfsnfO{ nfu]df
cg';Gwfg 6f]nL u7g ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . sltko uDeL/ k|s[ltsf
ljjfbdf of] Joj:yfsf] klg sfof{Gjog k|f/De ePsf] 5 .
x cleo'QmnfO{ lx/f;tdf lng] M cleo'QmnfO{ ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no dfkm{t d'2f x]g{]
clwsf/Lsf] cg'dlt lnO{ al9df kRrL; lbg;Dd lx/f;tdf /fVg] cg'dlt lnO{
cg';Gwfg ug{ ;lsg] 5 . afnaflnsf ;+nUg s;"/df afnaflnsfnfO{ a9Ldf
PSsfO; lbg;Dd dfq lx/f;tdf /fVg ;lsg] Joj:yf afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g,
@)&% n] u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L /fHo lj?4 ck/fw, ljikmf]6s kbfy{, ckx/0f h:tf
uDeL/ k|s[ltsf ck/fwdf cg';Gwfg clwsf/L tyf ;/sf/L jsLn b'j}n]
sf/0f;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k]z u/L yk kGw| lbg lx/f;tdf lng ;Sg] yk Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 t/ ;ft dlxgfsf] ue{jtL dlxnf, afnaflnsf / krxQ/ jif{sf a[4
a[4fnfO{ cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] s;"/sf] k|s[lt x]/L sf/0f v'nfO{ krf{ v8f u/L
tfl/vdf /fvL cg';Gwfg ug{ ;Sg] 5 . cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] s;"/sf] k|s[lt x]/L
;/sf/L jsLnsf] ;xdlt lnO{ jf tTsfn ;xdlt lng g;s]df sf/0f;lxt krf{
v8f u/L To:tf] JolQmnfO{ w/f}6, hdfgt lnO{ jf dfyj/ JolQmsf] lhDdfdf xflh/
hdfgLdf jf tfl/vdf /fvL cg';Gwfg ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf klg ul/Psf] 5 . oL
Joj:yfsf] klg sfof{Gjog k|f/De ePsf] 5 . afnaflnsf ;DaGwL d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg
PSsfO; lbgdf ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ljz]if P]g adf]lhdsf] s;"/df klg of]
Joj:yf ;f]xL adf]lhd PSsfO; lbgdf cg';Gwfg ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . of]
PSsfO; lbgsf] ;dofjlwnfO{ klg clwstd ;do dfgL ;Dej eP;Dd rfF8f]
cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg 6'+uf] nufpg' kg]{ P]gsf] dg;fo /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
x cleo'Qmsf] jofg -bkmf !^ / !&_M ;/sf/L jsLn ;dIf cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln]
cleo'Qmsf] jofg lnG5 . afnaflnsf jf zf/Ll/s ¿kdf c;dy{ ePsf] JolQm;Fu
;f]wk'5 ubf{ lgh a;]s} 7fpFdf uO{ ;f]wk'5 ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . pkl:yt x'g
g;Sg] cleo'QmnfO{ Video conference af6 aofg tyf ;f]wk'5 ug{ ;lsg] gofF
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;+qmfds /f]usf] ¿kdf km}lnPsf] sf]le8 !( sf] sf/0f klg
>Job[Zo dfkm{t cleo'Qm pkl:yt u/fpg] cEof; ljsf; ePsf] 5 .
x lx/f;tdf s'6lk6 tyf oftgfM lx/f;tdf lnPsf] JolQmnfO{ s'6lk6 oftgf lbPsf]
kfOPdf pkrf/ u/fO{ lghnfO{ cGtl/d /fxt pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf]
200
206 kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf g]kfn k|x/Lsf] e"ldsf

5 . s'6lk6 jf oftgf lbg]nfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd sf/jfxL ug{ cbfntn] cfb]z lbg
;Sb5 . ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf x'g] oftgf cj lbgftLt e};s]sf] 5 . obfsbf
To:tf 36gf ePsf] cj:yfdf klg ;f] ljifo ;+:yfut geO{ JolQmut
pQ/bfloTjsf] ¿kdf lhDd]jf/L axg ug'{ kg]{ cEof; ljsf; ePsf] 5 .
x ljz]if1sf] /foM zj k/LIf0f jf nfz hfFr jf cGo ;a'b k|df0f ;+sng ubf{
cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] s;"/sf] ufDeLo{tf x]/L ;DalGwt s'g} ljz]if1nfO{ ;fydf lnO{
hfg ;Sb5 . d'2fsf] hl6ntf x]/L cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] d]l8sn af]8{ jf s'g}
ljz]if1sf] af]8{ u7g ug{ l;kmfl/; u/]df g]kfn ;/sf/n] To:tf] af]8{ u7g ug{
;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . ljz]if1 u}/;/sf/L JolQm eP kfl/>lds g]kfn ;/sf/n] Joj:yf
ug]{ klg pNn]v 5 . ck/fw cg';GwfgnfO{ j}1flgs k|df0fdf cfwfl/t agfpg /
k|df0fsf] j}1flgs k/LIf0f u/L j:t'ut ¿kdf cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hg ug{sf
nflu of] Joj:yf dfu{bz{s /x]sf] 5 .
x cg';Gwfg 8fo/LM cg';Gwfg ;DaGwdf u/]sf] sfdsf] cg';"rL–!* adf]lhdsf] 8fo/L
v8f ug{' kg]{ tyf ;f] 8fo/L ;/sf/L jsLn jf cbfntn] cfjZostf cg';f/
lemsfO{ x]g{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . of] Joj:yfn] cg';Gwfgsf] qmda4tf Pjd\
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ePsf sfd sf/jfxLsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] / o;af6
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ;+slnt k|df0fsf] ljZj;lgotf ;d]t clea[l4 ug{ ;xof]u
k'u]sf] 5 . of] cg';Gwfgstf{nfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kdf sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ dfu{bz{g ug]{
k|aGw klg xf] .
x cleof]ukq ;DaGwLM cg';Gwfgdf ;xof]u ug]{ cleo'QmnfO{ ;hfodf 5'6 lbg
;lsg] Joj:yf -bkmf ##_, yk k|df0faf6 cleo'QmnfO{ yk dfubfjL ug{ k/]df -bkmf
#^_ / cleof]ukqdf gfd, y/, pd]/, 7]ufgf h:tf ;fdfGo q'6L ;Rofpg k/]df -
bkmf #&_ ;f] ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . oL Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjog e}/x]s]f
5 . gLltut :ki6tf sfod x'g afFsL g} /x]sf]n] bfjLdf 5'6 ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf]
k|of]u ;+lxtf sfof{Gjogsf] klxnf] jif{ Go"g b]lvPsf] ePkl5 bf];|f] jif{b]lv o;sf]
k|of]u lj:tf/ x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
x d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hgM d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfn] rf/ j6f
cg';"rLdf d'2fnfO{ ;"rLs/0f u/]sf] 5 / ;f]xL cg';f/ cleof]hg jf d'2f bfo/ x'g]
Joj:yf 5 .
— cg';"rL—!M k|x/Ln] cg';Gwfg u/L ;/sf/L jsLnn] cleof]ukqsf] ¿kdf bfo/
ug]{ .
— cg';"rL—@ Mtf]s]sf] clwsf/Ln] cg';Gwfg u/L ;/sf/L jsLnn] cleof]ukqsf]
¿kdf bfo/ ug]{ . -t/ d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf #
adf]lhd ljz]if P]gdf cleof]ukq bfo/ ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt clwsf/Laf6 x'g] jf
cGo s'g} Joj:yf u/]sf]df ;f]xL adf]lhd x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhd cg';"rL @
sf s;"/sf] cleof]ukq ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 x'g] u/]sf] 5_

201
kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf g]kfn k|x/Lsf] e"ldsf 207

— cg';"rL—#M g]kfn ;/sf/, ;+j}wflgs lgsfo, cbfnt jf ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Ln]

ph'/L jf lgj]bgsf] ¿kdf bfo/ ug]{ .
— cg';"rL—$M cGtu{tsf] d'2f xsb}of jf ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQmn] lkm/fb kqsf] ¿kdf
bfo/ ug{' kg]{ .
x yk cg';Gwfg tyf k|df0f k]z ug]{ bkmf !@# -@_M s'g} cleo'Qmn] cbfntdf jofg
ubf{ cg';Gwfg clwsf/L ;dIf u/]sf] eGbf km/s lhls/ lnPdf lghn] k]z u/]sf]
k|df0f jf lhls/sf] ljifodf jfbL kIfn] k'gM cg';Gwfg u/L jf u/fO{ cbfntdf yk
;a'b k|df0f k]z ug{ dfu u/]df cbfntn] To:tf] yk ;a'b k|df0f k]z ug{ cg'dlt
lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 .
x kLl8t jf ;fIfLsf] ;'/Iff / uf]kgLotfM ;fIfLnfO{ b}lgs e|d0f eQf tyf ;'/Iff lbg'
kg]{, ;fIfL jf kLl8tsf] ;+/If0f ug{' kg]{ tyf kLl8t jf ;fIfLsf] kl/ro uf]Ko /fVg
;lsg] Joj:yf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
x cg';Gwfg clwsf/Lsf] k|lt/IffM cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] c;n lgotn] u/]sf] sfd
sf/jfxL pk/ s'g} sf/jfxL x'g] 5}g, cbfntdf ph'/L btf{ ubf{ ljefuLo k|d'vsf]
lnlvt :jLs[lt k|:t't ug{' kg]{ 5 / bkmf !*( df jblgotk"0f{ cg';Gwfg/
cleof]hgsf] cg';Gwfg ug{ ;ldlt u7g x'g] Joj:yf klg /x]sf] 5 . of]
cg';Gwfgstf{ / cleof]hgstf{nfO{ Jofj;flos sfo{sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ul/Psf]
Joj:yf xf] .
#= g]kfn k|x/Lsf]tkm{af6 ;+lxtf sfof{Gjogdf ePsf k|of;x¿M
x sfof{Gjogsf] ;DaGwdf k|x/L jl/i7 pk/LIfssf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] ;ft j6f ;+3Lo
k|x/L PsfO{ sfof{no :yfkgf eO{ ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] ;'kl/j]If0f ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ .
x d'n'sL ;+lxtfsf] sfof{Gjogsf af/]df cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ nlIft u/L ;a} lhNnfdf
cg'udg tyf cGts[of eO;s]sf] .
x ;+lxtf sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos hgzlQm ljsf;sf] nflu #!,#^# hgf k|x/L
sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cg'lzIf0f k|bfg ul/;lsPsf] / cGo yk k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{ lgoldt
¿kdf cg'lzIf0f k|bfg ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn k|x/Ljf6 ;+rfng x'g] ck/fw
cg';Gwfg;Fu ;DalGwt tflndx¿df ;+lxtf ;DaGwL ljifonfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf
;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
x k|x/L gfoa dxflg/LIfssf] g]t[Tjdf ;fOa/ Ao"/f] / k|x/L jl/i7 pk/LIfssf]
g]t[Tjdf dfgj a]rlavg lgoGq0f Ao"/f]sf] :yfkgf eO{ ;+rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . ;fy}
d'2f btf{ u/L cg';Gwfg ug]{ k|x/L PsfO{x¿sf] ;+Vof j[l4 u/L xfn @!$ k'¥ofOPsf]
5 . ;fljs b]lvsf] s]Gb|Lo cg';Gwfg Jo"/f]n] sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
x ;+lxtf / lgdodfjnLdf pNn]lvt 9fFrfx¿ tof/ u/L ;f] cg';f/ sfof{Gjog ug{
dftxtnfO{ lgb]{zg ul/Psf] 5 .

202
208 kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf g]kfn k|x/Lsf] e"ldsf

x ;+lxtfdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd lel8of] sGkm]/]G; ug]{ k|0ffnL k|x/L sfof{nox¿df

;'? eO{ sfof{Gjogf /x]sf 5g\ .
x ljleGg ;dodf dxfGofolwjQmfsf] sfof{no, ;/sf/L jlsnsf] sfof{no nufot
cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo;Fusf] a}7s, 5nkmn, cGt/s[of tyf uf]i7Lx¿ ;~rfng
e}/x]sf 5g\ .
x ;+lxtf sfof{Gjogs} ;]/f]km]/f]df @)&% ;fndf cg';Gwfgstf{ / cleof]hgstf{x¿sf]
k|yd k|fb]lzs ;Dd]ng lj/f6gu/, a'6jn, g]kfnu+h / sf7df8f}df ;kmntfk"j{s
;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] eg] @)&^ ;fndf hgsk'/, wgu9L / sf7df08f}df bf];|f]
k|fb]lzs ;Dd]ngx¿ ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 eg] @)&^ ;fn kf}ifdf sf7df8f}df
g]kfnsf cg';Gwfgstf{ g]kfn k|x/L / cleof]hgstf{ ;/sf/L jsLn aLrsf] bf];|f]
/fli6«o ;Dd]ng ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg eO{ ;s]sf] 5 .
x ;f]xL ;Dd]ngaf6 hf/L ePsf] ## a'Fb] 3f]if0ffkq sf] a'Fbf g= $,%,& nufotsf
a'Fbfx¿df gofF kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog, ;dfo;fk]If ¿kdf cfjZos gofF
sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f tyf kmf}hbf/L sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/]sf] ;hfo 5'6 ;DaGwL Joj:yf,
k|df0f k/LIf0f ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ sfo{Gjog ug]{ s'/fdf g]kfn k|x/L / ;/sf/L
jlsn sfof{non] ;femf k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf] tYo pNn]v 5 .
$= ;+lxtf sfof{Gjogsf] jt{dfg cj:yf
d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtf, @)&$ nfu" eP kZrft\ k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no, k|b]z k|x/L
sfof{nox¿, dxfgu/Lo k|x/L cfo'Qm sfof{no, ljleGg cg';Gwfg Ao"/f]x¿, ;+3Lo k|x/L PsfO{
sfof{nox¿, lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nox¿, Onfsf k|x/L sfof{nox¿, j8f k|x/L sfof{nox¿
;+lxtf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cfˆgf] P]ltxfl;s lhDd]jf/L / bfloTj 7fg]/ cxf]/fq cfcfˆgf]
7fpFaf6 cbfnt, ;/sf/L jsLn tyf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿;Fu cfjZos ;dGjo ub}{ ;+lxtf
sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cufl8 al9/x]sf 5g\ . ;du|df g]kfn k|x/Ldf ;+lxtfx¿sf] ;du|
sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf pT;fxk|b /x]sf] b]lvG5 . xfn} g]kfn k|x/Ln] sfof{Gjog cj:yfsf] af/]df
dftxtsf d'2f rNg] k|x/L sfof{nosf k|d'v / cg';Gwfgdf ;+nUg k|x/L sd{rf/Lx¿ aLr
5nkmn u/L u/fO{ b]xfosf /fo ;'emfjx¿ ;+sng u/]sf] 5M
x d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtfx¿ @)&%.)%.)! ut]b]lv nfu" eO{ sfof{Gjog eP kZrft\
s]xL sfg"gL tyf Jofjxfl/s r'gf}tLx¿n] cg';Gwfgdf c;xhtf pTkGg u/]tf klg
xfn;Dd sfof{Gjog cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs g} /x]sf] .
x kqmfp ug{ d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/Laf6 cg'dlt lng'kg]{ ePsf]n] ck/fw cg';Gwfgdf s]xL
em0eml6nf]] cg'ej ul/Psf] .
x cleo'Qmsf] Dofb yk ug{ lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no dfkm{t ug{'kg]{ ePsf]n]
k|lqmof nfdf] eP h:tf] cg'ej ul/Psf] / a9L ;do nfUg] u/]sf] .
x k|x/L rf}sLdf k|x/L ;xfos lg/LIfssf] b/aGbL ePsf sf/0f 36gf:yn d'r'Nsfdf
sDtLdf k|x/L gfoj lg/LIfs / nfzhfFr d'r'Nsfdf k|x/L lg/LIfs bhf{sf]

203
kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf g]kfn k|x/Lsf] e"ldsf 209

cg';Gwfg clws[t /xg'kg]{ ePsf]n] pQm bhf{x¿ kof{Kt gx'Fbf sfof{Gjogdf ;d:of
x'g] u/]sf] .
x ljutsf] t'ngfdf d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ / d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf,
@)&$ w]/} xb;Dd :ki6 / bfo/f;d]t km/flsnf] ePsf] cg'ej ul/Psf] .
x ;a} sd{rf/Ldf kof{Kt tflnd / 1fg gx'Fbf k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{ ug{ ;d:of klg
/x]sf] .
x cleo'Qm kqmfp ug]{ ;DaGwdf k"j{ :jLs[lt lnP/ ug{' kg]{ Joj:yf sltko cj:yfdf
Jofjxfl/s gePsf] .
x k|To]s kl/R5]bdf s;"/ cg';f/sf] bkmfx¿ /flvPsf] x'Fbf s;"/sf] k|s[lt cg';f/
d'2f btf{ ug{ ;xh ePsf] .
x d'n'sL P]g eGbf xfnsf] ;+lxtfn] NofPsf] s;"/ cg';f/sf] ;hfo w]/} ePsf] x'Fbf
s;"/ ug]{ JolQmx¿ lg?T;flxt ag]sf]n] ck/fwdf sdL cfPsf] .
x ljleGg dfWoodx¿åf/f ;"rgf, hfx]/L cfpg] u/]sf]n] ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no /
cbfnt ;d]t;Fu ;dGjo u/L sfof{Gjogdf ;xh agfpFb} nluPsf] .
x cfTdxTof b'?T;fxg, /fHo lj?4sf ck/fw, of}g b'Jo{jxf/, ;fdflhs ck/fw,
Onfh;DaGwL s;"/, ce› Jojxf/ ;DaGwL s;"/ h:tf zLif{sdf d'2fx¿ btf{ u/L
cg';Gwfg sfo{sf] yfngL ul/Psf] .
$=! ;/sf/L jsLn / k|x/Lsf] ;+o'Qm cg'udg
d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf tyf d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf / ck/fw lgoGq0f tyf cg';Gwfg sfo{of]hgf -CAP_ sfof{Gjogsf]
l:ylt cg'udg ug{ dxfGofoflwjQmf sfof{no ;/sf/L jsLn tyf g]kfn k|x/Lsf
clws[tx¿af6 ljleGg @^ lhNnfsf] :ynut ;+o'Qm cg'udg ul/Psf] lyof] . cg'udgsf]
qmddf ;+lxtfx¿sf] sfof{Gjog cj:yf b]xfo adf]lhd kfOPsf] 5M
qm=;= ljj/0f
! ck/fwsf] if8oGqdf sf/jfxL -ck/fw ;+lxtfsf] bkmf ##_ $
@ ck/fwsf] pBf]udf sf/jfxL -ck/fw ;+lxtfsf] bkmf #$_ $!(
# ck/fwsf] b'¿T;fxgdf sf/jfxL -ck/fw ;+lxtfsf] bkmf #%_ $(
$ s;"/sf] uDeL/tf a9fpg] cj:yfsf] dfubfjL -ck/fw ;+lxtfsf] bkmf #*_ !^
% s;"/sf] uDeL/tf 36fpg] cj:yfsf] dfubfjL -ck/fw ;+lxtfsf] bkmf #(_ ^)
^ alx{If]qLo If]qflwsf/sf] k|of]u u/] gu/]sf] -sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] bkmf #)_ %
& ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 k|fKt s;"/sf] ;"rgf btf{ -sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] bkmf $-!__ !
* hfx]/L bvf{:t jf ;"rgf btf{ gu/]sf]df ph"/L k/]÷gk/]sf] -sfo{ljlw @@
;+lxtfsf] bkmf %_
( e|dk"0f{, em'Ýf jf sfNklgs ;"rgfnfO{ tfd]nLdf /fv]sf]÷g/fv]sf] -sfo{ljlw *
204
210 kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf g]kfn k|x/Lsf] e"ldsf

;+lxtfsf] bkmf !!_

!) lx/f;tdf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] 5f8]sf] -sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] ^@
bkmf !%_
!! 36gf:yn d'r'Nsf ubf{ /]vflrq0f ug]{ u/]sf] gu/]sf] -sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] #^!
bkmf *-@_
!@ ;hfodf 5'6sf] dfubfjL lnPglnPsf] -sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] bkmf ##_ #)
!# vf; lsl;dsf ;fgfltgf s;"/df d'2f bfo/ ug{ cfjZos gx'g] Joj:yfsf] $
sfof{Gjog -sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] bkmf #$_
!$ cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ eO{ ;s]kl5 ;/sf/L jsLnn] yk k|df0fx¿af6 cGo *
JolQm pk/ d'2f bfo/ ug{ / d'2f bfo/ eO{ sfod ePsf] cleo'Qm pk/ yk
bfjL lng ;lsg] Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjog -sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] bkmf #%_
!% cbfntdf Ps k6s bfo/ eO{ ;s]sf] d'2fdf yk k|df0f km]nf k/]df klxn] !
lnPsf] dfubfjL ;+zf]wgsf nflu ;/sf/L jsLnn] cleof]ukq ;+zf]wg ug{
lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjog -sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] bkmf !)(_
!^ >Ao b[Zo ;Djfb dfkm{t ;fIfL j'‰g ;lsg] Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjog -sfo{ljlw !
;+lxtfsf] bkmf #^_
!& ck/fw ;+lxtf nfu" -@)&% ebf} ! ut]_ eP k5fl8sf] s'n kqmfp ;+VofM !)@!*
•cbfntaf6 kqmfp k"hL{ hf/L eO{ kqmfp ;+Vof–#@)$
•h?/L kqmfp k"hL{ lbO{ kqmfp ;+Vof–@!!$$

dflysf] tflnsfaf6 d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ nfu" eP kZrft\ o; ;+lxtfn] Joj:yf
u/]sf gofF Joj:yfx¿ qmdzM nfu" x'b} uO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . s;"/sf] uDeL/tf a9fpg], 36fpg]
tyf ;hfo 5'6 ;DaGwL dfubfjL lnO{ d'2f bfo/ x'g', >Ao b[Zosf] dfWoodaf6 ;fIfL a'‰g]
Joj:yf x'g' tyf cbfntsf] cg'dlt lnP/ kqmfp x'g] ;+Vofn] ;+lxtf sfof{Gjogsf] l:yltnfO{
b]vfpFb5 . ;+lxtf sfof{Gjogsf] ;'?jftL r/0fdf /x]sfn] h?/L kqmfp k'hL{sf] ;Vof w]/}
b]lvPsf] 5 t/ of] qmdzM 36\b} hfg] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
%= ;+lxtf sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf r'gf}tL / ;d:ofx¿ / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no, sfo{ Pj+ ck/fw cg';Gwfg ljefu dftxtdf /x]sf @!$ j6f k|x/L
sfof{nox¿ Pj+ cg'udg Pj+ ;'kl/j]If0f lgsfox¿ ;d]taf6 k|fKt k[i7kf]if0f, ljleGg ;dodf
ePsf 5nkmn, uf]i7L, cg'udg,cg';Gwfgstf{ k|x/L / cleof]hgstf{ ;/sf/L jsLnx¿sf]
k|fb]lzs ;Dd]ngx¿ ;d]tsf] cfwf/df ;+lxtf sfof{Gjog txdf lgDg ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
klxrfg ePsf 5g\M

205
kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf g]kfn k|x/Lsf] e"ldsf 211

l;=g+= sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿

r'gf}tLx¿
! h?/L kqmfp k'hL{ :jLs[lt / kqmfp cg'dlt d'2f x]g]{ lgsfo @$ ;}+ 306f v'nf x'g'
lngnfO{ ;d:of . kg]{ .
@ cbfntsf] kqmfp cg'dltn] dfq z+lst JolQmsf] cbfntsf] cg'dlt ljgf :ki6 gfdy/
vf]htnf; tyf kqmfp ug{' kg]{ ePsf] x'Fbf :ki6 gv'n]sf JolQmsf] vf]htnf; / kqmfp
jtg gv'n]sf] JolQmsf] gfpFdf kqmfp cg'dlt ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ .
lng g;lsPsf] x'Fbf To:tf z+lst JolQmx¿nfO{
vf]htnf; / kqmfp u/L sfg"gL bfo/fdf Nofpg
sl7gfO{ ePsf] .
# ;Ddflgt cbfntaf6 kqmfp cg'dlt lng' kg]{ ;Ddflgt cbfntaf6 kqmfp cg'dlt
ePsf] x'Fbf cg';Gwfgdf uf]Kotf sfod x'g lbFbf uf]Kotf sfod ug{ Wofg lbg'kg]{
g;s]sf] klg cg'ej ePsf] . .
$ sfof{no k|d'v k|x/L lg/LIfs ePsf] sfof{nox¿df sfof{no k|d'v labf uPsf] cj:yfdf
lgh labf uPsf] cj:yfdf h3Go k|s[ltsf] lgldQ sfof{no k|d'v k|x/L gfoj
ck/fwdf cg';Gwfg ug{ ;d:of b]lvPsf], cGo lg/LIfs;DdnfO{ cg';Gwfg clws[t
sfof{nosf] cg';Gwfg clws[t tf]Sbf cg';Gwfg tf]lsPdf cg';Gwfg ug{ ;xh x'g] .
txlssft k|efljt tyf ck'/f] x'g] .
% k|x/Ln] kqmfp k/]sf] cleo'Qmsf] tTsfn 3/ sf]7f ;a} 7fpFdf k|x/L gfoj lg/LIfs bhf{
vfgtnf;L ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ;+zf]wgdf gx'g] x'Fbf o;df j[l4 ul/g' kg]{ .
cfPtfklg k|x/L gfoj lg/LIfs bhf{ elgPsf] .
^ rf]/L ;DaGwL s;"/df a/fdb eO{ cfPsf] bzL rf]/L d'2fdf a/fdb eO{ cfPsf] bzL
tTsfn lkmtf{ gx'g] x'Fbf hfx]/L b/vf:t lbg OGsf/ klxnf] k6s Dofb yk ubf{ d'2f x]g]{
ug]{ u/]sf] . clwsf/L ;dIf k]z x'Fbfsf] avt g}
bzL kLl8tnfO{ lbg] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ .
& dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ s;"/df kLl8tn] ;Ddflgt cbfntsf] O{hnf;
kLl8tnfO{ ;Ddflgt cbfntdf pkl:yt u/fO{ ;dIf lbPsf] aofg g} ;fIfL askq
dfggLo GofofwLzHo"af6 kLl8tsf] aofg k|dfl0ft ;d]tsf] k|df0fsf] ¿kdf lng' pko'Qm
ePsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t kLl8tnfO{ ;Ddflgt x'g] .
cbfntdf k6s—k6s pkl:yt u/fO{ askq
u/fpFbf kLl8tx¿ Hostile x'g] u/]sf] .
* ljleGg zLif{sdf d'2f btf{ ubf{ kLl8t, hfx]/jfnf hfx]/jfnf nufot ;/sf/L ;fIfL
kIf / ;fIfL ujfxx¿ Hostlie x'g] x'Fbf d'2fsf] ujfxx¿ Hostlie gx'g] jftfj/0f
cg';Gwfg sfo{df c;kmntf x'g] b]lvPsf] . tof/ ug{' cfjZos . o;sf nflu
lg/Gt/ ;'g'jfO / ;fIfL ;+/If0f
;DaGwL Joj:yf k|efjsf/L agfpg'
kg]{ .
( a}lsª s;"/ d'2f pRr cbfntaf6 dfq rNg] lhNnf cbfntnfO{ a}lsª s;"/ d'2f
sfg"gL k|fjwfg ePsf]n] d'2fsf] Dofb yk tyf x]g]{ clVtof/L lbO{g' kg]{ .
k]zL y'g'jf pkl:yt vlr{nf] x'g] u/]sf] .
206
212 kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf g]kfn k|x/Lsf] e"ldsf

!) ha/h:tL s/0fL d'2fx¿sf] xbDofb w]/} -! jif{_ 36gfsf] ulDeo{tfnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L
ePsf]n] sltko cj:yfx¿df kLl8tx¿n] afu]{lgª xbDofbsf] k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu
u/L nfdf] ;do ;Dd ;d]t cfkm" cg's'n geP cfjZos cg';Gwfg ug'{ kg]{ .
kZrft dfq d'2f btf{ u/fpg cfpg] / sltko
cj:yfdf l/l;jLsf] sf/0f ;d]t hfx]/L kg{ cfpg]
x'Fbf lgbf]{if dflg;x¿ kg{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf a9L
/x]sf] .
!! h3Go tyf uDeL/ k|s[ltsf 36gfx¿df k|x/L k|x/L lg/LIfssf] b/jGbL ldnfg jf
lg/LIfs v6fpg' kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf], b'u{d cfjZos Joj:yfkg ug{' kg]{ .
tyf las6 :yfgdf 36gf 36]df tTsfn ;DjlGwt
36gf:yndf k|x/L lg/LIfs hfg'kg]{ cj:yf .
!@ ljjfx ug]{ JolQmsf] pd]/ jL; jif{ gk'uL lax] ug{ !* jif{ pd]/ k'u]sfnfO{ cfkm"v'zL
gx'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf], Aojxf/df aL; jif{ ljjfx ug{ 5'6 lbg] u/L sfg"g
pd]/ gk'uL s]6f, s]6L cfkm'v';L lax] u/]/ efUg] / ;+zf]wg x'g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .
5'§ofP/ nu] dg]{ ;Ddsf] wDsL lbg] u/]sf] .
!# ljlwlj1fg k|of]uzfnf k7fOPsf]df ef}lts ljlw lj1fg k|of]uzfnfdf k/LIf0fsf]
;a'bx¿sf] k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ;dodf gcfpFbf nflu k7fPsf] gd'gf l56f] 5l/tf]
sfof{Gjogdf c;xh x'g] u/]sf] . ¿kdf k/LIf0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg
yk hgzlQm / ;fwg ;|f]t
cfjZos . ljlw lj1fg k|of]uzfnf
k|b]z :t/;Dd lj:tf/ x'g'kg]{ .
!$ s'g} klg d'4fdf CDR j}1flgs k|df0fsf] ¿kdf CDR sf] nflu cbfntsf] :jLs[lt
x'g] x'Fbf o;sf] lglDt cbfntaf6 :jLs[lt lng'kg]{
glnO{ k|To]s d'2f rnfpg] OsfOx¿n]
Joj:yf ePsf]n] o; sfo{df ;do nfUg uO{ dfu u/]sf] avt lhNnf k|x/L
cleo'Qm tTsfn kqmfp ug{ sl7gfO ePsf] . sfof{nox¿af6 ljj/0f k|fKt u/L
pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yfsf] nflu
tTsfn pko'Qm sfg"gL Joj:yf
x'g'kg]{ .
!% zj k/LIf0f u/fpFbf ;a} 7fpFdf Forensic Expert k|To]s lhNnfx¿df Forensic Expert
gx'g' . x'g'kg]{ .
!^ km/f/ k|ltjfbLsf] xsdf tLgk':t] ljj/0f k|fKt km/f/ /x]sf] k|ltjfbLsf] PsLs[t
gx'gfn] Dofb tfd]nLdf ;d:of . ljj/0f tof/ ug]{ / gful/ssf]
kl/ro v'Nn] ljj/0fsf] Data Base df
k|x/Lsf] kx'Fr pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ .
!& Mass Arrest ;DaGwdf d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L x'n, b+uf lgoGq0fsf nflu
sfo{ljlwdf Joj:yf gePsf] . Preventive Measure sf] ¿kdf
Mass Arrest ug{'kg]{ ;DaGwdf P]gdf
Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
!* km};nfsf] hfgsf/L cg';Gwfg clws[tnfO{ gx'g] km};nfsf] hfgsf/L cg';Gwfg

207
kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf g]kfn k|x/Lsf] e"ldsf 213

ePsf]n] k6s] sfod ug{ / cGo cg';Gwfg sfo{df clws[tnfO{ cljnDj lbg] Joj:yf
;d:of x'g] u/]sf] . ul/g'kg]{ .
!( ck/fw cg';Gwfg sfo{df yk r'gf}tLx¿ tyf ck/fw cg';Gwfg zfvfdf sfo{ ug]{
hf]lvd a9\b} uPsf] sf/0f cg';Gwfgdf sfo{ ug{ k|x/L sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ yk k|f]T;fxg,
sd{rf/Lx¿ k|f]T;flxt gx'g] u/]sf] . ;]jf ;'ljwf / k]zfut ;'/Iffsf] yk
Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
@) afnaflnsf ;DjGwL P]g, @)&% df lgu/fgL sIf lgu/fgL sIf cljnDj jgfpg
lgdf{0f gx'Gh]n afnaflnsfnfO{ 5'§} sIfdf ah]6sf] Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{ .
/fVg'kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf]df 5'§} sIfsf]
cefjdf of] Joj:yf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ;d:of
eO/x]sf] .
@! ;+ul7t ck/fwsf cleo'Qmx¿ lab]z uO{ n'lsl5kL MLA sf] k|s[ofnfO{ ;xh agfOg'
a:g] u/]sf] / MLA (Mutual Legal kg]{ .
Assistance) sf] Process af6 kqmfp u/L g]kfn
Nofpg] sfo{ emGeml6nf] tyf nfdf] ;do nfUg]
;d:of /x]sf] .
@@ s'g} d'2fsf] cleo'QmnfO{ cbfntn] lgbf]{if 7x/fPdf plrt Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ .
lgh JolQm h]ndf a;]sf] afkt Ifltk"tL{sf]
Joj:yf gePsf] .
@# a]jfl/;] nfzsf] xsdf slt ;do leq pQm nfz a]jfl/;] nfzsf] xsdf slt ;do
cGTo]i6L (Dispose) ug]{ eGg] sfg"gdf :ki6 leq cGTo]i6L - Dispose _ ug]{ eGg]
Joj:yf gePsf] . sfg"gdf :ki6 x'g' kg]{ .
$=@= d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf r'gf}tL / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
dfly pNn]v ePadf]lhd :ynut ;+o'Qm cg'udgaf6 d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtfsf] sfof{Gjogdf
b]lvPsf ;d:of / tL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ o;k|sf/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
l;=g= ;+lxtf sfof{Gjogsf ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿ ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
! ljB'tLo ck/fw ;DaGwL d'2f sf7df8f} lhNnf ljB'tLo ck/fw ;DaGwL d'2f x]g]{
cbfntn] dfq x]g]{ Joj:yf ePsf]n] cGo clVtof/L slDtdf k|b]z:t/;Dd lj:tf/
lhNnfsf dflg;x¿ kLl8t x'Fbf Gofo kfpg ul/g' kg]{ .
sl7gfO{ .
@ bkmf #$ -@_ df h'g s;"/sf] pBf]u ePsf] xf],
s;"/ sfod u/L ;hfo dfu bfaL ug{
To:tf] s;"/ x'g c;Dej ePdf klg pBf]u
;d:of ePsf]n] :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf
u/]sf] dflgg] 5 . x'g'kg]{ .
# bkmf $$ cg';f/sf] h3Go / k6s] s;"/bf/nfO{
;DalGwt cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nfsf]
yk ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . k|ltlnlk clgjfo{ ¿kdf lhNnf ;/sf/L
jlsn sfof{no dfkm{t cg';Gwfg ug]{
k|x/L sfof{nonfO{ lbg] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ .
$ bkmf $& cg';f/ ;hfo 5'6 lbg ;Sg] of] Joj:yf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu :ki6

208
214 kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf g]kfn k|x/Lsf] e"ldsf

Joj:yfdf a9Ldf %) k|ltzt ;hfo 5'6 lbg sfo{ljlw / lgb]{lzsf x'g'kg]{ .

;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
% bkmf !!* df s;}n] cgflws[t ¿kdf k|j]z s] s:tf] sfo{nfO{ ce› Jojxf/ elgg]
u/L s;}nfO{ klg ce› Jojxf/ ug]{, x}/fgL lbg] xf] :ki6 kl/efiff x'g' kg]{ .
/ pBf]u ug{ x'Fb}g eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] .
^ bkmf @$$ -@_ -3_ adf]lhd # hgf eO{ ;fdfGo rf]/LnfO{ 8fsfdf n}hf+bf rsf]{
;fdfGo rf]/L u/]df klg 8fFsf d'2f rnfpg' kg]{ kg{ hfg] ePsf]n] ck/fwsf] uDeL/tf
cj:yf /x]sf] . cg';f/ Joj:yf ug{' plrt x'g] .
& bkmf @*& cg';f/ rf]/Lsf] ;fdfg vl/b ug]{ rf]/L ug]{ JolQmnfO{ eGbf al9 ;hfo x'g'
JolQmnfO{ rf]/L ug]{ JolQmnfO{ eGbf a9L Gofo;+ut gePsf]n] o;nfO{ ;+zf]wg
;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] . ug{'kg]{ .
* bkmf *% cg';f/ /fi6«;]js pk/ sfddf jfwf cg';"rL–! df yk ug'{kg]{
lj/f]w u/]df cfkm} gfln; ug{' kg{] Joj:yf
/x]sf] .
bkmf ^^ /fi6«;]jsnfO{ jfwf lj/f]w ug{ gx'g] .
bkmf !)* em'Sofgdf kf/L vfB kbfy{ laqmL
lat/0f ug{ gx'g]
bkmf !)( em'Sofgdf kf/L s'g} j:t' laqmL
lat/0f ug{ gx'g]
bkmf #)^ a]OHhtL ug{ gx'g] ( ljB'lto jf
cGo ;+rf/ dfWodaf6 a]OHhtL u/] u/fPdf
( ;jf/L tyf oftfoft Joj:yf P]gdf ePsf] ;f] ;DaGwdf lglZrt lbg tf]lsg gx'g]
;+zf]wgn] PSsfO; lbgkl5 d[To' eof] eg] s] x'Fbf x6fpg' kg]{ .
ug]{ eGg] :ki6 gePsf]n] ;d:of ePsf]
%= lgisif{
d'n'sL sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfn] ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfgsf nflu ljz]iftM g]kfn k|x/LnfO{ lhDd]jf/L
lbPsf] 5 . ;+lxtfsf] cg';"rL—! df pNn]lvt ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg tyf txlssft tf]lsPsf
clws[t ;d]tsf] ;d"xaf6 x'g] / k|foM lhNnfl:yt k|x/L sfof{noaf6 x'g] x'Fbf pQm sfof{no
cGtu{tsf k|x/L clws[t Pj+ sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg xfnnfO{ df}h'bf hgzlQmaf6} ug]{ /
u/fpg' kg]{ ePsf]n] tflnd k|fKt sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k"0f{sfnLg ¿kdf ck/fw cg';Gwfgdf
v6fpg tt\ lgsfosf k|d'vx¿sf] ;lqmotf ck]lIft /x]sf] 5 . ;+3Lo k|x/L PsfO{ sfof{nsf]
Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L cg';Gwfgsf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg tyf d4t lng] lbg] sfo{nfO{ lj:tf/ ug]{
u/L k|x/L k|wfg sfof{noaf6 ck/fw lgoGq0f tyf cg';Gwfg sfo{of]hgf -Crime Action
Plan, CAP_ nfu" eO{ /x]sf] / sfo{ Pj+ ck/fw cg';Gwfg ljefusf] /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf
;d]t nfu" x'g] qmddf 5 . kmf}hbf/L ck/fw / sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfdf klxnf] ;+zf]wg ePtf klg
pQm ;+zf]wgn] dfq cg';Gwfgsf ljBdfg ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] ;dofg's"n
;+zf]wg ub}{ cg';Gwfgstf{sf] Ifdtf / dgf]jn pRr u/fO{ sfg"gn] :yflkt u/]sf gljg
cfofdx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{'kb{5 . elgG5 æsfg"gnfO{ ts{n] lhTg / d]6\g ;Sb}gæ o;y{
sfof{Gjog g} o;sf] clek|fo xf] t/ cg';Gwfgstf{sf hl6ntf / ;Ldfx¿nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{

209
kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf g]kfn k|x/Lsf] e"ldsf 215

u/L yk ;+zf]wg / kl/dfh{g jf sfo{ljlwnfO{ :ki6 x'g]u/L Joj:yf u/L k|df0fd'vL cg';Gwfg
/ cleof]hgåf/f ;+lxtfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{'sf] ljsNk 5}g .
dxfGofoflwjQmfHo"af6 3f]if0ff ePsf] cleof]hg ;'wf/ aif{, @)&& nfO{ ;kmn agfpg
k|efjsf/L cg';Gwfgsf] cfjZostf kg]{ dx;"; u/L pQm 3f]if0ffsf] a'Fbf g= !@ df j}1flgs
k|df0fd'vL cg';Gwfgsf] nfuL ;dGjo ug]{ tyf lalwla1fg k|of]uzfnf;Fu ;dGjo ug]{
laifox¿ ;dfj]z ePsf] 5 . s;"/ ;DaGwL lgodfjnL hf/L eO{ nfu" eO;s]sf] t/ o;af6
;a} sfo{ljlw ;d]6\g g;s]sf]n] :ki6 ug{ cfjZos ljifo ;d]6L lgb]{lzsf jf sfo{ljlw cfpg]
s'/fdf cfzfjfbL x'g ;lsG5 . xfdLn] ljZn]if0faf6 sdL sdhf]/Lsf] lr/kmf/ ug{' dfq geP/
cf—cfˆgf] txaf6 /rgfTds sfof{Gjogdf ;lqmotf a9fpg cfjZos 5 . ;d:of / r'gf}tLs}
aLr w]/} cj;/ klg /x]sf x'G5g\ . o; n]v tof/ ug]{ qmddf dftxt lgsfoaf6 lnOPsf
k[i7kf]if0fsf] ¿kdf k|fKt ;d:of, r'gf}tL / ;dfwfgsf pkfo ;d]t o;df ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
5 . pQm s'/fx¿sf] oyf]lrt ;Daf]wg af~5gLo b]lvG5, h;af6 k|df0fd'vL ck/fw
cg';Gwfgaf6 kmf}hbf/L s;"/ :yflkt u/L cleof]hg ;kmn agfpg xfdL ;j} yk clek|]l/t
x'g]5f}+ eGg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L
x g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg
x d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$
x d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$
x kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$
x s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)&%
x d'n'sL ;+lxtf ;DaGwL s]xL g]kfn P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)&%
x dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no / g]kfn k|x/Lsf] ;+o'Qm cg'udg k|ltj]bg, @)&%
x cg';Gwfgstf{ k|x/L / cleof]hgstf{ ;/sf/L jsLnx¿sf] k|yd k|fb]lzs ;Dd]ng,
@)&% sf] k|ltj]bg
x cg';Gwfgstf{ k|x/L / cleof]hgstf{ ;/sf/L jsLnx¿sf] bf];|f] k|fb]lzs ;Dd]ng,
@)&^ sf] k|ltj]bg
x g]kfnsf cg';Gwfgstf{ g]kfn k|x/L / cleof]hgstf{ ;/sf/L jsLnx¿sf] bf];|f]
/fli6«o ;Dd]ng, @)&^ sf] 3f]if0ffkq
x g]kfn k|x/Lsf dftxt sfof{noaf6 k|fKt hfx]/L / k|ltj]bgx¿ .

YZ
210
216 kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf g]kfn k|x/Lsf] e"ldsf
g]kfnsf] s/ k|0ffnL M jt{dfg :j¿k / sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf 217

jif{ #, c° !

g]kfnsf] s/ k|0ffnL M jt{dfg :j¿k /

sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf

# xl/z+s/ 1jfnLi

!= /fh:j
;/sf/n] ljleGg ;|f]tx¿af6 hgtfåf/f k|fKt ug]{ s/, b:t'/, z'Ns nufotsf] cfo /sdnfO{
/fh:j elgG5 .! /fh:j /fHo Joj:yf ;~rfng ug]{ k|d'v ;|f]t xf] . @ ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf]
8 9

cwLgdf /xL s/ p7fpg' /fHosf] clwsf/ xf] / s/ ltg'{ gful/ssf] st{Jo xf] . k|rlnt
sfg"g adf]lhd ;/sf/nfO{ ltg'{ a'emfpg' kg]{ eG;f/ dxz'n, cGtM z'Ns, cfos/, d"No
clej[l¢ s/, tyf ljleGg lsl;dsf z'Ns, b:t'/, b08 hl/jfgf ;a} /fh:j cGtu{t kb{5 .
;/sf/n] ljwflosf lgld{t sfg"gsf] cfwf/df dfq s/ /fh:j ;+sng ug{ ;S5 . g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfgdf g} sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s'g} s/ nufOg] / p7fOg] 5}g10 eGg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 . /fh:jnfO{ o;/L x]g{ ;lsG5 .

i
pkGofoflwjQmf, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, g]kfn .
1
Taxation isimposition of compulsory levies on individuals or entities by governments. Taxes are levied in almost
every country of the world, primarily to raise revenue for government expenditures, although they serve other
purposes as well. https://www.britannica.com/topic/taxation
2
In modern economies taxes are the most important source of governmental revenue. Taxes differ from other sources
of revenue in that they are compulsory levies and are unrequited—i.e., they are generally not paid in exchange for
some specific thing, such as a particular public service, the sale of public property, or the issuance of public debt.
While taxes are presumably collected for the welfare of taxpayers as a whole, the individual taxpayer’s liability is
independent of any specific benefit received. https://www.britannica.com/topic/taxation
3
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, wf/f !!% . of] dfGotf k|ltlglwTj a]u/ s/ nufOg] 5}g eGg] cjwf/0ffdf
cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 . elgG5 M No taxation without representation.
211
218 g]kfnsf] s/ k|0ffnL M jt{dfg :j¿k / sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf

@= s/
s/ eg]sf] sfg"g adf]lhd k|ltkmnsf] cfzf gu/L afWofTds ¿kdf ;/sf/nfO{ ltg'{ a'emfpg'
kg]{ clgjfo{ e'StfgL xf] . s/nfO{ /fh:jsf] k|d'v ;|f]t dflgG5 . s/ ltg]{ jf gltg]{ eGg] s'/f
JolStsf] :j]R5fdf lge{/ ub}{g / s/ e'QmfgL u/]sf] sf/0faf6 cfkm}n] k|ToIf s'g} kmfObfk|fKt
ug{ ;Qm}g . s/ ltg{ grfxg], gltg]{ jfltg{ cfgfsfgL ug]{ JolQm;F+uaf6 /fHon] hah{:tL;Fu
s/ c;"n ug{ ;Sb5 .s/ sfg"g cfb]ZffTds k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . To;sf/0f o;sf] kfngf
afWofTds dflgG5 . sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s s/ 5'6 x'g ;Sb}g .To:f}n] s/
;DaGwL sfg"gnfO{ ljz]if k|s[ltsf] sfg"g dflgG5 . /fHon] s'gs'g If]qdf s/ nufpg] s]
s;/L c;"n pk/ ug]{ / To;sf] k|of]u s;/L ug]{ eGg] s'/fx¿ ljwflosfåf/f lgld{t sfg"gn]
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] x'G5 . /fHon] sfg"gåf/f tf]lsPsf] k|s[of cg';f/ s/ ;+sng u/L ;+slnt s/
/sd ;j{;fwf/0fs} xslxtsf] nflu vr{ ug]{ ub{5 . s/ /fh:jnfO{ s/ /fh:j / u}/s/
/fh:j u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
@=! s/ /fh:j
/fHon] sfg"gsf] ;xf/fdf ljleGg JolSt tyf lgsfox¿;Fuaf6 s/sf] ¿kdf c;"n ug]{
/sdnfO{ s/ /fh:j elgG5 . b]zsf] afl;Gbf gful/s jf pkef]Stfsf] gftfn] sfg"g adf]lhd
;/sf/nfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf ltg'{ kg]{ /sd g} /fh:j xf] . a:t'sf] pTkfbgb]lv lnP/
pkef]u;Dddf sfg"g adf]lhd nufOPsf] s/sf] ¿kdf ;+sng x'g] ;du| cfo g} s/ /fh:j
xf] . s/ /fh:jnfO{ k|ToIf / ck|ToIf u/L b'O{ lsl;dn] x]g{ ;lsG5 .
@=!=! k|ToIf s/
h'g JolStn] cfo k|fKt u/]sf] 5, s/ ltg]{ bfloTj ;f]xL JolStdf /x]sf] s/nfO{ k|ToIf s/
elgG5 . o:tf] s/df k|ToIf ¿kdf s'g} k|ltkmn jf nfe k|fKt x+'b}g / s/ ltg]{ bfloTj h'g
JolStdf /x]sf] 5 p;}n] s/ ltg{' kg]{ x'G5 . cGo JolStnfO{ ;fg{ ;ls+b}g . cfos/, nfes/
tyf ;DklQ s/ h:tf s/ k|ToIf s/ leq kb{5g\ .
cfos/
cfodf cfwfl/t s/nfO{ cfos/ elgG5 . s'g} JolStn] s'g} cfo jif{df cfo cfh{g u/]sf] 5
eg] To;/L u/]sf] cfodf nfUg] s/nfO{ g} cfos/ elgG5 .$11 cfos/ h'g JolStn] cfo
cfh{g u/]sf] 5 ;f]xL JolStn] ltg'{ kg]{ x''G5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ k|ToIf s/ elgG5 . cfos/
cfo ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq nfUg] s/ xf] . s'g} klg s/bftfn] cfos/ k|of]hgsf nflu k]z
ug]{ ljj/0fdf cfkm"åf/f ;~rflnt ;a} pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf jf Joj;foaf6 k|fKt ePsf] ;a}
lsl;dsf] d'gfkmf jf nfe ;d]tsf ljj/0f ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . s/ 5'6 kfPsf s/bftfn]
klg ;a} ljj/0f ;lxt s/ 5'6 kfpg] cfwf/ k|:t't ug'{ kb{5 . s'g} ;|f]taf6 ePsf] cfo k"0f{

4
cfos/sf] b/ cfo jif{sf] clGtddf sfod /x]sf] b/ x'g] x'Fbf ;f] cfo jif{sf] clGtd lbg cyf{t c;f/ d;fGtsf lbg sfod /x]sf]
b/af6} s/bftfsf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f x'g' kb{5 . hlxn] klg cfos/ cl3Nnf] jif{el/ u/]sf] sf/f]jf/ jf k|flKt vr{x? kl5Nnf] jif{df
lx;fj lstfj u/L gfkmf jf gf]S;fg olsg ug{ kg]{ x'Fbf jif{sf] clGtddf sfod /x]sf] s/sf] b/ cg';f/ cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug]{
s'/fsf] cf}lrTo ;d]t k'li6 x'G5 . t;y{ jif{el/ nuftf/ sf/f]jf/ ug]{ s/bftfsf] xsdf cfos/sf] b/ slxNo} klg PseGbf a9L x'g
g;Sg] . xf]6n lxdfno k|f=ln= lj= s/ sfof{no, nlntk'/ ;d]t, @)%( ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #)^^, cfb]z ldltM @)^$.)#.@* .
212
g]kfnsf] s/ k|0ffnL M jt{dfg :j¿k / sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf 219
%12
jf cf+lzs ¿kdf bjfPsf] lqmofnfO{ em'7f ljj/0f dflgG5 . s'g} JolStn] s'g} cfo jif{df
cfo u/]sf] 5}g jf gf]S;fgLdf /x]sf] 5 eg] To; jif{ cfos/ ltg'{ kb}{g . cfos/ P]g, @)%*
adf]lhd Joj;fo, /f]huf/L, nufgL / cfsl:ds nfe u/L rf/ k|sf/sf zLif{sx¿df ePsf]
cfodf cfos/ nfUg] Joj:yf 5 .
@=!=@ ck|ToIf s/
ck|ToIf s/ eg]sf] s/sf] ef/ ;DalGwt JolStdf g/xL ;]jf jf j:t' pkef]u ug]{ cGo
JolStsf] dfWodaf6 j:t' jf ;]jf cfk"lt{sf] ;fy ;+sng u/L e'StfgL ul/g] s/ xf] . o:tf]
s/sf] ef/ k|yd JolStdf geO{ bf];|f] JolStdf /x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf] s/sf] ef/ ;fg{ ;lsg]
k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . jf:tljs s/bftf / sfg"gL s/bftf km/s km/s x'G5g\ . o:tf] s/sf] ef/
d"Nodf ;dfj]z eP/ cfpg] x'gfn] o:tf] s/ ljs|]tfcyf{t Ph]G6sf] dfWodaf6 c;"n
ul/G5 . o:tf] s/ j:t' tyf ;]jfdfcfwfl/t x'G5 . eG;f/ dxz'n, d"No clej[l4 s/,
cGtMz'Ns h:tf s/x¿ ck|ToIf s/leq kb{5g\ .
d"No clej[lå s/
j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] sf/f]jf/ tyf pkef]udf nfUg] s/nfO{ d"No clej[lå s/ elgG5 . sltko
d'n'sdf o;nfO{ goods and services tax (GST) klg elgG5 . o:tf] s/ j:t' jf ;]jfsf]
pkef]u ug]{ clGtd pkef]Stfn] j:t' tyf ;]jf vl/b ubf{sf] cj:yfdf d"No;F+u} ltg'{ kg]{
x'G5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ consumption tax klg elgG5 . d"No clea[l4 s/nfO{ ck|ToIf s/
elgG5 . s'g} j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] hlt txdf sf/]fjf/ x'G5 Tolt txdf d"No j[låsf cfwf/df
s/ nfUg] x'G5 . s/ 5'6 x'g] egL tf]lsPsf j:t' tyf ;]jf afx]s g]kfnleq cfoft ul/Psf,
g]kfn aflx/ lgof{t ul/Psf j:t' tyf ;]jf tyf g]kfnleq cfk"lt{ ul/Psf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf]
k|To]s sf/f]jf/sf] s/ nfUg] d"Nodf o:tf] s/ nfUg] Joj:yf d"No clej[lå s/ P]g, @)%@ n]
u/]sf] 5 .^13
cGtM z'Ns
cGtM z'Ns eg]sf] To:tf] z'Ns xf] h'g z'Ns s'g} j:t'sf] pTkfbg tyf ljs|Ldf nfUg] x'G5 .
o:tf] z'Ns j:t'sf] pTkfbgsf] s|ddf sfod ePsf] sf/vfgf d"Nodf hf]8]/ nufOg] x'Fbf
o;nfO{ ck|ToIf s/ elgG5 .&14cGtM z'Ns j:t'sf] d"Nod} ;dfj]z eP/ nfUg] x'gfn] o:tf]
z'Ns klg clGtd pkef]Stfn] g} ltg'{ kg]{ x'G5 . cGtM z'Ns ;a} j:t'df gnfuL sfg"gåf/f
tf]lsPsf j:t'df dfq nfUg] x'G5 . ljz]if u/L hg:jf:Yo / jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{

5
kz'klt jfo/ k|f]8S6 lj/f6gu/ lj= cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, lj/f6gu/, @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= ##(# cfb]z ldltM @)^^.)&.!)
6
d"No clej[l4 s/ 5'6 ;DaGwdf bfjL ubf{ :ki6 sfg"gn] 5'6 kfpg] k|fjwfg cg's"n bfjL u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . sfg"gL Joj:yf
ljk/Lt 5'6sf] bfjL ug{ kfOb}g . s[i0f u[n P08 OlGhlgol/ª\ k|f=ln= lj= cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, lj/f6gu/, @)^(– CR–
))&) .
7
pTkfbg x'gf;fy cGtMz'Ns c;'n ug]{ eGfL tf]s]sf] a:t' afx]s cGo a:t' k|lti7fg jf sf/vfgfaf6 aflx/ gk7fP;Dd jf lgsf;L
gePsf] jf k|lti7fg jf sf/vfgfleq g} /x] ePsf] cj:yfdf klg cGtMz'Ns c;'n ug]{ clwsf/ ;/sf/df x'Fb}g / pTkflbt a:t'df
cGtMz'Ns ltg]{ bfloTj pQm a:t'sf] pTkfbsdf g/xg] . s'g} k|lti7fgaf6 pTkflbt j:t'df cGtMz'Ns ltg]{ bfloTj lg/k]If xf]Og /
o;sf ljleGg zt{x? sfg"gn] tf]Sg ;Sg] . ljqmL ug{ egL k|lti7fgaf6 aflx/ k7fPsf] jf lgsf;L ePsf] s'g} j:t' k"0f{?kdf gi6
ePsf] cj:yfdf jf ;]jg ug{ jf vfg jf pkef]u ug{ cof]Uo eO{ ljqmL x'g g;s]sf] s'/f z+sf/lxt tj/af6 k|dfl0ft ePsf]
cj:yfdf o:tf] j:t'df cGtMz'Ns ltg]{ bfloTj l;h{gf g'xg] . o'gfO6]8 a'|cl/h g]kfn k|f=ln= lj= cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu,
nflhDkf6 ;d]t, @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #%)( cfb]z ldlt M @)^&.!.!$
213
220 g]kfnsf] s/ k|0ffnL M jt{dfg :j¿k / sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf

j:t'sf] pkef]udf sld Nofpg] p2]Zon] cGtMz'Ns nufpg] ul/G5 . cGtM z'Ns / cfos/
leGg ljifo x'g\ . cGtM z'Ns pTkfbgdf nfUg] s/ xf] eg] cfo d'gfkmfdf nfUg] s/ cfos/
xf] .15
eG;f/
s'g} klg j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfoft jf lgof{t u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] j:t' cfoft jf lgof{t ubf{
nufOg] dxz'nnfO{ eG;f/ dxz'n elgG5 . cj}w Jofkf/nfO{ lgoGq0f ub{} Jofkf/df
;xhLs/0f u/L ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|bfg u/L :jb]zL pTkfbgsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ p2]Zon] eG;f/
dxz'n nufpg] ul/G5 . j:t' cfoftstf{n] lt/]sf] eG;f/ dxz'n ;d]t hf]8]/ j:t'sf] d"No
sfod u/L ljs|L ljt/0f ug]{ x'Fbf o:tf] dxz'n ;d]t pkef]Stfn] g} ltg'{ kg]{ x'Fbf o;nfO{
klg ck|ToIf s/sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 .
@=@ u}/s/ /fh:j
;/sf/af6 ;Dkfbg ul/g] s'g} klg lsl;dsf] k|zf;lgs sfo{x¿ jfktjf ;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿af6 pTkflbt j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] d"No jfkt ;/sf/nfO{ ltg'{ a'emfpg' kg]{ s/nfO{
u}/s/ /fh:j elgG5 . ;fdfGotofM s/ /fh:jleq gkg]{ ;a} lsl;dsf s/x¿ u}/s/
/fh:jleq kb{5g\ . ;/sf/n] s/ ;DaGwL sfg"gsf cfwf/df k|fKt ug]{ s/ jfx]s cGo
h'g;'s} ;|f]taf6 k|fKt ug]{ cfo /sd g} u}/s/ /fh:j xf] . u}/s/ /fh:jsf] p2]Zo /fh:j
;+sng eGbf klg a9L hgtfnfO{ ;]jf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg' /x]sf] x'G5 . ;/sf/n] s'g} ;]jf
lbgsf nflu tf]s]sf] z'Ns, b:t'/, /f]oN6L h:tf z'Nsx¿ u}/s/ /fh:jleq kb{5 . u}/s/
/fh:jsf] ;|f]t eg]sf] z'Ns, b:t'/, b08, hl/jfgf, hkmt, ;/sf/L ;DklQ tyf ;]jf ljs|L,
ef8f, /f]oN6L, nfef+z, Jofh h:tf ljifox¿ x'g\ .
s/ k|zf;gsf klg ljlzi6 dfGotf 5g\ . s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ;Gbe{df k|df0fsf] ef/ s/
clws[tdf ;d]t /xG5 . s/ ;DaGwL ljjfbdf s/bftfn] s/of]Uo 5}g egL b]vfPsf] cj:yfdf
s/ nufpg rfxg] s/ clws[t jf s/ sfof{non] s/ nfUg] cfo xf] egL k|df0f k'¥ofpg'
kb{5 .16 of] s/ Gofosf] d"ne"t dfGotf xf] . s/ clws[tsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{
Goflos sfo{ dflgG5 . k|zf;sLo clwsf/Ln] Goflos sfo{ ug]{ x'Fbf of] sfg"gL zJbfjnLdf
cw{Goflos lgsfosf] sf]6Ldf kb{5 . To;}n] s/ Gofosf] If]qdf klg sfo{ljlwsf] kfngf /
:jR5tf :yflkt x'g' kb{5 .17 s/ ;DaGwL sfg"gfn] s/ k|zf;gnfO{ s/ ;+sngsf nflu
ljz]if clwsf/ ;d]t k|bfg u/]sf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ sf]
bkmf @! / @#, cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !!) nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . tL sfg"gfL Joj:yfn]
s/ clws[tnfO{ s/bftfsf] rn crn ;DklQ sJhfdf lnO{ jf /f]Ssf /fvL lgwf{l/t s/ /sd
c;"n ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 .

8
of] ljifodf lxdfnog a'|c/L lnld6]8 lj= cYf{ dGqfno ;d]t ePsf] @)$* ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @)$% cfb]z ldltM @)%).)^.@& df
:ki6 ul/Psf] 5 .
9
s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/ lj= x'nf; jfo/ O08l:6«h k|f=ln=, @)%* ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= @(^^ cfb]z ldlt M @)^@.!@.!$ .
10
efg efg rfOlgh /]i6'/]G6 P08 af/ lj= s/ sfof{no, sf7df8f}+, @)#* ;fnsf] l/=g+= !^^& cfb]z ldltM @)#*.!).! .
214
g]kfnsf] s/ k|0ffnL M jt{dfg :j¿k / sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf 221

s/sf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGt (Fundamental Principle of Taxation)

x t6:ytf (Neutrality)
x bIftf (Efficiency)
x lglZrttf tyf ;/ntf (Certainty and Simplicity)
x k|efjsf/L Pjd lgikIf (Effectiveness and Fairness)
x nrstf (Flexibility)
x ;dfgtf (Equity)
#= s/ /fh:jk|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwtsfg"gsf] ljsf;
g]kfnsf] s/ k|0ffnLsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] Oltxf; x]g]{ xf] eg] Tolt nfdf] 5}g . lj=;+= @))*
;fndf d'n'sdf dfnkf]t, eG;f/ dxz'n, cGtMz'Ns, ;nfdL b:t'/, dgf]/Ghg s/ / 3/ hUuf
/lhi6]«;g b:t'/ u/L hDdf ^ j6f s/x¿ Nffu" ul/Psf] lyof] .!!18lj=;+= @))* ;fnb]lv ;'?
ePsf] jh]6 jStJoaf6 cfos/ nufpg] p2]Zo /fv]sf] eP tfklg @)!@ ;fndf ;fdlos s/
c;"n P]g, @)!@ hf/L eO{ ;/sf/n] ;"lrt cfb]zåf/f eG;f/ dxz'n jf cGtMz'Ns of c?
s'g} s/ nufpg], a9fpg], Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L ljz]if k|sf/sf
s/sf ;DaGwdf 5'§} sfg"gL Joj:yf ug]{ s|ddf cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!%, Jofkf/ d'gfkmf /
kfl/>lds s/ P]g, @)!&, cfos/ P]g, @)!(, dgf]/Ghg s/ P]g, @)!&, ;jf/L s/ P]g,
@)!*, xjfO{ p8fg s/ P]g, @)!*, xf]6n s/ P]g, @)!*, dfnkf]t -ljz]if Joj:yf_ P]g,
@)!*, eG;f/ P]g, @)!(, 3/hUuf s/ P]g, @)!(, ljb]]zL nufgL s/ P]g, @)!(, dfnkf]t -
ldGxf_ P]g, @)!(, cfo l6s6 b:t'/ P]g, @)!(, 7]Ssf s/ P]g, @)@#, 3/ hUuf axfn s/
P]g, @)@#, kfgL s/ P]g, @)@#, las|L s/ P]g, @)@#, ;jf/L ;fwg s/ P]g, @)#!, dbL/f
P]g, @)#! nufotsf P]g hf/L ePsf lyP .
cfos/ ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ ;dofg's"n agfpg] p2]Zon] cfos/ P]g, @)%* tyf
cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)%( hf/L eO{ nfu" /x]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L cGo ljljw s/ ;DaGwL
sfg"gnfO{{ ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g ug]]{ s|ddf dgf]/Ghg s/ P]g, @)!&, xf]6n s/ P]g, @)!*,
7]Ssf s/ P]g, @)@# / laqmL s/ P]g, @)@# nfO{ vf/]h u/Ld"No clej[l¢ s/ P]g, @)%@ /
d"No clej[l¢ s/ lgodfjnL, @)%# hf/L ePsf 5g\ . To:t} cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* /
lgodfjnL @)%( tyf eG;f/ P]g, @)^$ tyf eG;f/ lgodfjnL, @)^$ hf/L ePsf 5g .
o;sf cnfjf s/ ;DaGwL sfg"gnfO{ k|To]s jif{ ;fn hf/L x'g] cfly{s P]gn] ;+zf]wg /
kl/dfh{g ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .
o;/L hf/L x'g] cfly{s P]g ;fna;fnL ¿kdf hf/L x'g] x'Fbf cfly{s P]gn] s'g} sfg"gdf
;+zf]wg u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] Joj:yf ;f] cfly{s jif{;Dd sfod /x]sf] dflgG5 . Pp6f cfly{s
P]gn] u/]sf] Joj:yf tTkZrft cfpg] cfly{s P]gn] Joj:yf gu/]sf] cj:yfdf ;fljs
sfg"gdf ePsf] Joj:yf nfu" ug]{ ul/G5, ljut cfly{s P]gn] u/]sf] Joj:yf nfu" ul/+b}g .

11
pRr:t/Lo s/ k|0ffnL k'g/fjnf]sg cfof]u, @)&! sf] k|ltj]bg, g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno, sf7df8f}, k[=! .
215
222 g]kfnsf] s/ k|0ffnL M jt{dfg :j¿k / sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf

oxL sf/0fn] ubf{ sfg"g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldltaf6 k|sflzt x'g] P]g ;+u|xdf pNn]lvt s/
;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfdf cfly{s P]gn] u/]sf] Joj:yf ;dfj]z ug]{ ul/Psf] lyPg . To;}n]
s/ ;DaGwL ljjfbsf ;DaGwdf cfly{s P]gn] u/]sf] ;+z]fwgnfO{ ljrf/ gk'u]sf] sf/0fn]
sltko cj:yfdf cbfntaf6 x'g] km};nfdf ;d]t uDeL/ q'6L x'g] u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] ubf{ cy{
dGqfno / sfg"g dGqfno ;d]tsf] 5nkmnaf6 lj=;= @)&% ;fn b]lv cfly{s P]gn] u/]sf]
;+zf]wgnfO{ d"n P]gdf g} ;dfj]z u/]/ k|sflzt ug]{ / ;f] ;+zf]wgnfO{ d"n P]gsf] ;+zf]wg
dfGg] u/L sfg"g lstfj ;ldltaf6 k|To]s jif{ cfly{s P]gn] u/]sf Joj:yfnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]/
P]g k|sflzt ug{ yflnPsf] 5 .
$= g]kfnsf] jt{dfg s/ k|0ffnL
g]kfnsf] jt{dfg s/ k|0ffnL :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t 5 . oxL k|0ffnL cGtu{t
s/bftfx¿n] cfos/ P]g, @)%*, d"No clej[lå s/ P]]g, @)%@ tyf cGtM z'Ns P]g, @)%*
sf] cwLgdf /xL sf/f]jf/sf] vl/b laqmL, cfo, gf]S;fgL oyf{yk/s 9+uaf6 olsg u/L cfkm\gf]
s/bfloTjlgwf{/0f u/L cfoljj/0f tyf s/ ljj/0f bflvnf tyf nfUg] s/ bflvnf ug]{
lhDd]jf/L s/bftfnfO{ g} ;'lDkPsf] 5 . s/bftf :jo+ g} cfkm"n] u/]sf] s/of]Uo sf/f]jf/k|lt
k"0f{ hfgsf/L /fVg] JolQm ePsf]n] p;nfO{ g} cfkm\gf] s/ bfloTj lgwf{/0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L
;'lDkbf s/ c;"nL nfut ;d]t Go"g x'g hfG5 eGg] p2]Zon] g} :jo+ s/ k|0ffnLnfO{
cjnDag ul/Psf] xf] .!@19s/bftf cfkm}n] cfkm\gf] sf/f]jf/sf] ljj/0f tof/ u/L s/ bflvnf
ug'{ kg]{ x'Fbf o; k|0ffnLsf] k|efjsfl/tf s/bftfsf] OdfGbfl/tfdf g} lge{/ u5{ .
s/bftfx¿af6 k|fKt ePsf ljj/0f dWo] tf]lsPsf ;"rsx¿sf] cfwf/df hf]lvdo'Qm s/bftf
klxrfg u/L 5gf}6 eO{ 5gf}6df k/]sf jf s'g} lsl;dsf] ph'/L÷;"rgf k|fKt ePsf
s/bftfx¿sf] dfq s/bftfn] k]z u/]sf s/ ljj/0f 7Ls 5, 5}g, egL k/LIf0f Pj+ 5fgljg
ug]{ / s/bftfsf] jf:tljs s/ bfloTj olsg ug]{ sfo{ s/ k|zf;gaf6 ug]{ ul/G5 .
eG;f/sf] ;Gbe{df x]g]{ xf] eg] klg eG;f/ P]g, @)^$ n] :jo+ 3f]if0ff k|0ffnLnfO{ cjnDag
u/]sf] kfOG5 . s'g} klg j:t' cfoft jf lgof{t ubf{sf] cj:yfdf cfot jf lgof{tstf{n]
sf/f]jf/;Fu ;DalGwt ljj/0f -j:t'sf] ljj/0f, d"No, sf/f]jf/ vr{ cflb_ v'nfO{ k|1fkgkq
e/L k]z ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . oxL k|1fkgkqsf cfwf/df eG;f/ hfFrkf; x'g] Joj:yf 5 .
k|To]s k6ssf] sf/f]jf/df sf/f]jf/ lkR5] k|1fkgkq e/L k]z ug'{ kb{5 . eG;f/af6 hfFrkf;
x'Fbf jf hfFrkf; ePkl5 klg s'g} s}lkmot gb]vfP;Dd k|1fkgkq adf]lhd g} x'g] Joj:yf
5.
%= s/ /fh:j k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfox¿
s/ /fh:j k|zf;gsf] ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno tyf dftxtdf cfGtl/s /fh:j
ljefu tyf eG;f/ ljefu /x]sf 5g\ . /fh:j k|zf;gsf] gLlt lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ g]kfn ;/sf/
cy{ dGqfnoaf6 x'g] u/]sf] 5 eg] cfos/, d"No clej[l4 s/, cGtMz'Nssf] k|zf;g cfGtl/s

!@ cfkm\gf] sf/f]jf/sf] ;DaGwdf ;a}eGbf a9L hfgsf/L :jod\ s/bftfnfO{ g} x'G5 eGg] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df s/bftfnfO{ sfg"g
adf]lhdsf] s/ lgwf{/0f u/L ;DalGwt lgsfodf a'emfpg] bfloTj ;'lDkPsf] x'Fbf cfkm\gf] cfosf] :jod\nfO{ s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ lbFbf
cfodf kf/blz{tf ;d]t b]vfpg' ;Sg' kb{5 . s/bftfn] k]z u/]sf] ljj/0f em'7f 7xl/g uPdf cyf{t s/bftfn] e'm7f] ljj/0f lbPdf,
s/ 5n]df, 36L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]df eg] ;hfosf] eflubf/ aGg' kg]{ x'G5 . ;Ltf 6«]8 ;]G6/ k|f=ln= lj= $ g+= If]q s/ sfof{no
sf7df8f} ;d]t, @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #!%( cfb]z ldlt M @)^^.)%.@( .
216
g]kfnsf] s/ k|0ffnL M jt{dfg :j¿k / sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf 223

/fh:j ljefujf6 x'g] u/]sf] 5 . eG;f/ dxz'n lgwf{/0f, c;"npk/, eG;f/ j:t' juL{s/0f
tyf eG;f/ 5nL x'g] rf]/L lgsf;L k}7f/L lgoGq0f ug{ cg';Gwfg tyf 5fgljg ug]{ lg0f{o
ug]{ ;d]tsf] sfo{ eG;f/ ljefu tyf dftxtsf sfof{nox¿af6 x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
^= cfos/, d"No clej[lå s/ tyf cGtM z'Ns tkm{sf] s/ lgwf{/0f k|s[of tyf ;f] pk/sf]
k'g/fj]bg ;DaGwL Joj:yf
jt{dfg s/ k|0ffnL :jo+s/ k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t ePsf] x'Fbf s/bftf :jo+n] cfkm\gf] sf/f]jf/sf]
ljj/0f tof/ u/L cfos/sf] ;DaGwdf Ps cfly{s jif{df Ps k6s / d"No clej[lå s/ tyf
cGtM z'Ns tkm{ dfl;s ¿kdf s/ lgwf{/0f u/L s/ ljj/0f tyf lgwf{l/t s/ /sd bflvnf
tyf ldnfg ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . To;}n] ;'? s/ lgwf{/0fsf] sfo{ s/ clws[taf6 geO{ :jo+
s/bftfaf6 x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;/L s/bftfx¿jf6 k|fKt ePsf ljj/0f dWo] s]xL s/bftfx¿n]
k]z u/]sf] ljj/0fsf ;DaGwdf dfq s/ k|zf;gaf6 k"0f{ s/ k/LIf0f jf cg';GwfgfTds s/
k/LIf0f ul/b}+ cfPsf] 5, h;nfO{ cfos/ tkm{ ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f d"No clej[lå s/ tyf
cGtMz'Nstkm{ clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f elgG5 . o;/L ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ s/bftfn] s/
ljj/0f bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ ldltn] rf/ jif{leq ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . t/ hfn;fhLn] ubf{ s'g} JolQmsf]
s/ lgwf{/0f unt tj/n] ePsf] /x]5 eg] ;f] yfxf ePsf] ldltn] Ps jif{leq h'g;'s} avt
s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . k"0f{ s/ k/LIf0f jf cg';Gwfgd"ns s/ k/LIf0f gePsf]
cj:yf;Dd s/bftfn] k]z u/]sf] ljj/0f g} dfGo tyf clGtd x'G5 .
s/ clws[t tyf cGtMz'Ns clws[tx¿n] s/ lgwf{/0f tyf s/ /fh:j;Fu ;DalGwt lg0f{o
cfb]z hf/L ubf{ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd k|f/lDes s/ lgwf{/0f u/L !% lbgsf] Dofb ;lxt
;kmfO{ k]z ug]{ df}sf lbg' kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . pSt Dofbleq hjfkm k]z u/]df jf gu/]df klg
s/ clws[t tyf cGtM z'Ns clws[tn] cfos/ tkm{ ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z / cGtMz'Ns
tyf d"No clej[l¢ s/ tkm{ clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
o;/L s/ clws[t jf cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] u/]sf] lg0f{o cfb]zdf lrQ ga'em]df ;f] lg0f{o
cfb]z pk/ #) lbg leqdf jf Dofb u'h|g uPdf & lbg leqdf Dofb ydfO{ yk #) lbg u/L
a9Ldf ^) lbg leqdf cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefudf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu lgj]bg
lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . o;/L k/]sf] lgj]bgdf cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf dxflgb]{zsaf6
k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lg0f{o eP kZrft\ pSt lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em\g] JolStn] k}tL;
lbg leqdf /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg lbg kfpg] Joj:yf 5 .
&= eG;f/ hfFrkf; k|s[of, lg0f{o tyf ;f] pk/sf] k'g/fj]bg ;DaGwL Joj:yf
eG;f/ P]g, @)^$ df ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ s'g} klg JolStn] s'g} klg j:t' cfoft lgof{t
ubf{ cfkm}n] eG;f/ k|1fkgkq e/L 3f]if0ff u/L nfUg] eG;f/ dxz'n tyf cGo s/, z'Ns
a'emfO{ hFf+rkf; u/fpg] Joj:yf 5 . o;/L k]z x'g cfPsf] eG;f/ k|1fkgkq hfFr k/LIf0f
ubf{ eG;f/df sd d"No 3f]if0ff u/]sf] jf j:t' juL{s/0fsf] zLif{s km/s kf/]sf] jf eG;f/ s/
dxz'n nfUg]df gnfUg] egL bfjL u/]sf] jf s'g} klg j:t' eG;f/ glt/L rf]/L lgsf;L k}7f/L
u/]sf] cj:yfdf eG;f/ clws[tn] cfjZos lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ eG;f/ P]g, @)^$ n]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . eG;f/ clws[tn] u/]sf] eG;f/ d"No lgwf{/0fsf] lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em\g]
JolStn] !% lbg leqdf d"Nof+sg k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu d"Nof+sg k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldlt ;dIf
217
224 g]kfnsf] s/ k|0ffnL M jt{dfg :j¿k / sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf

lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] tyf d"Nof+sg k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] u/]sf] lg0f{o tyf eG;f/
clws[tn]eG;f/ d"No lgwf{/0f afx]ssf cGo s'g} klg ljifosf ;DaGwdf u/]sf] lg0f{odf lrQ
ga'em\g] JolStn] #% lbg leqdf /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 .!#20
oBlk sltko ljifo l;w} l/6 If]qaf6 cbfntdf ;d]t hfg] u/]sf 5g\ . of] ljifodf l/6
If]qflwsf/sf af/]df cbfntsf cfb]zx¿ klg leGg leGg vfnsf kfOG5 .!$21
*= /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf tyf ;f] sf] sfof{Goog ;DaGwL Joj:yf
cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefun] u/]sf] k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lg0f{o, d"Nof+sg k'g/fjnf]sg
;ldltn] u/]sf] lg0f{o tyf eG;f/ clws[tn] u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k/]sf]
k'g/fj]bgdf /fh:j Gofoflws/0faf6 cfjZos k|s[of k"/f u/L km};nf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . /fh:j
Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! Dff ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ /fh:j Gofoflws/0faf6 ePsf] km};nf
pk/ k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf gePsf] x'Fbf /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nfnfO{ clGtd km};nf
dflgG5 . /fh:j Gofoflws/0faf6 km};nf ePkl5 km};nfsf] k|ltlnlk ;lxt ;DalGwt
sfof{nodf km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu k7fOG5 / ;f] km};nf k|fKt ePkl5 km};nf sfof{Gjog
ug]{ bfloTj ;DalGwt sfof{nosf] x'G5 . ePsf] km};nfdf clwsf/If]q aflx/ uO{ lg0f{o u/]sf]
jf a'em\g' kg]{ k|df0f ga'em]sf] jf a'em\g gx'g] k|df0f a'em]sf] jf afWofTds ¿kdf kfngf ug'{
kg]{ sfo{ljlw kfngf gu/]sf] jf uDeL/ sfg"gL q'l6 ePsf] b]]lvPsf] cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg
cg'dltsf] nflu ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 .!%22;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6
cg'dltsf] lg:;f k|fKt u/]df k'g/fj]bg ;/x ;'g'jfO ul/G5 . ;f] qmddf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn]
ljleGg l;4fGtx¿ ;d]t k|ltkfbg u/]sf] 5 . tL l;4fGtx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL cfjZostf
cg';f/ sfg"gL Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{gsf] cfjZostf kg{ ;S5 . lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;'wf/
ug'{ kg]{ x'g ;S5 . cfjlws ¿kdf s/ k|zf;g / ;f] ljifodf k|ltlglWfTj ug]{ ;/sf/L
jsLnx¿sf] ;+jfb ;d]t cfjZos x'g ;S5 . ;Da4 hgzlQmdf cjwf/0ffut :ki6tfsf
nflu Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ;3g¿kdf Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~Rffng ug'{ pko'St
b]lvG5 .
(= /fh:j k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fsf] lg0f{o tyf k|lt/Iffsf] ;DaGwdf ;/sf/L
jsLnsf] e"ldsf
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !%* sf] pkwf/f @ df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] xs lxt jf ;/f]sf/ lglxt
/x]sf] d'2fdf dxfGofoflwjStf jf dftxtsf ;/sf/L jsLnaf6 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj
ul/g] / s'g} cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfo jf clwsf/L ;dIf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 d'2f

!# o; ljifodf yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g{ ;lsG5 M xl/ z+s/ 1jfnL, eG;f/;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fx?sf] cg';Gwfg txlssft / bfo/L
;DaGwdf ePsf sfg"gfL Joj:yfx?, eG;f/ :dfl/sf, @)&# k[i7 !!@ .
!$ s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o pk/ /fHf:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ hfg' kg]{df ;f]em} c;fwf/0f pkrf/sf] If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] b]lvFbf
sfg"gn] :ki6 ?kdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/] cg'?k lgj]bsn] pkrf/sf] dfu{ cjnDag u/]sf] dfGg gldNg] egL l/6
vf/]h ePsf] 5 . ;/fkm OG6/k|fOh]h lj= s/ sfof{no, aa/dxn, @)$* ;fnsf] l/6 g+= !$)( cfb]z ldlt M @)%).%.@) o:t}
cfb]z u'0f l;g]df k|f=ln= lj= cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, nlntk'/ ;d]t ePsf] @)^# ;fnsf] l/=g+= #!*! df ;d]t ePsf] 5 .
cfb]z ldlt M @)^&.%.!# j}slNks pkrf/ /x];Dd l/6 If]qflwsf/ ;fdfGotof cfslif{t x'Fb}g . Pp6} ljifoj:t'df Ps} k6s b'O{
lgsfon] xft xfNbf Goflos c/fhstf hlGdG5 . ljjflbt ljifosf] j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ clGtd eO{ a;]sf] / ljjflbt lg0f{odf
sfg"gsf] 3f]/ q'6L ePsf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 b]lvPdf dfq l/6 If]qflwsf/ cfslif{t x'g] s'/fnfO[ ckjfbsf] ?kdf lnOg] . )^(–WO–
!@$# cfb]z ldlt M @)&!.)&.)( .
15
/fh:j Gofofflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * .
218
g]kfnsf] s/ k|0ffnL M jt{dfg :j¿k / sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf 225

rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjstfnfO{ x'g]
Joj:yf 5 . ;f] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cg';f/ dxfGofoflwjStf tyf dftxtsf ;/sf/L
jsLnx¿ ;+j}wflgs lgsfo tyf ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{nosx¿sf] ;Nnfxsf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf]
x+F'bf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] xs, lxt, ;/f]sf/ lglxt /x]sf ;a} lg0f{o k|s[ofx¿df ;/sf/L jsLnsf]
k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . sltko ljz]if sfg"gdf ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ ul/g]
lg0f{o dxfGofoflwjStf jf dftxtsf ;/sf/L jsLnaf6 ug{ gkg]{ eP tfklg pSt lg0f{o ug]{
;DaGwdf s'g} sfg"gL b'ljwf ePdf ;/sf/L jsLn;Fu /fo ;Nnfx dfu ug{ ;Sg] / ;/sf/L
jsLnn] /fo ;Nnfx lbg' kg]{ x'Fbf ;a} ;/sf/L lgsfox¿;+Fu ;dGjosf/L e"ldsf lgefpg'
kg]{ x'G5 . cfos/ P]g, @)%* / d"No clej[l4s/ P]g, @)%@ adf]lhd s/ clws[t,
cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* adf]lhd cGtM z'Ns clws[t tyf cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf
dxflgb]{zsn] tt\ tt\ ljz]if sfg"gdf ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ ug]{ lg0f{o k|zf;sLo k|s[ltsf
ePsf]n] ;f] lg0f{o ubf{;Dddf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] s'g} k|ToIf e"ldsf /x]sf] gb]lvP tfklg
To;/L ePsf] lg0f{osf ;DaGwdf s'g} JolStn] ljjfb u/L pSt ljjfb pk/ s'g} Gofoflws/0f
jf cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg jf lgj]bg k/]sf] cj:yfdf To;/L k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgsf] k|lt/Iff eg]
;/sf/L jsLnaf6 dfq} x'g] x'G5 .
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{noaf6 ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0fsf ;DaGwdf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg eO{
cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefuaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o pk/ /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg]
Joj:yf 5 . xfn rf/j6f /fh:j Gofoflws/0fx¿ lj/f6gu/, sf7df8f}+, kf]v/f / g]kfnu+hdf
/x]sf] x'Fbf sf7df8f} afx]ssf /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k/]sf k'g/fj]bgsf ;DaGwdf tt\tt\
:yfgdf /x]sf pRr ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nodf sfo{/t ;/sf/L jsLnx¿af6 d'2fsf] k|lt/Iff
x'+b} cfO/x]sf] 5 eg]] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}df k/]sf k'g/fj]bgsf ;DaGwdf ljz]if
;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nodf sfo{/t ;/sf/L jsLnx¿af6 k|lt/Iff x'+b} cfO/x]sf] 5 .
eG;f/ P]g, @)^$ adf]lhd eG;f/ clws[t tyf d"Nof+sg k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] ug]{
k|zf;sLo k|s[ltsf lg0f{odf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtf g/xg] eP tfklg eG;f/
clws[tn] ug]{ rf]/L lgsf;L k}7f/L;Fu ;DalGwt lg0f{o kmf}hbf/L k|s[ltsf x'g] x'Fbf To:tf
s;"/sf ;DaGwdf eG;f/ clws[tn] cg';Gwfg sfo{ ;DkGg u/]kl5 d'2f rnfpg] jf
grnfpg] eGg] ;DaGwdf /fo ;lxt lg0f{osf nflu ;/sf/L jsLn ;dIf k7fpg' kg]{ /
;/sf/L jsLnn] lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{ x'Fbf To:tf] lg0f{odf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtf /x]sf]
x'G5 . o:tf] lg0f{o ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;/sf/L jsLnn] cg';Gwfg clws[tnfO{ lgb]{zg lbg ;d]t
;Sg] x'G5 eg] lg0f{o kZrft cleof]hgsf] sfo{ eG;f/ clws[taf6 x'g] eP tfklg
tTkZrftsf] ax; k}/jL tyf k|lt/Iff ;/sf/L jsLnaf6 x'g] x'G5 . o:tf d'2fx¿sf]
;DaGwdf eg] ;DalGwt lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nodf sfo{/t ;/sf/L jsLnx¿af6
k|lt/Iff ul/G5 .
/fh:j Gofoflws/0faf6 ePsf] km};nf pk/ k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] eP tfklg /fh:j Gofoflws/0f
P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * df ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg cg'dltsf]
nflu lgj]bg lbg ;lsg] x'+bf cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no tyf eG;f/ sfof{noox¿af6 bfo/
ul/Psf] cg'dlt lgj]bg tyf s/bftfx¿sf] tkm{af6 k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cg'dltsf] lgj]bgdf
lg:;f eO{ ;/sf/L kIfnfO{ lemsfOPsf d'2fx¿sf] k|lt/Iff eg] dxfGofoflwjStfsf]
219
226 g]kfnsf] s/ k|0ffnL M jt{dfg :j¿k / sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf

sfof{nodf sfo{/t ;/sf/L jsLnx¿af6 x'g] u/sf] 5 . To;sf cnfjf /fh:j k|zf;g;Fu
;DalGwt sfg"gfsf] ;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0f ;DaGwL ljjfbx¿ Pjd\ ;/sf/n] /fh:j k|zf;g
;DAfGwdf u/]sf gLltut Pjd\ sfo{sf/L lg0f{ox¿ pk/ kg]{ l/6 lgj]bgsf] k|lt/Iff ;d]t
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf ;/sf/L jsLnx¿af6 x'g] ub{5 . plNnlvt lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x
ug{sf nflu ;/sf/L jsLnx¿n] s/ tyf /fh:j k|zf;gsf l;4fGt / sfg"gL Joj:yf Pjd\
Goflos cEof;sf] af/]df kl/lrt x'g' kg]{ clgjfo{tf /x]sf] 5 .
!)= /fh:j ;DaGwL lg0f{ox¿sf] k|lt/Iffsf qmddf ef]Ug' k/]sf ;d:ofx¿
s/ k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt sfof{nox¿af6 k|lt/Iffsf] nflu cg'/f]w u/]sf] kq;fy k|fKt x'g]
clwsf+z ldl;nx¿df cfjZos sfuhftx¿ gePsf]df k|lt/Iff tof/Lsf] s|ddf ;/sf/L
jsLnn] Joltmut k|of; / ;Dks{ :yflkt ubf{ klg ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 oyf]lrt ;xof]u x'g
;s]sf] 5}g . s/ k|zf;sx¿n] ug]{ clwsf+z lg0f{ox¿df sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f gu/L
cfwf/ / sf/0f gv'nfO ug]{ u/]sf]n] To:tf lg0f{ox¿ cw'/f / ck"0f{ x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . tYo
k'li6 x'g] sfuhft ldl;n ;+nUg gx'g', ;DalGwt JolStnfO{ k7fpg] Dofb ;"rgf tfd]n ug]{
;DaGwdf tyf d'2f lg0f{o ug]{ / lg0f{osf] hfgsf/L lbg] h:tf sfo{ljlwut s'/fx¿ k"0f{¿kdf
kfngf gx'g', sfg"gL /fo ;Nnfx lng] tyf ;dGjo ug]{ gug'{, lg0f{o ug'{ k"j{ ;f] ljifosf
;DaGwdf s'g} lg0f{o ePsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] ljZn]if0f gx'g', d'2f ;DaGwL sfdnfO{ sd
k|fyldstf lbOg' tyf k|lt/Iffsf] nflu ldl;n k7fO{ ;s]kl5 ;f] ;DaGwdf s] eO/x]sf] 5,
k|lt/Iffsf] nflu s'g} s'/fsf] cfjZos 5 jf 5}g egL ;f]wvf]h ug]{ sfo{ gug'{ h:tf
;/f]sf/jfnfsf] lhDd]jf/Ldf sldsdhf]/L b]lvPsf 5g .!^23
s/ lgwf{/0fsf qmddf 5fglag / lg0f{o krf{ n]vg ubf{ xf];\ jf d'2fsf ;DaGwdf tof/ ul/g]
lnvt hjfkm cflb tof/ ug]{ sfo{df xf];\ ;DalGwt ;/sf/L jsLnx¿;Fu ;dGjo ug]{
ul/Psf] 5}g . ;DalGwt ljefu tyf sfof{nox¿af6 cfkm\gf] lj?¢df bfo/ ePsf d'2fx¿sf]
k|lt/Iff s] s;/L eO/x]sf] 5, To:tf d'2fx¿sf] k|lt/Iffdf cfkm"x¿n] s] s:tf] e"ldsf lgjf{x
ug'{ kg]{ xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf d'2fsf] k|lt/Iff ug]{ lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no, pRr ;/sf/L
jsLn sfof{no tyf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no aLr k|ToIf Pj+ k|efjsf/L ;Dks{ tyf
;dGjo ug]{ u/]sf] kfOb}g . /fh:j Gofoflws/0f tyf cbfntx¿af6 ePsf km};nf cg';f/
s'g} sfg"gdf ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ 5 ls eGg] h:tf s'g} klg ljifodf cWoog cg';Gwfg x'g] u/]sf]
b]lv+Fb}g .
k|lt/Iffy{ vl6g] ;/sf/L jsLnx¿sf] Ifdtf clea[l¢tkm{ ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿sf]
plrt Wofg k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g eg] s/ tyf eG;f/ k|zf;g ;Da4 sd{rf/Lx¿sf] s/ sfg"g
/ Gofo ;DaGwL Ifdtf clea[l4 tkm{ ;/sf/sf] Wofg k'u]sf] b]lv+b}g . o:tf ljifox¿nfO{
;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿n] g} cfkm\gf] k|fyldstf qmddf g/fv];Dd d'2fdf kof{Kt
dfqfdf ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;ls+b}g . /fh:j k|zf;gsf s|ddf sfg"gsf] plrt k|s[of (Due
Process of Law) kfngf ug'{ kg]{, sfg"g tyf Gofosf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿sf] kfngf eP/ dfq

16
o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf cu|jfn u|]g Ph]G;L / ;'/]z ODkf]l/od lj= s/ sfof{no, g]kfnu~h ePsf] l/6df ePsf] cfb]znfO{ lng
;lsG5 . h;df ;"rgf g} sfg"gsf] /Lt k'u]sf] 5}g eg] To:tf] v'b cfo lgwf{/0f cfb]z ;d]tnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd eGg gldNg] egL
cfb]z ePsf] 5 . @)$& ;fnsf] l/6 g+= !#%& cfb]z ldltM @)$*.!!.^ . o:tf ;d:ofsf] lg/Gt/ k'/gfj[lQ e}/x]sf] 5 .
220
g]kfnsf] s/ k|0ffnL M jt{dfg :j¿k / sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf 227

lg0f{o ul/g' kg]{ clgjfo{tf /xG5 . cg';Gwfg txlssft / lg0f{o ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg
JolStx¿nfO{ ;f] cg';f/sf] sfo{ljlw sfg"g nufotsf ljifox¿df lg/Gt/ k|lzlIft ug'{ kg]{
b]lvG5 .
s/ k|zf;gsf] lg0f{o k|lqmof ;~rfng ug{ kof{Kt hgzlStsf] Joj:yf gx'g' tyf ePsf
hgzlSt bIf gx'g', sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Nfflu pko'St k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf gx'g', :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL
tflnd sfo{s|ddf ;xefuL gu/fOg', pTk|]/0ffTds sfo{s|d ;+rfng gx'g', /fd|f] sfd ug]{nfO{
plrt k'/:sf/ / g/fd|f] sfd ug]{nfO{ plrt b08sf] Joj:yf gx'g' h:tf ;d:ofx¿n] ubf{
d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg, lg0f{o k|s[of / k|lt/Iff k|efjsf/L x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .
;/sf/L d'2fx¿sf] jx; k}/jL k|lt/Iff nufotsf sfo{df ljlzi6Ls/0f cfhsf] ckl/xfo{
cfjZostf xf] . ljleGg lgsfox¿af6 ePsf lg0f{ox¿ ljjflbt ePsf] cj:yfdf To:tf
lg0f{ox¿sf] kIfdf jx; k}/jL ug'{ cfkm}df r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . cfkm"n] u/]sf] lg0f{o 7Ls 5 /
ptm lg0f{o ;b/ x'g'k5{, Goflos k|s[ofk|lt hjfkmb]lxtf jxg ug'{k5{, d'2fsf] k|lt/Iff ;d]tsf]
sfo{nfO{ dxTj lbg' k5{, eGg] efjgf ;DalGwt g]t[TjbfoL kbflwsf/Ldf b]lvPsf] 5}g . /fh:j
k|zf;gdf ;+nUg sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cg';Gwfg txlssft, lg0f{okrf{ n]vg tyf sfo{ljlw sfg"g
nufotsf ljifox¿df k|lzIf0f lbg] ul/Psf] kfO{b}g . jt{dfg cj:yfdf d'2fsf] ax; k}/jL tyf
k|lt/IffnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] / ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf JolStx¿nfO{ ljifoj:t'sf] 1ftf agfO{
ljlzli6s/0f ug]{ sfo{ cfkm}df klg r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . t/ of] r'gf}tLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|oTg
ug'{sf] s'g} ljsNk klg 5}g .
(= lgisif{
s/sf ;j{dfGo l;¢fGt x]g]{ xf] eg] s/ ;DaGwL sfg"gx¿ t6:y, lgikIf, ;/n, k|efjsf/L /
nrsbf/ x'g' kb{5 eGg] dflgG5 . /fHosf] k|d'v ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf /xg] ePsf]n] s'g} klg /fHon]
s/nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ alnof] s/ k|zf;gsf] k|aGw u/]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] s/ ;DaGwL
sfg"gnfO{ ljZj d} s7f]/ sfg"gsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotfnfO{ c+lusf/ ub}{
xfd|f] ;+ljwfgn] klg sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s/ nufpg / p7fpg gkfOg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
s/ k|zf;g ;~rfngsf nflu ljleGg ;+/rgfut Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ljleGg sfg"gx¿
hf/L ePsf 5g\ . tL sfg"gx¿ sfof{Gjog u/L s/ /fh:j k|zf;g ;+rfng ug]{ s|ddf
s/bftf / ;/sf/ aLr ljjfb >[hgf x'g' :jfefljs xf] . o;/L >[hgf ePsf ljjfbx¿
;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'uL ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 Gofo lg¿k0f eP kZrft\ clGtd 6'+uf]df k'Ug]
ub{5g\ . /fh:j / s/;Fu ;DalGwt ljjfbx¿sf] lg/fs/0fsf qmddf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn]
ljleGg l;4fGtx¿ k|ltkfbg ul//x]sf] 5 . s/ k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ;a}n] To:tf
km};nfx¿sf] cWoog ljZn]if0f u/L ;dofg';f/ s/ /fh:j k|zf;g ;DaGwL sfg"g kl/dfh{g
Pjd\ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .

YZ

221
228 g]kfnsf] s/ k|0ffnL M jt{dfg :j¿k / sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf
g]kfnsf] s/ k|0ffnL M jt{dfg :j¿k / sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf 229

jif{ #, c° !

;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg /

bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q
# ;f]dsfGtf e08f/Li

!= ljifo k|j]z
/fHosf] d'Vo sfo{ dWo] Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{ Gofokflnsfaf6 x'g] ub{5 . ;f] clwsf/
;+ljwfg / sfg"g adf]lhd :yflkt cbfnt / Goflos lgsfoaf6 k|fof]u ul/G5 . ;a} cbfnt
/ Goflos lgsfox¿ ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] dftxt /xG5g\ . jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] ;jf]{Rr
cbfntnfO{ clen]v cbfntsf] ¿kdf ;d]t :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] JofVof
ug{] clGtd clwsf/ ;d]t ;jf{]Rr cbfntnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] 5 . Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] d'Vo / clGtd
lhDd]jf/L ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf /x]sf] 5 . tyflk ;a} d'2f dfldnfx¿ ;jf{]Rr cbfnt;Dd
;'g'jfOsf] nflu gk'uL tNnf txsf cbfntaf6} clGtd x'g] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] l;ldt d'2fdf dfq k'g/fj]bsLo If]qflwsf/ / ;'kl/j]If0ffTds
If]qflwsf/ cGtu{t d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO u/L clGtd cfb]z jf km};nf ug{] ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL
Joj:yf 5 .
k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] Joj:yf cbfntL sfd sf/afxLdf dxTjk"0f{ k|lqmof xf] . sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/]
adf]lhd If]qflwsf/ k|fKt cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg lbg ;lsG5 . of] kIfsf] sfg"gL clwsf/ xf] .
t/ bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bgdf ;'g'jfO ug{] If]qflwsf/ lgod geO{ ckjfb xf] . ;fdfGo ¿kdf
clwsf/ k|fKt cbfntn] d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO u/L k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] u/L clGtd ePsf] d'2fdf of]
clwsf/If]q k|of]u ul/G5 . cbfntaf6 d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO u/L clGtd ePsf] km};nf jf clGtd
cfb]z pk/ k'gM ;'g'jfO ug{ cg'dlt lbPdf dfq pRrtd\ cbfnt åf/f lglZrt cj:yfdf
d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO ul/G5 . Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)&# cg';f/ pRr cbfntaf6 ePsf km};nf jf
clGtd cfb]z pk/ ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] lglZrt k|s[ltsf d'2fdf dfq
bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g{sf nflu lgj]bg lbg ;lsG5 . sfg"gdf tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] cj:yfdf k'gM ;'g'jfO
ug{ kg{] cj:yf ePdf d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ cfb]z ul/G5 . o:tf] cfb]z k|fKt ePdf ;f] d'2fdf
k'g/fj]bg ;/x ;'g'jfO ul/G5 .

i
pkGofoflwjQmf, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, g]kfn .
222
230 ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q

@= clwsf/If]qsf] kl/efiff
sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] l;dfleq /xL lglb{i6 ljifoj:t' / If]qleq clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug'{ g}
clwsf/If]q xf] . s'g} klg Goflos lgsfo -cbfnt jf cw{ Goflos_ n] d'2f x]g]{, ;'gjfO ug{] /
lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] sfg"gk|bQ clwsf/nfO{ clwsf/If]q elgG5 . Legal Dictionary df
clwsf/If]qnfO{ Authority given by law to a court to try cases and rule on legal matters
within a particular geographic area and/or over certain types of legal cases egL kl/eflift
ul/Psf] 5 .1 s'g} cbfntn] d'2f ;'Gg / lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ If]qflwsf/ elgG5 .2
;'ljwf ;Gt'ngsf] b[li6sf]0f, lgoGq0fsf] b[li6sf]0f, ef}uf]lns ;'ljwfsf] b[li6sf]0f, d'2fsf]
ljifoj:t'sf] uDeL/tf, kIfx¿sf] l:ylt, ljuf] / b08sf] dfqf, ljifoj:t'sf] ljlzi6Ls/0f
h:tf cfwf/df cbfntsf] clwsf/If]q lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 .3 d'2fsf] sf/afxL, ;'g'jfO /
lsgf/f ug{ s'g} klg cbfntnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/If]q x'g' kb{5 . clwsf/If]q gePsf]
cbfntn] d'2fsf] l;nl;nfdf u/]sf] sf/afxL, ;'g'jfO, cfb]z jf lg0f{o ab/ x'G5 .4
clwsf/If]qnfO{ If]qflwsf/ klg elgG5 . clwsf/sf] If]q cGtu{t clwsf/sf] ;Ldf klg
kb{5 .5 clwsf/If]q Gofo k|zf;gsf] cfwf/:tDe xf] . s'g} klg ;fj{ef}d /fHon] cfkm\gf]
;Ldfleq / lglZrt s;"/x¿sf xsdf ;Ldf aflx/sf] If]qdf ;d]t cfkm\gf gful/sn] u/]sf]
jf cfkm\gf gful/s lj?4 jf cfkm\gf] d'n'ssf] ;fj{ef}ldstf, ;'/Iff / lxt lj?4 ePsf sfd,
sf/afxL pk/ lgodg ug]{ clwsf/ kfPsf] x'G5 . g]kfnsf] sfg"gnfO{ kl/dfh{g /
cfw'lgsLs/0f u/L hf/L ePsf d'n'sL ;+lxtfx¿, Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)&# ;d]tn] cbfntsf
clwsf/If]q ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . clwsf/If]q ;DaGwL l;4fGtx¿ b]xfo adf]lhd
/x]sf 5g\ M
x If]qflwsf/sf] l;h{gf sfg"gåf/f x'g],
x clwsf/If]q z'Gosf] l:yltdf g/xg],
x xs a]xs ;DaGwL clwsf/If]qsf] lgwf{/0f cbfntaf6 dfq x'g],
x Goflos sf/afxL ;fdfGotM cbfntsf] clwsf/If]q leq kg]{,
x cbfnt / k|zf;sLo clwsf/ aLr s;sf] If]qflwsf/ leq kg]{ eGg] :ki6 sfg"g
gePdf cbfnts} clwsf/If]q leq kg]{,
x d'2fsf kIfx¿sf] ;xdlt x'Fb}df If]qflwsf/sf] l;h{gf / cGTo x'g g;Sg],
x clwsf/If]qsf] a9L k|of]u jf clwsf/sf] b'¿kof]u u/]df clwsf/ If]qfTds q'l6 x'g],
x clwsf/If]q ;DaGwL ljifodf JofVofsf] k|Zg p7]df pbf/ lsl;daf6 JofVof ug'{kg]{,
x clwsf/ gePsf] d'2f x]/] l5g]df ab/ x'g], cflb .

1
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2
kjgs'df/ cf]emf, -@)^$_, sfg"g tyf Gofosf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt, efu !, -lå=;+=_, kjg–d~h' cf]emf k|sfzg, k[= !(* .
3
eb|sfnL kf]v/]n, æcbfntsf] clwsf/If]q ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff,Æ Goflos cfjfh, c+s ^, -@)&!_, Gofokflnsf clws[t ;dfh,
k[= ! .
4
d'n'sL b]jfgL sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf !^ .
5
dbgaxfb'/ wfdL, d'n'sL b]jfgL / ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ df cbfntsf] clwsf/If]q ;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿, k|ltkfbg, jif{ %, c+s !
@)&%, /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fg, dgd}h", sf7df8f}+, k[= #&( .
223
;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q 231

cbfntsf] clwsf/If]qnfO{ sfo{ljlw sfg"gdf ljleGg cfwf/df ljeQm ug{] / cWoog ug{]
k|rng /x]sf] b]lvG5 . Ps kIf jf Ps cj:yfaf6 clwsf/If]qsf af/]df rrf{ ubf{ csf{] kIf
5'6\g] cj:yf x'G5 . ;fdfGotofM clwsf/If]qnfO{ If]q lj:tf/sf] cfwf/df -On the Basis of
Extend_, cbfntL sfdsf] k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df -On the Basis of Nature of Court Authority_ /
cbfntsf] ;+/rgfut -txut_ cfwf/df -On the Basis of Structural Hierarchy_ ljeQm u/L
cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q cbfntL sfdsf]
k|s[lt;Fu ;DalGwt clwsf/If]q xf] . o; k|:t'ltdf ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bsLo If]qflwsf/
/ ;'kl/j]If0ffTds clwsf/If]q cGtu{t bf]xf]¥ofO kfpF lgj]bgsf] af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
#= ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg nfUg] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]
ljsf;qmd
g]kfn cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& / g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% df k|wfg Gofofno
tyf ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/sf af/]df pNn]v u/]sf] kfOFb}g . sfg"gdf g} cbfntsf]
If]qflwsf/sf af/]df g]kfn k|wfg Gofofno P]g, @))* n] pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] P]gsf]
bkmf @! df d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg] -l/lehg_ / clkn ;'Gg] b'j} clwsf/If]q k|wfg GofofnnfO{ x'g]
Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] bkmfdf k|wfg Gofofnon] clkn ljlGtkq / ;fws -l/km/]G;_ ;'Gg]
tyf d'2f km]/L x]g{] -l/Ao"_, lkmtf{ ug{] -l/dfG8_ / ;fg{] clVtof/ klg pQm GofofnonfO{ x'g]
Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;f]xL P]gsf bkmf @@ df k|wfg Gofofnosf] l8lehg a]+rn] d'2f
bf]xf]¥ofO{ lbg] jf clkn x'g ;Sg] nfossf] egL lg:;f ul/lbPdf k|wfg GofofwLz nufot
s'g} Ps GofofwLzn] k|wfg Gofofnosf] clkn ;'Gg] jf d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg] clwsf/If]qsf] k|of]u
u/L u/]sf] l8u|L jf cfb]z pk/ k|wfg Gofofnodf clkn nfUg jf d'2f bf]xf]l/g -l/lehg x'g_
;S5 eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .6
@)!@ ;fndf hf/L Gofo k|zf;g -k'gu{7g_ P]g @)!@ n] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ¿kdf k|wfg
Gofofno, k'/fj]bg txsf] cbfntsf] ¿kdf lhNnf cbfnt / ;'? txsf] cbfntsf] ¿kdf
Onfsf cbfntsf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] eP tfklg pQm P]g k|f/De g} x'g ;s]g .7 k|wfg
Gofofno P]g, @))* nfO{ vf/]h ub}{ @)!# ;fndf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt P]g, @)!# cfof] . t/
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)!^ cfpg'k"j{;Dd g} ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ¿kdf k|wfg Gofofno -@))*–
@)!#_ / ;jf]{Rr cbfnt -@)!#–@)!(_, k'g/fj]bg txsf] cbfntsf] ¿kdf clkn c8\8f -!#
j6f_ / ;'? txsf] cbfntsf] ¿kdf cldgL -@! j6f_ / cbfntx¿ -@$ j6f_ /x]sf] kfOG5 .8
g]kfn k|wfg Gofofno P]g, @))* nfO{ vf/]h u/L ;jf{]Rr cbfnt P]g, @)!# sfof{Gjogdf
cfP kl5 k|wfg Gofofnosf] sfd ug{] u/L ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] Joj:yf ul/of] . ;jf{]Rr cbfnt
P]g, @)!# sf] bkmf !) df ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] ;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/sf af/]df pNn]v ub{}
;jf{]Rr cbfntn] k|rlnt sfg"gn] k|bfg u/] adf]lhd clkn ;'Gg], d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg] jf c?
lsl;dsf] ;d]t clwsf/If]q x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .9 ;jf{]Rr cbfnt P]g, @)!# sf] bkmf

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k|sfz kl08t, g]kfnsf] Gofo k|zf;gM Ps cWoog, k|zf;g, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf, jif{ #*, c+s #, k"0ff{Í !)^,
cfiff9 @)^$, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, l;+xbaf/, sf7df8f}+, k[= !)% .
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P]hg .
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232 ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q

@$ adf]lhd ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg lbgsf nflu Dofb yfDg] ;DaGwdf
10

zfxL cfb]z hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] cfb]z b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] lyof] .11
;+jt\ @))& ;fn j}zfv ! ut]b]lv ;Dat\ @))& ;fn kmfNu'0f ^ ut]ts
v8\ulgzfgf, Ps b'O{ 5fk]af6 ;b/ eO{ km};nf ePsf] / ;Dat\ @))& ;fn
kmfNu'0f & ut]b]lv @)!@ ;fn r}q d;fGtts ;b/ dfldnf lgS;f/L / ;f]
dfldnf lgS;f/L ;dfj]z ePsf k|wfg Gofofnoaf6 km};nf ePsf] bf]x¥ofO{ kfpF
eGg]n] cfkm\gf] sfa" aflx/sf kl/l:yltn] ubf{ lalGtkq k|dfËLsf] ^ gDa/sf] cjlw
g3fO{ lalGtkq lbPsf]df k|wfg Gofofnon] sf/afO{ rnfO{ ;s]sf] jf df}s}df tf]s
cfb]z gu/L :ylut /fv]sf]df kl5 vf/]h ug{] u/]sf d'2f dfldnf dWo] cl3 v8\u
lgzfgf, Ps b'O{ 5fk]af6 jf k|wfg Gofofnoaf6 bf]x¥ofO{ x]bf{ cl3Nnf] km};nf
;b/ e};s]sf]df afx]s Ps k6s;Dd klg bf]x¥ofO{ gx]l/Psf To:tf d'2f dfldnf
hltsf xsdf ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] Dofb yfdL sfg"g adf]lhd bf]x¥ofO{ lbg' .
dfly plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfdf d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg] zJb k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . tyflk o;sf]
k|jGw dflyNnf] cbfntaf6 d'2f km};nf eP kl5 clGtd ePsf] dflgG5 . t/ lglZrt
cj:yfdf ;f]xL cbfntn] k'gM d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ ;'g'jfO ug{] eGg] ljifonfO{ Jojl:yt ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] d'2fdf d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g{] If]qflwsf/ Gofo
k|zf;g P]g, @)!^ / To; kl5sf sfg"gL Joj:yfdf ul/Psf] xf] .
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)!^ df Onfsf, lhNnf, pRr / ;jf{]Rr cbfnt u/L rf/ txsf] cbfnt
/ ltgsf] clwsf/If]qsf af/]df :ki6 pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] P]gsf] bkmf @@ df o; P]gdf
jf c? s'g} k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gdf ls6fgL;fy n]lvPsf sndx¿ afx]s Ps k6s
l5lg;s]sf] d'2f dfldnfdf p;} cbfntn] bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g{ x'Fb}g, s'g} Ps cbfntn] l5g]kl5
dflyNnf] cbfntdf clkn jf bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpF eGg] lgj]bgkq nfUg ;Sb}g egL pNn]v u/]sf]
kfOG5 .12 tyflk ;f] P]gsf] bkmf !( sf] pkbkmf -$_ df pRr cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf jf
clGtd cfb]z pk/ l;ldt d'2fdf dfq ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
kfOG5 .13 ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfaf6 ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{sf] nflu pRr cbfntn] g}

10
;f] bkmfdf æo; P]gdf /x]sf] s'g} klg s'/fn] >L % dxf/fhflw/fhsf] Gofo Joj:yf ;DaGwL ljz]ifflwsf/nfO{ n'Kt ug{], ;Lldt ug{]
jf 36fpg] 5}gÆ eGg] Joj:yf lyof] .
11
@)!$ ;fn j}zfv !) ut]sf] g]kfn /fhkq .
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http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2015/laws/LA-NP/Statutes-
Acts/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%20%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A
4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A8,%E0%A5%A8%E0%A
5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AC.pdf
13
;f] pkbkmfdf b]xfosf] d'2fdf ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] M
-s_ ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof h:tf] s'g} hl6n sfg"gL k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf] egL pRr cbfntn] lg:;f u/L lbPsf] d'2f dfldnf, jf
-v_ To:tf] lg:;f u/L lbg pRr cbfntn] OGsf/ u/] tfklg ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof h:tf] s'g} hl6n sfg"gL k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf] 5
eGg] ;jf{]Rr cbfntnfO{ lrQ a'em\g] sf/0f eO{ cfkm" 5]p clkn ug{ kfpg] u/L ;f] cbfntn] ljz]if cg'dlt lbPsf] d'2f
dfldnf, jf
-u_ d[To'b08 jf b; jif{ eGbf a9L s}bsf] ;hfo ef]Ug' kg{] u/L jf b; xhf/ ?k}Fof eGbf a9L b08 ug{] u/L pRr cbfntaf6
km};nf lbPsf] d'2f dfldnf, jf
-3_ ;'? cbfntdf d'2f kbf{ / ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf clkn ubf{ klg emu8f k/]sf] jf bfjf u/]sf] ljifosf] df]n ljuf] kRrL; xhf/
?k}Fof eGbf a9L ePsf] d'2f dfldnf, jf
-ª_ bkmf !* cGtu{t pRr cbftnn] lbPsf] ;hfosf] cfb]z .
225
;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q 233

lg:;f lbg] Joj:yf ;d]t cjnDag u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} pRr cbfntn] k'g/fj]bg ug{sf]
14

nflu lg:;f glbPdf ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof h:tf] s'g} hl6n sfg"gL k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf] 5 eGg]
;jf{]Rr cbfntnfO{ lrQ a'em\g] sf/0f eO{ cfkm" 5]p clkn ug{ kfpg] u/L ;f] cbfntn]
ljz]if cg'dlt lbPdf ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf ;d]t ;f] P]gdf
ul/Psf] lyof] .15 o; sfg"gL Joj:yfn] pRr cbfntn] g} ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg
g;Sg] d'2f dfldnfdf k'gM d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf ug{] u/L lg:;f lbg] clwsf/
k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 .
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)!^ nfO{ vf/]h ub{} Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)!* nfu" ul/of] . ;f] P]gn]
Onfsf cbfnt, lhNnf cbfnt / ;jf{]Rr cbfnt u/L tLg txsf] cbfntsf] Joj:yf u/]sf]
lyof] . ;f] P]gsf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -@_ df lhNnf cbfnnt] u/]sf] km};nf jf clGtd cfb]z
pk/ l;ldt cj:yfsf d'2fdf dfq ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf]
lyof] .16 ;fy} bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -@_ df lhNnf GofofzLnn] g} ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
ug{sf] nflu lg:;f lbg ;Sg]17 / lhNnf GofofwLzn] lg:;f u/L lbg OGsf/ u/] tfklg
;+ljwfgsf] JofVof ;DaGwL s'g} hl6n sfg"gL k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf] 5 eGg] ;jf{]Rr
cbfntnfO{ lrQ a'em\g] sf/0f eO{ cfkm" 5]p clkn ug{ kfpg] u/L ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] ljz]if
cg'dlt lbPsf] d'2f dfldnf18 df k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . o;}u/L
pkbkmf -#_ df bkmf % adf]lhdsf] s'g} d'2f dfldnfdf19 lhNnf GofofwLzn] u/]sf] h'g;'s}
km};nf jf clGtd cfb]z / bkmf & adf]lhd lhNnf GofofwLzn] lbPsf] ;hfo -cbfntsf]
cjx]ngf_ sf] cfb]z pk/ ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .
cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/sf ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfgdf g} klxnf] k6s g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( df
pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( sf] wf/f &) df ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ;fwf/0f
clwsf/If]qsf] af/]df pNn]v ub{} ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;'? d'2f x]g]{, k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg], ;fws x]g]{,
tNnf] cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] d'2f bf]x¥ofpg] ;d]tsf] clwsf/If]q sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t
eP adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 .

14
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)!^ sf] bkmf !( sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] v08 -s_ df ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof h:tf] s'g} hl6n sfg"gL k|Zg ;dfj]z
ePsf] egL pRr cbfntn] lg:;f u/L lbPsf] d'2f dfldnfdf ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] .
15
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)!^ sf] bkmf !( sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] v08 -v_ .
16
;f] pkbkmf -@_ df b]xfosf d'2f dfldnfdf dfq lhNnf cbfnt u/]sf] km};nf jf clGtd cfb]z pk/ ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
nfUg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] M
-s_ emu8f k/]sf] jf bfjf u/]sf] ljifosf] df]n ljuf] tLg xhf/ ?k}Fof eGbf a9L ePsf] jf hlt;'s} df]n ljuf] eP klg Onfsf
GofofwLzn] u/]sf] OG;fkmdf /fo gldnL lhNnf GofofwLzn] k"/f jf s]xL pN6L u/]sf] d'2f dfldnf jf df]n ljuf] gv'n]sf]
;fd"lxs s'nf] kfgL, ;fd"lxs ;lGw ;k{g, uf}r/ jf tfobftL gcfPsf] c+z d'2f, jf
-v_ Ps xhf/ ?k}Fof eGbf a9L b08 jf Ps jif{ eGbf a9L s}bsf] ;hfo ug{] u/L km};nf u/]sf] jf hlt;'s} b08 s}b ug{] u/L
km};nf u/]sf] eP klg Onfsf GofofwLzn] u/]sf] OG;fkmdf /fo gldnL lhNnf GofofwLzn] k"/f jf s]xL pN6L u/]sf] d'2f
dfldnf, jf
-u_ ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof ;DaGwL s'g} hl6n sfg"gL k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf] egL lhNnf GofofwLzn] lg:;f u/L lbPsf] d'2f dfldnf,
jf
-3_ To:tf] lg:;f ul/lbg lhNnf GofofwLzn] OGsf/ u/] tfklg ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof ;DaGwL s'g} hl6n sfg"gL k|Zg ;dfj]z
ePsf] 5 eGg] ;jf{]Rr cbfntnfO{ lrQ a'em\g] sf/0f eO{ cfkm" 5]p clkn ug{ kfpg] u/L ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] ljz]if cg'dlt
lbPsf] d'2f dfldnf
17
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)!* sf] bkmf * sf] v08 -u_ df ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof ;DaGwL s'g} hl6n sfg"gL k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf] egL
lhNnf GofofwLzn] lg:;f u/L lbPsf] d'2f dfldnfdf ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .
18
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)!* sf] bkmf * sf] v08 -3_ df .
19
lhNnf cbfntn] ;'? sf/afxL / lsgf/f u/]sf] d'2f .
226
234 ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q

Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ P]g, @)#! df lhNnf cbfnt, c+rn cbfnt, If]qLo cbfnt /
;jf{]Rr cbfnt u/L rf/ txsf] cbfntsf] ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] P]gsf] bkmf
!# sf] pkbkmf -%_ df If]qLo cbfntaf6 km};nf jf clGtd cfb]z ePsf d'2f dWo] d[To' b08,
;j{:j ;lxt hGds}b jf hGds}bsf] ;hfo x'g] d'2f / ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof jf ;fj{hlgs
dxTjsf] ljifodf k|ToIftM uDeL/ sfg"gL q'l6 ePsf] 5 jf d'2fsf] /f]xdf Pp6f If]qLo
cbfntn] u/]sf] sfg"gsf] JofVof;Fu csf{] If]qLo cbfntsf] JofVof j:t'tM aflemPsf]n] ;f]
leGgtf x6fpg' cfjZos 5 eGg] cfkm"nfO{ lrQ a'em\g] sf/0f eO{ cfkm" ;dIf k'g/fj]bg ug{
kfpg] u/L ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] cg'dlt lbPsf] d'2f jf bkmf !! cGtu{t If]qLo cbfntn] ;hfo
u/]sf] d'2f -cbfntsf] cjx]nfgf_ pk/ ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
lyof] . o; sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ -rf}yf] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)$#20 n] If]qLo
cbfnt / ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] cj:yf / ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg
ug{] ;DaGwdf Jofks ¿kdf kl/dfh{g u/]sf] kfOG5 .
If]qLo cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] d'2fx¿df c+rn cbfntn] ;'? sf/afxL / lsgf/f u/]sf]
d'2f, lhNnf cbfntsf] lg0f{o pQm cbfntn] k"/} jf s]xL pN6L u/]sf] km};nf jf clGtd
cfb]z, d[To' b08, ;j{:j;lxt hGds}b, hGds}b jf b; jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L s}bsf] ;hfo
x'g ;Sg] ck/fwsf] cleof]u nfu]sf] d'2f / ;'? txsf] lg0f{o pk/ c~rn cbfntn] k'g/fj]bg
x]/L ;f] lg0f{o ;b/ u/]sf] d'2fdf bkmf !# sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] cwLgdf /xL If]qLo cbfntn]
k'g/fj]bg ug{ cg'dlt lbPsf] d'2f /x]sf lyP .21
o;}u/L ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] d'2fx¿df If]qLo cbfntn] ;'? sf/afxL / lsgf/f
u/]sf] d'2f, c+rn cbfnt jf k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd cGo s'g} lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln]
;'? sf/afxL / lsgf/f u/]sf] d'2fdf If]qLo cbfntdf klxnf] k'g/fj]bg k/L ;f] d'2fdf ;'?
OG;fkm k"/} jf s]xL pN6fO{ If]qLo cbfntn] km};nf jf clGtd cfb]z u/]sf] d'2f, d[To' b08,
;j{:j ;lxt hGds}b, hGds}b jf aL; jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9Lsf] s}bsf] ;hfo x'g ;Sg]
ck/fwsf] cleof]u nfu]sf] d'2f / bkmf !# sf] pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhd ;jf{]Rr cbfntn]
k'g/fj]bg ug{ cg'dlt lbPsf] d'2f /x]sf lyP .22
;'? lhNnf cbfntn] u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ c+rn cbfntn] k'g/fj]bg ;'gL ;'? lg0f{o ;b/ u/]sf
d'2fdf If]qLo cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf lyPg . olb P]gsf] bkmf !# sf] pkbkmf -$_
df plNnlvt s'g} k|Zgdf sfg"gL q'l6 b]lvPdf If]qLo cbfntn] c+rn cbfntsf] km};nf jf
clGtd cfb]z pk/ cfkm" ;dIf k'g/fj]bg ug{] cg'dlt lbg ;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf]
lyof] . ;f] P]gdf ul/Psf] sfg"gL Joj:yfaf6 lhNnf cbfntn] ;'? sf/afxL / lsgf/f u/L
u/]sf] km};nf c+rn cbfntn] ;b/ u/]df If]qLo cbfntdf g} k'g/fj]bg gnfUg], c+rn
cbfntn] ;'? sf/afxL / lsgf/f u/L u/]sf] km};nf If]qLo cbfntn] ;b/ u/]df ;jf{]Rr
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] Joj:yf lyof] . lhNnf cbfntn] ;'? txsf] km};nf u/]sf]df c+rn
cbfntn] k"/} jf s]xL pN6L km};nf u/]sf] cj:yfdf dfq If]qLo cbfnt;Dd k'g/fj]bg nfUg]
/ c+rn cbfntn] ;'? txsf] km};nf u/]sf]df If]qLo cbfntn] k"/} jf s]xL pN6L km};nf u/]sf]
20
v08 #^, k"jf{ltl/tfÍ #! -s_, g]kfn /fhkq, efu @, @)$&.)&.@$ .
21
Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !# sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -s_ b]lv -3_ ;Dd .
22
Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !# sf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] v08 -s_ b]lv -3_ ;Dd .
227
;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q 235

cj:yfdf dfq ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf lyof] . o; sfg"gL Joj:yfaf6
lhNnf cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf d[To' b08, ;j{:j;lxt hGds}b, hGds}b jf b; jif{ jf ;f]
eGbf a9Lsf] s}bsf] ;hfo x'g ;Sg] ck/fwsf] cleof]u nfu]sf] d'2f If]qLo cbfnt;Dd /
d[To' b08, ;j{:j;lxt hGds}b, hGds}b jf aL; jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9Lsf] s}bsf] ;hfo x'g
;Sg] ck/fwsf] cleof]u nfu]sf] d'2f dfq ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf lyof] .
;jf{]Rr cbfntdf l;ldt d'2fdf dfq k'g/fj]bg nfUg] u/L bkmf !# sf] pkbkmf -#_ Joj:yf
ul/Psf] / ;f] cj:yfdf afx]s ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpgsf nflu pkbkmf -%_ sf]
adf]lhdsf d'2fdf dfq k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dltsf] lgj]bg lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf lyof] . tL
d'2fx¿df -s_ clwsf/If]q ;DaGwL k|Zg, -v_ sfg"gsf] JofVof ;DaGwL k|Zg, -u_ ;jf{]Rr
cbfntaf6 :yflkt ePsf sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] kfng gu/]sf] jf unt JofVof u/]sf] k|Zg, -3_
d'2fsf] /f]xdf Pp6f If]qLo cbfntn] u/]sf] sfg"gsf] JofVof csf{] If]qLo cbfntsf] JofVof;Fu
aflemPsf] k|Zg, jf ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof ;DaGwL k|Zg /x]sf lyP .23 t/ pkbkmf -$_ sf] v08 -
v_ / -u_ afx]ssf cj:yfdf If]qLo cbfntn] k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt lbg OGsf/ u/]sf]
cj:yfdf k'gM ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt gnfUg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .24
lj=;+= @)$^ ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kZrft\ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& nfu"
eof] . ;f] ;+ljwfgdf lhNnf cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / ;jf{]Rr cbfnt u/L tLg txsf]
cbfntsf] ;+/rgf x'g] Joj:yf ul/of] . ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd
;'? d'2f x]g]{ / k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/ x'g]25 tyf sfg"gåf/f tf]lsPsf] cj:yf / zt{df
cfˆgf] km};nf jf clGtd cfb]zsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;Sg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .26
;+ljwfgdf g} d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg] clwsf/If]qsf af/]df eg] :ki6 pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOFb}g . pQm
;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogdf cfP kl5 Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* nfu" eof] . ;f] P]gsf] bkmf ( sf]
pkbkmf -!_ df ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] d'2fx¿df k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] u/]s]f
km};nf jf clGtd cfb]z pk/ b]xfo d'2fx¿df ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] lyof] M
-s_ k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] ;'? sf/afxL / lsgf/f u/]sf] d'2f,
-v_ b; jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L s}bsf] ;hfo ePsf] d'2f,
-u_ tLg jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L s}bsf] ;hfo, kRrL; xhf/ ¿k}ofF jf ;f] eGbf a9L
hl/jfgf, krf; xhf/ ¿k}ofF jf ;f] eGbf a9L ljuf] ePsf] jf ljuf] gv'n]sf] d'2f
jf ;'? cbfnt, lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntn]
k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf lg0f{o ubf{ s]xL jf k"/} pN6L ePsf] d'2f,27

23
Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !# sf] pkbkmf -%_ sf] v08 -s_ b]lv -ª_ ;Dd .
24
Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !# sf] pkbkmf -&_ .
25
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f ** sf] pkwf/f -#_ .
26
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f ** sf] pkwf/f -$_ .
27
o; v08 @)^& r}q !% ut] ;+wf]wg ul/Psf] xf] . P]g k|f/De x'Fbf o; v08df æ;'? cbfnt, lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{o /
;f] lg0f{o pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'gL k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] u/]sf] lg0f{odf tflTjs leGgtf ePsf] d'2fÆ eGg] pNn]v ePsf]df o;
v08nfO{ @)%(.%.@& cbfnt Joj:yfkg tyf Gofo k|zf;g ;DaGwL s]xL g]kfn P]g ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)%* åf/f ;+zf]wg u/L
228
236 ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q

;jf{]Rr cbfntdf d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg nfUg] Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@ sf]
Joj:yf / Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)&# sf] bkmf !@ cg';f/ g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lj=;+= @)^@÷)^#
;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kZrft\ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# nfu" eof] . ;f]
;+ljwfgdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ;'? d'2f x]g]{, k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg],
;fws hfFRg], d'2f bf]x¥ofpg] jf lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/ x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .28 o;
Joj:yfnfO{ xfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] klg lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5 .29
;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] / d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] If]qflwsf/ ;DaGwL g]kfnsf]
sfg"gL Joj:yf x]bf{ d'2fsf] k|s[lt, uDeL/tf, cbfntsf] tx / k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] cbfntsf]
km};nf cg';f/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;a} d'2fdf ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg gnfUg]
sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cEof; ljut b]lv g} ul/Psf] kfOG5 . k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] d'2fdf d'2f
bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg lbg ;lsg] zt{ / l;df tf]sL k'g/fj]bg ug{ cg'dlt ;jf{]Rr cbfnt eGbf
tNnf] txsf] cbfnt jf ;+j}wflgs k|Zgdf ;jf{]Rr cbfnt cfkm}n] ljz]if cg'dlt lbg] sfg"gL
Joj:yf ul/Psf] ;d]t kfOG5 . o; ;DaGwdf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)!^ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfn]
k'g/fj]bg / d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ug{] If]qflwsf/ / k|lqmof af/]df lj:t[t pNn]v u/]sf]
kfOG5 . Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ P]g, @)#! n] cbfntsf] rf/ txsf] Joj:yf ub{} If]qLo cbfntn]
g} If]qLo cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ cg'dltsf] lbg ;Sg] tyf ;jf{]Rr
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] d'2fdf ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] k'g/fj]bg ug{] cg'dlt lbg ;Sg]
If]qflwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;'? txsf] cbfntsf] km};nf k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] cbftnaf6
;b/ ePdf k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . cleof]u bfaL adf]lhd x'g ;Sg] s}b
;hfo tyf cbfntaf6 ePsf] s}b / hl/jfgfsf cfwf/df ;d]t ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
ug{ ;lsg] jf g;lsg] cfwf/ lnPsf] kfOG5 .
$= k'g/fj]bsLo IF]qflwsf/
s'g} d'2fdf tNnf] cbfnt, lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{o / clGtd cfb]z pk/ lrQ
gj'‰g] kIfn] cfk'mnfO{ lrQ ga'e]msf s'/fdf ;f] sf] ;'wf/ jf pN6Lsf nflu ;f] eGbf dflyNnf]
;Ifd cbfnt jf lgsfo ;dIf ul/g] cfj]bg k'g/fj]bg xf] . Black's law Dictionary sf
cg';f/ Appeal is a complaint to a superior court of an error or injustice committed by a
lower court in which the error or injustice is sought to be corrected or reversed. -tNnf]
txsf cbfnt jf Goflos clwsf/Låf/f ul/Psf] q'l6k"0f{ lg0f{o jf cGofo ;'wfg{sf nflu jf
pN6\ofpgsf nflu lbOg] lgj]bg g} k'g/fj]bg xf] ._ ;+If]kdf k'g/fj]bg s'g} klg ljjfbsf
;DaGwdf ;Ifd lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ lrQ ga'em\g] kIfaf6 dflyNnf]
lgsfodf ul/g] ofrgf xf] . k'g/fj]bg ug]{ clwsf/ kIfsf] sfg"gL clwsf/ xf] . ;fdfGotofM
sfg"gn] k'g/fj]bgsf] clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ ck]Iff ul/G5 . tNnf] txsf] cbfnt jf Goflos
clwsf/Laf6 ePsf] lg0f{o 7Ls a]7Ls s] xf] < eGg] hfFRg] / ;'wf/ ug{] sfo{ g} k'g/fj]bsLo
clwsf/ xf] .

æz'? cbfnt, lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf lg0f{o ubf{ s]xL jf k"/} pN6L ePsf]
d'2fÆ eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] .
28
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -#_ .
29
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !## sf] pkwf/f -$_ .
229
;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q 237

k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] cbfntsf] clwsf/If]qnfO{ k'g/fj]bsLo clwsf/If]q elgG5 . k'g/fj]bgsf]

/f]xdf k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] cbfntn] tYo / sfg"gL b'j} k|Zgdf hfFra'em / lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] x'G5 .
tNnf] cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nfdf k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf ;'g'jfO ug]{ s|ddf tNnf] cbfntsf]
km};nfnfO{ ;b/ ug{, ab/ ug{ jf 5'§} lg0f{o ug{ ;Sb5 .30 k'g/fj]bg ;'?sf] km};nf pk/ Ps
tx dflysf] cbfntdf ;'g'jfOsf] nflu lbOG5 . Ps tx k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] s'/fnfO{
clwsf/s} ¿kdf k|foM h;f] sfg"g k|0ffnLdf :jLsfl/Psf] 5 . dfgjLo q'l6 x'g ;Sg] s'/fnfO{
cfTd;ft u/L q'l6 ;Rofpg' k'g/fj]bgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo xf] . Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)&# sf] bkmf
( df ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . h'g lgDg k|sf/
/x]sf] 5 M31
-s_ bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd pRr cbfntn] ;'¿ sf/afxL / lsgf/f u/]sf]
d'2f,
-v_ pRr cbfntaf6 bz jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L s}b ;hfo x'g] u/L km};nf ePsf] d'2f,
-u_ tLg jif{ eGbf a9L s}bsf] ;hfo jf kfFr nfv ¿k}ofF eGbf a9L hl/jfgf jf
kRrL; nfv ¿k}ofF eGbf a9L ljuf] ePsf] d'2fdf ;'? cbfnt, lgsfo jf
clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ pRr cbfntn] k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf lg0f{o ubf{
cf+lzs jf k"/} ab/ u/]sf] d'2f, /
-3_ ;+3Lo sfg"g adf]lhd ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] cGo d'2f .
-@_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf ;fws k]z ePsf] d'2fdf ;d]t ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg]
clwsf/ x'g]5 .
cbfntn] u/]sf] k}m;nf jf clGtd cfb]z pk/ lrQ ga'e\mg] kIfn] k'g/fj]bg nfUg]
d'2fdf sfg"gsf] Dofbleq k'g/fj]bg ug{' kb{5 . k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] cbfntn] k'g/fj]bgsf]
/f]xdf d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO ubf{ olb tNnf] cbfntsf] lg0f{o plrt ePsf] b]v]df ;f]sf] sf/0f
v'nfO{ k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ c:jLs[t ug{ ;Sb5 . k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] cbfnt /
;fws hfFRg] cbfntnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] clwsf/ x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 M32
-s_ dftxtsf cbfnt, lgsfo jf clwsf/Lsf] lg0f{o ;b/ jf cf+lzs jf k"/} ab/ ug]{,
-v_ dftxtsf cbfnt, lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln] ug{ kfpg] km};nf jf clGtd cfb]z ug]{,
-u_ d'2fdf OG;fkm ug{'kg]{ k|Zg;Fu ;Da4 k|df0f dftxtsf cbfnt, lgsfo jf
clwsf/Ln] a'‰g 5'6fPsf] /x]5 eg] cfkm}Fn] a'‰g] jf d'2fsf] nut sfod} /fvL tL
k|df0fx¿ a'‰g ldl;n tNnf] cbfnt, lgsfo jf clwsf/L ;dIf k7fpg],

30
/fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fg, -@)&)_, kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL sfg"gnfO{ ;+zf]wg / PsLs/0f ug{
ag]sf] ljw]os kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)^& bkmfaf/ JofVofTds l6Kk0fL, xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/ M
/fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fg, g]kfn, k[= @%^ .
31
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)&# sf] bkmf ( .
32
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)&# sf] bkmf !$ .
230
238 ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q

-3_ dftxtsf cbfnt, lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln] d'2fdf lg0f{o ug{'kg]{ k|Zg dWo] s]xLdf
lg0f{o u/L / s]xLdf lg0f{o gu/L km};nf u/]sf] /x]5 eg] dgfl;a ;do tf]sL afFsL
k|Zgsf] ;d]t lg0f{o u/L d'2f lsgf/f ug{' egL ldl;n ;DalGwt cbfnt, lgsfo jf
clwsf/L ;dIf k7fpg] .
o;}u/L d'n'sL ;+lxtfx¿df k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] cbfntsf] clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf b]xfosf clwsf/
x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M33
-s_ tNnf] cbfntsf] k}m;nf ;b/ jf ab/ ug{] jf pN6L jf s]xL pN6L ug]{,
-v_ tNnf] cbfntn] s;"/bf/nfO{ tf]s]sf] ;hfosf] dfqf 36fpg] jf a9fpg] jf ;hfodf
kl/jt{g ug]{,
-u_ a'em\g' kg]{ k|df0f ga'emL k}m;nf ePsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] k|df0f cfk}mn] a'e\mg] jf
a'em\g tNnf] cbfntnfO{ cfb]z lbg],
-3_ d'2fdf 7x/ ug'{ kg]{ ljifodf 7x/ gePsf] eP To:tf] ljifodf cfk}mn] 7x/ ug]{ jf
7x/ ug{ tNNff] cbfntdf k7fpg],
-ª_ tNnf] cbfntsf] km};nfdf cfg'ifflËs jf k|f;flËs kl/jt{g ug{] .
%= bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfp“msf] If]qflwsf/
;'kl/j]If0ffTds clwsf/If]q leq d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ / k'g/fjnf]sg ug{] clwsf/If]q kb{5g\ .
clGtd ePsf d'2f pk/ k'gM ;'g'jfOsf nflu d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g{ / k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ sfg"gL
cfwf/ b]vfO{ ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;lsG5 . ;f] lgj]bgdf ;'g'jfO ubf{ sfg"gdf
tf]lsP adf]lhd k'gM ;'g'jfO ug{ kg{] cj:yf b]lvPdf d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ / k'g/fjnf]sg ug{]
u/L ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] cfb]z ug{ ;Sb5 . Supervisory jurisdiction cGtu{t bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]bf{ jf
k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ P]gdf tf]lsPsf] ;Lldt cfwf/df dfq x]g{'kg]{ x'G5 .34 o;/L cfb]z ePdf
;f] lgj]bgn] d'2fsf] :j¿k k|fKt ub{5 / ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] ;a} k|lqmof k"/f u/L k'gM ;'g'jfO
ub{5 . o; k|s[ltsf lgj]bg xfd|f] ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL Joj:yf cg';f/ ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf dfq
lbg ;lsG5 . d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO eO{ cbfntaf6 clGtd ePsf k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] d'2fdf
tf]lsPsf] l;ldt cj:yf b]vfO{ oL b'O{ k|s[ltsf lgj]bg lbg ;lsG5 . oxfF d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg]
lgj]bg ;DaGwL If]qflwsf/sf af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ clwsf/If]q ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] clwsf/If]qsf] ¿kdf dfq /x]sf] 5 . o;
clwsf/If]qaf6 pRr cbfntn] k'g/fj]bg ;'gL clGtd ePsf] d'2f k'gM x]g'{, k'g/fj]bgsf] af6f]
aGb e};s]sf d'2f lglZrt zt{leq /xL x]g'{ bf]xf]¥ofpg' xf] . pRr cbfntaf6 km};nf ePsf
afx]s cGo Goflos lgsfoaf6 ePsf km};nf pk/ bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g{] lgj]bg lbg ;lsFb}g .
To;sf/0f o; k|s[ltsf] lgj]bg lbg pRr cbfntaf6 k'g/fj]bg ;'gL km};nf ePsf] / ;f]
km};nf pk/ ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] b'O{ j6f cj:yf ePsf] x'g' kb{5 .

33
d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf !$$ / d'n'sL b]jfgL sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf @!^ .
34
lszf]/L dxtf] ;'8L lj= /fd;/f]j/ b]jL ;d]t, g]sfk @)^$, c+s %, lg=g+= &*$# .
231
;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q 239

of] kIfsf] zt{o'Qm clwsf/ xf] . o; cGtu{t tNnf] txsf] km};nf bf]xf]¥ofO{ hfFr ul/G5 .
lgj]bgsf] ;'g'jfO ubf{ ;du| d'2fsf] tYo leq k|j]z ul/Fb}g . bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bgdf
k'g/fj]bgsf] lg:;f kfpgsf nflu sfg"gdf tf]lsP cg';f/sf :ki6 cfwf/ / sf/0f cfjZos
kb{5 . k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] u/L clGtd ePsf d'2f k'gM bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g{' kgf{sf cfjZostfx¿
b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M
x dftxt cbfntsf] OG;fkm hfFr ug{,
x sfg"gsf] JofVofdf Ps¿ktf -Uniformity in interpretation_ Nofpg,
x lg0f{o l:y/tfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag ug{,
x Goflos c/fhstf x'g glbg,
x Miscarriage of Justice af6 hf]ufpg,
x pRr cbfntaf6 clGtd ePsf / ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] d'2fsf]
;'kl/j]If0f ug{, cflb .
ef/tdf d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg] If]qflwsf/ kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf pRr cbfnt / ;];g cbfnt ;d]tn]
k|of]u ub{5g\ . b]jfgL d'2fdf pRr cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntn] k|of]u ub{5\g . kmf}hbf/L
sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, !()* sf] bkmf #(& b]lv $)% ;Dd / b]jfgL sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, !()* sf]
bkmf !!% df d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg] If]qflwsf/sf af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfndf bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpFmsf] lgj]bg ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ;'g'jfO ul/G5 . d'2f
bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g{' kg{] cj:yfdf gePdf lgj]bg vf/]h x'G5 . cg'dlt lbg] cj:yf gePdf s'g}
cfwf/ sf/0f lbO/xg' kb}{g . d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g{] cg'dlt lbg] cfb]z ePdf To;sf] cfwf/
sf/0f cfjZos lbg' kb{5 . bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ cfb]z ePdf ;f] d'2fsf] afFsL ;'g'jfO o:tf] cfb]z
ug]{ GofofwLz / klxnf pRr cbfntdf km};nf ug]{ GofofwLz afx]ssf] cGo GofofwLzsf]
Ohnf;af6 ul/G5 . Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)&# sf] bkmf !@ df ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
gnfUg] d'2fdf pRr cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf jf clGtd cfb]z ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] b]xfosf
cj:yfdf bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g{ ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 M
-s_ pRr cbfntsf] km};nf jf clGtd cfb]zdf uDeL/ ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL q'l6
ePsf] 5
-v_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 :yflkt sfg"gL l;4fGt jf glh/sf] kfng gu/]sf] jf unt
lsl;dn] JofVof u/L k|of]u u/]sf],
-u_ ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ ;DaGwL ljjfb ;dfj]z ePsf] d'2fdf ldl;n ;+nUg
k|df0fsf] plrt d"NofÍg gePsf] sf/0fn] ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ lxgfldgf
ePsf] jf To:tf] ;DklQdf Iflt k'u]sf], jf
-3_ afns, dlxnf, ckfËtf ePsf JolQm, dfgl;s /f]uaf6 kLl8t jf krxQ/ jif{
pd]/ k"/f u/]sf] JolQmsf] plrt k|ltlglwTj x'g g;sL OG;fkmdf tflTjs c;/
u/]sf] .

232
240 ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q

t/ b]xfosf cj:yfdf d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]l/Fb}g M

-s_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 Ps k6s bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]l/;s]sf],
-v_ bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd pRr cbfntaf6 k'g/fj]bg ;'gL
lg0f{o ePsf] .=
/fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * / k|zf;sLo cbfnt P]g, @)&^ sf] bkmf !^
adf]lhd ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt kfpg kIfn] lgj]bg u/]df ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf]
;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 tL lgj]bg pk/ ;'g'jfO ul/G5 . o;/L ;'g'jfO ubf{ k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt
k|bfg ug{] cfb]z ePdf k'g/fj]bg kqsf] ¿kdf d'2f btf{ ul/G5 . /fhZj Gofoflws/0f /
k|zf;sLo cbfntaf6 ePsf km};nf pk/ k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] x'Fbf cg'dltsf] lgj]bg dfkm{t
;jf{]Rr cbfntn] ;'kl/j]If0ffTds clwsf/If]q u|x0f ub{5 .
pRr cbfntaf6 d'2f km};nf ePsf] yfxf kfPsf] ldltn] k}+tfnL; lbgleq d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{
x]g{sf] nflu lgj]bg lbg' kb{5 . ;f] lgj]bg pk/ ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ;'g'jfO
ul/G5 . ;'g'jfO ubf{ ;f] lgj]bgdf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)&# sf] bkmf !@ sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf]
v08 -s_ b]lv -3_ ;Ddsf] cj:yf ljBdfg /x] jf g/x]sf] ljifodf x]b{5 . tL v08sf] s'g}
Pssf] cj:yf b]lvPdf k'gM ;'g'jfO ug{] u/L cg'dlt lbG5 . o;/L cg'dlt k|bfg u/]sf]
cj:yfdf Tof] d'2f k'g/fj]bg ;/x btf{ x'G5 / ;f]xL adf]lhd ;'g'jfO x'G5 .
^= ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfp“msf] lgj]bg ;'Gg] If]qflwsf/ aLrsf]
leGgtf
pRr cbfntaf6 km};nf ePsf d'2fdf d'2fsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg /
bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpFsf] lgj]bg nfUb5 . pRr cbfntaf6 ePsf km};nf dWo] ;jf{]Rr cbfttdf
k'g/fj]bg nfUg] d'2fdf bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpFsf] lgj]bg gnfUg] / bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpFsf] lgj]bg nfUg]
d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] x'G5 . o;sf/0f o; ;DaGwL ;}4flGts cfwf/ / sfg"gL Joj:yfsf
af/]df :ki6 x'g' kb{5 . ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf pRr cbfnt afx]s cGo cbfntaf6 ePsf km};nf
pk/ klg k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sb5 -h:t}M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Gofoflws/0f, ljz]if cbfnt cflb_ .
t/ bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpFsf] lgj]bg pRr cbfntaf6 km};nf ePsf / ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
gnfUg] d'2fdf dfq lbg ;lsG5 .
ef/tsf] ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bgsf] leGgtfsf ;DaGwdf Ps d'2fdf
o;/L :ki6 kf/]sf] 5M “The distinction between an appeal and a revision is a real one. A
right of appeal carries with it a right of rehearing on law as well as fact, unless the statute
conferring the right of appeal limits the rehearing in some way as, we find, has been done
in second appeals arising under the Code of Civil Procedure. The power to hear a revision
is generally given to a superior court so that it may satisfy itself that a particular case has
been decided according to law.”35

o;}u/L csf{] d'2fdf“It appears that the learned Single Judge has equated appellate powers
with revisional powers, and that the core difference between an appeal and a revision has

35
Hari Shanker v. Rao Girdhari Lal Chowdhury, AIR 1963 SC 698 : 1962 Supp (1) SCR 933.
233
;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q 241
been overlooked. It is trite legal position that appellate jurisdiction is coextensive with
original court’s jurisdiction as for appraisal and appreciation of evidence and reaching
findings on facts and appellate court is free to reach its own conclusion on evidence
untrammelled by any finding entered by the trial court. Revisional powers on the other
hand belong to supervisory jurisdiction of a superior court. While exercising revisional
powers the court has to confine to the legality and propriety of the findings and also
whether the subordinate court has kept itself within the bounds of its jurisdiction including
the question whether the court has failed to exercise the jurisdiction vested in it. Though
the difference between the two jurisdictions is subtle, it is quite real and has now become
well recognised in legal provinces.” egL oL b'O{ aLrsf] /x]sf] leGgtfnfO{ :ki6 kf/]sf] 5M36

cbfntaf6 ePsf km};nfdf x'g] q'l6, ulNt ;'wf/ ug{ / kIfnfO{ ;xL Gofo k|bfg ug{
k'g/fj]bgsf] lgj]bg lbg] xs kIfnfO{ / ;'g'jfO ug{] lgsfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . of]
If]qflwsf/ ;jf{]Rr cbfnt nufot cGo cbfnt ;d]tnfO{ /x]sf] x'G5 . o;sf nflu sfg"gn]
g} k|i6 pNn]v u/L If]qflwsf/ lbg' kb{5 . t/ d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ If]qflwsf/ xfdL sxfF ;jf{]Rr
cbfntnfO{ dfq x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 . o; clwsf/If]qaf6 tNnf] lgsfon] x]/L clGtd
ePsf] d'2f k'gM x]g'{, k'g/fj]bgsf] af6f] aGb e};s]sf d'2f x]g'{, bf]xf]¥ofpg' xf] . d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{
x]bf{ k'g/fj]bg tyf ;fwsaf6 x]/] h:tf] u/L x]g{] cj:yf x'Fb}g .37 ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
gnfUg] d'2fx¿df lglZrt zt{sf] cfwf/df bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g{ ;lsg] x'G5 . bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ cj:yf
b]lvPdf ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] cfwf/ sf/0f ;lxt lg:;f lbg] / lg:;fsf] cfb]z ePdf
k'g/fj]bgdf btf{ x'G5 . of] kIfsf] zt{o'Qm clwsf/ xf] . ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] Supervisory
Jurisdiction sf ¿kdf of] /x]sf] x'G5 . o;/L x]bf{ k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpg] lgj]bgsf]
cfwf/, If]qflwsf/ / ;'g'jfO ug{] k|s[of g} km/s /x]sf] x'G5 .
tNnf txaf6} d'2fsf] clGtd ¿k k|bfg ug{, ;;fgf k|s[ltsf d'2fx¿ ;jf{]Rr cbfnt ;dIf
gNofO{ sfo{ af]em sd ug{] p2]Zon] ;Lldt d'2fx¿nfO{ k'g/fj]bgsf] af6f] aGb ul/Psf]
cj:yfdf bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpg] lgj]bgsf] l;ldt / zt{o'Qm cj:yfdf dfu{ v'Nnf ul/Psf] xf] .
o;sf] cy{ b'O{ txaf6 ;'g'jfO ePsf ;a} d'2fnfO{ ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ /f]lsPsf]
cj:yf xf]Og . d'2fsf] ufDeLo{tf / To; d'2fdf ePsf] ;hfosf] cfwf/df ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o; cfwf/df b; jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L s}b ;hfo
ePsf] d'2f cfkm}df uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] d'2f ePsf] cfwf/df ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] .
d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ clwsf/ If]q xfdL sxfF lgtfGt ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] clwsf/If]qsf] ¿kdf
dfq /x]sf] 5 . o; clwsf/If]qaf6 tNnf] lgsfon] x]/L clGtd ePsf] d'2f k'gM x]g'{,
k'g/fj]bgsf] af6f] aGb e};s]sf d'2f lglZrt zt{ vf;u/L sfg"gL q'l6, ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6
k|ltkflbt l;4fGtsf] pNn+3g, ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ ;DaGwL ljjfbdf sfg"gL
l;4fGtsf] pNn+3g jf unt JofVof / afns dlxnf, ckf+utf ePsf JolQm, dfgl;s /f]uaf6

36
Associated Cement Co. Ltd. v. Keshvanand, (1998) 1 SCC 687 : AIR 1998 SC 596 : (1998) 91 Comp Cas 361 : 1998 Cri LJ
856.
37
S[i0fh+u /fodfemL, k'g/fjnf]sg tyf d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g{] clwsf/, tflnd kf7\o ;fdu|L, jif{ @, c+s !, Gofo ;]jf tflnd s]Gb|,
sf7df8f}+, k[= !@& .
234
242 ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q

kLl8t JolQm jf &% aif{ gf3]sf h]i7 gful/ssf] plrt k|ltlglwTj gePsf] sf/0f OG;fkmdf
tflTjs c;/ k/]sf] d'2f h:tf zt{ leq /xL x]g'{ bf]xf]¥ofpg' xf] . k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofO{
kfpFsf] lgj]bg aLrsf] leGgtf b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] dflgG5 M
l; g+= k'g/fj]bg bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfp“

1= k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] Joj:yfnfO{ Extension of Original bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g{] Joj:yfnfO{ Supervisory

Jurisdiction dflgG5 Jurisdiction dflgG5

2= o;df ;'? cbfnt ;/x ;a'b k|df0f a'em\g] o;df P]gdf tf]lsPsf] ;Ldfleq /xL d'2f
nufotsf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ug{ ;Sb5 Open x'G5 / ;f]xL kl/lwleq lsgf/f
ul/G5

3= Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)&# sf] bkmf ( sf] cj:yf x'g' Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)&# sf] bkmf !@-!_ df
kb{5 pNn]lvt cj:yf x'g' kb{5

4= k|ToyL{ lemsfP kl5 d'2fsf] tYo leq k|j]z ul/G5 Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)&# sf] bkmf !@-!_ sf]
cj:yfdf lg:;f lbFbfsf] cfwf/ leq /xL
d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO ul/G5

5= ;=c=af6 k'g/fj]bgkqdf ePsf] lg0f{o pk/ Gofo bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpFsf] lgj]bgdf lg:;f k|fKt
k|zf;g P]g, @)&# sf] bkmf !! cg';f/ gePdf k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg lbg ;lsb}g
k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg lbg ;lsG5

6= k'g/fj]bgnfO{ kIfsf] clwsf/sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 bf]xf]¥ofpg] lg:;f lbg] glbg] cbfntsf]
:jljj]sdf lge{/ ub{5

7= rehearing on question of law as well as on facts hearing only the question of law
of the case.

&= k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;DaGwdf ;jf{]Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf km};nf tyf
k|ltkflbt l;4fGtx¿
;Ddflgt ;jf{]Rr cbfntaf6 k'g/fj]bg tyf bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bgsf] If]qflwsf/ ;d]tsf
;Gbe{df ePsf km};nf tyf k|ltkflbt l;4fGtx¿ b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
&=! Zofdgf/fo0f rf}w/L lj= >L % sf] ;/sf/ -a[xt\ k"0f{ Ohnf;, kf“r hgf_38
k|:t't d'2fdf ;'? s}nfnL lhNnf cbfnsf] lg0f{o pk/ Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf
!#-!_-v_ cGtu{t ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn If]qLo cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg k/L pQm cbfntaf6 lgj]bs
Zofdnfn rf}w/LnfO{ d'n'sL P]g Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !$ g+= cGtu{t bz jif{ s}b x'g] 7x/fO{
@)$#.!.!^ df lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] . pQm lg0f{o pk/ Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf
!#-%_-v_ cGtu{t k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt kfpF eGg] lgj]bg ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf ldlt @)$#.$.#

38
g]=sf=k= @)$#, cÍ !@, lg0f{o g+= @(@& .
235
;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q 243

df btf{ ePsf] lyof] . ldlt @)$#.)&.@$ df Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ -rf}yf] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)$#
;+zf]wg ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f] ;+zf]wg eP kl5 ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ cg'dlt kfpmF
eGg] lgj]bg nfUg] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] d'Vo k|Zg /x]sf] ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] b]xfo adf]lhd km};nf
u/]sf] b]lvG5 M
x ;+zf]lwt Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ P]g, @)#! k|f/De ePsf] ldlt cyf{t\ @)$#.&.@$
cufj} lhNnf cbfntaf6 ;'? sf/jfxL u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ If]qLo cbfntdf
klxnf] k'g/fj]bg k/L ;f] P]g nfu" x'g' cufj} If]qLo cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf jf
clGtd cfb]z pk/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ cg'dlt kfpF egL lgj]bg k/L
bfo/ /x]sf] / kl5 kg]{ lgj]bgx¿df ;d]t Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ -rf}yf] ;+zf]wg_ P]g,
@)$# sf] bkmf !$ df Joj:yf eP adf]lhd bkmf !# -%_ df pNn]v ePsf
cfwf/x¿df k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt lbg] glbg] 7x/ lg0f{o ug{' kg]{ .
x lgj]bsnfO{ Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !$ g+=adf]lhd !) jif{ s}b ug]{ u/]sf] ;'b"/
klZrdf~rn If]qLo cbfntsf] lg0f{odf s'g} q'l6 gb]lvPsf]n] k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt
k|bfg ug{ ldn]g . t;y{ k'g/fj]bg ug]{ cg'dlt kfpF eGg] lgj]bg x]/L k'g/fj]bgsf]
cg'dlt lbg gldNg] .
&=@ 1fgaxfb'/ /fO{ ;d]t lj= lbnaxfb'/ /fO{ -a[xt\ k"0f{ Ohnf;, !& hgf_39
k|:t't d'2fdf jfbL lbJoaxfb'/ /fO{n] c+z gkfpg] u/L ePsf] Onfd lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)$$.#.#@ sf] km};nfnfO{ pN6L u/L jfbL bfjL adf]lhd % v08sf] ! v08 jfbLn] c+z
kfpg] 7x/L @)$^.#.@) df d]rL c~rn cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf pk/ dfgaxfb'/ /fO{sf]
k"jf{~rn If]qLo cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg k/L Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @^ cg';f/
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/df ;/L ;f] cbfntaf6 @)$(.@.& df d]rL c~rn cbfntsf]
km};nf ;b/ ePsf] cj:yfdf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ( -!_ -u_ adf]lhd
k'g/fj]bg nfUg] jf gnfUg] eGg] d'Vo k|Zg /x]sf] lyof] .
;q hgf GofofwLz ;lDdlnt k"0f{ Ohnf;df ;'g'jfO ePsf] o; km};nfdf tTsfnLg k|wfg
GofofwLz ljZjgfy pkfWofosf] k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg lbPsf] x'Fbf k'g/fj]bg
vf/]h ug{] /fo pgL afx]s cGo gf} hgf GofofwLz ;xdt ePsf] b]lvG5 . km/s /fo JoQm
ub{} tTsfnLg GofofwLz pbo/fh pkfWofon] k'g/fj]bg gnfUg]df k'g/fj]bg vf/]h x'G5 t/
k'g/fj]bg vf/]h u/]sf] cj:yfdf lgj]bg lbg ;ft lbgsf] Dofb lbg' kg]{ /fo JoQm u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . o; /fodf c? rf/ hgf GofofzLw ;xdt ePsf] b]lvG5 . tTsfnLg GofofwLz
lqnf]sk|tfk /f0ffn] cnUu} /fo /fVb} k'g/fj]bg vf/]h u/]sf] gldn]sf] eGg] / tTsfnLg
GofofwLz nId0f cof{nn] bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg lbg' kg]{df k'g/fj]bg u/]sf] jf k'g/fj]bg lbg'
kg]{df bf]x¥ofpg] lgj]bg lbg k'u]sf] cj:yfdf o:tf] l:ylt gofF / k'/fgf] Goflos Joj:yfsf]
;lGwsfndf kg]{ x'gfn] o:tf] vf; cjlwdf k/]sf d'2fx¿sf nflu ljz]if sfg"gL Joj:yf
tTsfn u/fpg] tkm{ plrt sbd rfNg' kg]{ / To:tf] sfg"gL Joj:yf gePDd o; k|sf/sf
d'2fdf oyfl:yltdf /fvL ;d:ofsf] Gofof]lrt ;dfwfg lgsfNg' kg]{ 5'§} /fo k|:t't u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . ax'dtsf] /fo b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 M

g]=sf=k= @)%@, cÍ # lg0f{o g+= %)^$ .

39

236
244 ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q

x Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -u_ df ePsf]
Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ ;'? cbfnt, lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{o pk/
k'g/fj]bg ;'gL k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] u/]sf] lg0f{odf tflTjs leGgtf ePsf]df o;
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
lj/f6gu/n] ;'? Onfd lhNnf cbfntsf] lg0f{o pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'g]sf] ge} ;'?
cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nfnfO{ tTsflng d]rL c~rn cbfntn] pN6fO{ km};nf u/]
pk/ tTsflng k"jf{~rn If]qLo cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df ;f] k'g/fj]bg Gofo
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @^ sf] pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
lj/f6gu/df ;/L ;f] cbfntaf6 lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] adf]lhd k|:t't d'2fdf
klxnf] k'g/fj]bg tTsflng d]rL c~rnaf6 x]l/Psf] / k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] d]rL
c~rn cbfntsf] lg0f{o pk/ bf];|f] k'g/fj]bg x]/L lg0f{o u/]sf]df pko{'Qm bkmf (
sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -u_ cfslif{t x'g] cyjf k'g/fj]bsn] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf pk/ o; cbfntdf km]l/ k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] cj:yf b]lvGg .
dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg km};nf pk/ pQm
bkmf ( cGtu{t o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] d'2fx¿ vf; vf; cfwf/x¿df
o; cbfntn] bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g{ ;Sg] Joj:yf bkmf !@ df ePs} b]lvg cfp+5 . t/ ;f]
cg';f/ of] d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] u/]sf] lg0f{o bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfp+ egL o;
cbfntdf lgj]bg btf{ ePsf] ge} ;f] lg0f{o pk/sf] k'g/fj]bgsf] ¿kdf d'2f btf{
x'g cfPsf] / pQm bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -u_ cGtu{tsf] k'g/fj]bg /
bkmf !@ cGtu{tsf] d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg nfUg] cj:yf / cfwf/x¿ leGg leGg
ePsf]n] o;df ca s]xL ljrf/ u/L /xg k/]g . t;y{ k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg
cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf pk/ k'g/fj]bg gnfUg]df k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] b]lvg cfPsf]n]
k'g/fj]bgsf] cf}lrTo tkm{ ljrf/ ul//xg gkg]{ .
&=# s[i0faxfb'/ k'/L ;d]t lj= ldqdfof g]kfn40
x Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_-u_ sf] Joj:yf x]bf{ ;'? cbfnt, lgsfo jf
clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{o pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] u/]sf]
lg0f{odf tflTjs leGgtf ePsf] d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf
b]lvG5 . k|:t't d'2fdf ;'? cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf pk/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntn]
k'g/fj]bg ;'g]sf] ge} Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ P]g, @)#! sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ tTsflng
jfUdtL c+rn cbfntn] klxnf] k'g/fj]bg ;'gL u/]sf] km};nf pk/ bf];|f] txsf]
k'g/fj]bg ;'g]sf] b]lvg cfof] . o;/L Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ P]g, @)#! cg';f/
jfUdtL c+rn cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf pk/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] k'g/fj]bg ;'g]s}
sf/0faf6 Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ P]g, @)$* nfu" ePkl5 Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*
sf] bkmf (-!_-u_ sf] kl/k|]Iodf jfUdtL c+rn cbfntsf] km};nfnfO{ ;'? km};nf
egL cy{ ug{ gldNg] .
x k'g/fj]bg txs} tNnf] / dflyNnf] txsf cbfntsf] lg0f{odf /x]sf] leGgtfsf]
;DaGWdf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_-u_ cg';f/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sg] b]lvb}g . k'g/fj]bg / d'2f bf]x¥ofO{ kfpF eGg] lgj]bgsf]
:j¿k leGg ePsf] Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ( cg';f/ k'g/fj]bg
cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf pk/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] d'2fdf klg bkmf
!@ cGtu{t bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpF eGg] lgj]bg nfUg ;Sg] b]lvG5 . k|:t't d'2f klg bkmf
40
g]=sf=k= @)%!, cÍ (, lg0f{o g+= $(^( .
237
;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q 245

!@ cGtu{t bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpF eGg] lgj]bg nfUg ;Sg] k|s[ltsf] b]lvof] t/ bf]x¥ofO{
kfpF eGg] lgj]bg nfUg]df kIfn] k'g/fj]bg bfo/ u/]sf]df To:tf] k'g/fj]bgnfO{
bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bgsf] ¿kdf x]g{'kg]{ cyjf kIfnfO{ csf]{ lgj]bg lbg ;do lbg'kg]{
Joj:yf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* n] u/]sf] gb]lvg] .
x sfg"gn] k'g/fj]bg g} nfUg g;Sg] d'2fdf cbfntn] Dofb lbPs} cfwf/n] dfq
k'g/fj]bg nfUg g;Sg] .
x Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_-u_ cGtu{tsf nfUg} g;Sg] k'g/fj]bg bfo/
u/]sf] b]lvFbf k'g/fj]bg lhls/sf] cf}lrTo tkm{ k|j]z ul//xg' gkg]{ .
&=$ /fdhLk|;fb u'Ktf ;d]t lj= hok|;fb clwsf/Lsf] d'=;= ug]{ 5f]/f k|sfzs'df/ clwsf/L
;d]t -k"0f{ Ohnf;_41
k|:t't d'2fdf ljjflbt ls=g+= ^$ sf] hUuf ;fj{hlgs hUuf gkg]{ egL k|ltjfbL hok|;fbsf
gfpFdf e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no df]/Ëjf6 @)#$.!@.@& df btf{ ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf]df ;f] lg0f{o ab/
u/L e"ld k|zf;g P]g, @)@$ sf] bkmf @$ -!_ / -$_ adf]lhd btf{ ab/ ug{] u/L pxL lgsfo
dfnkf]t sfof{no df]/Ësf] @)%!.!.( lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] lg0f{onfO{ jb/ ug{ k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt lj/f6gu/df k'/fj]bg k/]sf]df ;f] cbfntn] dfnkf]t sfof{no df]/Ësf] @)%!.!.(
lg0f{o pN6L u/]sf]df ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] b]lvG5 .
;jf{]Rr cbfntdf ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df ;'g'jfO x'Fbf /foafemL eO{ GofofwLz s[i0s'df/ jdf{sf]
/fodf sfg"gn] g} k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf gu/]sf] l:yltdf dfnkf]t sfof{no df]/Ësf]
)%!.!.( sf] lg0f{o ab/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] @)%$.%.!^ sf] km};nf q'6Lk"0f{
b]lv+bf ab/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] / GofofwLz uf]kfnk|;fb vqLsf] /fodf hUuf btf{ ug]{ clVtof/L
k|fKt ;flwsf/ lgsfojf6 ;f] bkmf @) cGtu{t gkg]{ egL lg0f{o ul/;s]sf]df pxL lgsfo
dfnkf]t sfof{no lj/f6gu/n] dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @$-@_ k|of]u u/L hUufsf] btf{
jb/ u/]sf] ldn]sf] b]lvb}g . dfnkf]t sfof{no df]/Ësf] @)%!.!.( sf] lg0f{onfO{ jb/ u/L
;f]xL dfnkf]t sfof{nos} ¿kdf sfo{ ug]{ Pp6} lgsfo e"ld k|zf;g sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf]
ldlt @)#$.!@.@& sf] lg0f{o ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf
dgfl;j 7x5{ eGg] eO{ k"0f{ Ohnf;df ;'g'jfO x'Fbf b]xfo adf]lhd l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf]
b]lvG5 M
x k'g/fj]bsLo clwsf/ sfg"gL clwsf/ (Legal Right) xf] . To:tf] clwsf/ sfg"gåf/f
g} Jojl:yt ul/Psf] x'G5 . sfg"gåf/f Jojl:yt ul/Psf]n] g} o; clwsf/NffO{
sfg"gL clwsf/sf] ¿kdf u|x0f ul/g] .
x P]gn] g} k'g/fj]bg ;DaGwL ljif]z Joj:yf u/L ;f] P]g cGtu{tsf s'g bkmf
cGtu{tsf] s] s:tf] lg0f{o pk/ k'g/fj]bg nfUg] egL ljwflosfn] k|i6 ;Ldf/]vf
sf]l/lbPsf] cj:yfdf ;f] P]gdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sg] egL 5'6\ofPsf] ljifoj:t'
eGbf a9L s'/fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg g;Sg] .

41
g]=sf=k=@)^!, c+s ^, lg0f{o g+= &#(!, d'2fM – btf{ jb/ u/L ;fj{hlgs af6f] sfod ul/kfpFm .

238
246 ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q

x P]gn] g} slt s'/fdf k'g/fj]bg sxf+F nfUg] xf] egL ls6fgL Joj:yf ul//x]sf]
cj:yfdf ;f] eGbf afx]ssf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] gelgPsf] s'/fdf ;d]t Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf * kqmL k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;S5 egL cy{ ug{ gldNg] .
x dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] kfFrf}+ ;zf]wg k"j{sf] bkmf @$-$_ adf]lhd dfnkf]t
sfof{no df]/Ën] btf{ ab/ ug]{ u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
nfUg ;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cefjdf klg k'g/fj]bg ;'gL k'g/fj]bg cbfntn]
u/]sf] lg0f{o sfg"g cg'¿ksf] b]lvg gcfpg] .
&=% g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= lslt{axfb'/ rGb ;d]t, d'2fM nfu" cf}ifw -k"0f{ Ohnf;_42
k|:t't d'2fdf sLlt{axfb'/ rGb, s/lj/ l;Fx ;fjb / /tg bdfO{n] nfu" cf}ifw -lgoGq0f_ P]g,
@)## sf] ;+zf]lwt bkmf $ sf] v08 -3_, -ª_ / -r_ adf]lhd s;"/ u/]sf], sdn k'/L, /ljG›
sf]O/fnfn] ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf $ sf] v08 -3_ / -5_ sf] s;"/ u/]sf] lghx¿ kfFr hgfnfO{
;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !$-!_ sf] -5_ -#_ adf]lhd ;hfo u/L kqmfp gk/]sf /fds[i0f >]i7, /d]z
rg jdf{sf] jtg gv'n]sfn] jtg v'Ng cfPdf 5'§} cleof]ukq k|:t't ul/g] 5 eGg] ;d]t
cleof]u kq /x]sf]df k|= /tg bdfO{sf] xsdf nf=cf}= -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)## sf] bkmf $ sf]
v08 -3_ -ª_ / -r_ cg';f/sf] s;"/ ck/fwdf ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !$-!_ sf] v08 5 -#_
cg';f/, k|= 8Da/axfb'/ eGg] sLtL{axfb'/ rGb, k|= s/lj/ l;+ ;fpb / k|= /ljG› sf]O/fnfnfO{
;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !& adf]lhd / k|= sdn k'/LnfO{ ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !% adf]lhd ;hf+o x'g]
7x5{ . k|= /tg bdfO{ jfx]ssf k|ltjfbLx¿ pk/sf] nf=cf}= -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)## sf] bkmf $
sf] -3_-r_ sf] s;"/df bkmf !$ -!_ sf] v08 5-#_ adf]lhdsf] bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] eGg]
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)%#.*.!@ df km};nf ePsf] lyof] . ;f] km};nf pk/
k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df ;'? lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ x'g] u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6
km};nf ePsf] lyof] .
;f] km};nf pk/ k|ltjfbLx¿nfO{ ;'? cbfntn] cleof]u dfu bfjL adf]lhd ;hfo ug{'kg]{df
gu/L cf+lzs ;hf+o ug]{ u/L u/]sf] km};nf ;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf
ab/ u/L cleof]u dfu bfjL adf]lhd ;hfo u/L kfpF eGg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bg /
k|ltjfbL tkm{ /tg bdfO{sf] k'g/fj]bg kq Pj+ sdn k'/L, s/lj/ l;+ ;fjb, /ljG› sf]O/fnfsf]
bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpFmsf] lgj]bg k/]sf] lyof] .
Ps} d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg / lgj]bg btf{ eO{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ;'g'jfO x'Fbf /tg bdfO{ / g]kfn
;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bgdf emul8of lemsfpg] cfb]z / c? k|ltjfbLsf] lgj]bg pk/ k'g/jfb]gsf]
lg:;f lbg] Ps} ;'g'jfOaf6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . clGtd ;'g'jfOsf] nflu ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df k]z x'Fbf
/fo afemL ePsf] b]lvG5 . GofofwLz 6f]kaxfb'/ l;+xn] /tg bdfO{ afx]ssf cGo
k|ltjfbLx¿sf] bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpF eGg] lgj]bg g} nfUg g;Sg] x'gfn] To:tf] lgj]bgdf lg:;f k|bfg
eO{ k'g/fj]bssf] ¿kdf k]z x'g cfPsf] k'g/fj]bgdf larf/ ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf lghx¿sf] xsdf
lgj]bg g} vf/]h x'g] eGg ldNb}g . cf/f]lkt s;"/af6 k|ltjfbLx¿ /tg bdfO{, sdn
k'/L, sLlt{axfb'/ rGb, s/jL/ l;+ ;fpb / /ljG› sf]O/fnfn] ;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] /fo
JoQm u/]sf] / GofofwLz uf]kfnk|;fb vqLn] k'g/fj]bg nfUg] d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg ug{'kg]{

42
g]=sf=k= @)%(, c+s #÷$, lg=g+= &)&), k[= !#@ .
239
;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q 247

bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpF eGg] lgj]bg nfUg g;sL vf/]h x'g] x'Fbf k|ltjflbx¿sf] bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfp+ eGg]
lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ eGg] /fo JoQm u/]sf] b]lvG5 . b'O{ hgf GofofwLz aLr /fo afemL
eO{ k"0f{ Ohnf;df ;'g'jfO x'Fbf b]xfo adf]lhd l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 M
x P]g sfg"gsf] JofVof ubf{ ;dGjofTds lsl;daf6 ug{'kg]{ eGg] JofVofsf] dfGo
l;åfGt x'gfn] P]gsf] JofVof ubf{ sfo{ljlwut kIfnfO{ hl6n agfpg] /
c;fd~h:ok"0f{ x'g] lx;fjaf6 JofVof ug{ gx'g] .
x P]gsf] zJbn] :ki6 gaf]n]sf] cj:yfdf kIfsf] ;'ljwfdf k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ 9+un]
;d]t JofVof ug{' gx'g] .
x Gofo k|zf;g P]gsf] bkmf (-!_-v_ sf] æbz jif{ eGbf a9L s}bsf] ;hfo ePsf]Æ
d'2f eGg] jfSof+znfO{ JolQmnfO{ bz jif{ s}b ePsf] cj:yfdf o:tf] JolQmsf] xsdf
dfq k'g/fj]bg nfUg] xf] egL JolQmnfO{ ePsf] s}bnfO{ k'g/fj]bgsf] dfkb08
agfpg] xf] eg] s'g} d'2fdf w]/} k|ltjfbLx¿ eO{ s;}nfO{ !) jif{ eGbf a9L s}b
;hfo 7x/ ePsf] / s;}nfO{ !) jif{ eGbf sd s}b ;hfo 7x/ ePsf]df Ps}
d'2fdf k|ltjfbLx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ ePsf] ;hfonfO{ x]/L !) jif{ jf j9L s}b ePsfn]
k'g/fj]bg ug{'kg]{ / ;f] eGbf d'lg s}b ePsf] k|ltjfbLn] bf]¥xf]ofO{ kfp+ eGg] lgj]bg
lbg'kg]{ .
x ctM Pp6f d'2fdf s'g} k|ltjfbLnfO{ !) jif{ eGbf a9L s}bsf] ;hfo ePsf]
cj:yfdf !) jif{ eGbf sd s}b ;hfo ePsf k|ltjfbLx¿n] ;d]t bkmf (-!_-v_
adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ug{' kb{5 eGg] lgisif{ g} Gofof]lrt ts{;+ut / ;'ljwfhgs
;d]t x'g] .
&=^ lszf]/L dxtf] ;'8L lj= /fd;/f]j/ b]jL ;d]t -k"0f{ Ohnf;_43
k|:t't d'2fdf dxf]Q/L lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%(.@.!( sf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt hgsk'/sf] ldlt @)^!.*.@# sf] km};nf pk/ k|ltjfbLsf] ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf d'2f
bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]l/kfpF egL lgj]bg k/]sf] lyof] . ;f] lgj]bgdf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
!@ sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -s_ / -v_ sf] cj:yf ljBdfg g/x]sf]n] d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g{
gldNg] u/L ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^#.&.@$ df cfb]z ePsf] lyof] .
;f] cfb]z pk/ klg d'2f k'g/fjnf]sg ul/kfpmF egL k|ltjfbLsf] k/]sf] lgj]bg b/kL7 ePsf]df
;f] pk/ k/]sf] lgj]bgdf ;jf{]Rr cbfnt Psn Ohnf;af6 b/kL7 cfb]z ab/ ePsf] lyof] .
;fw;f]wsf] nflu k]z ePsf] / k|wfg GofofwLzaf6 k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ug{ cfb]z eP cg';f/
k|:t't ljifo ;'g'jfOsf] nflu k"0f{ Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ePsf] lyof] . o; d'2fdf d'Vo k|Zg
bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpg] lg:;f gx'g] cfb]z pk/ k'g/fjnf]sg lgj]bg nfUg] gnfUg] eGg] lyof] . o;
;DaGwdf :ki6 kfb{} k"0f{ Ohnf;n] b]xfo adf]lhd l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/]sf] lyof] .
x ;'? cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nfdf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ( sf] cj:yfsf
d'2fx¿df afx]s cGo d'2fdf Ps tx dfq k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 OG;fkm hfFr] k'U5,
Pp6} d'2fdf k6s k6s tx tx ;'g'jfO{ u/L OG;fkm hfFlr/xg gkg]{ .

43
g]=sf=k= @)^$, cÍ %, lg=g+= &*$# .
240
248 ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q

x b'O{ txsf] Pp6} /fo ePdf OG;fkm k5{ / d'2f nlDag x'b}g a¿ rfF8f] cGTo x'g'k5{
eGg] cjwf/0ff / dfGotfn] ;'? / k'g/fj]bg txsf] /fo ldn]df Gofo k|zf;g P]gsf]
bkmf !@ sf] cj:yf laBdfg ePdf dfq Supervisory Jurisdiction cGtu{t o;
cbfntn] bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g{ ;Sg] .
x k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] Joj:yf Extention of original jurisdiction ePsf] sf/0f ;'?
cbfntn] ;/x k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] cbfntn] klg cfjZostf cg';f/ ;j'b k|df0f a'‰g]
nufotsf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ljlw k"/f u/L lg0f{o ug{ ;Qm5 t/ Supervisory jurisdiction
cGtu{t bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]bf{ jf k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ P]gdf tf]lsPsf] ;Lldt cfwf/df dfq
x]g{'kg]{ .
x Ps k6s cbfntn] Gofo k|zf;g P]gsf] bkmf !@ sf] cj:yf ljBdfg gePsf] 7x/
u/L Statutory finality clause cGtu{t clGtd e};s]sf] d'2fnfO{ Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] csf]{ bkmf cGtu{t d'2f re-open x'g ;Sb}g . olb k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
km};nfdf q'l6 eP Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@ cGtu{tsf] s'g} lgj]bgsf]
;'g'jfO{ ug]{ Ohnf;n] g} lg:;f k|bfg ug]{ lyof] . ctM Pp6} d'2fdf bkmf !@
cGtu{tsf] lgj]bgdf o; cbfntn] d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g{ kg]{ cj:yf gb]v]/ 6'+uf] nufO{
;s]kl5 k'g/fjnf]sgnfO{ xltof/ agfP/ d'2f re-open x'g g;Sg] .
&=& g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= Hof]tL /fO{, d'2fM dfgj a]rlavg 44
k|:t't d'2fdf k|ltjfbLx¿ Hof]lt /fO{ / k]|d clwsf/LnfO{ dfgj j]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/
lgoGq0f P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf # ljk/Ltsf] s;"/ ck/fwdf P]= P]gsf] bkmf !%-!_-s_ adf]lhd
;hfo ul/kfpg / P]= P]gsf] bkmf !& adf]lhd kLl8t s s'df/LnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ kfpg
;d]tsf] dfu bfjL lnO{ cleof]ukq bfo/ ePsf]df k|= Hof]lt /fO{nfO{ dfgj a]rljvg tyf
cf];f/k;f/ -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf @ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd s;"/
ck/fw u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !% sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -r_ adf]lhd b'O{ jif{
s}b ;hfo x'g] / km/f/ /x]sf csf{ k|= k]|d clwsf/Lsf] xsdf d'n'sL P]g, c=j+= !() g+=
adf]lhd d'ntjL /fVg] u/L pbok'/ lhNnf cbfntn] km};nf u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] ;'? km};nf
pN6L u/L k|ltjfbL Hof]tL /fO{nfO{ ;kmfO lbg] u/L pRr k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhaf6
ePsf] km};nf pk/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] lyof] . ;jf{]Rr
cbfntdf bfo/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bgkq b/kL7 ePsf]df ;f] pk/ ;d]t g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
lgj]bg k/]sf] lyof] . o; d'2fdf ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] b]xfo adf]lhd km};nf u/]sf] 5 M
x ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bsLo If]qflwsf/nfO{ qmdzM xn'sf ub}{ n}hfg] ljwflosfsf]
dg;fo /x]sf] tYo ljwflosL Oltxf;af6 :ki6} b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf ljwflosfsf]
pQm dg;fo ljk/Lt x'g] u/L Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ( sf] Joj:yfsf]
k|of]u ug{ gldNg] .
x Gofo k|zf;g ;DaGwL s]xL g]kfn P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf] P]g, @)^& åf/f
;+zf]lwt Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -u_ sf]
sfg"gL Joj:yf cg';f/ ;'? cbfnt, lgsfo jf clwsf/Laf6 tLg jif{eGbf sd

44
g]=sf=k= @)^(, c+s &, lg=g+= **%*, k[= !)%& .
241
;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q 249

;hfo u/]sf] / k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] ;f] ;hfo pN6L jf s]xL pN6L u/]sf] cj:yfdf
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] pQm km};nf pk/ o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg g;Sg] .
x k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 jfbL / k|ltjfbLx¿ dWo] h–h;sf] xsdf Ps} k6s km};nf
ePsf] 5 ;f] cfwf/df Ps}rf]l6 km};nf ePsfsf] xsdf o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
nfUg] / gnfUg] lgisif{ lgsfNg' kb{5 eGg] Gofo k|zf;g P]g @)$* sf] bkmf ( sf]
dg;fo ePsfn] eljiodf s] s:tf] xf]nf eGg] cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df cd's k|sf/sf]
lgisif{ lgsfNg gldNg] .
&=* lgj]bs ;'Gb/ sfsL{ lj= /fd]Zj/ dfgGw/, -k"0f{ Ohnf;_45
k|:t't lgj]bgdf pRr cbnt kf6gaf6 ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$$ - !_ tyf Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)&# sf] bkmf * -!_ adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L eP pk/ ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg btf{ ePsf]
lyof] . ;f] k'g/fj]bg ljrf/fwLg ePsf] cj:yfdf pRr cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z sfof{Gjog
ug{ nfu]sf] eGb} sfof{Gjog gug{' egL cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug{sf nflu ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf
lgj]bg k¥of] . ;'?df cNksfnLg cfb]z hf/L eO{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ;'g'jfO x'Fbf /fo afemL
eO{ k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ePsf] lyof] . k|:t't lgj]bgdf ;'g'jfO ub{} k"0f{ Ohnf;n] g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfsf] wf/f !$$ -!_ / -@_ tyf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)&# sf] bkmf * -!_ adf]lhd pRr
cbfntaf6 l/6 If]qflwsf/ cGtu{t l/6 lgj]bgdf ;'gjfO u/L u/]sf cfb]z pk/ ;jf{]Rr
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;S5 jf ;Sb}g eGg] ljifodf b]xfo adf]lhd cfb]z u/]sf] 5 M
x ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$$ -!_ / -@_ df Jojl:yt pRr cbfntsf] clwsf/If]qnfO{ Gofo
k|zf;g P]g, @)&# sf] bkmf * -!_ df k'g/fj[lQ u/]sf] / ;f]nfO{ afx]s u/L P]= bkmf
* -@_ adf]lhd pRr cbfntn] ;'? sf/afxL / lsgf/f u/]sf] d'2fdf dfq ;jf{]Rr
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)&# sf] bkmf ( -!_ -s_ df
ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$$ -!_ / -@_ tyf Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)&# sf] bkmf * -!_ adf]lhd pRr cbfntn] hf/L u/]sf] cfb]z pk/ ;jf{]Rr
cbfntdf ;f]em} k'g/fj]bg nfUg] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvPg . o;/L ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !$$ -!_ / -@_ tyf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)&# sf] bkmf * -!_ adf]lhd u/]sf]
cfb]zdf ;f]em} k'g/fj]bg gnfuL Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)&# sf] bkmf !@ df
plNnlvt Joj:yf adf]lhd d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g{ ;Sg] clwsf/ dfq ;jf{]Rr
cbfntnfO{ /x]sf] b]lvg cfof] .
&=( g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= /Tgaxfb'/ s]=;L= ;d]t -a[xt\ k"0f{ Ohnf;, kf“r hgf_46
k|:t't d'2fdf d'2f g+=)&$–Cf–)))$ / d'2f g+=)&$–Cf–)))# d'2f / c? g]kfn ;/sf/n]
;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bgkq bfo/ u/]sf]df tTsfnLg Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (
sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -u_ sf] cj:yfdf gb]lvPsf] egL b/kL7 u/]sf] cfb]z pk/sf] !@
yfg lgj]bg ;d]t nufpdf k"0f{ Ohnf;df ;'g'jfOsf nflu k]z ePsf] lyof] . k"0f{ Ohnf;n]
;'g'jfO u/L ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bgsf] clwsf/If]q / d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg]
clwsf/If]qsf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] af/]df ljZn]if0f u/]sf] lyof] . ;fy}

45
ljifo M cGt/sfnLg cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF, @)&# -FN- )#$^, -)&#-CI- )($^_ cfb]z ldlt M @)&#.!!.)% .
46
g]sfk @)&^, c+s *, lg=g+= !)#@), k[= !%^! .

242
250 ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q

Ohnf;df k]z ePsf d'2fdf d'2fsf] tYodf k|j]z u/L lg0f{osf nflu ;+o'Qm Ohnfzdf k]z
ug{] / lgj]bg pk/ ;'g'jfO u/L b/kL7 cfb]z ab/ u/L k'g/fj]bg kqsf] ¿kdf d'2f btf{ ug{
cfb]z ePsf] lyof] .
k|:t't ePsf d'2fdf k|ltjfbLx¿ pk/ nfu" cf}ifw -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)## sf] bkmf $ -3_, -ª_
/ -r_ sf] s;"/df P]= P]gsf] bkmf !$-!_ -5_ -#_ adf]lhd ;hfo x'g / P]= P]gsf] bkmf !^
adf]lhd yk ;hfo ;d]tsf] dfubfaL lnO{ cleof]ukq bfo/ ePsf]df k|ltjfbL clhh'n ldof
cG;f/LnfO{ dfubfaL adf]lhd P]= P]gsf] bkmf !$-!_-5_-#_ adf]lhd kGw| jif{ s}b / kfFr nfv
hl/jfgf tyf P]= bkmf !^ adf]lhd yk ! dlxgf s}b / Ps xhf/ ¿k}ofF hl/jfgf, k|ltjfbLx¿
/Tgaxfb'/ s]=;L= / ls;'gb]j /fptsf] xsdf P]= !& g+= adf]lhd P]= P]gsf] bkmf !$-!_-5_-#_
n] x'g] ;hfosf] cfwf hgxL ;ft jif{ 5 dlxgf s}b / b'O{ nfv krf; xhf/ ¿k}ofF hl/jfgf /
P]= !^ g+= n] yk Ps dlxgf s}b / Ps xhf/ ¿k}ofF hl/jfgf ug{] u/L sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^^ r}q @$ ut] ePsf] km};nfnfO{ tTsfnLg k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6
;b/ ePsf] lyof] . ;f] km};nf pk/ k|ltjfbLx¿ /Tgaxfb'/ s]=;L= / ls;'gb]j /fptnfO{
dfubfaL ljk/Lt bkmf !& adf]lhd ;hfo u/]sf]df lrQ ga'emL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;jf{]Rr
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bgkq bfo/ ePsf] lyof] .
csf{] d'2fdf k|ltjfbLx¿ pk/ nfu" cf}ifw -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)## sf] bkmf $ -3_, -ª_ / -r_
sf] s;"/df P]= P]gsf] bkmf !$-!_ -5_ -@_ adf]lhd ;hfo x'g / k|ltjfbLx¿ /Tgaxfb'/
s]=;L= / k|sfz cjfn]nfO{ P]= P]gsf] bkmf !^ adf]lhd yk ;hfo ;d]tsf] dfubfaL lnO{
cleof]ukq bfo/ ePsf]df k|ltjfbL e"kfn :ofª\tfg / clhh'n ldof cG;f/LnfO{ dfubfaL
adf]lhd P]= P]gsf] bkmf !$-!_-5_-@_ adf]lhd b; jif{ s}b / krxQ/ xhf/ ¿k}ofF hl/jfgf,
k|ltjfbL k|sfz cjfn]nfO{ P]= P]gsf] bkmf !$-!_-ª_ adf]lhd Ps jif{ s}b / P]= bkmf !^
adf]lhd yk gf} dlxgf s}b / kfFr xhf/ ¿k}ofF hl/jfgf, k|ltjfbL /Tgaxfb'/ s]=;L=sf] xsdf
P]= !& g+= adf]lhd P]= P]gsf] bkmf !$-!_-5_-@_ n] x'g] ;hfosf] cfwf kfFr jif{ s}b / ;}tL;
xhf/ kfFr ;o ¿k}ofF hl/jfgf / P]= !^ g+= n] yk Ps dlxgf s}b / Ps xhf/ hl/jfgf ug{]
u/L sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^^ r}q @$ ut] ePsf] km};nfnfO{ tTsfnLg
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ;b/ ePsf] lyof] . k|ltjfbLx¿ /Tgaxfb'/ s];LnfO{ dfubfaL
ljk/Lt P]= !& g+= adf]lhd P]= P]gsf] bkmf !$-!_-5_-@_ n] x'g] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo / k|sfz
cjfn]nfO{ P]= P]gsf] bkmf !$-!_-ª_ adf]lhd ;hfo u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ oL b'O{ k|ltjfbLsf]
xsdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bgkq bfo/ ePsf] lyof] .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k'g/fjj]bgdf ;'g'jfO u/L ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] k|ToyL{ lemsfpg] cfb]z ;d]t
ePsf] lyof] . o;} aLr @)&$.@.#! df Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_-v_ adf]lhd
!) jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L s}b ;hfo ePsf] d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sg]
sfg"gL k|fjwfg /x]sf] / k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLx¿nfO{ !) jif{ eGbf sd s}b ;hfo
x'g] 7x/L km};nf ePsf] l:yltdf k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] jf bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpmF eGg]tkm{
lgj]bg ug{' kg]{ s] xf] < ;f] ;DaGwdf b'j} kIfaf6 ax;gf]6 k]; ug{ nufO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z
ug{' eGg] ;jf{]Rr cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] cfb]z ePsf] lyof] .

243
;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q 251

o;}u/L -g]=sf=k= @)%( c+s # lg=g+=&)&) k[i7 !#%_ / -g]=sf=k= @)^$ c+s % lg=g+=&*$#
k[i7 %#(_ k|ltkflbt l;4fGtdf Ps¿ktf sfod ug{, pRr cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf pk/
k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf btf{ x'g] xf] jf bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpF egL cg'dltsf] nflu lgj]bg btf{ x'g] xf]
eGg] ;DaGwdf o; cbfntsf] d'2f btf{ ;DaGwdf ;d]t cGof}nsf] l:ylt /lx/x]af6 o;
;DaGwdf hl6n sfg"gL k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf], xfn k|rlnt Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)&# sf] bkmf
( sf] k|of]udf ;d]t cGof}n oyfjt\ g} /x]sf] ;Gbe{df a[xt\ k"0f{ Ohnfdf ;'g'jfOsf nflu k]z
ug{' eGg] ;+o'Qm Ohnfsf] cfb]z adf]lhd o; d'2f k"0f{ Ohnf;df ;'g'jfOsf nflu k]z
ePsf]df ;f] Ohnf;n] b]xfo adf]lhd l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/]sf] 5 M
• k'g/fj]bsLo If]qflwsf/df k|f/lDes If]qflwsf/sf] lj:tf/ -Extension of Original
Jurisdiction_ x'g] ePsf] sf/0f ;'¿ cbfnt ;/x dflyNnf] txsf] cbfntn] klg
cfjZostf cg';f/ ;a't k|df0f a'‰g] nufotsf sfo{ljlw k"/f u/L lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg]
/ bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ lgj]bgdf dflyNnf] cbfntn] ;'kl/j]IfsLo If]qflwsf/ -Supervisory
Jurisdiction_ cGtu{t P]gdf tf]lsPsf] ;Lldt cfwf/df x]l/g' kg]{ .

• Pp6} d'2fdf s'g} k|ltjfbLnfO{ k'g/fj]bg jf pRr cbfntaf6 b; jif{ eGbf a9L
s}bsf] ;hfo ePsf] cj:yfdf b; jif{ eGbf sd s}b ;hfo ePsf k|ltjfbLx¿n]
bkmf (-!_-v_ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] g} x'G5,
• k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] jf gkfpg] eGg] s'/f k'g/fj]bg cbfnt jf pRr cbfntsf]
km};nfn] tf]s]sf] ;hfosf] cfwf/df lgwf{/0f x'g],
• b; jif{ eGbf a9L s}b ;hfo x'g] 7xl/Psf k|ltjfbLn] k'g/fj]bg u/] jf gu/]sf]
cfwf/df dfq cGo k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg ug{] s'/f lgwf{/0f ug{' plrt gb]lvg],
• Pp6f d'2fdf s'g} k|ltjfbLnfO{ b; jif{ eGbf a9L s}bsf] ;hfo ePsf] cj:yfdf
;f]xL d'2fdf b; jif{ eGbf sd s}b ;hfo ePsf jf ;kmfO{ kfPsf cGo
k|ltjfbLx¿sf] xsdf ;d]t Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)&# sf] bkmf (-!_-v_ adf]lhd
k'g/fj]bg nfUg] .
o; d'2fdf ePsf] km};nfaf6 k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bgsf ;DaGwdf yk :ki6tf ePsf]
b]lvG5 . tyflk g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= sLlt{axfb'/ rGb ;d]t -g]=sf=k= @)%(, c+s #÷$, lg=g+=
&)&), k[= !#@_ ePsf] d'2fdf g} k|ltkflbt l;4fGtsf cfwf/df o; d'2fdf lg0f{o ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . tyflk /Tgaxfb'/ s]=;L= sf] d'2fsf] ;'g'jfOsf] qmddf k"0f{ Ohnfzdf k]z ug{] cfb]z
x'g'k"j{ g} ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] d'2fdf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k'g/fj]bgsf] ¿kdf btf{
ePsf w]/} d'2fdf Gofo k|zf;g P]gsf] bkmf ( -!_ sf] cj:yf gePsf] egL Ohnf;af6
;'g'jfOsf] qmddf vf/]h ePsf lyP . ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] unt JofVof ub{} Ps} d'2fdf w]/}
k|ltjfbL pk/ k'g/fj]bg ul/Psf]df s'g} k|ltjfbL pk/sf] k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf km};nf u/L ;f]xL
d'2fsf s]xL k|ltjfbLsf xsdf k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] eGg] ;d]tsf] cfwf/ lnO{ k'g/fj]bg vf/]h
u/]sf] cj:yf;Dd /x]sf] lyof] .47 ;fy} ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt

47
pbfx/0fsf] nflu x]g{ ;lsG5 M g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= tf}ng eGg] /fhs'df/ d'/fp ;d]t, d'2f g+= )&) -CR- ))%(, ePsf] d'2fdf
;jf{]Rr cbfntsf dfggLo GofofwLz åo >L cf]dk|sfz ld> / b]j]Gb|uf]kfn >]i7sf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 @)&#.)(.@@ ut] ePsf]
km};nf x]g{ ;lsG5 . h'g km};nfsf] s]xL c+z b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 M
=== k|ltjfbL s'df/ d'/fpn] a]sf? xl/hgnfO{ uf]nL k|xf/ u/L st{Jo u/L df/]sf] tYo k'li6 x'g cfPaf6 lghnfO{ cleof]u dfubfaL
adf]lhd d'n'sL P]g, Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] ! / !# -!_ g+= cGtu{tsf] s;"/df ;f]xL dxnsf] !#-!_ g+= adf]lhd ;j{:j ;lxt
244
252 ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q

;d]tsf] ljkl/t ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 tTsfnLg Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ( sf] unt
JofVof u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bg vf/]h ul/Psf] lyof] .
&=!) lzjk|;fb zdf{ s'“j/ lj= j;Gts'df/L /f0ff -k"0f{ Ohnf;_48
k|:t't d'2fdf jfbL / k|ltjfbLx¿ aLr lvrf]nf d]6fO{ xs sfod u/L btf{ u/L kfpF eGg] d'2f
sf:sL lhNnf cbfntdf k/]sf]df ;'? cbfntn] cgflwsf/ sfof{non] clwsf/ xf] egL
cf}+NofPsf] e/df k|:t't lkm/fbsf] tYodf k|j]z u/L k|df0fsf] d"Nof+sg ug{ gldn]sf] ;d]tsf
sf/0fx¿af6 k|:t't d'2f c=j= !*) g+= adf]lhd vf/]h x'g] u/L @)$(.!@.@$ df km};nf
u/]sf]df ;f] km};nf ab/ u/L k'gM lg0f{o ug{ sf:sL lhNnf cbfntdf k7fpg] u/L
@)%!.)*.)% df lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] . sf:sL lhNnf cbfntaf6 k'gM lg0f{o x'Fbf jfbL bfaLsf]
hUuf lkmN8a'saf6 ktL{ hlgPsf] ;d]t b]lvg cfPsf] x'Fbf bfaL gk'Ug] egL @)%$.)*.)* df
km};nf ePsf] lyof] . ;f] km};nf pk/ k'g/fj]bg k/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf]v/fsf] ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;df ;'g'jfO x'Fbf GofofwLzx¿ -lul/zrGb| nfn / uf]kfn k/fh'nL_ sf] /fo afemL ePsf]
x'Fbf ;f]xL cbfntsf] t];|f] GofofwLz /fdk|;fb >]i7 ;dIf b'j} /fo k]z ePsf]df b'j} /fodf
lgh ;xdt gePsf] egL lg0f{ofy{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k]z x'g] /fo JoQm u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;/L tTsfnLg k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf GofofwLz aLr dt}So geO{ Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*
sf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k]z ePsf]df ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf]
;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 @)^$.)!.)% df jfbL bfaL gk'Ug] 7x/ u/]sf] ;'? lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nf ;b/ ug{] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf]v/fsf GofofwLz lul/zrGb| nfnsf] /fo ;b/ u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;f] km};nf pk/ ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgjb]g k/L ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6
@)&#.!@.!# df bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g{ cg'dlt ePsf] lyof] . k|:t't d'2fdf hl6n sfg"gL k|Zg ;dfj]z
ePsf] egL ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 cfb]z eP adf]lhd o; d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 ePsf]
xf] . o; d'2fdf tTsfnLg k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf GofofwLzx¿ aLr /fo gldnL ;jf{]Rr
cbfntdf lg0f{osf nflu k]z ePsf] d'2fdf ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf pk/ d'2f
bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg nfUg ;S5 ls ;Sb}g eGg] d"n k|Zg /x]sf] lyof] . o; cj:yfdf ePsf]
km};nfnfO{ ;jf{]Rr cbfnts} km};nf dfGg' kg{] / pRr -tTsfnLg k'g/fj]bg_ cbfntn] u/]sf]
km};nf pk/ dfq ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgjb]g nfUg] :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L d'2f
bf]xf]¥ofpg] cfb]z g} sfg"g ljkl/t ePsf]df cGo ljifodf x]l//xg' gkg{] eGb} b]xfo adf]lhd
l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/]sf] 5 M

hGds}bsf] ;hfo x'g] u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnsf] ldlt @)^( c;f/ !( ut]sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;fws ;b/ x'g]
7x5{ . -k]h g+= (_
=== k|:t't d'2fdf k|ltjfbL tf}ng eGg] /fhs'df/ d'/fpnfO{ Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] !& -@_ g+= sf] s;"/df ;f]xL g+= adf]lhd kfFr -
%_ jif{ s}b ;hfo x'g] 7x¥ofO{ ePsf] ;'? lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnaf6 km};nf ePsf]
b]lvPsf]n] ;f] km};nf pk/ Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ( -!_ -u_ cg';f/ o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sg] cj:yf
ljBdfg /x]sf] b]lvg gcfO{ ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !@ adf]lhd d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]/L kfpg lgj]bg lbg ;Sg];Ddsf] cj:yf b]lvPaf6
k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bsLo If]qflwsf/ u|x0f u/L d'2fsf] tYo leq k|j]z u/L OG;fkm ul//xg gkg{] x'Fbf d'n'sL P]g, c=j= !*) g+=
adf]ldh jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|:t't k'g/fj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . -k[= !)_
48
g]sfk @)&&, c+s !), lg=g+= !)#^%, k[= @)@% .

245
;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q 253

x d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g{] cfb]z g} k|rlnt sfg"g ljkl/t b]lvg cfPsf] kl/k|]Iodf d'2fdf
tflTts dxTj /fVg] jf ;fGble{s b]lvg gcfPdf pQm ;Da4 tYox¿ s] lyP egL
x]l//xg'sf] s'g} cf}lrTo /xg ;Sb}g . bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g{] cfb]z g} sfg"g;Ddt gb]lvPsf]
x'Fbf lg:;f k|bfg ubf{sf] cfb]zdf pNn]v ul/P b]lv afx]s lgj]bgdf pNn]v
ul/Psf cGo ljifox¿df ljj]rgf u/L o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ePsf]
km};nf pk/ d'bf bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]l//xg' kg{] cj:yf b]lvPg . k|:t't d'2fdf lg:;f k|bfg
ug{] ePsf] cfb]zdf j:t'ut cfwf/ gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf cGo ;Da4 ljifox¿df
k|j]z ul//xg' kg{] s'g} cf}lrTo /x]sf] gb]lvg] .
;jf{]Rr cbfntn] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] If]qflwsf/ ;}4flGts ¿kdf leGg
/x]sf] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} pRr cbfntaf6 ePsf km};nf jf clGtd cfb]z pk/ ;jf{]Rr
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg nfUg] ;DaGwdf tTsfnLg sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]tsf
cfwf/df cfkm\gf] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] kfOG5 . ljz]if u/L Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ( -
!_ -u_ sf ;DaGwdf ePsf JofVof h'g xfnsf] Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)&# sf] bkmf ( -!_ -s_
sf] k|of]udf ;d]t cfslif{t x'G5, o; ljifodf :i6 kf/]sf] 5 . bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bgdf ;'g'jfO
u/L k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt lbg] cfb]zdf sfg"gL q'l6 ePdf k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf d'2fsf] km};;f
ug{' kb{}g eGg] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] 5 .
lgj]bs ;'Gb/ sfsL{ lj= /fd]Zj/ dfgGw/ ePsf] lgj]bgdf ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] u/]sf] cfb]zn]
s]xL k|Zgx¿ hGdfPsf] 5 . pRr cbfntn] Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)&# sf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf
-!_ adf]lhd k/]sf lgj]bgdf ;'g'jfO u/L hf/L u/]sf] cfb]zdf bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf]
v08 -s_ adf]lhd ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] sfg"gL Joj:yf gu/]sf] x'Fbf bkmf !@
adf]lhd d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg nfUg] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] 5 . P]gdf ul/Psf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]
JofVof ;du| sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿nfO{ x]/L ul/g' kb{5 . P]gsf] s'g} bkmf jf bkmfdf /x]sf]
jfSof+znfO{ dfq x]/L sfg"gsf] JofVof ug{ jf Goflos lgisif{ lgsfNg' x'Fb}g eGg] sfg"g
JofVofsf] l;4fGt /x]sf] 5 . ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)&# sf] bkmf * -!_, bkmf
(-!_ -s_ / bkmf !@ sf] JofVof u/L lgisif{ lgsfNbf ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf * -#_ -s_, bkmf & -@_
/ -#_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yftkm{ b[li6 glbPsf] b]lvG5 . bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -!_ df ælgj]bgÆ
pk/ ;'g'jfO ug{] / pkbkmf -@_ df tf]lsPdf æd'2fÆ df ;'? sf/afxL / lsgf/f ug{] If]qflwsf/
pRr cbfntnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . bkmf ( df ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf æd'2fÆ df k'g/fj]bg nfUg]
/ bkmf !@ df ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] æd'2fÆ df d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg nfUg]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . Ps} P]gdf lgj]bg / d'2fnfO{ cnu cnu zJb k|of]u ub{} :ki6 ¿kdf
lglZrt k|s[ltsf d'2fdf ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] / k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] d'2fdf pRr
cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf jf clGtd cfb]z pk/ bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg nfUg] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf]
:ki6 g} b]lvG5 . lhNnf / pRr cbfntn] l/6 lgj]bgdf ;'g'jfO u/L hf/L u/]sf] cfb]z pk/
k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] u/L afx]s u/]sf] / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg æd'2fÆ df dfq nfUg] sfg"gL Joj:yf
ul/Psf] :ki6 x'G5 .
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)&# sf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] v08 -s_ df lhNnf cbfntn] bkmf
& sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ;'? sf/afxL / lsgf/f u/]sf] d'2fdf dfq k'g/fj]bg nfUg] t/
;f]xL bkmfsf] pkbkmf -@_ / -#_ adf]lhd aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] lgj]bg / lgif]wf1fsf] lgj]bg
pk/ ;'g'jfO u/L hf/L u/]sf] cfb]z pk/ pRr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg g;Sg] u/L afx]s
246
254 ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q

u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;af6 lhNnf cbfntn] aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] lgj]bg / lgif]wf1fsf]

lgj]bgdf u/]sf] cfb]z pk/ k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgtM pRr cbfntnfO{ l/6
lgj]bg ;'g'jfO ug{] clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . elgG5 l/6df ePsf] cfb]z k"0f{ / clGtd -
Full and Final_ xf] . Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)&# df ul/Psf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ;du| cWoog /
ljZn]if0f ubf{ txut ¿kdf l/6 lgj]bgdf ;'g'jfO ug{] If]qflwsf/ eP klg l/6 lgj]bgdf
ul/Psf] cfb]z jf clGtd cfb]z pk/ dflyNnf] cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] kl/sNkgf u/]sf]
b]lvFb}g . ;fy} pRr cbfntnfO{ bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] If]qflwsf/ ;d]t Gofo k|zf;g P]g
nufot k|rlnt s'g} sfg"gdf ul/Psf] 5}g .
l;4fGttM k'g/fj]bg / d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] If]qflwsf/ l/6 lgj]bgdf cfslif{t x'g]
ljifo g} xf]Og . l/6 sfo{jlw / d'2fsf] sfo{ljlw tyf k|lqmofdf xfd|f] cbfnt nfdf] ;do;Dd
cndlnPsf] cj:yf 5 . d'2f / l/6sf] sfo{ljlwdf leGgtf kfpg g;Sg] cj:yfdf xfd|f]
cEof; e}/x]sf] 5 . o; k"j{sf] Goflos cEof; x]bf{ pRr cbfntdf cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t
dfu u/L bfo/ u/]sf] lgj]bgdf pRr cbfntn] cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L gu/]sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t
tTsfnLg d'n'sL P]g, cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf] dxnsf] !& g+= / tTsfnLg Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf !% adf]lhd ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf j]l/tsf] cfb]z ab/ ug{ eGb} lgj]bg btf{ ug{]
/ To:tf lgj]bgdf ;'g'jfO ;d]t u/]sf] k|z:t} pbfx/0f xfdL;Fu /x]sf] 5 .
xfnsf] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL Joj:yfaf6 wf/f !$$ -!_ cGtu{tsf] pRr cbfntsf] l/6
If]qflwsf/ / wf/f !## -@_ cGtu{tsf] ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] l/6 If]qflwsf/df
w]/} ;dfgtf /x]sf] ;d]t b]lvG5 .49 ;jf{]Rr cbfnt cfkm}n] :jLsf u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvG5 .50
;jf{]Rr cbfnt clen]v cbfnt -Court of Record_ x'g] l;4fGt / sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] k|lts"n
x'g] u/L ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] l/6 lgj]bgdf u/]sf] cfb]z pRr cbfnt k|ltsf] cljZjf; xf] ls <
eGg] cj:yf ;d]t b]lvG5 . lhNnf cbfntn] l/6 lgj]bgdf u/]sf] cfb]z pk/ pkrf/ g} gx'g]
t/ pRr cbfntn] u/]sf] cfb]zdf ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] k"0f{ Ohnf;sf]
cfb]z cfkm}df lj/f]wfefif / cGof}ntfk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
*= k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] If]qflwsf/df ug'{ kg{] ;'wf/x¿
;jf{]Rr cbfntdf d'2fsf] rfk a9\b} uPsf] / t'ngfTds ¿kdf pRr cbfntdf sd /x]sf]
cj:yf 5 . ;jf{R] r cbfnt cGtu{t ;+j}wflgs Ohnf;sf] Joj:yf ;d]t ul/Psf] / ;f]

49
;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbdf ;+j}wflgs k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf] ljjfbsf] ;'g'jfO ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] dfq ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf
wf/f !## -@_ df ul/Psf] 5 . pRr cbfntnfO{ wf/f !$$ -!_ df ;fj{hgls xs jf ;/f]sf/sf ljjfbdf sfg"gL k|Zgdf dfq
;'g'jfO ug{] If]qflwsf/ x'g] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] afx]s pNn]lvt pkwf/fx?df ul/Psf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf x]bf{
æ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ df}lns xssf] k|rngsf nflu jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf] jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf eP klg ;f]
pkrf/ ckof{Kt jf k|efjxLg b]lvPsf] cGo s'g} sfg"gL xssf] k|rngsf nfluÆ l/6 If]qflwsf/ ;dfg /x]sf] 5 . pRr cbfntsf]
If]qflwsf/nfO{ ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] k|fb]lzs If]qflwsf/df l;ldt gu/]sf] / sfg"gL k|Zgdf ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbdf
;d]t ;'g'jfO ug{] If]qflwsf/ /x]s]f 5 . hxfF;Dd wf/f !## -!_ adf]lhdsf] lgj]bg ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] ;+j}wflgs Ohnf;sf]
If]qflwsf/ leq /x]sf] cj:yfdf pRr cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ / ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] l/6 If]qflwsf/ ;fj{hlgs xs
jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbdf ;+j}wflgs k|Zg afx]s ;dfg /x]sf] / ;+ljwfg k|bQ df}lns xs k|rng / pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf] jf
eP klg ;f] ckof{Kt jf k|efjxLg ePsf] cj:yfdf sfg"gL xs k|rng u/fpg l/6 lgj]bg ;'Gg] ;dfg If]qflwsf/ ;+ljwfgn] g}
k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
50
æ;+j}wflgs k|Zgæ leq æsfg"gL k|Zgæ ;lGglxt x'g] / sfg"gL k|Zgdf ;+ljwfgsf] cfofd;d]t x'g] x'Fbf s]xL yk zAbfjnLx¿ k|of]u
eof] eGb}df pRr cbfntnfO{ wf/f !$$-!_ cGtu{t / ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ wf/f !##-@_ åf/f k|bQ clwsf/ ;f/e"t ¿kdf km/s
/x]5 eGg ldNg] gb]lvg] egL g]kfn qm]l86 P08 sdz{ a}+s ln= sf] clVtof/ k|fKt P]= a}+ssf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t /d]z/fh
cof{n lj= pRr cbfnt kf6g;d]t ePsf] -g]sfk @)&^ c+s ^, lg=g+= !)@($_ pTk|]if0fsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf :ki6 u/]sf] 5 .
247
;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q 255

Ohnf;df kfFr hgf GofofwLz x'g] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] cj:yf 5 .
;jf{]Rr cbfntdf @! hgf dfq GofofwLz /xg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . ;jf{]Rr
cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bsLo If]qflwsf/df ;+s'rg x'g] u/L ljwflosL Joj:yf ul/Psf] cj:yf Gofo
k|zf;gdf ul/Psf] ;+zf]wg / kl/dfh{gaf6 b]lvG5 . tyflk ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf d'2fsf] af]em
a9\b} uPsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . cf=j= @)&%÷)&^ df ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf d'2fsf] nut ;+Vof
#$,(@@ pRr cbfnt -& j6f pRr cbfnt / !! j6f Ohnf; ;d]t_ df d'2fsf] nut ;+Vof
^))&) /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;}u/L ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf @ jif{ b]lv kfFr jif{ k'u]sf d'2fsf] ;+Vof
&,$$^ / kfFr jif{ gf3]sf d'2fsf] ;+Vof !,(^$ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pRr cbfntdf @ jif{ gf3]sf
d'2fsf] ;+Vof !!@ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .51 ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bgsf] nut ;+Vof !,^,)^% /
bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bgsf] ;+Vof &,$(* /x]sf] b]lvG5 .52 o;af6 bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bgsf] nut
;+Vof k'g/fj]bgsf] nut ;+Vofsf] $^ k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pRr cbfntnfO{ yk If]qflwsf/
k|bfg u/L ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf d'2fsf] rfk sd ug{' kg{] cj:yf b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu Gofo
k|zf;g ;DaGwL sfg"gdf b]xfo adf]lhd ;'wf/ ug{' pko'Qm x'G5 M
1= pRr cbfnt jf pRr cbfntsf Ohnf;af6 ePsf km};nf jf clGtd cfb]z pk/
;jf{]Rr cbfntdf d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg nfUg] cj:yfsf d'2fdf ;jf{]Rr
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{] cg'dlt lbg] jf glbg] ;DaGwL ;'g'jfO ug{] If]qflwsf/
pRr cbfntnfO{ g} k|bfg ug{],
2= pRr cbfntn] ;'? sf/jfxL / lsgf/f u/]sf] d'2fdf afx]s cGo cbfnt jf
Gofoflws/0faf6 ;'? sf/afxL / lsgf/f u/]sf] d'2fdf ;f]em} ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yfnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug{],
3= Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)&# sf] bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -u_ nfO{ kl/dfh{g
u/L s}b, hl/jfgf / ljuf]sf] xb a9fpg],
4= j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Gofoflws/0fn] u/]sf] km};nf pk/ ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
nfUg] Joj:yfnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;jf{]Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ljkl/t
ePsf] jf sfg"gL q'l6 b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf dfq k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dltsf nflu lgj]bg
lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf ug{],
5= j}+lsË s;"/ nufot pRr cbfntsf] jfl0fHo Ohnf;af6 ;'g'jfO x'g] d'2fdf Ps
tx k'g/fj]bg ubf{ g} ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . a}+lsË
s;"/ tyf ;hfo P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf # sf] v08 -u_ df lgodg ul/Psf] cfkm\gf]
vftdf df}hbft /sd gePsf] hfgLhfgL r]s sf6L lbg] sfo{ h:tf s;"/nfO{ ;d]t
pRr cbfntsf] jfl0fHo Ohnf;n] ;'? sf/afxL / lsgf/f ug{] Pj+ ;jf{]Rr
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] cj:yfnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg u/L s;"/sf] k|s[lt, ljuf] /
;hfosf cfwf/df If]qflwsf/df k'g/fjnf]sg u/L jfl0fHo Ohnf;sf] If]qflwsf/df
/x]sf s]xL s;"/x¿sf] ;'? sf/afxL / lsgf/f ug{] If]qflwsf/ lhNnf cbfntnfO{
k|bfg ug{],
6= pRr cbfntaf6 l/6 lgj]bgdf ePsf cfb]z pk/ ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf bf]xf]¥ofpg]
lgj]bg nfUg] egL ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 ePsf] cfb]zn] cfb]z ePsf]
5 . Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)&# sf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -#_ -s_ df lhNnf cbfntn]
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256 ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q

bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -@_ / -#_ adf]lhd aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] lgj]bg / lgif]wf1fsf]
lgj]bg pk/ ;'g'jffO u/L hf/L u/]sf] cfb]z pk/ pRr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5}g . o;}u/L pRr cbfntn] l/6 lgj]bgdf u/]sf] cfb]z pk/
;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf 5}g . o;af6 pRr cbfntn] u/]sf]
cfb]zdf bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] eGg] cfkm}df ldNbf] klg 5}g / sfg"g cg's"n klg
xf]Og . l;4fGttM k'g/fj]bg / d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] If]qflwsf/ l/6
lgj]bgdf cfslif{t x'g] ljifo g} xf]Og . l/6 lgj]bgdf ;''g'jfO u/L l/6 hf/L eP
klg vf/]h eP klg To;sf] k|lqmof ToxLF g} cGTo x'G5 . Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)&#
sf] bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -!_ / !@ sf] pkbkmf -!_ df æd'2fÆ eGg] zJbsf] k|of]u /
bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -!_ ælgj]bgÆ eGg] zJbsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] ;d]tsf cfwf/df
sfg"gn] g} l/6 lgj]bg pk/ k'g/fj]bg jf bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg gnfUg] u/L afx]s
u/]]sf] cj:yf 5 . bkmf ( / !@ df ul/Psf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] JofVof ubf{ bkmf &
-@_, -#_, bkmf * -#_ -s_ / bkmf ( -!_ -s_ ;d]tsf] ;du| Joj:yf / k|of]u
ul/Psf] æd'2fÆ / ælgj]bgÆ zJb ;d]tsf] Joj:yf k|lt b[li6 lbg' plrt x'G5 .
;du| sfg"gL Joj:yf tyf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !## -@_ / wf/f !$$ -!_
;d]tsf] JofVof / ljZn]if0f u/L l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;'g'jfO / sfg"gsf] k|of]udf
Ps¿ktf sfod ug{' pko'Qm x'G5 .
(= lgisif{
;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] If]qflwsf/sf ;DaGwdf Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)&# df :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . pRr cbfntaf6 km};nf jf clGtd cfb]z
ePsf d'2f dWo] ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf s:tf] d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg / s:tf] d'2fdf bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg
ug{] ;DaGwdf ;jf{]Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf km};nf / k|ltkflbt l;4fGtn] ;d]t :ki6tf kf/]sf]
b]lvG5 . oL b'O{ If]qflwsf/ cfkm}df leGg cj:yf x'g\ . k'g/fj]bgsf] If]qflwsf/ lgod xf] eg]
bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ If]qflwsf/ ckjfb xf] . d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bgdf lg:;f lbFbf sf/0f lbg' kb{5
t/ vf/]h ubf{ s'g} cfwf/ sf/0f pNn]v ug{' kb{}g . ;'kl/j]If0ffTds If]qflwsf/ cGtu{tsf]
d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bgnfO{ k'g/fj]bg h:t} u/L ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf btf{ ug{] k|lqmofn] y'gfdf
/x]sf k|ltjfbL tyf dxTjk"0f{ d'2fn] ;'g'jfOsf] ;do gkfpg] cj:yf ;d]t l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .
;+ljwfgn] ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb tyf df}lns xs jf sfg"gL xs k|rng ug{
;Sg] u/L l/6 If]qflwsf/ ;d]t k|bfg u/L pRr cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/df j[l4 u/]sf] 5 . ;f]
clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ePsf] lg0f{o / cfb]znfO{ ljZjf; / ;Ddfg ug{ ;jf{]Rr cbfnt tyf
Gofosf] pkef]Qmfn] ;d]t ;Sg' kb{5 . sfg"gn] :ki6tM pRr cbfntaf6 l/6 lgj]bgdf
;'g'jfO u/L u/]sf] clGtd cfb]z pk/ k'g/fj]bg jf s'g} lgj]bg ;d]t gnfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;fy} k'g/fj]bgsf] ljsNk bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpg] lgj]bgnfO{ lng / To;/L a'em\g klg
x'Fb}g . d'2f / l/6 lgj]bg tyf To;df ePsf lg0f{onfO{ Ps} ¿kdf ;d]t u|x0f ug{' x'Fb}g . l/6
lgj]bgdf ;'g'jfO u/L ePsf] clGtd cfb]z k"0f{ / clGtd -Full and Final_ dflgG5 . xfdLn]
klg ;f]xL cg';f/ u|x0f ug{' kb{5 . Gofo k|zf;g P]gdf ul/Psf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ;fËf]kfËf]
cy{ ubf{ klg ;f] :ki6 b]lvG5 . xfd|f] Goflos cEof; klg ;f]xL cg';f/ x'g h?/L 5 .
;fy} d'2fdf cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfon] u/]sf] km};nf pk/ Ps tx k'g/fj]bg ;'g'jfO ubf{
km};nfdf ePsf q'l6 ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 g} . d'2fnfO{ lr/sfn;Dd ljjfbsf] ljifo agfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbO{ /xFbf ljjfbsf] cGTo gx'g], cl:y/tf sfod x'g] / ;dfhdf åGå e}/xg] cj:yf
249
;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg / bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q 257

cfpFb5 . ;fy} /fHosf] ;|f]t ;fwg / ;dosf] jjf{bL x'g] cj:yf NofpFb5 . To;sf/0f ;jf{]Rr
cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg If]qflwsf/df s6f}tL ug{] / ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{] cg'dlt lbg]
clwsf/ pRr cbfntnfO{ g} k|bfg ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 . ;fy} sfg"gdf Joj:yf ul/P adf]lhd
cbfnt tyf Goflos lgsfoaf6 ;'? sf/afxL ul/Psf d'2fdf ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf ;f]em}
k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yfnfO{ kl/dfh{g / k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g' kb{5 . pRr cbfntnfO{
lhDd]jf/L lbFb} hfg] / ;jf{]Rr cbfntnfO{ xn'sf agfpFb} nfUg ;lsPdf xfnsf] d'2fsf]
sfo{af]em Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . d'2fnfO{ ;dod} lj>fd lbg ;lsG5 .

YZ

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258 km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkg / o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf
km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkg / o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf 259

jif{ #, c° !

s/ lgwf{/0f / Goflos b[li6sf]0f

# c~rg e§/fO{i

!= kl/ro
/fHon] cfˆgf] /fHo ;+rfngsf] nflu cfaZos kg]{ vr{sf] Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu k|ToIf jf
ck|ToIf ¿kdf p7fpg] /sd g} s/ xf] . cyf{t\ s/ eg]sf] k|ToIf nfesf] cfzf gu/L
;j{;fwf/0fn] clgjfo{ ¿kdf ;/sf/nfO{ lbg] of]ubfg xf] . x'gt s/sf] k/Dk/fut kl/efiffaf6
cfhsf] @! cf}+ ztfAbL;Dd cfOk'Ubf o;sf] kl/efiffdf klg Jofkstf cfPsf] kfOG5 . cfhsf]
nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHodf ul/g] s/sf] kl/efiff !^ cf}+ ztfAbLsf] k'ln;:6]6eGbf leGg, Pj+
Jofks aGg ;S5 . xfnsf] kl/k|]Ifdf lbgfg'lbg ;~rfng ug{'kg]{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g, lghL
If]qsf] lgodg, ;xhLs/0f / k|j4{g Pj+ hgtfsf b}lgs cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{ /
cTofjZos j:t' Pj+ ;]jfsf] pknAwtfsf nflu /fHon] hgtfaf6 sfg"g adf]lhd clgjfo{
¿kdf p7fpg] lt/f] g} s/ xf] eg]/ j'‰g' kg]{ x'G5 .1
cfhsf] nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHodf /fHon] cfˆgf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;DaGwL clgjfo{
bfloTjx¿sf ;fy} /fli6«o ljsf;sf nflu ;fj{hlgs ljsf; vr{ / k|zf;lgs vr{sf] ;d]t
cfjZostf k"/f ug{, ;‹Lo ljQLo k|0ffnLnfO{ ;anLs/0f ug{, ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] a9\bf]
cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f ug{ / j}b]lzs ;xfotf dflysf] lge{/tf sd ug{ cfGtl/s ;|f]t
kl/rfngsf] dxTjk"0f{ lx:;f cf]u6]sf] /fh:jsf] kl/rfngnfO{ lbuf] agfO{ ljQ ;+/rgfnfO{
;'b[9 agfpg]tkm{ cfˆgf] /fh:j gLlt s]lG›t ug{' kb{5 . To;sf nflu /fh:jsf] k|d'v
cfwf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] s/sf] of]ubfgdf j[l4 ug{ s/ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 Pj+ k|efjsf/L agfpg
s/ k|zf;gnfO{ cem a9L s/bftfd}qL, glthfd'vL, kf/bzL{ Pj+ lhDd]jf/ agfpg,
s/bftfx¿nfO{ s/ ltbf{ uf}/jsf] cg'e"lt x'g] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug{' /fHosf] bfloTj xf] .
s/ ;DalGw gLlt / sfg"gn] ;d]6\g] k|d'v kIf s/ ;+/rgf klg xf] . o;n] pkef]u, jrt tyf
nufgL h:tf s'/fdf k|ToIf kf/]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] s/ ;+/rgfsf] nflu cfjZos sfg"gsf]
lgdf{0f ubf{ lgliqmo cj:yfdf /x]sf] k'FhL / ;|f]tnfO{ dfq k|efljt ug]{ u/L ;+/rgf lgdf{0f
ug{' k5{ eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . cy{ Joj:yfdf /x]sf] v'nfkg, lzIff tyf s/ e'QmfgL
;DaGwL ;+:sf/, cfo tyf /f]hu/Lsf] ;+/rgf, cfosf] ljt/0fsf] cj:yf, s/sf] pkof]usf]

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pk ;lrj, Gofo ;]jf .
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260 km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkg / o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf

;DaGwdf hgljZjf; / cjwf/0ff nufotn] s/ k|0ffnLdf k|ToIf c;/ kf/]sf x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f
s/ ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] th{'df ubf{ Wofg lbg' k5{ .2
s/ Joj:yfkgsf] ljifo /fhgLlt, ;+ljwfg, cy{zf:q / ;dfhsf d"No dfGotf;Fu dfq geO{
j}b]lzs nufgL, s/bftfsf] dgf]lj1fg tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw;Fu ;d]t hf]l8Psf] x'g] x'Fbf
s/ sfg"gn] oL s'/fx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . cyf{t\ Pp6f c;n s/ k|0ffnLn]
s/bftfsf] OR5f, cfsf+Iff / s/ k|zf;gsf aLr ;Gt'ng sfod /fVGb} nufgL cfslif{t ug{
tyf s/ ltg{ cfd s/bftfnfO{ clek|]l/t ug{ ;Sg] x'g'k5{ .
@= s/ lgwf{/0f
sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s'g} s/ gnufOg] / gp7fOg] s'/f g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;'lglZrt u/]sf]
5 .3 To;}u/L ;fj{hlgs lghL / ;xsf/L If]qsf] ;xeflutf tyf ljsf; dfkm{t pknAw
;fwg / ;|f]tsf] clwstd kl/rfngåf/f lta| cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ub}{ lbuf] ljsf; ug]{ tyf
k|fKt pknlAwx¿sf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f u/L cfly{s c;dfgtfsf] cGTo ub}{ zf]if0f/lxt
;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{ /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ cfTdlge{/, :jtGq tyf pGgltlzn agfpb}
;dfhjfb pGd'v :jtGq / ;d[4 cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ /fHosf] cfly{s p2]Zo x'g] s'/f klg
;+ljwfgdf pNn]v 5 .
s'g} klg b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf nflu ;|f]tsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg ckl/xfo{ dflgG5 .
b]zn] lnPsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] nIo xfl;n ug{sf nflu cfjZos ;|f]tsf] dfunfO{ kl/k"lt{
ug{ s/ k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/ Pj+ ljsf; ug{ h?/L x'G5 . s/ k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/ eGg] lalQs} s/
k|0ffnLsf cjojx¿sf ¿kdf /xg] lbuf] / k|efjsf/L s/ gLlt, :ki6, ;/n / s/bftfd}qL
s/ sfg"g, :jR5, ;an / ;Ifd s/ k|zf;g tyf Odfgbf/ s/bftf rf/j6} kIfdf ;'wf/ x'g'
cfjZos x'G5 .
ljutdf s/ k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/sf nflu ;fdfGo k|of;x¿ dfq eP klg ;g\ !(() sf] bzsb]lv
pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt cjnDag;Fu} :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f k4ltsf] cjnDag ub}{ cfw'lgs s/
k|0ffnL lgdf{0fsf] af6f]df cu|;/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . vf;u/L cfos/ P]g, @)#! df ePsf] cf7f}+
;+zf]wg @)$( kl5 :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f k4ltnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ul/of] . cfw'lgs / j}1flgs s/sf
¿kdf ljZje/ nfu" ePsf] d"No clej[l4 s/ klg oxL k4ltdf cfwfl/t agfpFb} @)%$
;fnb]lv sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] lyof] . @)%* ;fndf cfos/ sfg"gsf cGt/f{li6«o l;4fGtx¿
cjnDag ul/Psf] gofF cfos/ P]g nfu" ul/of] . cGtMz'Ns k|zf;gdf klg ef}lts lgoGq0f
k|0ffnLsf] ;§f dlb/f afx]ssf ;a} j:t'df :jo+ lgisf;g k|0ffnL cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 .
To;}u/L eG;f/tkm{ klg j:t' juL{s/0f tyf eG;f/ d"Nof+sgsf cfw'lgs k4lt cfTd;ft\
u/]sf] eG;f/ P]g, @)^$ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f,
;fdflhs ;'/Iff Pj+ /fh:j ;+sngdf dxTjk"0f{ sfg"gL b:tfj]hsf ¿kdf lnOG5 .

2
g]kfnsf] s/ sfg"g, 8f= rG›dl0f clwsf/L, k}/jL k|sfzg, bf];|f] ;+:s/0f, @)&#, k[=# .
3
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, wf/f !!% .
252
km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkg / o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf 261

cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] s/ a'emfpg] ;Gbe{df s/bftfsf] clwsf/nfO{ P]gåf/fg} ;'lglZrt

u/]sf] 5 eg] s/bftfsf] s/ ;DaGwL uf]KotfnfO{ ;'/If0f k|bfg ub}{ uf]Kotf e+u ug]{nfO{ s8f
;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . s/bftfsf] klxrfgsf] nflu :yfoL n]vf gDa/ hf/L ug]{ Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy}, s/bftfn] /fVg'kg]{ cfjZos sfuhft, cfo ljj/0f nufotsf ljj/0f
bflvnf ug]{ tl/sf tyf sfuhft, clen]vsf] 9fFrf tf]Sg] ljifox¿nfO klg P]gd} ;d]l6Psf]
5.
cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] :jo+ds/ lgwf{/0f k|0ffnL xf] . ;fdfGotofM
g]kfndf s'g} /f]huf/L, Joj;fo, nufgL ug]{ / u}/Jofj;flos s/of]Uo ;DklQsf] lg;u{af6
nfe k|fKt ug]{ jfl;Gbf jf u}/jfl;Gbf JolQm jf :yfoL ;+:yfkgn] g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] cfosf]
cfo ljj/0f k]z ug{' kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .4 o;sf] ;fy} g]kfnsf] ;|f]tsf] /f]huf/L cfo dfq ePsf]
/ Ps k6sdf Pp6f dfq /f]huf/bftf ePsf] JolQm / ef8fsf ;jf/L ;fwgsf] wgL k|fs[lts
JolQmn] cfo ljj/0f a'emfpg gkg]{ Joj:yf klg u/]sf] 5 . 5
cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] s/ clws[tnfO{ ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f tyf ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f ug{
kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . s/ clws[tn] ;+zf]lwt tyf ;+zo s/ lgwf{/0f ug{' k/]sf] cfwf/ :ki6
v'nfO{ s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ;DaGwdf ;kmfOsf] ;j"t k|df0f k]z ug]{ ;"rgf lbg' kg]{ / ;f] ;DaGwdf
s/bftfsf] hjfkm ;d]tnfO{ d"NofÍg u/L ;+zf]lwt tyf ;+;o s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf
5 .6 ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ kof{Kt ;j"t k|df0f ePdf rf/ jif{ leq hlt k6s klg
;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . s'g} s/bftfn] unt 9+uaf6 hfn;fhL u/L s/
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] km]nf k/]df hlxn];'s} klg ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . t/
hfn;fhL u/L ljj/0f /fv]sf] jf s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] hfgsf/L kfPsf] Ps jif{ leq ;+zf]lwt
s/ lgwf{/0f u/L ;Sg' kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .7
#= s/ lgwf{/0f / s/ of]hgf
s/ lgwf{/0fdf s/ of]hgf ;j}eGbf a9L ljjflbt ljifo xf] . s/bftfx¿n] ;s];Dd sd s/
ltg{ vf]Hg] / /fHon] a9L eGbf a9L s/ c;'nL ug]{ vf]Hg] x'Fbf s/ of]hgf eg]sf] s] xf] < eGg]
ljifodf g} ljjfb /x]sf] kfOG5 . sfg"gn] lbPsf ;'ljwfx¿sf] k|of]u u/L s/sf] bfloTj sd
kfg{'nfO{ ;fdfGo efiffdf s/ of]hgf elgG5 . /fHon] cfˆgf] cfjZostf cg';f/sf] lglZrt
If]qdf nufgL j9fpg, lglZrt ju{ jf If]qsf] pTyfg ug{ tyf ;dfg'kflts ljsf;sf nflu
s]xL vf; sfo{qmd NofpFbf To;sf] kmfObf p7fpg ;f]xL adf]lhd cfˆgf] Joj;fonfO{
¿kfGt/0f ug]{ / /fHon] lbPsf] ;'ljwf lng] / s/sf] ef/ sd ug]{ sfo{nfO{ hlxn] kgL
;sf/fTds /0flgltsf] ¿kdf g} x]g{' kb{5 . h:tf] b'u{ddf nufgL u/] lglZrt cjlwsf nflu
cfodf 5'6, !))) hgf eGbf a9LnfO{ /f]huf/L lbg] pBf]unfO{ lglZrt cfos/ 5'6 5 eg]
;f]xL adf]lhdsf] Joj;fo ug]{ . t/ xfn sfg"gn] lbPsf ;'ljwfx¿sf] k|of]u ug]{ eGbf

4
cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf (^ .
5
P]= .
6
P]= bkmf !) .
7
P]= bkmf !)! -#_ .
253
262 km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkg / o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf

sfg"gdf /x]sf l5›x¿sf] vf]hL ug]{ tyf n]vfdfgsf] ;fdfGo l;4fGtx¿sf] ha/h:tL JofVof
u/L s/ bfloTj 36fpg vf]Hg] k|j[lQ xfn To;nfO{ s/ of]hgfsf] gfdlbg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
cy{zf:q lktf n] cfˆgf] k':ts An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the
Adam Smith
Wealth of Nations, df cfbz{ s/ k|0ffnLdf ;dfgtf, lglZrttf, ;'ljwf / ldtJolotf x'g'k5{
eGb} ;dfgtf, lglZrttf, ;'ljwf / ldtJooLtfnfO{ s/ k|0ffnLsf k|d'v rf/ l;4fGtsf af/]df
lrq0f u/]sf 5g\ .8 pgsf cg';f/ s/b]o Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df s/ nufpg'k5{, Pp6f c;n s/
k|0ffnLn] s/bftf tyf s/ k|zf;g b'j}nfO{ s/sf] ljljw kIfaf/] k"j{ lglZrttf lbg ;Sg'k5{,
rfx] Tof] s/sf] /sddf xf];\ jf cGo ljlw / k|lqmof;Fu ;DalGwt lsg gxf];\, s/bftfnfO{ s/
e'Qmfg ug{sf nflu ;a}eGbf ;/n ljlw k|of]u u/L s/ ltg]{ ;do klg pgLx¿sf] lxtdf
x'g'k5{ / s/ ;+sng k|0ffnL ldtJooL x'g'k5{M cyf{t\ s/ ;+sng nfut ;s];Dd Go"g
x'g'k5{ . o:t} s/ sfg"gsf] JofVof ubf{ b'ljwf ePdf jf bf]xf]/f] cy{ nfUg] ePdf s/bftfsf]
kIf x'g] u/L JofVof ul/g' k5{ . of] k|fjfwfgnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] klg w]/} klxn]
b]lv g} dfGotf lbFb} cfPsf] cj:yf 5 .9
s/ of]hgfsf] d'Vo p2]Zo s/ arfpg' g} xf] . a}w tl/sfn] g} art / aLdf u/]/} klg cfos/
arfpg w]/} ljsNk x'g] ub{5 . t/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;Fu} cfw'lgs ljlw / k|lqmof cjnDag ub}{
s/ of]hgfsf] gfddf s/ 5Ng] k|j[lQ a9\b} uPsf] 5 . s/bftf / sf/f]af/sf] j[l4;Fu} ;a}
s/bftf / sf/f]af/nfO{ cg'udgsf] bfo/fleq /fVg] ;Defjgf klg 5}g . ;fy} :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f
k4lt cjnDag ul/Psf] cj:yfdf ztk|ltzt s/bftfsf] s/ k/LIf0f ug{' ;}4flGts lx;fa
;d]t pko'Qm x'Fb}g . t;y{ hf]lvddf cfwfl/t s/ k/LIf0f k4lt cjnDag ug{'kg]{ cfjZostf
xf] .
s/ k/LIf0f ul/g] sfo{ eg]sf] s/bftfn] k]z u/]sf] ljj/0f / ;f] cg'¿ksf clen]v /
sf/f]af/sf] hfFr 5fglag tyf k/LIf0f ug]{ sfo{ xf] . s/ k/LIf0fsf] p2]Zo s/bftfsf]
sf/f]af/sf] jf:tljs cj:yf yfxf kfpg] g} xf] . s/ k|zf;gn] s/bftfn] k]z u/]sf] cfo
ljj/0f / n]vfnfO{ s/ k|zf;gn] hfFr ug]{ 5fglag ug]{ / jf:tljs s/sf] bfloTj s] x'g
;S5 Tof] af/]df ;To tYo kQf nufpg] sfo{nfO{ a'lemG5 . k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L sfg"gsf
l5›x¿ vf]Hb} s/ 5lnsf] pb]Zon] sfg"gsf] ha/h:tL JofVof ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{
cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf #% df s/ d'QmL lj?4sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . h; cg';f/ s/ clws[tn]
s/sf] bfloTj olsg ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu s/ d'lQm of]hgfsf] efusf] ¿kdf ul/Psf] jf ug{
vf]lhPsf] s'g} k|aGw jf k|aGwsf] s'g} efunfO{ k'gM rfl/qLs/0f ug{, s'g} ;f/e"t cfly{s c;/
gb]vfpg] s'g} k|aGw jf k|aGwsf] s'g} efunfO{ a]jf:tf ug{, jf ;f/e"t tTj gb]vfpg] s'g}
k|aGw jf k|aGwsf] efunfO{ k'gM rfl/qLs/0f ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . o;sf] cy{ eg]sf]
cfPs/ P]gn] sfg"g / n]vfdfgsf l5›x¿ vf]Hb} s/sf bfloTj 36fpg] sfo{nfO{ s/ 5nL
dfg]sf] 5 .

8
Adam Smith presented 4 canons of taxation, which are also commonly referred to as the Main Canons of Taxation: Canon
of Equality, Canon of Certainty, Canon of Convenience, Canon of Economy.
9
g]sfk @)#!, lg=g+= *^& .
254
km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkg / o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf 263

o;} ;Gbe{df ef/tsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] McDowell & Co. Ltd Vs CTO , s/ of]hgf / s/
10

5lnsf] JofVof ub}{ s/ ltg{' s/bftfsf] bfloTj ePsf] s'/fnfO{ o;k|sf/ JofVof u/]sf] 5M
Tax planning means reducing tax liability by taking advantage of the legitimate
concessions and exemptions provided in the tax law. It involves the process of arranging
business operations in such a way that reduces tax liability. If more two methods are
possible to achieve an objective, select one which results in lower tax liability. Where as
tax avoidance means taking undue advantage of the loopholes, lacunae or drafting mistakes
for reducing tax liability and thus avoiding payment of tax which is lawfully payable.
Generally it is done by twisting or interpreting the provisions of law and avoiding payment
of tax. Tax avoidance takes into account the loopholes of law. Though it has a legal
sanction, it means following the provisions of law in letter but killing the spirit of the law
“Tax planning may be legitimate if it is within the framework of law, but colorable devices
cannot be part of tax planning . It is wrong to say that it is honourable to avoid payment of
tax by dubious methods. It is obligation of every citizen to pay tax honestly without
resorting to subterfuges”.

o:t} s/bftfn] ul//x]sf] jf ug]{ pb]Zon] :yfkgf u/]sf] kmd{ jf sDkgLsf] lgoldt sf/f]af/
jf d'Vo pb]Zo eGbf aflx/ uP/ ul/Psf nufgL jf vr{x¿ s/ 5nL ug]{ pb]Zo jf s/
of]hgfsf ;fy -h:tf] ejg lgdf{0f ug]{ sDkgLn] a}+saf6 shf{ lnPsf] /sdaf6 ;'g / rfFbL
jf z]o/ ahf/df nufgL ug{', kl/jf/;Fu 5'§L dgfpg uPsf]nfO{ sf/f]af/;Fu hf]8]/ vr{ s§L
bfaL ug{' cflb_ ul/g] ePsfn] To:tf vr{x¿nfO{ s/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf lbg' x'Fb}g eGg] dfGotf
/x]sf] kfOG5 . o;} ;Gbe{df House of Lords n] IRC vs. Plummer11 sf] d'2fdf o:tf] l;4fGt
k|ltkfbg u/]sf] 5M
“The main purpose must be a genuine commercial purpose and not a tax advantage.
However, obtaining a tax advantage can also be a bona fide commercial purpose”.

g]kfndf cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf #% sf] General Anti Avoidance Rules (GAAR) l;4fGtsf
cfwf/df JofVof eO{ s/ of]hgf / s/ 5lnsf] ljifodf k|i6 Goflos b[li6sf]0f agL g;s]sf]
eP klg s/ ;'wf/x¿nfO{ ;d]6\g], cfw'lgs s/ k|0ffnLsf cjojx¿ h:t}M cGt/f{li6«o s/,
s/ 5Ng lg/f]w ug]{ lgodsf] lj:tf/Ls/0f, :jfldTj lgoGq0f ;DaGwdf yk JofVof, k'FhLut
nfe / nfef+; s/;DaGwL yk JofVofnfO{ alnof] agfpg], s/bftf ;]jf ;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿df
;'wf/ Nofpg], ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlw k|of]ud}qL sfg"g agfpg], s/ k/LIf0f / ;+sng
Joj:yfx¿nfO{ ;'b[9, r':t / kf/bzL{ agfpg g} cfos/ P]gdf bkmf #% sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
xf] eGg b'ljwf dfGg' kg]{ b]lvGg .
$= s/ lgwf{/0fdf Goflos b[li6sf]0f
s/bftfn] :oo+ d"Nof+sg u/L cfkm"n] cfkm}nfO{ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] s/ ljj/0f k|rlnt sfg"g
adf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln] cg';Gwfg u/L yk s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] sfd sf/jfxL pk/

10
Reported in 1985(3)SCC 230 (SC 5 Members Bench)
11
[1979] STC 793.
255
264 km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkg / o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf

lrQ ga'‰g] JolQmn] tf]lsP adf]lhd dxflgb]{zs ;dIf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg12 / /fh:j
Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;Sb5 .13 ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt k|fKt eO{ jf
l/6 If]qflwsf/ cGt/ut o:tf d'2fn] ;d]t k|j]z kfpg] ePsfn] d'2f dfldnfsf] /f]xdf ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] u/]sf] ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] JofVof jf k|ltkfbg u/]sf] l;4fGt ;j}n] kfng ug{' kg]{
;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt -glh/_ sfg"g
sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/Lsf nflu dfu{bz{g ;d]t x'g] ub{5g\ .
j:t'tM cbfntsf ;j} lg0f{ox¿df sfg"gsf] JofVof jf sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] k|of]u ePsf] klg
xF'b}g . To:tf] JofVof jf ljj]rgf gePsf lg0f{ox¿ glh/ x'Fb}gg\ / d'2fsf kIf afx]s c?sf]
nflu afWofTds klg x'Fb}gg\ . s'g} sfg"gsf] JofVof u/]/ jf s'g} sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg
u/]/ Tof] JofVof jf l;4ftsf] cfwf/df d'2fsf] lg0f{o ul/Psf] 5 eg] dfq Tof] JofVof jf
l;4fGt To:t} k|s[ltsf cGo d'2fx¿sf] nflu glh/ x'G5 . ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6
k|ltkfbg ePsf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ l;4fGtx¿sf af/]df oxfF ;+If]kdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
$=!= cy{ dGqfno, cfGt/Ls /fh:j ljefu, s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/ lj?4 lhNnf df]/Ë
lj/f6gu/ l:yt x'nf; afo/ O08li6«h k|f=ln= ;+rfns dx]G›s'df/ uf]N5f14
k|:t't d'2fdf ljkIfL x'nf; bfo/ O08li6«h -k|f=_ ln= sf ;+rfnsn] cf=j= )%).%! sf]
sf/f]af/df ePsf] v'b d'gfkmf pNn]v u/L ldlt @)%!.(.! df :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f k]z u/]sf]
cfo Joo ljj/0fnfO{ k/LIf0f u/L lbg ldNg] /sd ldGxf lbO{, ldGxf lbg gldNg] /sd v'b
cfodf ;dfj]z u/L cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##s-@_ adf]lhd v'b cfo ?=
%@,@#,$(@.$( sfod x'g] 7x/ s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/n] u/]sf]df ;jf/L ;fwg dd{t vr{,
;]N; l8kf]df ePsf vr{ / sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tna e'QmfgL ubf{ kfl/>lds s/ s§f u/L a}+sdf
hDdf u/]sf] /sd v'b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] ldn]g egL s/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] s/
lgwf{/0f cfb]z s]xL pN6L u/]sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] km};nfdf lrQ ga'emL s/
sfof{no lj/f6gu/n] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ cg'dltsf nflu cg'dltsf] lgj]bg
lbPsf] lyof] .
;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nfnfO{ ;b/ ug]{ qmddf, cw{Goflos
lgsfosf] ¿kdf s/ sof{non] lg0f{o ubf{ cfwf/ / sf/0f ;lxt ug{' kg]{, s'g} /sd of] o;
sf/0fn] s/of]Uo 5}g egL s/bftfn] b]vfPsf] cj:yfdf s/ nufpg rfxg] s/ clws[t of
sfof{non] of] o; kl/aGbaf6 s/ nfUg] xf] eGg] b]vfpg kg]{ x'G5, cfˆgf] lhls/sf] k'i6\ofOFsf
nflu cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfpg' b]vfpg ;d]t ;Sg' kg]{ x'G5, :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f eGb}df k|df0fsf]
ef/ s/ sfof{nodf gx'g] x}g egL lg0f{o ub}{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf l;4fGtx¿ k|ltkfbg u/]sf] 5
M

12
cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] !!$ / !!% .
13
P]= bkmf !!^ .
14
g]=sf=k @)^#, c+s &, lg=g+= &&#), d'2f, cfos/ .
256
km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkg / o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf 265

x æs/ clws[tsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfo{ Goflos sfo{ xf] . s/ clws[t s/ lgwf{/0fsf]
k|s[ofdf 5fgljg ug]{ clws[t x'gsf ;fy} s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/L klg x'Fbf
lghsf] sfg"gL x}l;ot cf/f]kL Pj+ lg0f{ostf{ b'j} x'g] .Æ
x “s/ ;DaGwL ljjfbdf cd's /sd of] o; sf/0fn] s/of]Uo 5}g egL s/bftfn]
b]vfPsf] cj:yfdf s/ nufpg rfxg] s/ clws[t of sfof{non] of] o;
kl/jGbaf6 s/ nfUg] xf] eGg] b]vfpg kg]{ x'G5 . s/ nfUg] cfo xf] eGg] s'/fsf]
k|df0f k'¥ofpg] ef/ s/ sfof{no jf s/ clws[t pk/ g} x'g] .Æ
x “s/ ;DaGwL ljjfbdf k|df0fsf] ef/sf] cToGt} dxTj / cfjZostf x'Fbf s/bftf
pk/ dfq k|df0f k'¥ofpg] ef/ g/xg] .Æ
x “s/bftfn] e"naf6 k'/f s§f x'g g;s]sf] eGb} kl5 sfg"g adf]lhdsf] /sd
;|f]taf6 s§L u/L a'emfPsf] eGg] b]lvPkl5 s/bftfn] sfg"g pNn+3g u/]sf] eGg
;lsg] gx'Fbf ;f] /sdnfO{ v'b cfodf ;dfj]z gug]{ 7x/fPsf] /fh:j
Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf Gofof]lrt b]lvFbf cg'dlt k|bfg ePsf] cfb]z;Fu ;xdt x'g
g;lsg] .Æ
o;/L ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 cw{Goflos lgsfox¿n] ;d]t lg0f{o ubf{ Goflos dgsf]
k|of]u ug{' kg]{, lg0f{odf cfwf/ / sf/0fsf] pNn]v x'g' kg]{ h:tf ljifox¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL
lg0f{o ug{ tyf k|df0fsf] d"Nof+sg u/L lg0f{o ug{ tyf :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f eGg] lalQs} k|df0fsf]
ef/ lg/k]If ¿kdf s/bftfdf dfq /xg] x}g egL JofVof u/]sf] 5 .
$=@= sf=lh= sdnkf]v/L l:yt efg efg rfOlgh /]i6'/]G6 P08 af/sf k|f]= /fh]G›s'df/ >]i7
lj?4 >Ls/ clws[t s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+15
k|:t't d'2fdf s/ clws[t s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+n] u/]sf] lg0f{odf q'l6 b]lvPsfn] ;f] lg0f{o
ab/ u/L ldl;n ;+nUg yk k|df0fx¿ a'emL k'gM cfos/ lgwf{/0fsf] nflu ldl;n ;'? s/
sfof{no sf7df8f}+ k7fpg] egL /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+af6 km};nf eO{ ;'? s/
sfof{no sf7df8f}+af6 k'gM s/ lgwf{/0fsf] lg0f{o x'Fbf lgj]bs nfO{ glemsfO{ yk k|df0fx¿
;d]t ga'emL lg0f{o u/L ;Dk"0f{ cl3 lnPs} cfwf/df cl3 sfod ul/Psf] v'b cfos/
/sdnfO{ g} oyfjt k'gM sfod u/L lg0f{o u/]sfn] sfg"g adf]lhd cfkm"n] k|ltjfbsf] df}sf
;d]t gkfPsfn] pQm s/ lgwf{/0f ab/ ug]{ u/L cfjZos cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/f
ePsf] lgj]bg b]lvG5 .
lgj]bsnfO{ s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ lghnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd k|ltjfbsf] df}sf ;d]t glbO{, lghn] k]z
u/]sf] ljj/0fnfO{ cdfGo ;d]t gu/L lg0f{o ePsfn] pQm lg0f{o ab/ u/L sfg"g adf]lhd
a'‰g' kg]{ k|df0fx¿ a'emL k'gM cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug{' egL s/ clws[t s/
sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L eO{ lgDg adf]lhdsf] l;4fGtx¿
;d]t k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 M

15
g]=sf=k= @)#*, cÍ !!, lg= g+= !%!&, d'2f pTk|]if0f .
257
266 km/s d'2fsf] km/s Joj:yfkg / o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf

x lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] lx;fa lstfanfO{ cdfGo 3f]lift gu/L cl3s} lg0f{odf lnPsf
cfwf/nfO{ k'gM cfwf/ agfO{ xr'jf lsl;dn] cfo sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
lg0f{o ab/ x'g] .
x /fh:j GofofwLs/0faf6 s/ lgwf{/0f ab/ ePkl5 k'gM cfo / s/ lgwf{/0f ug{
;DalGwt kIfnfO{ /fvL lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvPg ;fy} h] hlt /sd lgwf{/0f ePsf] lyof]
;f]xL /sd ¿=!&)!). k'gM sfod klg ul/Psf]af6 sfg"gn] lgwf{l/t u/]sf] k|lqmof
gckgfO{ /Lt;Dd k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] krf{;Dd v8f u/]sf] x'Fbf /fh:j
GofofwLs/0faf6 ab/ ug]{ u/]sf] lg0f{o lg/y{s x'g uPsf] 5 . t;y{ kIfnfO{ ;d]t
pkl:yt u/fO{ k|ltjfbsf] df}sf lbO{ lg0f{o ug{' kg]{df gu/]sf] x'Fbf s/ clws[tsf]
lg0f{o ab/ x'g] .
o;/L k|:t't d'2fdf ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf ljgf s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ gx'g]
JofVof u/L s/ sfof{nonfO{ k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtx¿sf] kfngfdf ;hu /xg ;r]t
u/fPsf] 5 .
$=#= sf=g=k+=jf=g+= # 8]/f u/L a:g] df]xgs[i0f v/]n lj?4 >Ls/ sfof{no, /fhlj/fh,
;Kt/L16
o; d'2fdf lgj]bssf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ tTsfnLg cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] ;"rgf lbPsf]df
pQm ;"rgfdf s] s'g zLif{s s] slt /sd s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] xf] ;f] ;d]t pNn]v gu/L
s]jn P]gsf] bkmf dfq pNn]v u/L sfg"g adf]lhd k'¥ofpg' kg]{ k|lsof ;d]t gk'¥ofO{ u/]sf]
;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf ;d]t glbO{ ul/Psf] s/ lgwf{/0f / ;f] sf] ;"rgf j]l/tsf] ePsfn] pQm s/
lgwf{/0f ab/ u/L kfpg dfu bfjL lnOPsf] l/6 lgj]bgsf] Joxf]/f b]lvG5 .
cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd Gofof]lrt cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] b]lvg
cfos/ P]gsf] pQm bkmf adf]lhd cfos/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd To:tf]
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] cfos/sf] ;DaGwdf cfˆgf] s'/f eGg jf ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{ s/bftfnfO{
;"rgf lbg' kg]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf ePsf]df k|:t't d'2fdf l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ P]=P]gsf] pQm bkmf
## -$_ adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf lbOPsf] 5 eGg] s/ sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 b]lvPsf] 5 t/
To;/L lgwf{l/t cfos/sf] ;DaGwdf l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ ;"rgf lbFbf s'g s'g zLif{sdf s] slt
/sd v'nfOPsf] 5 ;f] sf] lx;fa ;d]t To:tf] ;"rgfdf v'nfOPsf] x'g' kg]{ k|i6 sfg"gL
Joj:yf ePsf]df s/ sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkmdf To;/L P]=P]gsf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhdsf]
cfwf/ Pj+ lgwf{l/t cfos/sf] lx;fa ;d]t pNn]v u/L s/bftf -lgj]bs_ nfO{ ;"rgf lbOPsf]
lyof] eGg] pNn]v ug{ ;s]sf] x'Fbf sfg"g adf]lhd k'gM cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{' egL ljkIfL s/
sfof{no /fhlj/fh, ;Kt/Lsf] gfddf k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L eO{ lgDg adf]lhdsf] Goflos
l;4fGtx¿ ;d]t k|ltkfbg ePsf] cj:yf 5M
x lgwf{l/t cfo s/sf] ;DaGwdf l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ ;"rgf lb+bf s'g s'g zLif{sdf s]
slt /sd v'nfOPsf] 5 ;f] sf] lx;fa ;d]t To:tf] ;"rgfdf v'nfOPsf] x'g' kg]{ .

16
g]=sf=k= @)$% ,cÍ *, lg0f{o g+= #%$$, d'2f pTk|]if0f .
258
s/ lgwf{/0f / Goflos b[li6sf]0f 267

x ;"rgf lbFbf P]gsf] bkmf;Dd pNn]v ubf{ P]gsf] dg;fo k"/f x'Fb}g . P]gsf] dg;fo
s'g s'g zLif{sdf s] slt cfwf/df cfos/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] xf] ;f] s'/f ;"rgfdf
pNn]v ul/Psf] v08df ;f] ;DaGwdf s/bftfn] To:tf] cfos/ nfUg kg]{ xf] jf
xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf cfˆgf] s'/f k|i6 /fVg ;sf];\ jf ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{ kfpg
;sf];\ eGg] xf] To;/L s/bftfnfO{ lgwf{l/t cfos/sf] ;DaGwdf lbOg] ;"rgf
P]=P]gsf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhdsf] cfwf/df v'nfO{ lgwf{l/t cfos/sf] lx;fa ;d]t
pNn]v u/L ;"rgf lbg' kg]{ .
o;/L k|:t't d'2fdf s/bftfnfO{ ;"rgf lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf cg';f/ ;"rgf lbFbf s]jn
cf}krfl/stf kfngfsf] nflu dfq sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] l/tdf lbg' kg]{ / ;"rgfdf sfg"g adf]lhd
v'nfpg' kg]{ ljj/0fx¿ clgjfo{ ¿kdf v'nfpg' kg]{ l;2fGt k|ltkfbg u/]sf] 5 . o;/L o;
d'2fdf ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] ;"rgfsf] xssf] dxTj / cfjZostfsf] JofVof u/L cw{ Goflos
lgsfox¿n] sfof{ljlw sfg"gsf] k|of]u ubf{ sfg"gdf pNn]v k|lsof / Joj:yfx¿sf] cIf/;M
kfngf ug{' ug]{ Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] 5 .
$=$= lh= k;f{ jL/u+h cfbz{ gu/ g=k+=jf=g+= !# l:yt uf]kfn df]6/ :6f];{sf k|f]= lgd{ns'df/
j]l/jfn lj?4 >L % sf] ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfno;d]t17
k|:t't d'2fdf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)$%.!!.#) ut]sf] lg0f{o adf]lhd egL l/6
lgj]bsnfO{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ adflhd k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f x'g] egL ;"rgf
lbPsf]df s'g bkmf cGtu{t >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 lg0f{o ePsf] xf] hfgsf/L lbOPg / s]jn
s/ lgwf{/0f pk/ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 a]?h' cf}+NofO{ ljifonfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ cfkm'n]
b]Psf] hjfkmnfO{ gh/ cGbfh u/L ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zn] g]kfn sf] ;+ljwfg @)!( sf]
wf/f !%18 / wf/f %*19 af6 k|bQ xs ;d]t s'lG7t ePsf] eGg] l/6 lgj]bsn] lhls/ lnPsf]
b]lvG5 .
cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %^ cGtu{t >L % sf] ;/sf/n] k'gM s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ cfb]z
lbg;Sg] x'Fbf clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln] clwsf/ If]qleq /xL lg0f{o u/]sf], s/ lgwf{/0f x'Fbf
sfod ePsf] laqmL c+snfO{ l/6 lgj]bs s/bftfn] :jLsf/ u/L ;f]df nfUg] elgPsf s/ /sd
a'emfO{ ;s]sf] tyf l/6 lgj]bs s/bftf;+u ;fljs sfod ePsf] laqmL c+snfO{ oyfjt sfod
/fvL cGo s/bftf ;/x v'b cfo lgsfNg] cfwf/df ;dfg k|ltzt sfod u/L v'b cfo sfod
u/]sf] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ;"rgf lbbf s]jn bkmf jf pkbkmf p4[t ug{ 5'6]sf]
sf/0faf6 dfq s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]; cj}w gx'g] elg l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L lgDd adf]lhdsf]
Goflos l;4fGt k/ltkfbg ePsf] 5 M
x clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ clwsf/sf] ;|f]t vf]lng' kg]{ x'G5 t/ bkmf jf pkbkmf p4[t
ug{ 5'6]sf] sf/0faf6 dfq cj}w eGg ldNb}g . d'Vo s'/f s'g} bkmf jf pkbkmfn]
To:tf] lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ k|bfg ePsf] 5 5}g egL x]g{' kg]{ .

17
g]=sf=k= @)$^, cÍ !!, lg0f{o g+= #((), d'2fM pTk|]if0f jf pko'Qm cf1f, cfb]z jf k'hL{ hf/L u/L kfpF .
18
;DklQsf] xs M sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s'g} klg JolQmsf] ;DklQ ckx/0f x'g] 5}g .
19
sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s/ nufpg jf Cf lng gkfOg] .
259
268 s/ lgwf{/0f / Goflos b[li6sf]0f

o;/L k|:t't d'2fdf clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{o ab/ ;fdfGo q'6Lsf] sf/0fn] dfq
ab/ ug{ gx'g], sfg"g / lgodn] lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] clwsf/Ln] sfg"g adf]lhd u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{
k|fljwLs sf/0f b]vfpFb} ab/ ug]{ gx'g] egL JofVof ePsf] 5 .

$=%= lhNnf s+rgk'/ bf]wf/f uf=lj=;= j8f g+= jfjfyfg a:g] dfgaxfb'/ ;'gf/ lj?4s/
sfof{no dx]G›gu/, sGrgk'/ ;d]t20
k|:t't d'2fdf u0f]z a:qfno kmd{sf] k|f]kfO6/ cfkm" geO{ k|]daxfb'/ ;'gf/ ePsf] / lghn] s/
sfof{no dx]G›gu/df ;f] kmd{ d]/f] xf] egL lnvt u/L :jLsf/ ;d]t u/]sf] / lghs} gfpFdf
s/ sfof{no dx]G›gu/n] cfos/ btf{ k|df0fkq k|bfg u/]sf] / lghn] g} ;f] kmd{sf] sf/f]af/
u/]sf] s'/f cf=j= )$&.)$* ;Dd lghsf gfpFdf cfo s/ lgwf{/0f eO{ lghn] g} s/ lt/L
a'emfO{ cfO/x]sf] s/ sfof{nosf] /]s8{af6 k|i6 b]lvFbf b]lvFb} s/ sfof{non] ;f] kmd{sf] cf=j=
)$*.)$( sf] cfo ljj/0f tyf lgh k|d exfb'/n] k]z gu/]sf] tyf lghn] s/ sfof{nosf]
lr¶Lx¿ ga'em]sf] eGg] Joxf]/f lg0f{o krf{df pNn]v u/L ;f] sf] bf]ifL dfgaxfb'/ ;'gf/nfO{
;+emL l/;/fu /fvL b'/fzosf ;fy dnfO{ k|]daxfb'/ ;'gf/sf] u0f]z a:qfno kmd{sf] d'Vo eO{
sf/f]af/ ug]{ JolQm egL cfkm"v'zL ;f] kmd{sf] v'b cfo ?= #$,^#,))). xr'jf tj/n] sfod
lu/L To;df s/ ?= !&,)),%)). nufpg'sf ;fy} :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf tyf lx;fa ;d]t k|i6
gkf/L k|fs[lts Gofo l;4fGt ljkl/t cfos/ P]g, @)#! tyf lgodfjnL, @)#( sf gnfUg]
k|fjwfg nufO{ ljgf s;"/ hl/jfgf ?=#,(@,!)!. sfod u/L ldlt )%!.!.!$ df d]/f] gfddf
s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z a'emfOPsf]n] pQm cfb]z k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt ;d]tsf] ljkl/t /x]sf]
Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg /x]sf] .
cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %& cg';f/ s/ clws[tn] u/]sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z jf ;hfosf]
cfb]zn] dsf{ kg]{ JolQmn] To:tf] cfb]z pk/ /fh:j Gofooflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg lbg ;Sg] jf
bkmf #$-@_ cg';f/ dxflgb]{zs ;dIf lgj]bg lbg ;lsg]df ;f] gu/L c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q -
l/6 If]qdf_ k|j]z u/]sf] b]lvPsf] . lgj]bsn] @)#( ;fndf bf]wf/f Snf]y ;]G6/ gfdsf]
kmd{af6 cfos/ btf{ k|df0fkq lnO{ @)$% dfu{;Dd sf/f]af/ u/L sf/f]af/df j[l4 ePkl5
a9L s/ ltg{'kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf x'g] ePsf]n] cfˆgf] gfpFdf k|df0fkq lkmtf{ u/L cfˆgf] efO
k|]daxfb'/ ;'gf/sf] gfpFdf u0f]z a:qfno eGg] kmd{ bf]wf/f Snf]y ;]G6/ ePsf] cfˆg} 3/df
k'/fg} Jofkf/nfO{ kmd{sf] dfq gfd km]/]/ sf/f]af/ lg/Gt/ ub}{ cfPsf / lghn] s/ sfof{nodf
u0f]z a:qfnosf] k|ltlglw eO{ )$$.)$% / )$%.)$^ sf] sf/f]af/sf] ;DaGwdf lbPsf]
aofgdf k|]daxfb'/ cfˆg} efO x'g egL s/ sfof{nodf aofg u/]sf], s/ sfof{non] l/6
lgj]bsnfO{ k7fPsf] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhdsf] clGTd ;"rgf lghsf]
:6fkmn] a'em]sf] ;d]taf6 lgh u0f]z a:qfno;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf] k'li6 ePsf], k|f]= k|]daxfb'/
;'gf/ ePsf] u0f]z a:qfnosf] 7]ufgfdf gePsf], lghsf] kqx¿ ga'emL 6fF; ul/Psf] d'r'Nsf
k|fKt ePsf], u0f]z a:qfnosf] sf/f]af/ k|f]= k|]daxfb'/sf] Ps3/sf] bfh' x'F egL ;sf/ ug]{
dfgaxfb'/ ;'gf/sf] 3/df oyfjt rfn' /x]sf] cj:yfdf s/ sfof{non] 5fgljg ubf{

20
g]=sf=k= @)%*, c+s #,$, lg=g+= ^(*$, d'2f pTk|]if0f ldl>t k/dfb]z .
260
s/ lgwf{/0f / Goflos b[li6sf]0f 269

sf/f]af/sf] d'Vo lgoGq0f / aGbf]j:t ljkIfL dfgaxfb'/ ;'gf/af6 u/]sf] kfOPsf]n] To:tf]
n's]/ a;L d'gfkmfsf] k|d'v lx:;f lng] Jofkf/Laf6 s/ c;"n ug{ cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf
@$-@_ n] s/ clws[tnfO{ lbPsf] clwsf/ cg';f/ pknAw tYofÍ adf]lhd sfg"g;+ut ¿kdf
s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L s/ sfof{noaf6 s/ lg/LIfs;Fu k|ltj]bg dfu ul/Psf]df
k|:t't k|ltj]bgdf sf/f]af/ dfgaxfb'/sf] eGg] :ki6 b]lvPsf], s/ lg/LIfssf] k|ltj]bg / k"j{
jif{x¿sf] s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf tYox¿ ;d]t dgg u/L k|d'v s/ clws[t ;f] If]qsf] lg/LIf0f
ubf{ sf/f]af/sf] d'Vo lgoGq0f / aGbf]j:t dfgaxfb'/ ;'gf/n] g} u/]sf] eGg] s'/f olsg
ePsf]n] P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd ;ft lbg] ;"rgf hf/L u/L k7fpFbf To;sf] hjfkmdf lgh
sf/f]af/df OGsf/L /xL cfˆgf] gfpFdf s/ lgwf{/0f x'g] cfz+sfn] s/sf] bfloTjaf6 aRg]
p2]Zon] s/ sfof{non] af/Daf/ kqfrf/ ubf{ ge]l6Psf ef/t v6Ldf /xg] efO k|]daxfb'/
;'gf/nfO{ lemsfO{ lgof]lht ¿kdf lgb]{lzt Joxf]/fsf] hjfkm lbg nufPsf] b]lvG5 . s/ gltg]{
p2]Zon] lgof]lht ¿kdf csf]{sf] gfdsf] kmd{af6 Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ JolQmsf] ;+nUgtfsf]
k|ToIf k|df0f gkfOg] ePsf]n] g} P]gsf] bkmf @$-@_ n] csf{sf] gfpFaf6 sf/f]af/ u/]/ k|fKt
u/]sf] cfodf s/ clws[tnfO{ s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/] cg'¿k P]gåf/f lglb{i6
cfwf/ / k|lqmofx¿ k"/f u/L ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f tyf ;dodf cfo ljj/0f k]z gug]{
s/bftfnfO{ P]gsf] bkmf %(-!_ adf]lhd nfu]sf] s/sf] !) k|ltzt / bkmf @* -!_ cg';f/
cfo ljj/0f glbg] s/bftfnfO{ !% lbgsf] ;do lbFbf klg cfo ljj/0f k]z gu/]df bkmf %(-
@_ n] nfu]sf] s/sf] jflif{s !% k|ltzt hl/jfgf nfUg] Joj:yf cg'¿k u0f]z a:qfno
nufOPsf] hl/jfgf sfg"g;Ddt ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] u/L ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] a[xt O{hnfzaf6 km};nf x'Fbf lgDg lnlvt cfwf/ x¿ lnOPsf] kfOG5M
x cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @$-@_ df s'g} JolQmn] cfˆgf] gfd g/fvL c?sf] gfd
jf s'g} gfdaf6 s'g} sf/f]af/ u/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] sf/f]af/sf] d'Vo lgoGq0f jf
sf/f]af/sf] aGbf]a:t lghn] g} u/L cfPsf] / To:tf] sf/f]af/af6 ePsf] cfosf] ;a}
jf d'Vo lx:;f lghn] g} k|fKt ug]{ u/L cfPsf] eGg] s'/f s/ clws[tnfO{ olsg
ePdf ;f] sf/f]af/af6 ePsf] cfo lghsf] cfo dfgL s/ lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 eGg]
pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . lgj]bsn] cfˆgf] Psf3/sf efO k]|daxfb'/sf gfddf u0f]z
a:qfno btf{ u/L cfkm"n] sf/f]af/ u/]sf] eGg] bf]wf/sf Jofkf/L tyf e›enfbdL
;d]tsf] egfOsf] cfwf/df s/ lg/LIfsaf6 pQm a:qfnosf] sf/f]af/ dfly ;Dk"0f{
¿kn] dfgaxfb'/sf] lgoGq0f /lx/x]sf] eGg] s/ lgl/Ifssf] k|ltj]bg k/]kl5 ;f] s'/f
xf], xf]Og eGg] ljifodf ;Dj4 k|df0fx¿ ;d]t a'emL To:tf] vf; sf/f]af/ ug]{
JolQm lgj]bsnfO{ g} 7x¥ofO{ lghsf gfpFdf cfos/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
o;/L P]gsf] bkmf @$-@_ cj:yf ljBdfg ePsf] eGg] s'/f ljjflbg lg0f{odf
v'nfOPsf] / o:sf] cfwf/ k|df0f pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . t;y{ csf{sf] gfpFdf kmd{
btf{ u/fO{ lgj]bsn] sf/f]af/ u/]sf] eGg] 7x/ u/]sf] b]lv+bf If]qflwsf/sf] cefu
eGg ldn]g .
x lgj]bsn] k|fs[lts Gofo ljk/Lt lgj]bsnfO{ ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf k|bfg gu/L lg0f{o
u/]sf] eGg] csf]{ ckjfbfTds cj:yf ljBdfg 5 5}g eGg] tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
lgj]bssf gfpFdf s/ sfof{noaf6 k7fPsf] ;"rgf Dofb uf=lj=;=n] lgj]bsn]
261
270 s/ lgwf{/0f / Goflos b[li6sf]0f

ga'em]sf] egL lkmtf{ k7fPsf] tt\kZrft @)%).!@.% sf] kqaf6 ;a"b k|df0f k]z
ug{ lgj]bssf gfpFdf Dofb k7fOPsf]df u0f]z a:qfnosf :6fkm b]j lu/Ln] a'em]sf]
/ @)%).!@.!% df lgj]bsn] cfkm" ;f] kmd{sf] d'Vo JolQm g/x]sf] eGg] hjfkm
k7fPsf] / lghsf] hjfkm ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL s/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] b]lvg
cfPsf]n] cfˆgf] s'/f eGg] df}sf k|bfg gu/]sf] eGg] egfO{ klg :jLsf/of]Uo
b]lvPg .
x jblgotk"j{s s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] eGg] lgj]bssf] csf]{ sygtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
lgj]bsn] jblgotsf] j:t'lgi7 cfwf/ k|df0f lbg u'hfg{ g;s]sf] tyf jblgotsf]
cf/f]k nufpg' dfq kof{Kt x'Fb}g . j:t'lgi7 cfwf/df cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . To:tf]
cfwf/ ljBdfg b]lvPg . ljkIfL s/ clws[tn] lg0f{o ubf{ cfwf/x¿ pNn]v u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . tL cfwf/ k|df0fx¿ kof{Kt eP gePsf] sf/0fn] dfq jblgot eGg ldNb}g
t;y{ lgj]bssf] o; egfO;Fu klg ;xdt x'g g;lsg] .
k|:t't d'2fdf cbfntaf6 glh/ cg'z/0fsf] l;4fGtsf] a[xt\ JofVof ub}{ s/ 5nL ug{sf nuL
ul/Psf] s/ of]hgfnfO{ ;d]t ljin]if0f ub}{, s]jn s/sf] bfloTj sd ug]{ pb]Zon] csf{sf]
gfddf Joj;fo btf{ u/fpg] sfo{nfO{ dfq} lg?T;flxt u/]sf] 5}gls sfg"gL bfloTj ePsf]
clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Lsf] lg0f{onfO{ ljgf cfwf/ sf/0f vf/]h gx'g] tyf lg0f{ostf{n] u/]sf]
lg0f{onfO{ jblgotk"0f{ eg]/ dfq gx'g] To;nfO{ k'i6L ;d]t ug]{ ;Sg' kg]{ JofVof ub}{ ljgf
cfwf/ l/6 hf/L ug{' gx'g] dfGotf ;d]t :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;y} o; d'2fdf o; c3L,
wd{ ;fu/ t'nfw/ lj= s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+21 ePsf] d'2fdf k|ltkflbt l;4fGt, “sDklgsf]
k|f]k|fO6/ bfgzf]ef t'nfw/ ePsf]df l/6 lgj]bs wd{;fu/ t'nfw/sf] gfddf s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
cfb]z sfg"g cg's"n ePsf] gb]lvg]” eGbf cufl8 a9L s/ 5Ngsf nflu s'g} csf{sf] gfddf
sf/f]af/ u/]s} cfwf/df s/sf] bfloTj af6 pGd'lQm kfpg g;Sg] JofVof u/L, gSsnL
sf/f]af/L v8f u/L u/]sf] s/ 5Ng] k|of;nfO{ lg?T;flxt kf/]sf] 5 .
$=^=7'nf s/bftf sfof{no, xl/x/ ejg, nlntk'/sf] tkm{af6 P]= sfof{nosf k|d'v s/
k|zf;s cfgGb/fh 9sfn lj¿4 sf7df8f}+ lhNnf, sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= #$ df /lhi68{
7]ufgf /x]sf] >L :6\of088{ rf6{8{ a}+s g]kfn lnld6]822
o;df cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @$-#_ df a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] ljQLo ljj/0f g]kfn
/fi6« a}+sn] tf]s]sf] n]vfÍgnfO{ s/ k|of]hgdf dfGotf lbOg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . bkmf
@$-#_ sf] pko{'Qm Joj:yf cg'¿k a}+ssf] lnhxf]N8 ;DklQsf] n]vfÍg tyf k|:t'tLs/0f -
Accounting and Presentation_ g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] lgb]{lzsf cg'¿k eO{, ;f]nfO{ g]kfn /fi6«
a}+sn] :jLs[lt;d]t lbPsf] b]lvG5 . 7'nf s/bftf sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^^.!!.)^ sf] k'gM
;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ;"rgfdf a}Ín] o; cf=j= df lnhxf]N8 ;DklQsf] x|f; vr{ afkt
bfaL u/]sf]df cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] r=g+= !@! ldlt @)^$.!!.!# sf] kl/kqdf lnhxf]N8
ul/Psf] ;DklQnfO{ -s_ ju{sf] x|f; cfwf/df /fvL o; cf=j= sf] nflu % k|ltztsf b/n] x'g]

21
g]=sf=k=@)$), c+s *, lg=g+= !&#%, d'4fM pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hfl/ u/L kfpm .
22
g]=sf=k=@)&^, c+s ^, lg=g+= !)@(&, d'2f cfos/ .
262
s/ lgwf{/0f / Goflos b[li6sf]0f 271

x|f; vr{ dfq s§L x'g] x'Fbf s/bftfn] pQm Joj:yfcg';f/ vr{ bfaL gu/L ¿= ^&,*&,%)(.–
nfO{ cGo vr{df ;dfj]z u/L x|f; s§L bfaL u/]sf]df a9L bfaL ePsf] x|f; vr{ ¿=
%*,*&,^#@.– s§L gkfpg] u/L s/of]Uo cfodf ;dfj]z ug]{ egL ul/Psf] lg0f{o ab/ u/L
/fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df08f}n] km];nf u/]sf]df ;f] km};nf lrQ gj'emL 7'nf s/bftf
sfof{non] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf lgj]bg u/]sf]df /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+sf] km};nf ;b/
ubf{ lgDg adf]lhdsf] l;2fGt k|ltkfbg u/]sf] kfOG5 .
x æs/bftfn] k]; u/]sf] cfo ljj/0fdf ;+zf]wg u/L s/bftfnfO{ yk s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{
;f]sf] cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{ s/bftfn] k]; u/]sf] ljj/0f o; sf/0fn] q'l6 xf] eGg]
cf}+NofO{ of] sf/0fn] of] o;/L ;dfof]hg u/L ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ eGg] af/]df
cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !)!-^_ adf]lhd ;kmfOsf] df}sf k|bfg u/L kof{Kt
k|df0fsf] cfwf/df ljefun] lg0f{o ug{' kg]{ .Æ
o;df cbfntn] s/ clws[tn] s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfpg' kg]{ tyf s/bftfn]
cfkm"n] k]z u/]sf] ljj/0fsf] af/]df cfˆgf] egfO{ /fVg kfpg' kg]{ eGb} cw{ Goflos lgsfosf]
¿kdf sfd ubf{ s/ sfof{nox¿n] sfg"gsf dfGo l;4fGtx¿sf] clgjfo{ ¿kn] kfngf ug}{
kb{5 . sfg"gdf k|i6 pNn]v ge}sg sfo{kflnsfnfO{ :jljj]sLo ¿kdf s/ nufpg] s'g}
clwsf/ x'Fb}g eGg] JofVof u/]sf] 5 .
$=& pNn]lvt glh/x¿sf] t'ngfTds ljin]if0f
qm=;= d'2fsf kIf k|ltkflbt l;4fGt s}lkmot
!= cy{ dGqfno, x s/ clws[tsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfo{ k|:t't d'2fdf s/ clws[tn]
cfGtl/s /fh:j Goflos sfo{ xf] . s/ clws[t s/ s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ sfo{ljlw
ljefu, s/ lgwf{/0fsf] k|s[ofdf 5fgljg ug]{ sfg"gsf] k"0f{ ¿kdf kfngf
sfof{no clws[t x'gsf ;fy} s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ug{' kg]{ / s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{
lj/f6gu/ lj?4 clwsf/L klg x'Fbf lghsf] sfg"gL cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfpg] kg]{
lhNnf df]/Ë x}l;ot cf/f]kL Pj+ lg0f{ostf{ b'j} x'g] . u/L JofVof ePsf] 5 .
lj/f6gu/ l:yt x s/ ;DaGwL ljjfbdf cd's /sd of]
x'nf; afo/ o; sf/0fn] s/of]Uo 5}g egL
O08li6«h k|f=ln= s/bftfn] b]vfPsf] cj:yfdf s/
;+rfns nufpg rfxg] s/ clws[t of
dx]G›s'df/ sfof{non] of] o; kl/jGbaf6 s/
uf]N5f nfUg] xf] eGg] b]vfpg kg]{ x'G5 . s/
nfUg] cfo xf] eGg] s'/fsf] k|df0f
k'¥ofpg'] ef/ s/ sfof{no jf s/
clws[t pk/ g} x'g] .
x s/ ;DaGwL ljjfbdf k|df0fsf]
ef/sf] cToGt} dxTj / cfjZostf
x'Fbf s/bftf pk/ dfq k|df0f k'¥ofpg]
ef/ g/xg] .

263
272 s/ lgwf{/0f / Goflos b[li6sf]0f

x s/bftfn] e"naf6 k"/f s§f x'g

g;s]sf] eGb} kl5 sfg"g adf]lhdsf]
/sd ;|f]taf6 s§L u/L a'emfPsf] eGg]
b]lvPkl5 s/bftfn] sfg"g pNn+3g
u/]sf] eGg ;lsg] gx'bf ;f] /sdnfO{
v'bcfodf ;dfj]z gug]{ 7x/fPsf]
/fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf
Gofof]lrt b]lvFbf cg'dlt k|bfg ePsf]
cfb]z;Fu ;xdt x'g g;lsg] .
@= sf=lh= x lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] lx;fa k|:t't d'2fdf x'nf; afo/
sdnkf]v/L lstfanfO{ cdfGo 3f]lift gu/L cl3s} O08li6«h k|f=ln=df h:t} s/
l:yt efg efg lg0f{odf lnPsf cfwf/nfO{ k'gM cfwf/ clws[tn] sfo{ljlw sfg"gsf]
rfO{lgh /]i6'/]G6 agfO{ xr'jf lsl;dn] cfo sfod u/L sf] k"0f{ ¿kdf kfngf u/L
P08 af/sf k|f]= s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] lg0f{o ab/ x'g] . ;'g'jfO{sf] plrt df}sf ;d]t
/fh]G›s'df/ x /fh:j Gofoflws/0faf6 s/ lgwf{/0f lbO s/ lgwf{/0f ug{' kg]{
>]i7lj?4 >Ls/ ab/ ePkl5 k'gM cfo / s/ lgwf{/0f JofVof ub}{, clwsf/ k|fKt
clws[t s/ ug{ ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ /fvL lg0f{o clwsfl/n] lg0f{o ubf{
sfof{no u/]sf] b]lvPg ;fy} h] hlt /sd k|fs[lts Gofofsf] l;4fGt sf]
sf7df8f}+ lgwf{/0f ePsf] lyof] ;f]xL /sd kfngf clgjfo{ ¿kn] ug{'
¿=!&)!). k'gM sfod klg kg]{ u/L JofVof ePsf] 5 .
ul/Psf]af6 sfg"gn] lgwf{l/t u/]sf]
k|lqmof gckgfO{ /Lt ;Dd k'¥oflpg]
p2]Zon] krf{;Dd v8f u/]sf] x'Fbf
/fh:j GofofwLs/0faf6 ab/ ug]{
u/]sf] lg0f{o lg/y{s x'g uPsf] 5 .
t;y{ kIfnfO{ ;d]t pkl:yt u/fO{
k|ltjfbsf] df}sf lbO{ lg0f{o ug{' kg]{df
gu/]sf] x'Fbf s/ clws[tsf] lg0f{o ab/
x'g] .
#= sf=g=k+=jf=g+=# x lgwf{l/t cfo s/sf] ;DaGwdf l/6 dfly pNn]lvt b'O{ d'2fx¿
8]/f u/L a:g] lgj]bsnfO{ ;"rgf lbFbf s'g s'g h:t} o; d'2fdf kgL l/t
df]xgs[i0f v/]n zLif{sdf s] slt /sd v'nfOPsf] 5 k'j{ssf] ;"rgf / sfo{ljlw
lj?4 >L s/ ;f] sf] lx;fa ;d]t To:tf] ;"rgfdf sfg"gsf] kfngfdf hf]8 lbPsf]
sfof{no, v'nfOPsf] x'g' kg]{ . 5.
/fhlj/fh, x ;"rgf lbFbf P]gsf] bkmf;Dd pNn]v
;Kt/L ubf{ P]gsf] dg;fo k"/f x'Fb}g . P]gsf]
dg;fo s'g s'g zLif{sdf s] slt
cfwf/df cfos/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] xf]
;f] s'/f ;"rgfdf pNn]v ul/Psf]
v08df ;f] ;DaGwdf s/bftfn] To:tf]

264
s/ lgwf{/0f / Goflos b[li6sf]0f 273

cfos/ nfUg kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg]

;DaGwdf cfˆgf] s'/f k|i6 /fVg ;sf];\
jf ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{ kfpg ;sf];\
eGg] xf] To;/L s/bftfnfO{ lgwf{l/t
cfos/sf] ;DaGwdf lbOg] ;"rgf P]=
P]gsf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhdsf] cfwf/df
v'nfO{ lgwf{l/t cfos/sf] lx;fa ;d]t
pNn]v u/L ;"rgf lbg' kg]{ .
$= lh= k;f{ jL/u+h x clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ clwsf/sf] df]xgs[i0f v/]nsf] d'2fdf
cfbz{ gu/ ;|f]t vf]lng' kg]{ x'G5 t/ bkmf jf ;fdfGo k|fljlws ljifonfO{
g=k+=jf=g+= !# pkbkmf p4[t ug{ 5'6]sf] sf/0faf6 cfwf/ agfpFb} -lgwf{l/t s/
l:yt uf]kfn dfq cj}w eGg ldNb}g . d'Vo s'/f s'g} /sdsf] zLif{s pNn]v
df]6/ :6f];{sf bkmf jf pkbkmfn] To:tf] lg0f{o ug{ gePsf] l/6 hf/L ePsf],
k|f]= lgd{ns'df/ kfpg] clwsf/ k|bfg ePsf] 5 5}g hjls l/6 lgj]bs cfkm}n]
j]l/jfnlj?4>L egL x]g{' kg]{ . cfo Joosf] ljj/0f k]z
% sf] ;/sf/ u/]sf] lyof]_ l/6 hf/L ePsf]
cy{ df o;df clwsf/ k|fKt
dGqfno;d]t clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{o
;dfGo k|fljlws q'l6s}
cfwf/df ab/ ul/g' gx'g]
JofVof ePsf] 5 .

%= lhNnf s+rgk'/ x cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @$-@_ k|:t't d'2fdf cbfntn] ;fRr}
bf]wf/f uf=lj=;= df s'g} JolQmn] cfˆgf] gfd g/fvL g} s/ sfg"gsf ljwLzf:qLo
j8f g+= jfjfyfg c?sf] gfd jf s'g} gfdaf6 s'g} 9+un] JofVof ug{ vf]h]sf] xfld
a:g] dfgaxfb'/ sf/f]af/ u/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] kfpFb5f}+ . dflysf rf/
;'gf/ lj?4 s/ sf/f]af/sf] d'Vo lgoGq0f jf d'2fx¿df k|fljlws s'/fx¿df
sfof{no sf/f]af/sf] aGbf]a:t lghn] g} u/L dfq Wofg lbPsf]df o;df
dx]G›gu/, cfPsf] / To:tf] sf/f]af/af6 ePsf] sfo{ljlw sfg"gnfO{ s/
sGrgk'/ ;d]t cfosf] ;a} jf d'Vo lx:;f lghn] g} sfg"gsf ljwLzf:qLo
k|fKt ug]{ u/L cfPsf] eGg] s'/f s/ dfGotfx¿sf cfwf/df JofVof
clws[tnfO{ olsg ePdf ;f] ug]{ k|oTg ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr
sf/f]af/af6 ePsf] cfo lghsf] cfo cbfntaf6 ePsf] xfdL
dfgL s/ lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 eGg] pNn]v kfpFb5f}+ .
ePsf] kfOG5 . lgj]bsn] cfˆgf] o;}u/L clwsf/ k|fKt
Psf3/sf efO k]|daxfb'/sf gfddf clwsfl/n] jblgot k'j{s sfd
u0f]z a:qfno btf{ u/L cfkm"n] u/]sf] eGg]n] jblgotsf] k'li6
sf/f]af/ u/]sf] eGg] bf]wf/sf Jofkf/L ug{' kg]{ JofVof ub}{ gSsnL
tyf e›enfbdL ;d]tsf] egfOsf] s/bftf b]vfO{ s/ 5lnsf]
cfwf/df s/ lg/LIfsaf6 pQm of]hgf agfpg] sfo{nfO{ ;d]t
a:qfnosf] sf/f]af/ dfly ;Dk"0f{ ¿kn] lg?T;flxt u/]sf] 5 .
dfgaxfb'/sf] lgoGq0f /lx/x]sf] eGg]
265
274 s/ lgwf{/0f / Goflos b[li6sf]0f

s/ lg/LIfssf] k|ltj]bg k/]kl5 ;f]

s'/f xf], xf]Og eGg] ljifodf ;Da4
k|df0fx¿ ;d]t a'emL To:tf] vf;
sf/f]af/ ug]{ JolQm lgj]bsnfO{ g}
7xof{O{ lghsf gfpFdf cfos/ lgwf{/0f
ePsf]b]lvg cfpF5 . o;/L P]gsf] bkmf
@$-@_ cj:yf ljBdfg ePsf] eGg]
s'/f ljjflbt lg0f{odf v'nfOPsf] /
o:sf] cfwf/ k|df0f pNn]v u/]sf]
kfOG5 . t;y{ csf{sf] gfpFdf kmd{ btf{
u/fO{ lgj]bsn] sf/f]af/ u/]sf] eGg]
7x/ u/]sf] b]lvFbf If]qflwsf/sf] cefj
eGg ldn]g .
x lgj]bsn] k|fs[lts Gofo ljk/Lt
lgj]bsnfO{ ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf k|bfg
gu/L lg0f{o u/]sf] eGg] csf]{
ckjfbfTds cj:yf ljBdfg 5 5}g
eGg] tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bssf gfpFdf
s/ sfof{noaf6 k7fPsf] ;"rgf Dofb
uf=lj=;=n] lgj]bsn] ga'em]sf] egL
lkmtf{ k7fPsf] ttkZrft @)%).!@.%
sf] kqaf6 ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{
lgj]bssf gfpFdf Dofb k7fOPsf]df
u0f]z a:qfnosf :6fkm b]j lu/Ln]
a'em]sf] / @)%).!@.!% df lgj]bsn]
cfkm" ;f] kmd{sf] d'Vo JolQm g/x]sf]
eGg] hjfkm k7fPsf] / lghsf] hjfkm
;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL s/ lgwf{/0f
ePsf] b]lvg cfPsf]n] cfˆgf] s'/f eGg]
df}sf k|bfg gu/]sf] eGg] egfO{ klg
:jLsf/of]Uo b]lvPg .
x ablgotk"j{s s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
eGg] lgj]bssf] csf]{ sygtkm{ ljrf/
ubf{ lgj]bsn] jblgotsf] j:t'lgi7
cfwf/ k|df0f lbg u'hfg{ g;s]sf] tyf
jblgotsf] cf/f]k nufpg' dfq kof{Kt
x'Fb}g . j:t'lgi7 cfwf/df cfwfl/t
x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . To:tf] cfwf/ ljBdfg
b]lvPg . ljkIfL s/ clws[tn] lg0f{o
ubf{ cfwf/x¿ pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
tL cfwf/ k|df0fx¿ kof{Kt eP gePsf]

266
s/ lgwf{/0f / Goflos b[li6sf]0f 275

sf/0fn] dfq ablgot eGg ldNb}g

t;y{ lgj]bssf] o; egfO;Fu klg
;xdt x'g g;lsg] .
7'nf s/bftf x s/bftfn] k]z u/]sf] cfo ljj/0fdf o;df cw{ Goflos lgsfosf]
sfof{no, xl/x/ ;+zf]wg u/L s/bftfnfO{ yk s/ ¿kdf sfd ug]{ s/
ejg, lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;f]sf] cfwf/ / sf/0f sf/ofnon] s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{
nlntk'/sf] v'nfO{ s/bftfn] k]; u/]sf] ljj/0f o; cfwf/ / sf/0f vf]n]sf] x'g'
tkm{af6 P]= sf/0fn] q'l6 xf] eGg] cf}+NofO{ of] kb{5 eGg] JofVof ub}{
sfof{nosf k|d'v sf/0fn] of] o;/L ;dfof]hg u/L Reasoned Decision dfq
s/ k|zf;s ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ eGg] af/]df cbfntnfO{ dfGo x'g] s'/f k|i6
cfgGb/fh 9sfn cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !)!-^_ kf/]sf] 5 .
lj¿4 sf7df8f}+ adf]lhd ;kmfOsf] df}sf k|bfg u/L o:t} sfg"gdf k|i6 pNn]v
lhNnf, kof{Kt k|df0fsf] cfwf/df ljefun] ge}sg sfo{kflnsfnfO{
sf=d=g=kf= j8f lg0f{o ug{' kg]{ . :jljj]sLo ¿kdf s/ nufpg]
g+= #$ df s'g} clwsf/ x'Fb}g eGg] JofVof
/lhi68{ 7]ufgf u/]sf] 5 .
/x]sf] >L
:6\of088{ rf6{8{
a}+s g]kfn
lnld6]8

%= cw{ Goflos lgsfo / s/ sfg"g

k|zf;lgs jbL{ klxl/P/ Goflos sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ ;DkGg lgsfonfO{
cw{Goflos lgsfo elgG5 . k|s[lt / k|j[lQsf lx;fan] k|zf;lgs eP tfklg oL lgsfon] s]xL
lglZrt k|sf/sf d'2fdf Goflos clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ x}l;ot /fV5g\ .
Goflos k|lqmof :jefj}n] clws cf}krfl/s, nfdf], glh/df cfwfl/t / hl6n x'g] ePsfn] ;a}
k|sf/sf ljifodf Goflos lgsfoaf6 g} d'2fsf] ;'? sf/afxL / lsgf/f ug{' ;Dej x'Fb}g .
To;}n] tTsfn lg¿k0f ug{'kg]{, cln ljlzi6Ls[t k|sf/sf / ;+j]bgzLn k|s[ltsf ljifo
;lDdlnt d'2fx¿sf] ;'? sf/afxL / lsgf/f ug{sf lgldQ o:tf vfnsf cw{ Goflos lgsfo
kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] xf] . Goflos lgsfox¿df kg{ hfg] d'2fsf] ef/ sd ug{', zL3| / k|efjsf/L
Gofo ;Dkfbg ug{' jf ljifoj:t'sf] ;Daf]wg ug{', Gofo k|zf;gnfO{ hgrfxgf cg'¿k
;~rfng ug{', ;fdfGotofM Goflos lgsfox¿af6 k|fKt x'g g;Sg] ljlzi6Ls[t /
ljz]if1tfk"0f{ lg0f{o k|fKt ug]{ rfxgf g} cw{Goflos lgsfosf] pTklQ k5fl8sf sf/0f x'g\ .
sltko cj:yfdf kof{Kt Goflos tflnd cefj, k|fs[lts Gofosf l;4fGt cjnDagdf sdL,
lgikIftfsf] cefj, cw{ Goflos clwsf/ jf ljz]ifflwsfsf] b'¿kof]u tyf /fhgLlts jf cGo
cjfl~5t k|efjdf k/]sf] h:tf cfnf]rgfaf6 cw{ Goflos lgsfo d'l5g] u/]sf pbfx/0f klg
ge]l6g] xf]Ogg\ . tyflk sbflrt e]l6g] o:tf sdhf]/Lsf cfwf/df dfq cw{ Goflos
lgsfox¿sf] cfjZostf, ckl/xfo{tf / dxTj laif{g ldNg] cj:yf 5}g . k|ljlwdf cfPsf]
kl/jt{g / lj:tf/, ck/fwx¿sf] ljlzi6Ls/0f tyf ;dfhdf cfOkg]{ gofFvfn] s's[Tox¿sf]
267
276 s/ lgwf{/0f / Goflos b[li6sf]0f

lgoGq0f h:tf uDeL/ ljifosf] ;Daf]wg Goflos lgsfox¿sf] dfq ;+nUgtfaf6 ;Dej
b]lvFb}g . To;}n] gofF kl/j]zdf cw{ Goflos lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;fGble{stf lxhf]eGbf cfh /
cfheGbf ef]ln a9\b} uPsf] kfOG5 . ctM s/ ;DaGwL ljifox¿dft s/ clws[tx¿nfO{
Goflos clwsf/ ljgf k|efjsf/L s/ k|zf;gsf k/LsNkgf g} ug{ ;lsFb}g . t;y{, k|foM h;f]
;a} d'n'sx¿df s/ k|zf;sx¿n] Goflos clwsf/sf] k|of]u ub{5g\ / pgLx¿ lgsfo x'g\ /
g]kfn klg of] ;Toaf6 k/ efUg ;Sb}g .
t;y{ s/ sfof{nox¿ tyf s/ clws[tx¿n] s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ sfg"g tyf Gofofsf dfGo
l;4fGtx¿ tyf sfof{ljlw sfg"gsf] kfngf ug{' kg]{ b]lvG5 . h;n] ubf{ s/ ;DaGwL ljafbx¿
Gofoflws/0f jf cbfntx¿df sd k'u'g / /fh:j kl/rfng k|jfjsf/L x'g ;sf];\, o;sf
nflu s/ sfof{nox¿n] lgDg ljifox¿df Wofg k'¥ofpg'' h?/L 5 M
x cfkm"n] u/]sf] lg0f{o / sf/afxL pk/ sfg"g adf]lhd ph'/L k5{ / To:tf] ph'/Lsf]
ljkIfdf kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0fsf] u'~hfo; 5 eGg] s'/fsf] lgZro u/]/ dfq
lg0f{odf k'Ug' kb{5 .
x lg0f{o ubf{ lgisif{df k'Ugsf nflu lnOPsf cfwf/ / sf/0f k|i6 v'nfpg'sf ;fy} ;f]
lg0f{o ug]{ sfg"gL cfwf/ -sfg"gsf bkmf, pkbkmf cflb_ lg0f{odf clgjfo{ ¿kdf
pNn]v ug{' kb{5 .
x lg0f{o ug{' cl3 h;sf lj?4 lg0f{o ug{ nfluPsf] xf] lghnfO{ kof{Kt / k|efjsf/L
¿kdf ;'gj' fO{sf] df}sf lbg' kb{5 . lg0f{o ug{ cgfjZos ljnDa ug{' x'Fb}g .
x lg0f{osf] ;dy{gdf k|df0f k'¥ofpg'] ef/ lg0f{o stf{sf] g} x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L
x'g' kb{5 . cyf{t lg0f{o u/]/dfq x'Fb}g ;f] lg0f{onfO{ kf/ nufpg' klg kb{5 .
x k|ToIf sfg"gL q'l6 jf uNtL ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s cfˆgf] k"j{jtL{ lg0f{onfO{ kfngf
ug{' kb{5 . lg0f{ostf{n] bf]xf]/f] dfkb08 ckgfpg' x'Fb}g .
x lg0f{odf ablgot jf k|ltzf]wsf] uGw klg cfpg' x'Fb}g . k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf
cfˆgf] :jfy{ / ;/f]sf/ /x]sf]df lg0f{odf ;+nUg x'g' x'Fb}g .
x lg0f{o cfTdk/s xf]Og sL j:t'lgi7 k|df0fdf cfwfl/t x'g' kb{5 .
^= sfd u/fOsf l;nl;nfdf cfOk/]sf b'ljwfx¿
cfos/ cfodf cfwfl/t k|ToIf s/ k|0ffnL xf] . ;fdfGotofM >d, k'FhL jf tL b'j}sf] k|of]u u/]
jfkt k|fKt k|ltkmn cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu cfo dflgG5 . g]kfndf cfw'lgs cfos/sf]
cjwf/0ff lj=;+= @)!& ;fn b]lv k|f/De ePsf] xf] . cfos/ d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu
cfjZos /fh:j ;+sng ug]{ b[li6sf]0fn] dfq geO{ ;fdflhs Gofo sfod ug]{ dxTjk"0f{
cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf klg ljZje/ g} c+uLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . jt{dfg cfos/ P]g, @)%* !( r}q,
@)%* b]lv nfu" ePsf] xf] . of] P]g, nfu" eP kZrft\ cfos/ P]g, @)#! tyf 3/ jxfn s/
P]g @)## / cfos/ ;DaGwL cGo P]gx¿df ePsf Joj:yfx¿ vf/]h ePsf x'g\ . ;fy}
cfos/ P]g, @)%* df g} cfos/sf b/x¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L lglZrttf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
s/sf b/x¿ /xg] cg';"rL ! g]kfn ;/sf/n] km]/abn ug{ gkfpg] / P]g ;+zf]wgsf]

268
s/ lgwf{/0f / Goflos b[li6sf]0f 277

k|lqmofaf6 dfq x]/km]/ u/L No Taxation without Representation sf] l;4fGt k|Tofe"t u/]sf]
5 .23
To:t} xfldn] s] s'/f kflg e'Ng' x'Fb}g eg], clxn]sf] s/ k|0ffnLdf s/bftf :jo+ s/ clws[t
ePsf] x'gfn] pgLx¿sf] sf/f]af/sf af/]df pgLx¿ :jo+ hfgsf/ 5g\ . /fHo plgx¿ hlt
hfgsf/ 5}g . s/bftfx¿sf] sf/f]af/sf] n]vf+sg ug{, s/f/f]k0f ug]{, ljj/0f k]z ug]{ tyf s/
a'emfpg] bfloTj pgLx¿df g} 5 . ;/sf/sf] bfloTj eg]sf] t, ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf sfg"gL
Joj:yf, ltgLx¿df ePsf kl/jt{gaf/] ;do ;dodf hfgsf/L u/fpg] tyf s/bftfsf]
zzQmLs/0f u/fpg] xf]. ;zQmLs/0fn] s/ ;xeflutfdf clej[l4 x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ s/
k|;fzgsf] sfdsf/afxL klg ;xh x'G5 . s/bftfn] cgfjZos bafa axg ug{' kb}{g . clxn]
xfdL ;a}n] eg]sf] cfbz{ s/ k|0ffnL klg ToxLF xf] . h;n] hlt sf/f]af/ u¥of] p;n] Tolt s/
ltg]{ xf] . sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s/ nufpg] / c;'n pk/ ul/g' xF'b}g / sfg"gn] nfUg] eg]sf]
s/ Ps ¿k}ofF klg 5fl8g' klg x'Fb}g, of] g} c;n s/ -Right Taxation_ k|0ffnL xf] .
o;/L cfos/ P]gn] s/bftfx¿nfO{ cfkm"n] cfkm}nfO{ s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ lbO{,
/fHo / ;dfhk|lt yk lhDdjf/ / pQ/bfoL agfPsf] 5 . s/ ltg{'nfO{ af]emsf] ¿kdf glnO{
uf}/jsf] ¿kdf s/bftfx¿n] lnpg, ahf/df /fHosf] x:tIf]k sd xf];\ / s/bftfx¿n]
lgw{Ss ¿kn] cfˆgf] sf/f]af/ ug{ kfpg eGg] g} cfw'lgs s/ k|0ffnLsf] dfGotf xf] . g]kfnsf]
s/ sfg"gx¿n] lglb{i6 u/]sf] dfu{bz{g kflg ToxLF xf] . t/ s/ ltg]{ ;+:s[ltsf] cefj
nufotsf ljleGg sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ xfdLx¿ sfg"gsf] ck]Iff eGbf w]/} 6f9f ef}tf/L /x]sf 5f}+ .
s/ sfg"gsf cfw'lgs dfGotfx¿nfO{ ckgfO{ s/ sfg"gsf] ljwLzf:qsf] ljsf;df of]ubfg
lbg'sf] ;f6f] s/ sfg"gnfO{ k/Dk/fut b]jfgL tyf kmf}hbf/L d'2fx¿ h:t} u/L d'2f dfldnfdf
clNemFb} s/ sfg"gsf ;fdfGo dfGotfx¿ eGbf w]/} 6f9f k'Ug vf]lh/x]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 .
s/ / /fh:j ;DaGwL ljifox¿ hl6n / k|fljlws x'g] x'gfn], /fHon] s/ k|zf;gnfO{ Jojl:yt
/ k|efjsf/L agfpg ljlzli6s[t ;]jfsf] /fh:j ;]jfsf] u7g u/]sf] 5 . o:t} /fh:j ;DaGwL
ljjfbx¿ n]vf, cy{zf:q, sfg"g nufotsf hl6n k|fljlws ljifox¿sf] JofVofsf] cfjZostf
kg]{ ePsf] / sfg"gsf dfq 1ftf /x]sf lgoldt cbfntaf6 eGbf o:tf ljifox¿df ;DalGwt
ljifodf ljz]if1tf /x]sf dflg;x¿af6 o; ;DaGwL ljjfbx¿nfO{ 6'+uf] nufpg' k|fefjsf/L
x'g] ePsfn] sfg"g ;b:osf] cWoIftfdf /fh:j ;b:o / n]vf ;b:o /xg] u/L /fh:j
Gofoflws/0f u7g ul/Psf] 5 .24 xfn o:tf Gofoflws/0fx¿ rf/ :yfgdf /x]sf 5g\ .25
/fh:j Gofoflws/0f u7gsf] p2]Zo ljz]if1 ;]jf dfq lbg] geO{ l56f] 5l/tf] ¿kn] ljjfb
;dfwfg eO{ s/bftfn] d'2fdf tf/]v af]s]/ Gofofno wfO{ /xg' gk/f];\, sd x}/fgL xf];\ tyf
/fHon] klg k|efjsf/L ¿kn] s/ k|;fzg ;+rfng ug{ ;sf];\ eGg] xf] . o;n] b'j} kIfsf]
;DaGwdf ;'wf/ eO{ s/ k|0ffnL k|efjsf/L agfpg d2t ub{5 .

23
@)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @^&&, dx]G›/fh kf08];d]t lj¿4 g]kfn /fi6« a}+s ePsf] pTk|]if0f ldl>t k/dfb]z d'2fdf, ;jf]{Rr
cbfntaf6 o; l;2fGtsf] lj:t[t JofVof ePsf] 5 .
24
/fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#!, bkmf # .
25
/fh:j Gofoflws/0f, lj/f6gu/, sf7df8f}+, kf]v/f / g]kfnu~h .
269
278 s/ lgwf{/0f / Goflos b[li6sf]0f

s/ sfof{non] sfg"g adf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ xf] / To;df lrQ ga'em] sfg"g adf]lhd g}
k|;fzsLo k'g/fjnf]sgdf hfg] xf] . k|;fzlso k'g/fjnf]sgdf ePsf] lg0f{o lrQ ga'em]df
/fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bgdf hfg] sfg"gn] b]vfPsf] lgoldt / k|efjsf/L af6f] xf] .
o;/L sfg"gn] ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] nflu 5'§} Joj:yf u/]sf] eP klg ;fwf/0f pkrf/sf] Joj:yf
x'Fbfx'Fb} l/6sf] dfWoodaf6 cfbfntdf k|j]z ug]{ k|rgn a9]sf] 5 . o;n] s/ ;DaGwL ljjfb
;dfwfgsf lgoldt k|s[ofnfO{ t ca?4 kf/]sf] dfq geO{ tL lgsfox¿sf] cf}lrTotf dfly
;d]t k|Zg lrGx v8f ul/lbPsf] 5 . cem kl5Nnf lbgdf t s/ bfloTjnfO{ k/ ;fg{ / s/
k|zf;gsf] 5fglagsf] k|lqmonfO{ ca?4 kfg{ cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qsf] k|of]u u/L
cbfntsf] cd"No ;do vr{ u/fOPsf] 5 . cbfntsf] ;xf/f lng] h'g kl/kfl6 b]lvPsf] 5 Tof]
cfkm}Fdf cfw'lgs s/ k|0ffnLsf] dfGotf eGbf aflx/sf] s'/f xf] .
cfos/ P]g nfu" ePsf] olt nfdf] ;do eO{ ;Sbf kflg clxn];Dd g]kfndf s/ ;DaGwL
ljjfbx¿ Goflos lgsfox¿af6 eGbf klg s/ km5\of}{6 cfof]usf dfWodaf6 6'Ëfofpg]
k|rng ljut b]lv g} /x]sfn] bL3{sflng s/f/, k'Flhut nfes/, ljQLok§f, :yfO{ ;+/rgfsf
s/ lgwf{/0fsf ljjfbx¿df :ki6 Goflos b[li6sf]0fsf] cefj vl6\sPsf] b]lvG5 . Goflos
lgsfox¿n] ;d]t l;4fGtx¿sf] JofVof u/L Goflos dfGotfx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ eGbf klg
k|fljlws ljifox¿df ?dlNnP/ a;L/x]sf] b]lvG5 . Pp6} ljifodf :jo+ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] km/s
km/s JofVof u/]af6 s/ sfg"g cem a9L hl6n / lsN6 ag]sf] 5 . h:t}M
qm= ljjfbsf] k|ltkflbt l;4fGt
;+= ljifo
1= Jofj;flos cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no lj/f6gu/ lj?4 lxdfno cfo/g P08 :6Ln -k|f=ln=_
nfut zfx pBf]u k|f=ln= lj/f6gu/26 sf] tkm{af6 P]=sf] clwsf/ k|fKt
cWoIf d0fLxif{ Hof]lt s+zsf/ lj?4
Jofj;flos l;4fGt ljkl/t nfut eGbf cGtMz'Ns ljefu, nflhDkf6,
sd d"Nodf laqmL ug{' k/]sf] / nuftf/ 27
gf]S;fgLdf pBf]u ;+rfng ug{' k/]sf] sf7df8f}+;d]t
;DaGwdf pBf]un] tYoo'Qm k|df0f k]z u/L pTkflbt dfn;fdfgdf ahf/ d"No
k|dfl0ft ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf pBf]usf] 36a9 x'g :jefljs k|s[of xf]
egfOsf] cfwf/df dfq s/ sfof{non] s/ Psk6s sfod ePsf] d"No :yfoL
ldGxf ug]{ l:yt gx'g] . ¿kdf sfod /xG5 eGg klg
dgf]ut cfwf/df s/ ldGxf ub}{ hfg] xf] Gofof]lrt gb]lvg] .
eg] s/ tyf /fh:j k|zf;g ;DaGwL
sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿ k|efjxLg eO{ /fi6«sf]
/fh:j c;"nL k|lqmof k|efljt x'g k'Ug] .
2= c;fwf/0f g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgLsf tkm{af6 clwsf/ ;fp08 OSo'kd]06 P08 On]lS6«sn
clwsf/ k|fKt P]=P]= sDkgLsf lgldQ k|aGw lgb]{zs PKnf;G;]; O08li6h k|f=ln= ;fg]kf

26
g]=sf=k=@)^^,c+s !!, lg0f{o=g+= *@^%.
27
g]=sf=k= @)$^, c+s *, lg0f{o g+= #()*.
270
s/ lgwf{/0f / Goflos b[li6sf]0f 279

If]qsf] k|of]u a'l4k|;fb cfrfo{ lj?4 7"nf s/bftf nlntk'/sf] tkm{af6 ;+rfns ljgf]b
sfof{no, xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/;d]t28 s'df/ rf}w/L lj?4 s/ sfof{no

j}slNks pkrf/ /x];Dd l/6 If]qflwsf/ sf7df8f}+ ;d]t29

;fdfGotof cfslif{t x'Fb}g . Pp6} sfg"g adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] clwsf/
ljifoj:t'df Ps}k6s b'O{ lgsfon] xft If]qsf] cltqmd0f u/L s/
xfNbf Goflos c/fhstf;d]t hlGdG5 . sfof{noaf6 ul/Psf] lgj]bs
ljjflbt ljifosf] j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ pwf]usf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zdf
clGtd eO{ a;]sf] / ljjflbt lg0f{odf clwsf/If]qsf] q'l6 eO/x]sf] :ki6t
sfg"gsf] 3f]/ q'l6 ePsf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 b]lvO{ /x]sf] cj:yfdf sfg'"gL ¿kdf
b]lvPdf dfq l/6 If]qflwsf/ cfslif{t x'g] z'Go To:tf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ab/
s'/fnfO{ ckjfbsf] ¿kdf lnOg] . ug{' k"j{ k|ltkflbt l;4fGtsf]
cfwf/gdf ;d]t o; cbfntsf]
c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cfslif{t x'g] .
30

3= lg0f{o df]/Ë lhNnf lj/f6gu/ g=kf= j8f g+= ( dgsfdgf Pc/j]h -k|f=_ ln=sf
clGtd x'g] l:yt kL=s]= s]ldsN;sf] k|f]=P]= a:g] k|bLk clVtof/ k|fKt P]= P]= sf k|aGw
gx'g] s'df/ cu|jfn lj?4 s/ sfof{no df]/Ë, ;~rfns lszf]/ l;njfnlj?4cy{
lj/f6gu/31 dGqfno ;d]t32
Goflos jf cw{ Goflos clwsf/L jf s/ clws[tsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL
lgsfon] cfˆgf] clwsf/ If]qleq /x]/ u/]sf] lg0f{o k'g/fj]bg txaf6 ;d]t
h:tf];'s} lg0f{o klg sfg"g adf]lhd clGtd geP;Dd s/ lgwf{/0f clGtd
clwsf/ k|fKt dflyNnf] clwsf/L jf x'b}g . o;}n] s/ lgwf{/0f k|lqmofleq
lgsfoaf6 ab/ geP;Dd clGtd x'G5 / k'g/fj]bgsf] af6f] kb}{g eGg gldNg] .
;f] lg0f{onfO{ dfGg ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ s/
nfU5 . ;f] lg0f{o cg';f/ ef]Ug' jf Joxf]g{'
kg]{ ;hfo jf ljuf] jf cGo s'g} /sd
tTsfn ga'emfP/ ;f] jfktsf] k"/} jf s]xL
/sdsf] w/f}6 jf hdfgt lbO{ jf k'g/fj]bg
lhls/ dgfl;a g7x/]df s]xL k|ltzt yk
z'Ns a'emfpg' kg]{ u/L dflyNnf] clwsf/L
jf lgsfo ;dIf lgj]bg jf k'g/fj]bg lbg
kfpg] Joj:yf j:t'tM sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf]
Pp6f tfTsflns ;'ljwf dfq xf] .

28
g]=sf=k= @)&!, c+s !), lg0f{o g+= (@^%.
29
;Ddt @)$* ;fnsf] l/6 g+, !$(#, cfb]z ldltM @)%(.)%.#!.)@
30
xfn ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf ljrf/flwg, ;'o{ g]kfn / Pg;]n sf] d'4fdf ePsf] cGt/Ld cfb]zsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ of] / o:t}
k|sf/sf cGo glh/x? -g]=sf=k=@)%@, c+s &, lg=g= ^)#@, g]=sf=k= @)%), c+s (, lg=g+= $&*^,g]=sf=k. @)^&, c+s &,
lg=g+=*$)%_ jf6 k|lt kflbt l;4fGtx? ;d]t kfngf gePsf] xf]ls eGg] b]lvG5.
31
g]=sf=k=@)%@,c+s &, lg0f{o=g+= ^)#@.
32
g]=sf=k=@)^&, ,c+s !, lg0f{o=g+= *#)%.
271
280 s/ lgwf{/0f / Goflos b[li6sf]0f

4= k|df0fsf] cy{ dGqfno, cfGt/Ls /fh:j ljefu, s/ ;Ltf 6«]8 ;]G6/ k|f=ln=sn+sLsf]
ef/ sfof{no lj/f6gu/ lj?4 lhNnf df]/Ë clwsf/ k|fKt k|jGw ;~rfns
lj/f6gu/ l:yt x'nf; afo/ O08li6«h ;Ltf/fd ltdlN;gf lj?4 s/
k|f=ln= ;+rfns dx]G›s'df/ uf]N5f33 sfof{no, sf7df8f}F, xfn cfGtl/s

s/ ;DaGwL ljjfbdf k|df0fsf] ef/sf] /fh:j sfof{no sf7df8f}+34

cToGt} dxTj / cfjZostf x'Fbf s/bftf cf–cfˆgf] sf/f]af/sf] ;DaGwdf
pk/ dfq k|df0f k'¥ofpg'] ef/ g/xg] . ;j}eGbf a9L hfgsf/L :jo+
s/bftfn] e"naf6 k'/f s§f x'g g;s]sf] s/bftfnfO{ g} x'G5 eGg] l;4fGtsf
eGb} kl5 sfg"g adf]lhdsf] /sd ;|f]taf6 cfwf/df s/bftfnfO{ sfg"g
s6[L u/L j'emfPsf] eGg] b]lvP kl5 adf]lhdsf] s/ lgwf{/0f u/L
s/bftfn] sfg"g pNn+3g u/]sf] eGg ;lsg] ;DalGwt lgsfodf a'emfpg] bfloTj
gx'bf ;f] /sdnfO{ v'b cfodf ;dfj]z ;'lDkPsf] x'Fbf cfˆgf] cfosf] :jo+nfO{
gug]{ 7x/fPsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug{ lbFbf cfodf
km};nf Gofof]lrt b]lvFbf cg'dlt k|bfg kf/bzL{tf ;d]t b]vfpg ;Sg' kg]{ .
ePsf] cfb]z;Fu ;xdt x'g g;lsg] . s/bftfn] k]z u/]sf] ljj/0f em'7f
7xl/g uPdf cyf{t\ s/bftfn] em'7f]
ljj/0f lbPdf, s/ 5n]df, 36L s/
lgwf{/0f u/]df eg] ;hfosf] eflubf/
aGg' kg]{ .
&= lgisif{
k|frLg u|L;af6 g} nf]stGqsf] k|frLg dfGotfx¿sf] ljsf; eof] eg] cfw'lgs k|hftGqsf]
yfngL cd]l/sfdf s/sf] k|;+uaf6 g} pGgt ag]sf] xf] . t/ cem} klg cfw'lgs k|hftflGqs
zf;g / s/ nufpg] ljifo ;dfwfg ePsf 5}gg\ . cfhsf] lbgdf klg cd]l/sfsf] /fhwfgL
jfl;ª\6g l8;L -District of Columbia_ df u'8\g] ;jf/L ;fwgdf No taxation without
Representation n]lvPsf] kfOG5 . l8;LnfO{ /fHo ;/xsf] x}l;ot 5}g . To;df l;g]6/ -
senator_ s+u|];Dofg -congressman_ sf]xL klg lgjf{lrt x'Fb}gg\ . l8l;sf] k|ltlglw ;+;bdf
cAh/e/ -observer_ eP/ a:5 . o;sf/0f cem} l8;Lsf afl;Gbf xfdLn] s/ lt/]sf 5f}+, t/
xfd|f] k|ltlglw ;+;bdf 5}g eGg] u'gf;f] u5{g\ .35
g]kfndf s/ ;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿ lgjf{lrt ;+;bn] u/]sf] adf]lhd x'G5 eg], o;sf] clGtd
JofVof :jtGq Gofofnoaf6 x'G5 . of] cfw'lgs nf]stGqsf] pRrtd\ kl/kfngf xf] . g]kfnsf]
Gofofnon] cfw'lgs s/ k|0fflnsf l;4fGtnfO{ dfGotf lbFb} s/ k|zf;gnfO{ sfo{ljlw sfg"g /
k|fs[lts Gofosf l;4fGtk|lt ;hu /xg ;r]t ;d]t u/fPsf] b]lvFbf s/ clws[tx¿n] s/
lgwf{/0f ubf{ cfkm"n] u/]sf] lg0f{o jf sf/afxL pk/ ;DalGwt lgsfox¿df sfg"g adf]lhd

33
g]=sf=k=@)^#, ,c+s 7, lg0f{o=g+= &&#).
34
g]=sf=k=@)^6, ,c+s 8, lg0f{o=g+= *@)^.
35
8f= :jl0f{d jfUn], nf]stGqdf s/M rf/ b[i6fGt, ;ftf}+ /fli6«o s/ lbj; :dfl/sf, @)&%, cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu, sf7df+8f},
k[= !& .
272
s/ lgwf{/0f / Goflos b[li6sf]0f 281

ph'/L kg{ ;Sb5 / To:tf] ph'/Lsf] ljkIfdf kof{Kt cfwf/ / sf/0fsf] u'~hfo; 5 eGg]
s'/fsf] lgZro u/]/ dfq lg0f{odf k'Ug' h?/L b]lvG5 .
:jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f k|0ffnL eg]sf] s/bftfn] cfˆgf] sf/f]af/sf] P]g, sfg"g, dfgb08 cg'¿k ;xL
n]vf /fVg] / ;f] cg'¿k cfo ljj/0f k]z u/L s/ lgwf{/0f Pj+ r'Qmf ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . k|To]s jif{
s/bftfn] s/ lgwf{/0f u/L k]z u/]sf ;a} ljj/0fx¿ cfGtl/s /fh:j k|zf;gn] k/LIf0f
ub}{g . nfvf}+ s/bftfn] k]z u/]sf] ;a} cfo ljj/0f /fh:j k|zf;gn] k/LIf0f ug{ ;Dej klg
x'Fb}g . s/bftfx¿n] lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ 9Ën] sf/f]af/sf] oyfy{ ljj/0f k]z u/]sf x'G5g\ eGg]
dfGotf :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f k|0ffnLdf lnOPsf] x'G5 . /fh:j k|zf;gsf] ;Lldt hgzlQmaf6
hf]lvddf cfwfl/t k4lt cjnDag u/L s/bftf 5gf}6 Pj+ s/ k/LIf0f ug]{ ul/G5 .
s/bftf :jo+n] klg s] e'Ng' x'Fb}g eg], plgx¿ s/ k|0ffnLsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf x'g\ . :jo+ s/
lgwf{/0f k4ltdf klxnf] s/ k|zf;s klg s/bftf :jo+ g} x'g] ePsfn] s/ k|0ffnLsf]
k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu Jofj;flos g}ltstfsf] s;Ldf cAan s/bftf x'g' cfjZos x'G5 .
s/bftf eGgfn] s/sf cf}krfl/stf k"/f ug]{ btf{jfn pBf]uL–Jofkf/L dfq geO{ cfdpkef]Qmf
;a} x'g] ePsfn] hfu¿s pkef]Qmf ljgf s/ k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ Psf+sL x'g k'U5g\ .
;a}df c;n gful/s x'g'sf] gftfn] clwsf/sf] vf]hL dfq xf]Og, st{Josf] af]w klg x'g' h?/L
5.
elgG5 s/ sfg"gsf JofVofdf sfg"gsf l;4fGt eGbf n]vfsf l;4fGtn] j9L k|fyldstf
kfpFb5 . s/ tyf /fh:j ;DaGwL ljjfbx¿ cGo k/Dk/fut d'2fx¿ eGbf km/s k|s[ltsf]
ePsf]n] s/ ;DaGwL ljjfbx¿df klg cGo d'2fx¿df h:t} sfo{ljlw sfg"g tyf k|fs[lts
Gofosf l;4fGtsf] kfngf ug{ ;+ej gx'g] cj:yf x'g ;Sg] tyf k|s[of / sfo{ljlwsf] gfddf
s/ 5lnnfO{ k>o lbg g;lsg] tyf /fHosf] /fh:jsf] p2]ZonfO{ gh/cGbfh ug{ x'Fb}g egL
ljleGg b]zsf cbfntx¿n] JofVof u/L ;s]sf] cj:yfdf, xfd|f] cbfntn] klg ;f]tkm{ ljrf/
ug{' kg]{ xf] ls < h:t}M Rajesh Kumar v. CIT
x Applying the principles of natural justice the court must also bear in mind the
theory of useless formality ;
x Every single order may be challenged on the ground that the principles of natural
justice have not been adhered to;
x The procedural law will, therefore, have to be overhauled by Parliament if
certain principles of natural justice are to be applied and the others are to be
specifically excluded by a mandate of law;
x The power of judicial review is limited; it is discretionary. The court may not
interfere with a statutory power;
x Court must taken into accountM (i) the nature of the accounts, (ii) the
complexity of accounts, and (iii) the interests of Revenue.

t/ k|To]s ;fj{ef}d /fi6«sf] Taxation power cGtlg{lxt clwsf/ eP klg s/ ;DaGwdf

sfo{kflnsfnfO{ s'g} :jljj]sLo clwsf/ k|bfg x'Fb}g . s/ nufpg] ;DaGwdf sfg"g g} ag]sf]
5}g jf sfg"g df}g 5 jf sfg"g t 5 t/ sfg"g k|i6 5}g låljwfhgs 5 eg] sfg"gL

273
282 s/ lgwf{/0f / Goflos b[li6sf]0f

k|fjfwfgx¿sf] ha/h:tL JofVof u/L s/ c;'nL ug{' x'Fb}g . To:tf] cj:yfdf sfg"gsf] k|of]u
/ JofVof hlxn] klg s/bftfsf] kIf df ug{' k5{ . sfg"gsf] unt JofVof u/L ljleGg l5›x¿
vf]Hb} s/ 5nL ug{' s/bftf eGbf ljgf sfg"gL cfwf/ sfg"gsf] ha/h:tL JofVof u/L s/
nufpg" s/ sfg"gsf] dfGotf eGbf aflx/sf] s'/f xf], o;n] nufgL jftfj/0f ljlu|O{ k'FhL
knfogsf] hf]lvd a9fpFb5 / b]zsf] 5jLsf] af/]df /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o:t/df gsf/fTds
;Gb]z hfg ;S5 eGg] s'/f s/ k|zf;sn] slxNo} e'Ng' x'Fb}g .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
!= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg
@= cfos/ P]g, @)%*
#= cfos/ lgodfjnL, @)%(
$= cfos/ lgb]{lzsf, @)^^
%= g]kfn sfg"g klqsf
6. Thrurohji Victor, Tax Law Design and Drafting , Volume 2 , International Monetary
Fund , 1998.
7. Kandel Dr. PuhpaRaj, Corporate Taxation Issues in Nepalese Perspective, Bhawana
Prakasan Kathmandu, 2001.
8. Kandel Dr. Puhpa Raj, Tax Laws and Tax planning in Nepal , Buddha Academic
Publishers and Distributors Pvt Ltd Kathmandu, 2003.
9. Khadka Rup Bahadur, Income taxation in Nepal: Retrospect and Prospect, Ratna
Pustan Bhandar Kathmandu, 2001.
10. Morse Geoffrey, Williams David, et.al., Davies: Principles of Tax Law, Sweet &
Maxwell London, 2016.
!!= clwsf/L, 8f= rG›dl0f, g]kfnsf] s/ sfg"g, k}/jL k|sfzg sf7df8f}+, @)&# .
!@= cf]emf, kjg s'df/, s/ sfg"gsf l;2fGt, k}/jL k|sfzg sf7df8f}+, @)%# .
!#= >]i7, 1fOG›axfb'/, sfo{ljlw sfg"gsf] ¿k/]vf, k}/jL k|sfzg sf7df8f}+, @)&@ .
14. httpsM//ird.gov.np/publication/category/taxpayereducationmaterials
15 . httpM//www.loksewaguide.com/subjective-details/231/464/5031/5035 .html
16. httpsM//www.karobardaily.com/news/12569
17. httpM//www.bizshala.com/story/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%
B0%E0%A5%80-4

YZ

274
Gofokflnsfsf] e|i6frf/M sf/0f / pkrf/ 283

jif{ #, c° !

Gofokflnsfsf] e|i6frf/M sf/0f /

pkrf/
-Corruption in Judiciaryand its Prevention_
# ;ljtf zdf{i

Bearing in mind the independence of the judiciary and its crucial role in combating corruption, each
State Party shall in accordance with the fundamental principles of its legal system and without
prejudice to judicial independence, take measures to strengthen integrity and to prevent
opportunities for corruption among members of the judiciary.
United Nations Convention against Corruption, Article 11

!= kl/ro
e|i6frf/ ;fj{hlgs hLjgsf] Tof] g}lts kIf xf], h;n] g}lts ktg, Ifo tyf lu/fj6nfO{
hgfpF5 . e|i6frf/sf] c:jfefljs lj:tf/sf sf/0f o;nfO{ cfw'lgs hLjgsf] cleGg rl/qsf]
¿kdf JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 . of] sfg"gL kIf klg xf] lsgsL clwsf+z d'n'sx¿n] ;fj{hlgs
If]qdf ljBdfg e|i6frf/ -3'; / hfn;fhL_ lj?4 sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf x'G5g\ . k|To]s
d'n'sdf 3'; tyf ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Lx¿sf] v/fa cfr/0f lj?4 b08sf] k|fjwfg ;d]t /x]sf]
x'G5 . cGt/f{li6«o / If]qLo ;lGwx¿n] ;d]t ;LdfljxLg 3'; lgoGq0f tyf /fli6«o sfg"g
k|j4{gdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ljleGg Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ . nf]stflGqs d'n'sx¿sf nflu
;'zf;gsf] :yfkgf ug{ o:tf cJoj:yf / clgoldttfsf] /f]syfd ug'{ clgjfo{ dflgG5 .
Transparency International n] e|i6frf/nfO{ ‘the abuse of entrusted power for private gain’
sf] ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . lghL nfen] ef}lts -ljQLo_ / cef}lts b'j} nfenfO{
hgfpF5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu /fhgLlts jf Jofj;flos dxTjfsf+Iffsf] sf/0f;d]t e|i6frf/
x'G5 . lghL ;DklQ / ;fj{hlgs zlQmsf] ;fy;fy} cEof; x'Fbf -cf]e/Nofk x'Fbf_ e|i6frf/
x'G5 .1 e|i6frf/n] /fHosf] :jR5tf / j}wflgstfnfO{ cjd"Nog u/L ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] nIo
k|flKtdf cj/f]w l;h{gf ub{5 . ;fdfGotM e|i6frf/df lghL JolQm jf kmd{n] JolQmut
kmfObfsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs clwsf/LnfO{ u}/sfg"gL e'QmfgL ub{5g\ . t/ o:tf] cj}w e'QmfgL
slxn]sfFxL pN6f] klg x'g ;S5 . h:t}M ;fj{hlgs sfof{nodf ks8 /fVg] jf k|lt:kwf{
ug]{x¿n] JolQm, kmd{ jf cGo clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] nfesf] nflu gub e'Qmfg ug{ ;S5g\ .
i
;xfos lhNnf GofoflwjQmf, lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no, bf]nvf .
1
International Handbook on the Economics of the Corruption, Edited by Susan Rose Ackerman, page xvii
275
284 Gofokflnsfsf] e|i6frf/M sf/0f / pkrf/

3';n] o;df ;+nUg kIfsf] lghL ;DklQ a9fpF5 tyf sfof{nosf] p2]Zo / lxt ljk/Lt
sfo{x¿ ug{ k|]l/t ub{5 .
e|i6frf/ vf;u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . ;fgf cfsf/sf] -Petty_ e|i6frf/ Ps 9fFrfdf x'G5 hxfF
cfwf/e"t sfg"g / lgodx¿ ljBdfg x'G5g\ / sfof{Gjog clwsf/Lx¿n] JolQmut kmfObfsf]
nflu cj;/x¿ pkof]u u5{g\ . o:tf] e|i6frf/df u}/sfg"gL ;Lldt nfex¿sf] cbIf /
c:jR5 ljt/0f x'G5 . o;n] ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmd tyf ;]jfsf]] p2]ZonfO{ sdhf]/ agfpF5 .
;fj{hlgs clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf l9nf;':tL l;h{gf ug{ k|f]T;flxt ub{5 . o;n]
;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ljZj;lgotf / /fHosf] j}wflgstfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpF5 . 7"nf] / gLltut
e|i6frf/df ;fgf] cfsf/sf] e|i6frf/sf s]xL ljz]iftfx¿ ;femf /x] klg o;n] /fHo
;~rfngdf a9L ljgfzsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 . o;n] cy{ Joj:yfnfO{ sdhf]/ kf5{ .
/fHonfO{ k"0f{ c;kmntflt/ ws]N5 . o;sf] k|efj bL3{sfnLg k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . o;sf] k|efj
lg0ff{os txdf x'G5 .
@= e|i6frf/sf sf/0f / kl/0ffd
@=! e|i6frf/sf sf/0f
e|i6frf/sf sf/0f / kl/0ffd ldNbfh'Nbf x'g] ub{5g\ . slxn]sfFxL Pp6} ljifo sf/0f / glthf
b'j} x'g ;S5 . h:t}M c;dfgtfsf] sf/0f e|i6frf/ x'G5 eg] e|i6frf/n] c;dfgtf
lgDTofpF5 . ljleGg d'n'sdf ul/Psf] cg';Gwfgaf6 b]lvPsf e|i6frf/sf ;Defljt sf/0fx¿
b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g .2
s= ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] cfsf/ -Size of the public sector_
zf;sLo Jojxf/df e|i6frf/sf] dfqf w]/} ePdf jf ;/sf/sf] nufj e|i6frf/ pGd'v ePdf
To:tf] sfo{ /f]Sgsf] nflu /fHo zlQmnfO{ ;Lldt ug{' cfjZos x'G5 . cEof;af6 s] b]lvPsf]
5 eg] sfo{If]q km/flsnf] ePsf] 7"nf] ;/sf/n] a9L e|i6frf/sf] ;+efjgf a9fp+5 . ;/sf/
a9L clwsf/ ;DkGg x'g] x'gfn] e|i6frf/sf] sf/s x'G5 . /fHosf k'glj{t/0f ;DaGwL
lqmofsnfkx¿ cGo ;/sf/L sfo{x¿ eGbf e|i6frf/sf] a9L hf]lvddf /x]sf x'G5g\ . To;}n]
lghLs/0f e|i6frf/ 36fpg] / bIftf a9fpg] dfWodsf] ¿kdf k|of]u x'g ;S5 .
v= lgofdssf] u'0f:t/Lotf -Regulatory Quality_
v/fj gLltx¿n] gLlt lgdf{tf, sd{rf/L tyf ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ e|i6frf/ ug{ k|f]T;fxg ub{5g\,
To;}n] ;/sf/sf] cfsf/, ;/sf/sf gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf ltgLx¿sf] ;~rfng g} ;d:ofsf]
¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . v/fa gLlt / e|i6frf/ Pp6} l;Ssfsf b'O{ kIf h:t} x'G5g\ . kfls:tfgdf
klxn] ;'gsf] Jofkf/df lgodg ug]{ sfg"g gePsf]n] ahf/df Psflwsf/ l;h{gf ug{ e|i6frf/
pGd'v x'Fb} uof] . plrt gLlt gePsf] cj:yfn] e|i6frf/ kQf nufpg ;+s]tx¿ k|bfg ub{5 .
e|i6frf/ c:ki6 / sdhf]/ ;/sf/L sfg"g;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff / jftfj/0fLo
;/f]sf/ nufot ;fj{hlgs cf}lrTosf gLltx¿ ;d]t e|i6frf/sf ljifo x'g ;S5g\ . sfg"g
/fd|f] / v/fa eGbf klg e|i6frf/sf] cj;/ l;h{gf gug]{ lsl;dsf] x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

2
International Hanbook on the Economics of Corruption df ;d]t vf;u/L oL sf/0f / kl/0ffd pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
276
Gofokflnsfsf] e|i6frf/M sf/0f / pkrf/ 285

u= cfly{s k|lt:kwf{sf] cefj -Lack of Economic Competition_

s'g} klg d'n'sdf x'g] e|i6frf/n] ToxfF cfly{s k|lt:kwf{sf] cefj /x]sf] b]vfpF5 . k|lt:kwf{n]
e|i6frf/ sd u/L cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ / nufgLnfO{ v'nf ub{5 . cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s k|lt:kwf{n]
e|i6frf/ sd ub{5 . h'g s'g} klg d'n'ssf] kf/blz{tf dfkg ug{ k|of]u ul/g] k|d'v ;"rs xf]
. ljz]if u/L wgL b]zx¿df lghL :jfldTjsf] sfg"gL ;'/Iff, ;Demf}tfsf] Jofjxfl/stf tyf
sfg"gsf] zf;gn] e|i6frf/ sd x'G5 eg] ul/a d'n'sx¿df gful/ssf] :jtGq ljb]zL d'›f
a}+s vftfsf] cfGtl/s / ljb]zdf :jfldTj kfpFbf e|i6frf/ a9]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
3= zf;sLo ;+/rgf -Government Structure_
nf]stGqn] /fhgLlts bfloTjx¿sf] nflu a9\bf] k|lt:kwf{ dfkm{t e|i6frf/nfO{ ;Lldt ub{5 .
kbflwsf/Lx¿ cfˆgf] sfo{sf] nflu pQ/bfoL x'g ;Sb5g\ tyf dtbftfx¿n] klg lghx¿sf]
JolQmut :jfy{sf] klxrfg u/L ljkIfdf dtbfg ug{ ;S5g\ . nf]stGqn] t'¿Gt} e|i6frf/nfO{
sd ug]{ xf]Og . sd ;xeflutfd"ns tyf pbf;Lg -lukewarm_ lsl;dsf] nf]stGqdf
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu ul/g] ;'wf/x¿ sd x'G5g\ . dWod vfnsf] nf]stGqn] e|i6frf/nfO{
36fpFb}g . lglZrt ;Ldf kf/ ePkl5 dfq nf]stflGqs cEof;n] e|i6frf/ /f]S5 . zf;gdf
pRr ;xeflutf ePsf b]zx¿df e|i6frf/sf] :t/ sd 5 . cEof;af6 s] b]lvPsf] 5 eg]
t'ngfTds ¿kdf ;+;bLo k|0ffnLdf sd e|i6frf/ x'G5, zlQmzfnL /fi6«ktLo k|0ffnLdf a9L
e|i6frf/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . /fi6«klt clws zlQmzfnL ePdf zlQmsf] bfo/f b'j} ljwflosf /
u}/ljwfosLo sfo{x¿df lj:tf/ eO{ e|i6frf/ a9\g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . aGb ;"rL ;dfg'kflts
k|ltlglwTj;lxtsf] /fi6«klt k|0ffnLdf e|i6frf/sf] ;a}eGbf a9L ;d:of x'g] ub{5 . /fhgLlts
cl:y/tf tyf /fhgLlts bnsf] u'0f:t/n] klg e|i6frf/ a9fpg ;xof]u k'u]sf] x'G5 .
ª= lgjf{rg k|0ffnL (Election System)

/fhgLlt1x¿ aLrsf] k|lt:kwf{ e|i6frf/sf] csf]{ sf/s xf] . e|i6 cfodfly lgoGq0f ePsf
/fhgLlt1x¿n] ;Qfdf /xgsf] lglDt vr{ ug{ ;S5g\ . e|i6frf/ /fhgLlts cl:tTjsf]
;'lglZrttfsf] nflu ;xof]uL pks/0f x'g ;S5 . OdfGbf/ /fhgLlt1;Fu o; k|sf/sf] ;|f]t
sd x'g] x'Fbf /fhgLlts kbx¿df k|lt:kwf{sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k c;kmn x'g ;S5g\ . lgjf{rg
k|lqmofdf k|lt:kwf{sf] nflu lgikIftf / OdfGbf/Lsf] ;'lglZrttf e|i6frf/nfO{ ;Lldt kfg]{
dxTjk"0f{ zt{ xf] .
r= ljs]G›Ls/0fsf] :t/ -Level of Decentralization_
ljs]G›Ls/0f ;/sf/nfO{ hgtfsf] glhs NofP/ e|i6frf/ 36fpg] dfWod x'g ;S5 . ljQLo
ljs]G›Ls/0fn] e|i6frf/nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ub{5 . /fh:j ;+sng s]G› ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0fdf eof]
eg] vr{ ljs]G›Ls[t x'Fbf klg e|i6frf/ a9\g ;S5 . u}/s]G›Lo ;/sf/L /f]huf/Lsf] cg'kft
s'n ;/sf/L /f]huf/Lsf] t'ngfdf pRr ePdf e|i6frf/ sd b]lvG5 . ;+3Lotfdf e|i6frf/sf]
k|efj sd b]lvg] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . Ps ;bgfTds ljwflosfsf] t'ngfdf lå;bgfTds
Joj:yflksf ePsf] zf;sLo k|0ffnLdf e|i6frf/ Go"g x'G5 . ;f+:s[lts lgwf{/s tTjx¿n]
ljs]G›Ls/0f / e|i6frf/sf] cg'kl:ylt b'j}nfO{ k|efj kfg{ ;S5g\ . gful/s ;xof]u,

277
286 Gofokflnsfsf] e|i6frf/M sf/0f / pkrf/

hgljZjf; tyf ljsl;t :yfgLo PsfO{x¿ ePsf d'n'sx¿ ljs]G›Ls/0fsf] dfWodaf6

e|i6frf/nfO{ sd ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g\ .
5= ;+:s[ltsf] k|efj -Impact of Culture_
cy{zf:qLx¿sf] wf/0ff ljk/Lt ;dfhzf:qLx¿n] e|i6frf/sf ;f+:s[lts sf/0fx¿
cf}+NofpF5g\ . e|i6frf/ l;h{gf ug{ hgljZjf;, wd{ tyf kb;f]kfgsf] dfGotfn] dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf v]N5g\ . ljZjf; / e|i6frf/ aLr gsf/fTds ;x;DaGw x'G5 . ljZjf;n] e|i6frf/
sd ub{5 . wd{ / e|i6frf/sf] aLr alnof] ;x;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . O:nfd tyf cflbjf;L
wd{sf] 7"nf] c+z ePsf d'n'sx¿df e|i6frf/ sd b]lvPsf] tyf af}4, lxGb" wd{sf] w]/} k|efj
ePsf b]zx¿df pRr:t/sf] e|i6frf/ JofKt /x]sf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . e|i6frf/n]
lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ dflysf] ljZjf;nfO{ pNn]vgLo ¿kdf sd ub{5 . pRr e|i6frf/ x'g]
d'n'sx¿df nf]stGq ;kmn x'g ;Sb}g .
h= d"No / n}lËstf -Values and Gender_
k/Dk/fut wfld{s d"No dfGotf /x]sf] ;dfhdf eGbf wd{lg/k]If ;dfhdf e|i6frf/ sd x'G5 .
To:t} kfl/jfl/s d"No dfGotf sd dxTjk"0f{ tyf JolQmut d"No dfGotf ljlzi6 ePsf]
cj:yfdf Go"g e|i6frf/ x'G5 . kl/jf/jfb e|i6frf/;Fu ;sf/fTds ¿kdf ;DalGwt x'G5 /
kl/jf/k|lt pRr Odfgbf/ ePsf] l:yltdf e|i6frf/ a9L x'g] b]lvG5 . e|i6frf/sf] sf/s
tTjsf] ¿kdf ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf] e"ldsf klg rf;f]sf] ljifo ePsf] 5, h'g n}lËstf -
gender) ;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . ;fdfGotM k'?if k|wfg ;+/rgfdf e|i6frf/nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 . sd:t/sf] e|i6frf/o'Qm d'n'sdf k'?ifk|wfg lqmofsnfkx¿df k|ltaGw nufpg] tyf
dlxnfx¿nfO{ sfg"gL ;xfotf k|bfg u/L pRr kbx¿df kx'Fr k|bfg ub{5 . e|i6 d'n'sx¿df
dlxnfsf] clwsf/ :yflkt ug{ ;d:of x'g] tyf dlxnfn] e|i6frf/ sd ug{ cfkm} of]ubfg
ub{5g\ . dlxnfsf] e"ldsf a9fpgsf nflu agfOPsf] gLltx¿n] e|i6frf/nfO{ sd ug{ d2t
k'¥ofpF5g\ . n}lËstfsf] k|efjn] e|i6frf/df sdL cfP klg cGo ljifox¿ sfg"gsf] zf;g,
k|]; :jtGqtf / nf]stGq h:tf ljifox¿ ;+s'lrt agfOg' x'Fb}g . e|i6frf/ sd ug{sf] nflu
dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] cltl/Qm dlxnf / ;bfrfl/tfnfO{ Ps ;fy n}hfg' cfjZos x'G5 .
em= e"uf]n / Oltxf;sf] e"ldsf -The Role of Geography and History_
;f+:s[lts k"j{zt{sf cltl/Qm ef}uf]lns / P]ltxfl;s tTjx¿n] ;d]t e|i6frf/nfO{ a9fjf
lbG5g\ . k|fs[lts ;+;fwgx¿sf] k|r'/tf, l5d]sL /fHox¿df JofKt e|i6frf/sf] :t/ tyf
ljZjsf] k|d'v Jofkfl/s s]G›df Go"g kx'Frn] e|i6frf/df pNn]vgLo j[l4 ub{5 . k|fs[lts
;+;fwgx¿sf] k|r'/tfn] cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ub{5 / e|i6frf/nfO{ hGd lbG5 . ljutsf]
cf}klgj]lzs Oltxf;n] /fhgLlts jf:tljstf tyf e|i6frf/sf] :t/df k|efj kf5{ .
pklgj]zjfbsf] c;/ e|i6frf/sf] sf/0fx¿sf] cg';Gwfgdf pkof]uL l;4 x'g ;S5 . k"j{
a]nfotL pklgj]zx¿n] cGo b]zx¿ eGbf e|i6frf/sf] tNnf] :t/ k|bz{g u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
@=@ e|i6frf/sf] kl/0ffd
e|i6frf/n] ;du| d'n'ssf] zf;g k|0ffnLdf gsf/fTds k|efj kfb{5 . d"ntM b]xfo adf]lhdsf
kl/0ffdx¿nfO{ cf}Nofpg ;lsG5 .
278
Gofokflnsfsf] e|i6frf/M sf/0f / pkrf/ 287

s= c;dfgtf -Inequality_
e|i6frf/n] cfodf c;dfgtf a9fpF5 . /fHoaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;/sf/L ;]jf lzIff, :jf:Yo
nufotsf ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] ljt/0fdf c;dfgtf a9fpF5 . oBlk c;dfgtfn] pRr:t/sf]
e|i6frf/df of]ubfg k'¥ofpF5 . To;}n] e|i6frf/ sd ug]{ ljlwsf ¿kdf c;dfgtfnfO{ lng
;lsG5 . b'j} ljifox¿ ;fF:s[lts tTjx¿n] k|efljt x'G5g\ . ;fdfGotM c;dfgtfn] e|i6frf/
a9fpF5 . nf]stGqdf o;sf] k|efj cem a9L /x]sf] x'G5M wgL / zlQmzfnLx¿n] lg/+s'z
zf;gdf ul/ax¿nfO{ lyrf]ldrf] ug{ ;S5g\ hals nf]stGqdf pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] ;DklQ
clwstd agfpg vf]Hbf e|i6frf/sf] k|of]u ug{'kb{5 . cGttM ;dfh c;dfgtf / e|i6frf/sf]
s'l6n rqmJo"xdf kg{ ;S5 . o:tf] Jo"xsf]] Ps efu ;fdflhs d"No dfGotf;Fu ;DalGwt
x'G5 / e|i6frf/ :jLsfo{ x'G5 .
v= pTkfbsTj -Productivity_
e|i6frf/sf] sf/0f ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pTkfbsTj sd x'G5, h;sf] c;/ s"n ufx{:y pTkfbg -
GDP_ sf] :t/ / cfly{s j[l4df kg{;S5 . pTkfbsTjdf e|i6frf/sf] ;du| k|lts"n k|efj
cWoogsf] nflu e|i6frf/nfO{ k|ltJolQm cfodf hf]8\g ;lsG5 . k|ltJolQm cfo / e|i6frf/
aLr alnof] ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf nufgLsf] cg'kft lgoGq0f ubf{ klg
e|i6frf/n] cfly{s j[l4nfO{ cy{k"0f{ ¿kn] sd u5{ . cfly{s ljsf;df e|i6frf/sf] k|lts"n
k|efj kb{5 . o:tf] k|efj sd u'0f:t/ ePsf d'n'sx¿df cem alnof] x'G5 . zf;gsf
u'0f:t/ æsfg"gsf] zf;g”, æ;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf” tyf ælx+;fsf] cefj” nufotsf
;"rsx¿n] lgwf{/0f u5{g\ .
u= nufgL -Investment_
e|i6frf/n] d'n'ssf] k'FhLut :6s 36fP/ cy{ Joj:yfdf gsf/fTds k|efj kfb{5 . o;sf]
k|d'v sf/0f gLltsf] Go"g ljZj;gLotf xf] . e|i6frf/n] b'j} cfGtl/s / ljb]zL nufgLnfO{
sdhf]/ t'NofO{ lbG5 . nufgLsf] /fd|f] jftfj/0f ePsf d'n'sx¿n] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf
nufgLsf] pRr cg'kft xfl;n u5{g\ . t/ nufgLdf e|i6frf/sf] k|lts"n k|efj kg]{
cWoogx¿df kfOG5 .
Goflos e|i6frf/ -Judicial Corruption_
a[xt\ cy{df e|i6frf/ eGgfn] lghL kmfObfsf nflu lglxt zlQmsf] b'¿kof]u xf] . Goflos
e|i6frf/sf] ;Gbe{df o;n]] cbfnt jf sd{rf/Lsf] lghL kmfObfsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs clwsf/sf]
k|of]u u/L cg'lrt / c:jR5 Gofo k|jfx ul/g'nfO{ hgfpF5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu 3';, rGbf,
bjfj, cg'lrt k|efj tyf JolQmut nfesf nflu cbfntL k|lqmofx¿sf] b'¿kof]u . Gofo
k|0ffnLdf e|i6frf/n] gful/s :jtGqtf / gful/s clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Ifd / lgikIf
cbfntaf6 :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf] ;'lglZrttf nufotsf ljifodf GofofwLzsf] e"ldsfnfO{ sdhf]/
agfpF5 . e|i6frf/n] kLl8t tyf z+lstsf] :jR5 / lgikIf ;'g'jfOsf] cfwf/e"t dfgj
clwsf/nfO{ c:jLsf/ u5{ / GofonfO{ sdhf]/ agfpF5 . o;n] cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf]
l;dfljxLg ck/fw / cft+sjfbsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfdf x|f; NofpF5 . Jofkf/, cfly{s
j[l4 / dfgj ljsf;df gsf/fTds k|efj kf5{ . Gofokflnsfdf x'g] e|i6frf/n] ul/j / al~rt
279
288 Gofokflnsfsf] e|i6frf/M sf/0f / pkrf/

ju{sf] Gofodf kx'FrnfO{ a9L k|efj kfb{5 lsgsL To:tf] ju{df Gofosf] nflu vr{ ug]{ Ifdtf
x'b}g . d"ntM e|i6frf/n] ljjfbsf] lgikIf ;dfwfgnfO{ c:jLsf/ ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu
GofofwLzn] /fhgLlts jf ;fdflhs k|efjdf Ps bf]ifL k|ltjfbLnfO{ lgbf]{if ;fljt ug{
k|df0fnfO{ u|x0f ug{ jf gug{ ;S5g\ . Goflos e|i6frf/df Gofo If]qsf] nflu ljlgof]hg
ul/Psf] ;Lldt ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] b'¿kof]u x'G5 . Goflos e|i6frf/ Ps k|0ffnLut ;d:of xf]
/ g}ltstf ;Daf]wg PSn}n] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ kof{Kt x'Fb}g . e|i6frf/nfO{ a9fjf lbg] k|d'v
sf/0f Goflos k|0ffnLsf] ;+/rgf x'g ;S5 . GofofwLzn] cg}lts sfo{ ug]{ aflx/L bafax¿
clws x'G5g\, t/ ;hfo x'g] hf]lvd sd x'G5 .
#= Goflos e|i6frf/sf k|sf/x¿
Gofokflnsfdf x'g] e|i6frf/ vf;u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g .MGoflos k|lqmofdf Joj:yflksf jf
sfo{kflnsfaf6 /fhgLlts x:tIf]k / 3'; l/;jt . /l;of, ch]{lG6gf nufotsf d'n'sx¿df
Gofokflnsfdf /fhgLlts zlQmsf] k|efj a9]sf] b]lvG5 . /fhgLltsf] x:tIf]k, ;]jfsf]
;DaGwdf cfpg] qf;, wDsL, 8/ al9 x'g] b]lvG5 . ;fwf/0f 3';vf]/L Gofofnosf]] r'gf}tLsf]
¿kdf /x]s]f 5 . Gofokflnsfsf] kf/blz{tfsf] k|j4{g ub}{ :jtGqtf / pQ/bfloTjsf]
xf]lzof/Lk"j{ssf] ;Gt'ng e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] nflu cfjZos zt{ xf] . dfly pNn]lvt
e|i6frf/sf sf/0fx¿sf cltl/Qm vf;u/L Goflos e|i6frf/ a9fpg]] sf/s tTjx¿ b]xfo
adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ .3
s= sfo{kflnsf tyf ljwflosfsf] cg'lrt k|efj -Undue Influence of Executive and
legislative_

;/sf/sf tLg} cËx¿sf]] ;+j}wflgs ;dfgtf ;'lglZrttf eP klg w]/} d'n'sx¿df

Gofokflnsf dfly ljwflosL / sfo{sfl/0fL lgoGq0f jf k|efj /x]sf] x'G5 . sfg"gsf] zf;g
P]ltxfl;s ¿kdf sdhf]/ /x]sf] d'n'sdf GofokflnsfnfO{ ;/sf/sf] Ps :jLsfo{ zfvf
dflgG5 .
v= e|i6frf/sf] ;fdflhs ;lxi0f'tf -Social Tolerance of Corruption_
w]/} d'n'sx¿df ;fdflhs cGt/lqmofx¿ sfg"gåf/f eGbf klg kfl/jfl/s cfrf/ ;+lxtfaf6
;+rflnt x'G5g\ . ;/sf/L lg0f{ox¿ of]UotfeGbf JolQmut k|efjdf a9L cfwfl/t x'g
;Sb5g\ . Goflos lg0f{ox¿df ;d]t JolQmut k|efj k5{ . s]xL d'n'sx¿df Gofo ;]jfdf 3';
cTofjZos zt{ tyf Goflos kl/0ffd k|fKt ug]{ Ps dfq cj;/ dflgG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu
s]Gofdf “GofofwLz lsGg ;lsG5 eg] jsLn lsg /fVg' <” eGg] egfO ;fdfGo /x]sf] 5 .
u= k|ltzf]wsf] 8/ -Fear of Retribution_
cg'zf;gfTds sfo{, 36'jf jf :yfgfGt/0f h:tf hf]lvdsf] sf/0f GofofwLzx¿n] /fhgLlts
¿kdf :jLsfo{ lg0f{o ug{ ;S5g\ . GofofwLzx¿ lj?4 x'g] ljleGg wDsLn] d'2fsf] glthfdf
zlQmzfnLsf] k|f]T;fxgsf] e"ldsf v]Nb5g\ . aNu]l/of nufot d'n'sx¿df ljjfbf:kb kmf}hbf/L
d'2fdf sfg"gnfO{ ;xL 9Ën] nfu" ug]{ GofofwLzx¿nfO{ ;~rf/ dfWodn] cfnf]rgf ug]{ u/]sf]

3
6«fG;kf/]G;L OG6/g]zgnsf] @))& df k|sflzt u/]sf] Global Corruption Report n] ;d]t oL sf/0fx? nfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
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Gofokflnsfsf] e|i6frf/M sf/0f / pkrf/ 289

pbfx/0f 5g\ . cg'ej gePsf, c;'/lIft GofofwLzx¿n] hgtfsf] 3[0ffaf6 hf]lug ;d]t
cfˆgf] lg0f{onfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ ;S5g\ .
3= GofofwLz / cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Go"g tna -Low Judicial and Court Staff
Salaries_

Goflos If]qdf pko'Qm kfl/>flds of]Uo GofofwLz tyf sd{rf/L cfslif{t ug{ cfjZos
b]lvPsf] 5 . ;Ifd JolQmnfO{ l6sfO{ /fVg jf GofofwLz / cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{
pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/nfO{ ;'/lIft x'g] vfnsf] tna ;'ljwf x'g'kb{5 . cGoyf GofofwLz /
cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] cfjZos cfDbfgL 3';af6 k"lt{ ug{ ;S5g\ . sd tnadf
GofofwLzx¿n] cfly{s af]emsf ;fy cfˆgf] kb wf/0f u5{g\. OSj]8/, hlh{of, gfOh]l/of
nufot b]zx¿n] e|i6frf/nfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ Goflos If]qsf] tnjdf pNn]vgLo a[l4 u/]sf
5g\ . hlh{ofdf GofofwLzx¿sf] kfl/>flds ljut b'O{ jif{df $)) k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 .
ª= sdhf]/ k|lzIf0f / g}lts cfr/0fsf] nflu k'/:sf/sf] cefj -PoorTraining and Lack of
Reward for Ethical Behavior_

s]xL d'n'sdf tYo / sfg"gsf] cfwf/df lg0f{o ug]{ GofofwLzx¿nfO{ ;sf/fTds ¿kdf
d"Nof+sg ug]{ ul/Psf] b]lvFb}g . g}lts Jojxf/ k|bz{g ubf{ k'/:sf/sf] ;§f ;hfo lbOG5 .
e|i6frf/ JofKt Gofokflnsfdf ;xL lg0f{o lng] GofofwLzx¿n] cfˆgf km};nfx¿ k'g/fj]bgsf]
/f]xdf lgoldt ¿kdf vf/]h ePsf] dx;'; ub{5g\ . h;n] ubf{ tNnf] cbfntsf
GofofwLzx¿sf] of]Uotfdf k|Zg p7\g ;S5 .
r= GofofwLzx¿sf] aLrsf] ;xdlt -Collusion among the Judges_
Goflos e|i6frf/ JofKt ePsf] d'n'sx¿df GofofwLzn] JolQmut ¿kdf nfe p7fpg ;Sg]
u/L Goflos lg0f{ox¿nfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ if8oGq u/]sf x'G5g\ . hf]lvd a9L /x]sf] kmf}hbf/L
dfldnfdf klxnf] cbfntaf6 pRr jf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt;Ddsf GofofwLzn] bf]ifLnfO{ ;kmfO
lbg jf ;hfo 36fO ;xof]u u/] jfkt e'QmfgL lng ;S5g\ .
5= k|zf;lgs cbfnt k|lqmofsf] cg'udgdf ckof{Kttf -Inadequately Monitored
Administrative Court Procedure_

sfo{ljlwut k|lqmof c:ki6, cGof]nk"0f{ jf af/Daf/ ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg

d'n'sx¿df GofofwLzx¿ / cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] sfo{ljlwsf] pkof]uaf6 lghL kmfObf
lng ;S5g\ . tNnf] txsf sd tna kfPsf cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k|zf;lgs e|i6frf/df
;+nUg x'gsf] nflu pgLx¿sf] ljj]sflwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ nf]EofOPsf] x'G5 lsgls pgLx¿sf]
lg0f{osf] nflu sd pQ/bfloTj jxg u/] k'U5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu Ujf6]dfnfdf s]; kmfOnx¿
ufoa u/fpg bjfj lbOg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] Ps dfq ;dfwfg cfw'lgs sDKo'6/s[t d'2f
Joj:yfkg tyf cg'udgnfO{ hf]8 lbg' g} xf] .
$= :jtGq Gofokflnsf / e|i6frf/
Gofokflnsf ljz]if u/L /fhgLlts / cfly{s zlQm h:tf afXo k|efjaf6 :jtGq x'g'
cfjZos 5 . t/ Goflos :jtGqtfsf] dtna GofofwLzx¿ / cbfntsf clwsf/Lx¿n]
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290 Gofokflnsfsf] e|i6frf/M sf/0f / pkrf/

h:tf];'s} Jojxf/ ug{ klg :jtGqtf kfpg' k5{ eGg] xf]Og . cbfntx¿ /fHoaf6 :jtGq x'Fbf
klg Gofokflnsfdf e|i6frf/ x'g ;S5 . :jtGqtfn] e|i6frf/ x'g ;xh x'G5 lsgls s;}nfO{
klg lg/LIf0f ug]{ clwsf/ xF'b}g . jf:tjdf Goflos :jtGqtf ;fj{hlgs ljZjf;df cfwfl/t
x'g] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ sfod /fVg GofofwLzx¿n] lgi7fsf] pRrtd\ dfkb08sf] kfngf ug{'
kb{5 . Gofokflnsf /fHosf] cGo lgsfo Pjd\ lghL If]qaf6 :jtGq geP;Dd sfg"gsf]
sfof{Gjogsf] pkfo e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf] cf}hf/ x'g ;Sb}g . Goflos :jtGqtfsf nflu cGo
;sf/fTds pkfox¿sf cltl/Qm pRr :t/sf] /fhgLlts / cfly{s :jtGqtf;Fu ;DalGwt
x'G5 . Gofokflnsfn] sdhf]/ jf /fhg}lts ¿kdf k|]l/t ePsf eGbf j}w d'2fx¿nfO{ 5'6\ofpg
;Ifd x'g' cfjZos 5 . olb Gofokflnsfn] ;/sf/ dfly k|efjsf/L lgu/fgL /fVg] xf] eg]
Joj:yflksf / sfo{sf/L b'j}eGbf of] :jtGq / :jR5 x'g'k5{ .
Goflos ;bfrf/ / a]Ënf]/ l;4fGtx¿
Gofofkflnsfsf] ;bfrf/ tyf g}ltstf cfkm}df PSn} pleg ;Sg] Stand Alone ;jfn xf]Og . of]
;+:yfsf] ;~rfng;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . g}ltstfsf lgodx¿ dWo] ;a}eGbf Jofks ¿kdf
k|of]u x'g] ;g\ @))@ sf] Goflos cfr/0f ;DaGwL a+unf]/ l;4fGtx¿ x'g\ . d'VotofM a]Ënf]/
l;4fGtsf] sfof{Gjog /fHo eGbf klg Gofokflnsfk|lt lgb]{lzt 5g\ . a]Ënf]/ l;4fGtn]
b]xfosf 5j6f d'Vo d"No lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 h;n] Goflos sfo{nfO{ dfu{bz{g ub{5 .4
1. :jtGqtf -Independence_
2. lgikIftf -Impartiality_
3. lgi7f -Integrity_
4. ;dfgtf -Equality_
5. :jfldTj -Propriety_
6. Ifdtf tyf nugzLntf -CompetenceandDiligence_
oL l;4fGtx¿sf] d'Vo sdhf]/L sfof{Gjogdf b]lvG5 . o;sf vf;u/L b'O{ kIfx¿ 5g\ .
klxnf], Goflos cfr/0f ;DaGwL a]Ënf]/ l;4fGtx¿ / Goflos :jtGqtf dfkb08x¿ h:t}
cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g . oL l;4fGtx¿ afWosf/L sfuhftdf ;dfj]z 5}gg\ . /fHox¿ oL
l;4fGtx¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf] k|fjwfg h:t}M kfngf ug{ afWo 5}gg\ . bf];|f]
a]Ënf]/ l;4fGtx¿n] Gofokflnsfsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ Jojxf/ ;DaGwL dfkb08 tf]Sg'sf] ;§f
dfu{lgb]{zg k|:t't u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] Goflos cfr/0f ;'wf/ ug{df k|ToIf k|efj gx'g
;S5 . a]Ënf]/ l;4fGtx¿sf] ;an kIfsf] dfGotf :jtGqtf, lgikIftf / Goflos k|0ffnLsf]
k|efjsfl/tf tyf o;sf] lgi7f sfod /fVg] ;Gbe{df Gofokflnsfsf] lgliqmo e"ldsf xf]Og ls
Goflos cfr/0f / k|bz{gsf] plrt dfkb08 sfod ug{ ;lqmo x'g'k5{ .

4
https://www.unodc.org/res/ji/import/international_standards/commentary_on_the_bangalore_principles_of_judicial_
conduct/bangalore_principles_english.pdf
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Gofokflnsfsf] e|i6frf/M sf/0f / pkrf/ 291

%= cGt//f{li6«o cg'ej
Goflos If]qdf x'g] e|i6frf/sf] ;d:of k|foM ;a}lt/ 5 . vf;u/L ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿df
o;sf] k|efj cem w]/} /x]sf] 5 . oxfF s]xL b]zsf] cj:yfsf] af/]df ;+lIfKt rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
s= a+unfb]zM
a+unfb]zsf] Gofokflnsfdf klg e|i6frf/sf] uDeL/ c;/ k/]sf] elgG5 . cToflws sfo{af]em
tyf sdhf]/ cg'zf;gfTds k|lqmofx¿ 3'; lng] / cGo e|i6frf/sf] nflu k|f]T;fxg x'g\ .
cbfntL k|lqmofdf cfpg]x¿n] cfˆgf] jflif{s cfosf] em08} @% k|ltzt 3''; lbPsf] 6«fG;Kf/]G;L
OG6/g]Zfgnsf] cWoogn] b]vfpF5 . cbfnt tyf GofofwLzx¿sf] ;+Vofdf sdL g} a+unfb]zdf
Gofo k|jfxdf 7"nf] cj/f]wsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . ToxfF ;+u7gfTds sdhf]/Lsf ;fy} bIf
sd{rf/Lsf] ;d]t sdL /x]sf] 5 . k|To]s jif{ em08} !( nfv d'2fx¿ k]l08ª x'g] x'gfn]
e|i6frf/ d'2fsf] k'gM ;"rL lgwf{/0f k|lqmof dfkm{t k|j]z x'g] ub{5 .5
v= ef/tM
ef/tsf] Gofo k|0ffnLdf e|i6frf/ d'Vo v/fjLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . d'2fsf] btf{b]lv
km};nf;Ddsf k|To]s r/0fdf e|i6frf/ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . TI n] ;g\ @)!# df u/]sf] ;j]{If0f
cg';f/ em08} $% k|ltzt 3/wgLx¿n] Gofofkflnsfdf cToGt} e|i6frf/ x'g] u/]sf] tyf ;g
@)!@ df ePsf] cWoog n] #^ k|ltzt ;]jfu|fxLx¿n] ;]jf k|fKt ug{ 3'; lbPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
;g\ @)!( sf] tYofÍ adf]lhd ef/tsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf %(,*^&, pRr cbfntdf $$=&%
nfv / lhNnf tyf dftxtsf lgsfox¿df #=!$ s/f]8 d'2f k]l08ª /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .6 o;n]
e|i6frf/sf] d'Vo sf/0f Gofo k|flKtdf l9nfO{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] nflu
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, !(**, ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @))%, GofofwLz ;f]wk'5 -Inquiry_
P]g, !(^* nufotsf sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
u= kfls:tfgM
kfls:tfgsf] Gofo k|0ffnL a]nfotL pklgj]zaf6 k|efljt 5 . t/ ToxfFsf] Gofokflnsfdf
e|i6frf/sf] cToGt} hf]lvd /x]sf] 5 . cfˆgf] kIfdf lg0f{o u/fpg 3'; tyf cfly{s
clgoldttfnfO{ ;fdfGo dfGg] ul/G5 . kfls:tfgL cbfntx¿nfO{ zlQm / k};fsf] o'4e"ldsf]
¿kdf a'‰g] ul/G5 .7 dflyNnf] cbfntdf eGbf tNnf] cbfnt / lgsfodf e|i6frf/ a9L x'g]
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cbfntsf] kx'Frdf k'Ug] b'O{ ltxfO eGbf a9L hg;+Vofn] ;]jf lngsf] nflu 3';
lbPsf] Global Corruption Barometer, 2015 n] b]vfpF5 . kfls:tfgsf] Gofofkflnsf e|i6frf/,
l9nfO tyf c;Ifdtf nufotsf ljz]iftfn] lrlgg] ul/G5 . Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtfdf ;d]t
ljZjf; ul/Fb}g . Gofokflnsfsf] lgodg ug]{ lgsfo ;jf]{Rr Gofo kl/ifb\sf] e"ldsf vf;}
k|efjsf/L b]lvFb}g . e|i6frf/sf] k|d'v sf/0f cbfntx¿df d'2fx¿sf] clws af]emsf] sf/0f
l9nf] Gofo k|jfx g} xf] .

5
Bangladesh: Justice in Disarray, S.I. Laskar, page 181 Global Corruption Report, 2007, Corruption in Judicial Systems,
Transparency International, Cambridge University Press
6
http://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-2764-corruption-in-indian-legal-system.html
7
Pakistan: a tradition of Judicial Subservience, page 243 Jawaid A.Siddiqi, Global Corruption Report, 2007, Corruption in
Judicial Systems, TI
283
292 Gofokflnsfsf] e|i6frf/M sf/0f / pkrf/

3= >Ln+sfM
vf;u/L d'2fsf] k]zL tf/]v 5gf]6 tyf cbfntsf] cfb]z k|efj kfg{ 3'; lbg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
;a} txdf /fhgLlts lgo'lQmsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ GofofwLzx¿sf] lgo'lQm, ;?jf nufotsf
sfo{x¿df e|i6frf/ x'g] ub{5 . kfls:tfgdf h:t} /fhg}lts x:tIf]k / e|i6frf/ tNnf] txsf]
cbfntdf a9L x'g] ub{5 . jfl0fHo ;DaGwL ;a} ljjfbx¿ afl0fHo pRr cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/
cGtu{t kg]{ / cbfntL sfo{ljlw nfdf] x'g] x'gfn] afl0fHo, nufgL ;DaGwL ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg
a9L ;d:ofd"ns x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . Global Corruption Barometer, 2015 cg';f/ >Ln+sfdf @)
hgf dWo] ! hgfsf] a'emfOdf GofofwLz / d]lhi6«]6x¿ e|i6 x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] b]lvG5 .
ª= hlh{ofM
hlh{ofdf cfˆgf] kIfdf cbfntsf] km};nf k|fKt ug{ clgoldt sf/f]jf/ tyf 3';nfO{ c;fdfGo
dflgG5 . GofofwLzx¿nfO{ cleof]hg ;]jfaf6 k|efljt x'g] u/]sf] cf/f]k nfUg] ub{5 . *%
k|ltzt k|zf;lgs k'g/fj]bg d'2fx¿df Gofokflnsfn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿sf] kIf lnPsf]
eGg] OECD2016 sf] cWoogn] b]vfpF5 . Gofokflnsfdf hgzlQmsf] sdL ePsf] sf/0f
sfo{af]em a9L /x]sf] 5 . vf;u/L nufgL ;DaGwL ljjfbdf ljlzi6Ls[t GofofwLzx¿sf] sdL
x'g] x'gfn] lg0f{odf l9nfO{ x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
Plzof Kofl;lkms If]qsf] ljleGg lgsfox¿df ePsf] e|i6frf/ glthf8
lgsfo e|i6frf/ k|ltzt
k|x/L #(
;+;b #&
;/sf/L clws[tx¿ #%
:yfgLo ;/sf/ / sfplG;n/ #%
k|wfgdGqL÷/fi6«klt #!
s/ clws[t @(
GofofwLz / d]lhi6«]6 @%
wfld{s g]tfx¿ !*
o; cWoogn] k|x/L ;a}eGbf a9L e|i6 b]lvPsf] 5, !* k|ltzt wfld{s g]tfx¿n] e|i6frf/
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . @% k|ltzt GofofwLz tyf d]lhi6«]6x¿n] e|i6frf/ u/]sf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf]
5.
6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnn] u/]sf] ;j]{If0fdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf lng b]xfo adf]lhdsf lgsfox¿df
lgDg k|ltztsf ;]jfu|fxLx¿n] 3'; lbg'kg]{ cj:yf b]vfPsf] 5 .9
d'n'ssf] gfd ;fj{hlgs ljBfno k|x/L cbfnt
kfls:tfg &—!%Ü ^!Ü dfly ^!Ü dfly
ef/t $^— ^) Ü $^—^)Ü #!—$%Ü
8
Transparency International, 2017.
9
Transparency International, 2017.

284
Gofokflnsfsf] e|i6frf/M sf/0f / pkrf/ 293

leotgfd $^—^)Ü ^! Ü dfly ^—!%Ü

>Ln+sf ^—!%Ü !^—#) Ü ^—!%Ü
blIf0f sf]l/of !—% Ü !—% Ü ^—!%Ü
Dofgdf/ !^—#) Ü $)—^)Ü #!—$%Ü
rLg !^—#) Ü !^—#) Ü !^—#) Ü
yfONof08 #!—$%Ü $^—^)Ü ——
Plzof Kofl;lkms If]qdf ;j}eGbf a9L k|x/Ln] e|i6frf/ ug]{] b]lvPsf] 5 . kfls:tfgdf k|x/L /
cbfntdf 3'; a'emfpg] ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;+Vof ^!÷^! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . Dofgdf/, ef/t
nufotsf d'n'sx¿df Goflos lgsfosf ;]jfsf nflu 3'; lbg] ;]jfu|fxLx¿sf] ;+Vof $%
k|ltzt;Dd /x]sf]] TI cWoogaf6 b]lvPsf] 5 . #% jif{eGbf tnsf ;]jfu|fxLx¿n] ;fj{hlgs
;]jf pkef]u ug{ a9L 3'if lbg] u/]sf], dlxnf / k'?ifn] ;dfg ¿kdf 3'if lbg] u/]sf] tyf
cfly{s ¿kdf ;DkGg JolQmn] eGbf ul/jn] ;]jf k|fKt ug{ 3'; lbPsf] TI sf] cWoogn]
b]vfpF5 .
Pl;of k|zfGt If]qdf l;+ufk'/, dn]l;of, xªsª / yfONof08df t'ngfTds ¿kdf sd Goflos
e|i6frf/ /x]sf] 5 eg] ef/t / kfls:tfgsf Gofokflnsfx¿ a9L e|i6frf/o'Qm 5g\ . b'O{
b]zsf qmdzM && / %% k|ltzt pQ/bftfx¿ Goflos k|0ffnLnfO{ e|i6frf/L ePsf]
atfpF5g\ .10
^= g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs Pjd\ sfg"gL Joj:yf
s= ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf sfg"gL /fHo, dfgj clwsf/, k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs
Joj:yfsf] ;fy} ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ ljifonfO{ k|:tfjgf / /fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGtdf pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ df}lns xssf] ¿kdf :yflkt ub}{ kf/blz{tf k|j4{g
ug]{ kl/sNkgf ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ :jR5, ;Ifd, lgikIf, kf/bzL{,
e|i6frf/d'Qm, hgpQ/bfoL ;xeflutfd"ns agfpFb} /fHoaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf hgtfsf]
;dfg / ;xh kx'Fr ;'lglZrt u/L ;'zf;g k|Tofe"lt ug]{ ;+ljwfgsf] gLlt /x]sf] 5 . To:t}
/fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs, Goflos, ;fdflhs nufot ;a} If]qsf] e|i6frf/ / clgoldttf
lgoGq0fsf] nflu k|efjsf/L pkfo canDjg ug]{ Gofo ;DaGwL gLlt /x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn]
GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm, ;?jf, cg'zf;g ;DaGwL sf/jfxL, avf{:tL / Gofo k|zf;g ;DaGwL
cGo ljifodf l;kmfl/; ug{ tyf GofofwLzn] clVtof/sf] b'¿kof]u u/L e|i6frf/ u/]df
cg';Gwfg u/L d'2f bfo/ ug{ Gofo kl/ifbsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To:t} clVtof/ b'¿kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs dfGotf k|bfg u/L ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn]
e|i6frf/ u/L clVtof/ b'¿kof]u u/]sf] ;DaGwdf sfg"g adf]lhd cg';Gwfg ug{ ;Sg]
Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

10
Comparative Analysis of Judicial Corruption, page 12Global Corruption Report, Corruption in Judicial Systems, 2007.
285
294 Gofokflnsfsf] e|i6frf/M sf/0f / pkrf/

v= sfg"gL Joj:yfM
plNnlvt ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf cltl/Qm Gofokflnsfsf] e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf vf;u/L
b]xfosf sfg"gdf ;d]l6Psf] 5 .
Gofo kl/ifb\ P]g, @)&#
GofofwLzsf] sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj, v/fj cfr/0f, Odfgbf/Lk"j{s cfˆgf] st{Josf] kfngf
gu/]sf], ablgotk"j{s sfdsf/jfxL u/]sf] tyf cfrf/;+lxtfsf] pNn+3g u/]sf] kfOPdf Gofo
kl/ifb\n] sf/jfxLsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf @@ df Gofo
kl/ifb\n] GofofwLzn] clVtof/ b'¿kof]u u/L e|i6frf/ u/]sf] s;"/df cg';Gwfg u/L d'2f
bfo/ ug]{ Joj:yf 5 .
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(
;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;'v, zflGt / cfly{s lxtsf nflu ;dfhdf cfly{s cg'zf;g, g}ltstf /
;bfrf/ sfod /fVg] P]gdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] pNn]v
u/]sf s;"/sf] ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg tyf txlssft u/L d'2f rnfpg] clwsf/ clVtof/
b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo tyf clwsf/ ;DaGwdf
clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* df Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL
d'2fx¿sf] ;'g'jfO jf lsgf/f ug{ ljlzi6Ls[t cbfntsf] :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . clVtof/
b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] e|i6frf/sf] s;"/df ljz]if cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ ;Sg]
Joj:yf /x]sf] tyf ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( n] ljz]if cbfntnfO{ e|i6frf/, ;DklQ
z'4Ls/0f, /fh:j r'xfj6 h:tf d'2fsf] sf/afxL / lsgf/f ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
ck/fwhGo sfo{af6 k|fKt ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lgjf/0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{
;DklQ z'4Ls/0f -dgL nfpG8l/ª_ lgjf/0f P]g, @)^$, ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmofdf k|lt:kwf{,
:jR5tf, OdfGbfl/tf, hjfkmb]lxtf / ljZj;gLotf k|j4{g u/L ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] clwstd\
k|ltkmn xfl;n ug{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^#, d'n'ssf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ hgd'vL,
hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{, ;dfj]zL tyf ;]jfu|fxLsf] lxt cg's"n agfpg tyf sfg"gsf] zf;g,
e|i6frf/d'Qm / r':t k|zf;g agfpg ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$,
lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;Ifd, ;'b[9, ;]jfd"ns tyf pQ/bfoL agfpg lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(,
/fHosf sfd sf/afxLnfO{ v'nf / kf/bzL{ agfpg, ;/sf/L lgsfonfO{ gful/sk|lt hjfkmb]xL
/ lhDd]jf/ agfpg tyf ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf ;"rgf dfly hgtfsf] ;xh kx'Fr :yflkt
ug]{ p2]Zon] ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ tyf ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfkgnfO{
Jojl:yt ug{ ljQLo pQ/bfloTj tyf cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, @)&^ nufotsf sfg"gL Joj:yf
/x]sf 5g\ .
lbuf] ljsf; nIo, kG„f}+ of]hgf
lbuf] ljsf;sf] nflu Gofodf ;dfg kx'Fr, k|efjsf/L, hgpQ/bfoL tyf kf/bzL{ lgsfox¿
Pjd\ e|i6frf/sf] Go"gLs/0fnfO{ SDGS 2015 -2030 sf] Ph]08fn] ;d]6]sf] 5 . lbuf] ljsf;
nIon] sfg"gsf] zf;g, Gofodf kx'Fr, lx+;fsf] cGTo, e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f, kf/blz{tf,
pQ/bfloTjsf] clej[l4, hg;xeflutfsf] ;anLs/0f tyf alxis/0fsf] cGTo dfkm{t ;'zf;g
286
Gofokflnsfsf] e|i6frf/M sf/0f / pkrf/ 295

k|j4{gdf hf]8 lbPsf] b]lvG5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIox¿nfO{ kG„f}+ of]hgfn] cfGtl/sLs/0f
u/]sf] 5 . kG„f}+ of]hgf -cf=j= @)&^.&&—@)*).*!_ n] Gofo k|zf;gnfO{ l56f], 5l/tf],
lgikIf, k|efjsf/L, hgpQ/bfoL tyf Goflos k|lqmofnfO{ ;/n, cg'dfgof]Uo, hjfkmb]xL,
kf/bzL{ / ;"rgf k|ljlwd}+qL agfO{ ;a}sf] nflu Gofo ;'lglZrt ub}{ Gofokflnsfk|ltsf]
hgcf:yf / ljZjf; clej[l4 ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 . of]hgfn] e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGw sfo{of]hgf ;DaGwL /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf, @)^( df Joj:yf eP cg';f/
sfg"g lgdf{0f tyf kl/dfh{gsf] dfWodaf6 e|i6frf/sf] lgoGq0f u/L ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt
lbnfpg' of]hgfsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .
Gofokflnsfsf] rf}yf] k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgf -@)&^÷&&—@)*)÷*!_
/0fgLlts of]hgfn] Goflos ;'zf;g k|j4{g ug]{ nIo cGtu{t Gofokflnsfdf x'g ;Sg]
clgoldttf tyf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] nflu Gofo kl/ifb nufotsf ;DalGwt lgsfox¿;Fu
5nkmn / ;dGjo u/L lg/f]wfTds / b08fTds pkfox¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog dfkm{t
Goflos pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4 ug]{ /0fgLlts p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .
GofofwLzx¿n] clVtof/sf] b'¿kof]u u/L e|i6frf/ u/]sf] s;"/df cfjZos cg';Gwfg tyf
txlssft u/L d'2f bfo/ ug{ Gofo kl/ifb\, ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf clVtof/ b'¿kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]u, e|i6frf/ lj?4 hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug{ /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]G›, e|i6frf/
;DaGwL d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO ug{ ljlzi6Ls[t lgsfosf] ¿kdf ljz]if cbfnt, k|zf;lgs
clgoldttf, l9nf;':tL h:tf ljifodf ph'/L / ;"rgf k|fKt u/L tTsfn To:tf ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfg vf]Hg x]nf] ;/sf/, ;fj{hlgs ;|f]tsf] k|flKt / pkof]udf lgoldttf, ldtJolotf,
sfo{bIftf, k|efjsfl/tf / cf}lrTotfsf] k/LIf0f ug{ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{no nufotsf
lgsfox¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
&= ;'wf/sf k|of;sf] ljZn]if0f
g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsf t'ngfTds ¿kn] ;Ifd dflgG5 . :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] ;'lglZrttfsf]
nflu k|z:t ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL k|fjwfgx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . Gofokflnsf leqsf ljs[lt tyf
lj;+ultsf] klxrfg u/L Go'gLs/0f ug{ ;do ;dodf ;ldltx¿ u7g ePsf 5g\ . ;fy}
cWoogx¿ klg ul/Psf 5g\ .pRr:t/Lo Goflos ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)@* / zfxL
Gofo ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)$) n] klg Tof] avt g} Goflos ;'wf/sf nflu dfu{bz{g
u/]sf lyP . cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)%% n] klg cbfntsf] cfGtl/s
Joj:yfkgsf] ;'wf/sf cltl/Qm gLltut ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfj lbPsf] lyof] . To;kl5 klg
Gofofnosf] :jR5tf / ljZjf;gLotf sfod /fVgsf nflu ljleGg ;ldltx¿ u7g eO{
;'emfj k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . GofofwLzx¿sf] ;Dd]ngdf klg of] ljifonfO{ ;+s]t ul/Psf] 5 .
Gofokflnsfleq / aflx/ b'j} tkm{af6 Goflos lgsfosf] :jR5tfsf nflu k|of; ljut b]lv g}
e}/x]sf 5g\ . ;jf]{Rrs cbfnt af/ Pzf]l;P;gn] Gofokflnsfk|lt hgcf:yf clej[l4 cWoog
;ldlt u7g u/L w]/} ljifo ;dfj]z u/L ;oeGbf a9L ;'emfjx¿ k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] .11

11
al/i7 clwjQmf >L >Lxl/ cof{nsf] ;+of]hsTjdf al/i7 clwjQmfx? >L k|sfz j:tL / >L e/t/fh pk|]tL ;b:o Pjd\ clwjQmf
>L >LsfGt a/fn ;b:o ;lrj /x]s]f ;f] ;ldltn] @)^$ k'; @$ df k|ltj]bg k]z u/]sf] lyof] .
287
296 Gofokflnsfsf] e|i6frf/M sf/0f / pkrf/

GofofwLzx¿sf] t];|f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng, @)&% n] Gofokflnsfleq x'g] clgoldttfk|lt z'Go

;xgzLntf ckgfpg' cfjZos x'G5 egL 3f]if0ffkqdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . Tof] eGbf cufj}
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ljs[ltljxLg Gofokflnsfsf] ljsf; cWoog sfo{bn u7g u/L ;'wf/sf
nflu ;'emfj k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] sfo{bnn] cfGtl/s ;'wf/ -ljleGg cbfntdf_ l;kmfl/;,
sfo{ljlwut ;'wf/sf l;kmfl/;, cfly{s clgoldttf / e|i6frf/ ljifodf l;kmfl/;, e|i6frf/
ug]{nfO{ ;zQm / k|efjsf/L sf/afxL gePaf6 s]s;/L ug]{ l;kmfl/;, Gofo kl/ifb\;d]tn]
k|fKt clwsf/ k|efjsf/L 9+un] sfof{Gjog gePaf6 s] s;/L ug]{ l;kmfl/;, GofofwLz /
sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf 7"nf] cGt/ xF'bf x6fpg s] ug]{ l;kmfl/;, d'2fsf kIfx¿df h'g;'s}
¿kdf d'2f lhTg} kg]{ k|j[lQaf6 pTkGg ;d:of lg/fs/0fsf pkfo l;kmfl/;, larf}lnofsf]
;zQm ;~hfn tf]8\g] ljifodf l;kmfl/;, u};; / cu};;sf] Gofokflnsfleq rnv]n /
k|efjnfO{ Go'gLs/0f ug]{ ljifodf l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] . o;}u/L bL3{sfnLg pkfosf ¿kdf
Gofo kl/ifb\sf] k'g;{+/rgf / GofofwLz lgo'lQmdf oy]i6 ;hutf / lgikIftf ckgfpg'kg]{ s'/f
;d]t l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] . ;fy} tTsfnLg pkfosf ¿kdf Gofo kl/ifb\ / Gofo ;]jf
cfof]usf] ;lqmotf / GofofwLz lgo'lQmsf nflu Gofo kl/ifb\ P]gsf] bkmf $ sf] cIf/zM
kl/kfng x'g'kg]{ /fo lbPsf] lyof] .12 t/ ;f] k|ltj]bgn] cf}NofP adf]lhd ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfng ePsf b]lvPgg\ .
;jf]{Rr cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg e|i6frf/ d'2fsf] sfd sf/jfxL cWoog ;ldlt u7g u/L ;'emfj
k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] ;ldltn] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf e|i6frf/ d'2f tLg ;b:oLo Ohnf;af6
x]l/g' kg]{, lg/Gt/ ;'g'jfO ul/g' kg]{, e|i6frf/ d'2f lglZrt lbg ;'g'jfO ul/g' kg]{, k]zL
:yuLt ug]{ jsLnaf6 ax; ;'? ul/g' kg]{, ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cfGtl/s Joj:yfkg ;'b[9 ug'{
kg]{ / e|i6frf/ d'2f x]g{ ljz]if kmfF6 /xg' kg]{ nufotsf ;'emfjx¿ k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] .13 tL
;'emfjx¿ klg b]lvg] u/L sfof{Gjog ePsf] kfOPg .
To;}u/L @)&# ;fndf Gofokflnsfsf leqsf ljs[lt lj;+ult cWoog ug{ @)&# ;fndf csf]{
sfo{bn u7g u/L ;'emfj lnOPsf] lyof] . o;/L Gofokflnsfn] a]nfavt Gofokflnsfdf x'g]
clglodtfnfO{ /f]syfd ug{sf nflu ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ yfngL ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
tyflKf k|Zgx¿ lg/Gt/ pl7/x]sf 5g\ . l6Kk0fLx¿ lg/Gt/ k|jfx e}/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf k|ZGf /
l6Kk0fLx¿nfO{ ;+jf]wg u/L Gofokflnsf pk/sf] ljZjf;gLotf clea[l4 ug]{ lhDd]jf/L
GofoIf]qsf g]t[TjbfoL ;a} kIfsf] xf] . of] bf]if kG5fpg] jf cf/f]k nufpg] ljifo xf]Og . of]
;'wf/sf] dfu{lrqnfO{ Jojxf/df ¿kfGt/0f u/L Goflos hutk|ltsf] hgcf:yf dhj't agfpg]
s8L xf] .
xfn} g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;ozgsf] ;lqmotfdf cbfntsf] :jtGqtf, Gofosf] lgikIftf tyf
jsLnsf] dof{bf;lxt Gofosf] ;'4Ls/0f tyf Gofokflnsfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f cleofgg} ;~rfngdf

12
@)^^ ;fn k'; & ut] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7sf] cWoIftfdf u7g ePsf] ;f] sfo{bndf dfggLo
GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL / dfggLo GofofwLz >L lul/zrGb| nfn ;b:o x'g'x'GYof] . ;f] sfo{bnn] @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g !$ ut]
;DdfggLo k|wfgGofofwLz ;dIf k|ltj]bg k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] .
13
@)^& ;fn r}q * ut] dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tLsf] ;+of]hsTjdf u7g ePsf] ;f] ;ldltn] @)^* h]7df k|wfg
GofofwLz ;dIf k|ltjb]g k]z u/]sf] lyof] .
288
Gofokflnsfsf] e|i6frf/M sf/0f / pkrf/ 297

/x]sf] 5 . Gofokflnsf :jo+n] ;d]t Gofo If]qdf x'g;Sg] ljs[lt, lj;+ult, clgoldttf tyf
e|i6frf/ cWoog ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] 5 .14
ljleGg k|of;sf afjh'b Gofokflnsf pk/sf gsf/fTds l6Kk0fLx¿sf] lg/Gt/tf b]lvG5 .
Gofokflnsfleq nfdf] ;do sfd u/]/ aflxl/Psf Gofod"lt{x¿sf] klg lgSs} g} s7f]/ l6Kk0fL
/ cfnf]rgf ;fj{hlgs e}/x]sf] kfOG5 . o:t} Pp6f l6Kk0fLdf elgPsf] 5 M
e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL y'k|} ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL Joj:yf, ;+:yfut ;+/rgf, of]hgf,
sfo{qmdx¿sf] afah'b GofofwLz lgo'lQm, d'2fsf] k]zL ;"rL, cbfntsf lg0f{o nufotsf
ljifox¿df k6sk6s Gofokflnsf ljjflbt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . Gofokflnsfsf] ljjfbn]
Goflos lgikIftf tyf hgcf:yfdf hf]lvd a9fPsf] 5 . k|hftGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f /
gful/s xssf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu klg Gofokflnsfsf] ljZjlgotfdf clej[l4 ug'{kb{5 .o;
lsl;dsf] ljjfbsf] d'Vo sf/0f sfo{kflnsfsf] GofoIf]qdf b]lvPsf] cgfjZos rf;f]nfO{
lnOPsf] 5 .sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf x:tIf]k x'g' tyf Gofod"lt{af6 cfrf/;+lxtfsf] k"0f{ kfngf
gePsf] sf/0f Gofokflnsfdf af/Daf/ k|Zg p7\g] u/]sf] 5 .15
Goflos e|i6frf/df ;+nUg JolQm tyf e|i6frf/sf :j¿kx¿ leGgfleGg} x'g] ub{5 . 3';,
;fj{hlgs sf]if jf ;DklQsf] b'¿kof]u, gftfjfb, /fhgLlts x:tIf]k, cfk/flws nfe jf
kb;f]kflgs bafa x'g ;S5 . National Integrity System Assessment df Gofokflnsfsf]
dWod:t/sf] c+s %# /x]sf] 5 . ;Ifdtf %&, cfGtl/s ;'zf;g %$ tyf e"ldsfdf %) c+s
/x]sf] 6«fG;Kf/]G;L OG6/g]zgnsf] National Integrity System Assessment Nepal, 2014 af6
b]lvG5 . e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] sfo{df Gofokflnsf k|lta4 b]lvG5 t/ Gofofnosf] cb[Zo
cfGtl/s e|i6 ;~hfnsf] sf/0f e|i6frf/ d'2fdf lgikIf lg0f{o x'g ;Sb}g eGg] gful/ssf]
cg'ej 5 .16 sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfnon] u/]sf] ck/fw ;DaGwL j];nfOg
;e]{, @)&@ df&%=( k|ltzt pQ/bftfx¿n] g]kfndf e|i6frf/ a9]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .
pko'Qm gLltsf] cefjdf e|i6frf/ df}nfpg] ub{5 . Gofokflnsfsf] gLltn] e|i6frf/sf
cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ug]{ x'g' x'Fb}g . Gofo kl/ifb\sf] If]qflwsf/df ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf
GofofwLzx¿sf] cg'lrt sfo{sf] cg';Gwfg / sf/jfxL ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ ePsf] b]lvFb}g .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @#( -@_ df ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLznfO{ e|i6frf/df sf/jfxL
;+3Lo sfg"g adf]lhd ug]{ Joj:yf /x]klg ;f] adf]lhd sfg"g lgdf{0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
ljutsf ;+ljwfgn] h:t} ljBdfg ;+ljwfgn] klg :jtGq, lgikIf / ;Ifd Gofokflnsfsf]
;'lglZrttf u/]sf] eP klg Jojxf/df Gofokflnsf ;do ;dodf ePsf lg0f{o tyf sfo{
;Dkfbgn] Goflos lgikIftfsf] ljZj;gLo cfwf/ lbg ;s]sf] 5|}g . ;+ljwfgsf] p2]Zo cg'¿k
sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ d"t{tf lbg' ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . l;2fGttM k'?if k|wfg ;+/rgfn]

14
@)&& ;fn ebf}df al/i7td\ dfggLo GofofwLz >L bLkss'df/ sfsL{sf] cWoIftfdf k]zL ;"rLnfO{ :jrflnt agfpg] ;DaGwdf /
dfggLo GofofwLz >L xl/s[i0f sfsL{sf] cWoIftfdf Goflos ;'wf/sf ljifodf ;'emfj lbg ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf k|ltlglwx? /x]s]f
;ldlt u7g eO{ sfo{ k|f/De ePsf] 5 .
15
ljjflbt Gofokflnsf / jf/sf ;'emfj, an/fd s]=;L=, cflZjg $, @)&&, ekantipur.com, retrieved Ashoj 5, 2077 yk
hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g{ ;lsG5 M Gofokflnsf / hgcf:yf ljifodf k"j{ GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tLn] cGgk"0f{ b}lgsdf @)&& ;fn
;fpg @) ut] n]Vg' ePsf] n]vn] klg of] ljifonfO{ uDeL/?kdf phfu/ u/]sf] 5 .
16
National Integrity System Assessment Nepal, 2014, Transparency International, page 52
file:///C:/Users/Dell/Desktop/2014_NISNepal_EN.pdf
289
298 Gofokflnsfsf] e|i6frf/M sf/0f / pkrf/

e|i6frf/nfO{ k|f]T;flxt u/]sf] 5 . To;}n]e|i6frf/ sd ug{ dlxnf ;xeflutf a9fOg' k5{ .

g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfdf n}lËstfsf] k|efj Go"g /x]sf] 5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf @) hgf
GofofwLzdf # hgf, pRr cbfntdf !%# hgf GofofwLzdf !& hgf tyf lhNnf cbfntdf
@@( hgf GofofwLzdf * hgf dlxnf /x]sf] Gofo kl/ifb\sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgaf6 b]lvG5 . xfn}
lhNnf GofofwLzdf lgo'lQm ePsf @( hgf dWo] hDdf @ hgf dlxnf /x]sf 5g\ . of] tYofÍn]
dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt cToGt} Go"g /x]sf] b]vfpF5 . ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/] adf]lhdsf]
Gofokflnsfdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . lgj]bs clwjQmf k|sfz g]kfnL
;d]t ePsf] )&%—WO—!))% sf] pTk|]if0f l/6df ;dfj]zL l;2fGtsf cfwf/df dfq
GofofwLz lgo'Qm x'g g;Sg] egL xfn} ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nfn] ;dfj]zL l;2fGtsf]
k|of]unfO{ emg} ;+s'lrt u/]sf] 5 .
ljs]lG›t Gofok|0ffnL e|i6frf/ 36fpg] dfWod x'g ;S5 .;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf e|i6frf/sf]
k|efj sd b]lvg] eP klg g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsf PsfTds ;+/rgfsf] 5 . clwsf/If]qsf]
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ul/P klg k|foM ;a} ljjfb ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf cfOk'Ug] cj:yf 5 . ;dodf
ljjfbsf] lg/fs/0f x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . vf;u/L ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;dodf ljjfbsf] 6'+uf]
nufpg ;s]sf] 5}g . l/6 If]qflwsf/ pRr cbfntnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] eP klg ;jf]{Rr
cbfntsf] rfk sd ePsf] 5}g . :yfgLo txdf Goflos ;ldltsf] Joj:yf /x] klg
k|efjsfl/tf Go"g b]lvG5 . To:t} ljjfb ;dfwfgsf j}slNks dfWodsf] pkof]udf ;d]t sdL
/x]sf] 5 . Goflos If]qdf lqmofzLn hgzlQmsf] kfl/>lds / ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] Go"gtfn] klg
;d:of kf/]sf] 5 . k|f]T;fxg eQfdf klg lgoldttf 5}g . Goflos If]qnfO{ ljutb]lv g}
hg;Dks{df clgoldttf x'g] lgsfosf] ¿kdf klg lrq0f ug]{ ul/Psf] lyof] . To;sf] cko;
cem} afFsL g} 5 . sfo{ ;+:s[lt / dgf]lj1fgsf] ljifon] klg o;df k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . Goflos
:jR5tfsf nflu plrt kfl/>fldssf] Joj:yf u/L of]Uo GofofwLz / sd{rf/L cfslif{t ug]{
tyf l6sfO{ /fVg] lsl;dsf] x'g'k5{ .17
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf cfr/0fsf lgodx¿sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . GofofwLzx¿sf]
cfrf/ ;+lxtf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf] k|ltlqmof lg/Gt/ k|s6 e}/x]sf]
b]lvG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm Goflos If]qsf] ;'wf/sf nflu USAID af6 ;g\ @))( df k|sflzt
Reducing Corruption in Judiciary, Transparency International n] Gofokflnsfsf] e|i6frf/
;DaGwdf k|sflzt Global Corruption Report 2007, UNDP n] ;g\ @)!^ df k|sfzg u/]sf]
Transparent and Accountable Judiciary to Deliver Justice to All nufotsf ljleGg
cWoogx¿n] b]xfo adf]lhdsf ;'emfjx¿ lbPsf 5g\ M
1. GofofwLzsf] /fhgLlts ;DaGw ePdf ;+;bn] dxfleof]u lgikIf / k|efjsf/L 9+un]
lg0f{o x'g g;Sg] b]lvG5 . To;}n] GofofwLzdf nfUg] u/]sf] cf/f]kx¿sf] 5fglag
ug{ /fhgLlts x:tIf]k gx'g] u/L :jtGq Kofgn u7g ug{'k5{ .
2. /fhgLlts ;+/If0fdf lgo'Qm x'g] GofofwLz Pjd\ kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] sf/0f
Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtf, kf/blz{tf, lgi7f Pjd\ pQ/bfloTjdf cj/f]w x'g] x'gfn]

17
hlh{of nufotsf d'n'sx?n] GofofwLzx?sf] tna ;'ljwfdf ;do ;dodf k'g/fjnf]sg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
290
Gofokflnsfsf] e|i6frf/M sf/0f / pkrf/ 299

of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t lgo'lQm k|0ffnLnfO{ k"0f{ sfof{Gjog x'g' kb{5 . GofofwLzx¿sf]

lgo'lQm lgikIf cfof]u jf kl/ifb\af6 ul/g'k5{ tyf kbfjlw lglZrt x'g'k5{ .
3. Gofo;Dkfbgdf l9nfO x'g] lsl;dsf sfo{ljlwsf] cGTo ug{'k5{ . :jrflnt k]zL
;"rL k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag ul/g'k5{ . :jrflnt k]zL ;"rL tflnsfn] Goflos
;bfrf/nfO{ hf]ufpg tyf GofofwLz / cbfntsf clws[tsf] lghL kmfObfsf nflu
x'g] b'¿kof]u /f]Sg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;lj{ofdf jfl0fHo
cbfntx¿nfO{ e|i6frf/sf] ;+/Ifssf] ¿kdf lng] ul/Psf]df ;g\ @))$ df
Automated Case Management System - Selected Judges in random nfu" eP kl5
em08} @$=% k]l08ª d'2fx¿df sdL eof] eg] #*=% ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogdf nfUg]
;dodf sdL eof] . d'2fsf] ;"rL ;DaGwL lgb]{lzt dfkb08 k|sflzt ul/g' kb{5 .
4. GofofwLz tyf cGo Goflos cfb]zx¿sf] ;dLIff ug]{ k|lqmof gx'Fbf GofofwLzx¿sf]
k|zf;lgs dfldnfx¿df cToflws ;+nUgtf x'g ;S5 . Gofokflnsfsf] sfdsf]
;dLIff ug{ / GofofwLzx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] sfo{sf nflu pQ/bfoL agfpg]
lsl;dsf] k|efjsf/L k|0ffnLsf] l8hfOg ug{'kb{5 .
5. Gofokflnsfsf] lgi7fsf] nflu k|wfg GofofwLzsf] Jojxf/ / g]t[Tj dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
:j]R5frf/L / unt lg0f{oaf6 tNnf] cbfntnfO{ hf]ufpg' k5{ . Goflos cfrf/
;+lxtfsf] cjnDag k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ug{' kg]{5 .
6. GofokflnsfnfO{ k|fKt x'g] s'g} klg cfly{s ;xof]u kf/bzL{ x'g' kb{5 tyf
GofofwLzn] k|fKt ug]{ JolQmut nfe :jLs[t dfkb08df cfwfl/t / j}wflgs x'g'
kb{5 .
7. Gofokflnsfdf dlxnf ;xeflutf a9fpg ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zL l;2fGtsf] k|of]udf hf]8 lbg'k5{ . Goflos ;ldlt tyf Gofosf j}slNks
pkfox¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf / ;lqmotfdf hf]8 lbO{ ljs]lG›t Gofok|0ffnLsf] cEof;
h?/L 5 .
8. u}/—e|i6frf/L Goflos k|0ffnLsf] nflu :jtGqtf / lgikIftf, lgi7f, hjfkmb]lxtf /
kf/blz{tf nufotsf rl/qx¿ Jojxf/df sfof{Gjog x'g' kb{5 .
*= Goflos :jtGqtf / lgikIftf (Independency and Impartiality)
d'2fsf] lg0f{onfO{ k|efj kfg]{ ;/sf/ / ;dfhsf cGo lgsfox¿sf] cg'lrt k|efjaf6
Gofokflnsf :jtGq x'g' h?/L 5 . To:t} GofofwLz Goflos kb;f]kfgsf] cg'lrt k|efjaf6
:jtGq x'g'k5{ . GofofwLzsf] kbfjlw, kof{Kt ljQLo ;|f]tsf] ;'lglZrttf, :jzf;g Goflos
:jtGqtf / lgikIftfsf ;fGble{s tTjx¿ x'g\ .
Goflos lgi7f (Integrity)

Gofokflnsf leqsf ;sf/fTds cfTd—5lj, JolQmut OdfGbfl/tf / Jofj;flos g}ltstf

nufot d"No g} e|i6frf/ lj?4 n8\g] cfwf/e"t cf}hf/x¿ x'g\ . ;kmn Goflos OdfGbf/Lsf
k|of;x¿ e|i6frf/ lj?4 dfq geO{ k|lta4 g]t[Tj, GofofwLz / cGo sd{rf/Lx¿sf] of]Uotfdf
cfwfl/t kf/bzL{ 5gf}6 k|0ffnL, :ki6 cfrf/ ;+lxtf / cfjlws g}ltstf ;DaGwL k|lzIf0f,
291
300 Gofokflnsfsf] e|i6frf/M sf/0f / pkrf/

;DklQ / cfosf] 3f]if0ff, cbfntsf] sfo{;Dkfbg / d'2f Joj:yfkgsf] ;"rgf k|jfx,

GofofwLzx¿sf nflu sfo{;Dkfbg dfkb08, ;fj{hlgs u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO ;+oGq, Goflos
;Nnfxsf/ / ;dsIfLsf] bjfj / cg'zf;lgs cfof]unfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' kb{5 .
Goflos hjfkmb]lxtf (Accountable Judiciary)

Gofokflnsf / GofofwLzx¿sf] :jtGqtf hjfkmtfb]xLtfsf] l;2fGtdf cfwfl/t x'g' cfjZos

5 . pQ/bfloTjsf /fhgLlts, ljQLo / sfg"gL cfofd x'G5g\ . Gofokflnsfdf ;|f]tsf]
;d'lrt Joj:yfkg x'g' kb{5 . Gofokflnsfsf] cfGtl/s k|zf;g ;dLIff / k/LIf0fsf] ljifo
x'g' kb{5 . GofofwLz, cbfntsf sd{rf/L / jsLnx¿ cfr/0fsf lgod cGtu{t
cg'zf;gfTds sf/jfxLsf] cwLgdf x'g' k5{ . cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf nflu pQ/bfoL
x'g' k5{ . oBlk cflwsfl/s sfo{x¿sf] nflu pGd'lQm klg cfjZos x'G5 .
Goflos kf/blz{tf (Transparent Judiciary)

kf/bzL{ Goflos k|0ffnLn] e|i6frf/ /f]S5 . Gofo;Dkfbg ;fj{hlgs d"NofÍgsf] ljifo x'g]
x'gfn] Goflos :jtGqtf, cv08tf / hjfkmb]xLtf clej[l4 x'G5 . Gofo;Dkfbg k|lqmof
ckjfbsf] cj:yfdf afx]s v'nf Ohfn;af6 ul/g' kb{5 . k|To]s lg0f{odf cfwf/ / sf/0f
;fj{hlgs ¿kdf k|s6 ePsf] x'g' kb{5 . gful/s ;dfhaf6 Goflos sfo{;Dkfbgsf]
k|efjsf/L cg'udg ul/g' kb{5 . Goflos lgo'lQmsf cfwf/x¿ :ki6 x'g' kb{5 . GofofwLz /
cGo jl/i7 clwsf/Lx¿sf] ;DklQ / cfo clen]vLs/0f ul/g' kb{5 / cfjZostf k/]df
;fj{hlgs ug{ ;lsg] x'g' kb{5 . cbfntsf] sfo{af]em, nfut tyf cbfntsf] pTkfbsTj
;DaGwL hfgsf/Ldf ;fj{hlgs kx'Fr cfjZos kb{5 . kf/blz{tfsf] nflu ;zQm ldl8ofsf]
cfjZostf x'G5 . h;n] Goflos k|0ffnLsf] af/]df hgtfnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg ;sf];\ . p;sf]
kx'Fr klg cfjZos x'g' kb{5 .
(= lgisif{
g]kfndf e|i6frf/ Ps uDeL/ ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . Gofokflnsfsf] e|i6frf/
klg ;fj{hlgs rrf{df dxTjk"0f{ kIfsf] ¿kdf k|:t't x'g] u/]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs
tyf Goflos e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ pQ/bfloTj lhDd]jf/L ;a}df plQs} /x]sf] x'G5 . /fHosf
cGo c+un] Gofo glbPdf Gofofnoaf6 Gofo kfpg] ck]Iff ;j{;fwf/0fdf x'G5 . Gofofno g}
Gofosf nflu clGtd cf>o:yn xf] . Gofokflnsfsf] k|efjsfl/tfn] sfo{kflnsf ;d]t
pQ/bfoL x'g afWo x'g] b]lvG5 . Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtf g} lgikIftf x'g] k|d'v cfwf/ xf] .
;/sf/sf] PSnf] k|of;af6 dfq e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f x'g ;Sb}g . Gofo kl/ifb\ tyf clVtof/
b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf
sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ hgd'vL, ;xeflutfd"ns u/fpg' kg]{ cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . e|i6frf/
lgoGq0fsf] nflu dfly plNnlvt sf/0fx¿ ;d]tsf] cWoog u/L ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
cjnDag ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 . Gofokflnsf ;a}sf] e/f]iffsf] clGtd ynf] ePsf]n] cGoqsf
cg'ejaf6 klg kf7 l;Sb} xfdLn] xfd|f] GofokflnsfnfO{ ljZjfl;nf] ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf :yflkt
ug'{ kb{5 . Gofokflnsf ljZjfl;nf] eof] eg] nf]stGq alnof] x'G5 . nf]stGq alnof] eof] eg]
gful/sx¿sf] :jtGqtf ;'lglZrt x'G5 / zf;g Joj:yfdf ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt ug{ ;lsG5 .

292
Gofokflnsfsf] e|i6frf/M sf/0f / pkrf/ 301

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
1= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, g]kfn sfg"g cfof]u
2= Gofo kl/ifb\ P]g, @)&#, g]kfn sfg"g cfof]u
3= e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)^$, g]kfn sfg"g cfof]u
4= ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f -dgL nfpG8l/ª_ lgjf/0f P]g, @)^$, g]kfn sfg"g cfof]u
5= kG„f}+ of]hgf, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, g]kfn, https://www.npc.gov.np/np/
6= Gofokflnsfsf] rf}yf] k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgf -@)&^.&&–@)*).*!_
http://www.supremecourt.gov.np/web/
7= ljjflbt Gofokflnsf / af/sf ;'emfj, an/fd s]=;L, cflZjg $, @)&&, ekantipur.com,
retrieved Ashoj 5, 2077.
8= ck/fw ;DaGwL a];nfOg ;j]{If0f k|ltj]bg, @)&@, http://www.moljpa.gov.np/wp-
content/uploads/2018/08/Baseline-Survey-Book-Final-3.pdf
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%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4
%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0
%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5/2017_GCB_AsiaPacific_EN.pdf%20IMP%20DATA%20-
%20Copy.pdf
11= International Handbook on the Economics of the Corruption, Edited by Susan Rose
Ackerman,(2006),Edward Elgar Publishing Limited Glensanda House
12= Bangladesh: Justice in Disarray, S.I. Laskar, Global Corruption Report, 2007,Corruption
in Judicial Systems, Transparency International, Cambridge University Press
13= http://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-2764-corruption-in-indian-legal-
system.html
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Report, 2007, Corruption in Judicial Systems, TI
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in Judicial Systems,
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22= Johann Graf Lambsdorff (2006) Causes and consequences of corruption: What do we know from a
cross-section of countries? International Handbook on the Economics of the Corruption, Edited by
Susan Rose Ackerman,

YZ

293
302 Gofokflnsfsf] e|i6frf/M sf/0f / pkrf/
l/6 If]qflwsf/ / g]kfndf l/6 cEof; 303

jif{ #, c° !

l/6 If]qflwsf/ / g]kfndf l/6 cEof;

# Zofdk|;fb bfxfni

!= kl/ro
/fHo ;+rfngsf] k|d'v cfwf/ eg]sf] ;+ljwfg / sfg"g xf] . ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] /fHo
;+rfngsf ljleGg dfkb08x¿ lgwf{/0f u/]sf x'G5g\ . To:tf] dfkb08x¿df cfwfl/t eO{
;+rfng x'g] zf;g sfg"gsf] zf;g xf] . sfg"gsf] zf;gdf lgod;+ut lg0f{ox¿ ul/G5g\ /
;fdfGo ck]IffeGbf aflx/sf] lg0f{o x'Fb}gg\ . o;sf] cy{ sfg"gsf] zf;g :yflkt ePsf]
cj:yfdf ;/sf/L lgsfo jf zf;g Joj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfox¿n] cfˆgf] clwsf/If]qleq
/x]/ dfq lg0f{ox¿ ug]{ ub{5g\ . clwsf/If]q ljkl/t / :j]R5frf/L ¿kdf zf;g ;+rfng ug{
kfOFb}g eGg] sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df ¿kfGt/0f ug{ l/6 If]qflwsf/sf]
cEof; ul/G5 . ;fdfGo cy{df l/6 eGgfn] /fHo jf s'g} sfg"gL clwsf/ k|fKt ;Ifd lgsfo
jf clwsf/LnfO{ s'g} sfd ug{ jf gug{ tyf To:tf lgsfoaf6 u}/sfg"gL ¿kdf ePsf lg0f{o
ab/ ;d]t ug]{ u/L hf/L ul/g] ljz]ifflwsf/o'Qm cfb]z eGg] a'lemG5 . clwsf/sf
b[li6sf]0faf6 l/6 eGgfn] cbfntaf6 k|of]u x'g] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ xf] . ;jf]{Rrtfsf
b[li6sf]0faf6 ljz]ifflwsf/o'Qm pkrf/fTds ;jf]{Rr Goflos cfb]z l/6 xf] . Gofo k|bfg ug]{
b[li6sf]0faf6 k"0f{ Gofosf nflu hf/L ul/g] ;jf]{Rr cfb]z l/6 xf] .1 ;fj{hlgs lg0f{onfO{
lgoGq0f ug{sf] nflu ljsl;t l/6 ;+:s[lt xfn cfP/ ;+;f/el/ g} k|rlnt /x]sf] 5 .
@= l/6 If]qflwsf/sf] ljsf;qmd
l/6sf] ljsf; sdg naf6 ePsf] xf] . t;y{ o;sf] k|of]u ;j{k|yd a]nfotdf ePsf] xf] .
l/6sf] Oltxf;sf] s'/f ubf{ O= ;+= !)^^ af6 ;'? ug{'kg]{ x'G52 . Tof] ;do a]nfotL sfg"gL
Oltxf;sf] nflu ;d]t w]/} g} dxTjk"0f{ ;do /x]sf] lyof] . O= ;+= !)^^ df Norman /fhf
ljlnod -King William_ n] x]l:6+U;sf] o'4df /fhf Xof/f]N8 -King Harold_ dfly ljho k|fKt
u/L a]nfotL l;+xf;g k|fKt u/]sf lyP . ;f] kl5 /fhf ljlnodn] /fHozlQmnfO{ cfˆgf
;dy{sx¿df ljefhg u/L ;fdlGt /fHo Joj:yf -Feudal System_ sf] :yfkgf u/]F . Tolta]nf
l/6n] /fhfsf] OR5fnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ub{Yof] . cyf{t\ s'g} ljifodf /fhfn] s] wf/0ff /fVb5g\ Tof]
g} cfb]z x'g] ub{Yof] / o;nfO{ /fhfsf] ljz]ifflwsf/ -Prerogative Right_ sf] ¿kdf lnOGYof] .

i
;xfos GofoflwjQmf, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, g]kfn .
1
ljZj/fh sf]O/fnf / rG›s'df/ kf]v/]n, g]kfnsf ;/sf/L jsLnx?sf] k|yd /fli6«o ;Dd]ng, @)&#, ;Dd]ng ljz]iffÍ, k[i7, @@( .
2
Lawcrossing.com/article/900014829/writs-importance-History/- cited on 17 august 2020.
294
304 l/6 If]qflwsf/ / g]kfndf l/6 cEof;

/fhfn] To:tf cfb]zx¿ King’s Bench jf Shire Court jf Court of Chancery af6 cfkm}F jf
cfˆgf] k|ltlglw -Sheriff_ dfkm{t hf/L ug]{ ub{y] .
afx|f}F ztflAbsf] dWolt/ /fhf x]g/L låtLo -King Henry II_ sf] ;dodf ;j{;fwf/0f JolQmn]
;d]t Gofosf] ofrgf u/L l/6 xfNg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]kl5 sdg ndf l/6sf] Jofkstf /
dxTj a9\b} uof] . To;kl5sf ;dodf cbfnt k|0ffnLsf] qmlds ljsf; x'Fb} uof] / l/6sf]
k|of]u klg a9\b} uof] . x/]s ljjfbnfO{ l/6n] ;+af]wg ug]{ cj:yf /Xof]3 . t;y{ To;tfsf w]/}
k|sf/sf l/6x¿ k|of]udf lyP . l/6x¿ w]/} x'g] ePsf]n] cbfntsf clwsf/Lx¿n] cfˆgf]
sfo{ef/ sd ug{sf nflu ljjfbsf kIfx¿nfO{ ljutdf k|of]u ePsf ldNbfh'Nbf l/6sf
cfb]zx¿nfO{ dfGg afWo agfP . sdg n k|0ffnLdf glh/sf] k|of]usf] JofkstfnfO{ o;
sfo{n] klg 6]jf k'u]sf] x'g;Sg] cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 .
t]x|f}F ztflAbsf] ;'?jftdf DofUgfsf6f{ -Magna Carta_ hf/L ePkl5 a]nfotL sfg"gL Oltxf;df
gofF cfofd ylkPsf] kfO{G54 . o;n] a]nfotsf] dfq geO{ ljZjs} sfg"gL Oltxf;nfO{
cfw'lgstftkm{ 8f]¥ofPsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . ;dosf] ult tyf dfgj r]tgfsf] ljsf;;Fu}
cbfntsf] Jofks ljsf; eO{ c;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L l/6 hf/L ug]{ k|rng a9\g
yfNof] . ljutdf y'k|} k|sf/sf l/6x¿ k|rngdf /x] klg ;f]x|f}F ztflAbb]lv % -kfFr_ k|sf/sf
l/6 -aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f, k/dfb]z, pTk|]if0f, k|ltif]w / clwsf/k[R5f_ x¿sf] k|rng /x]sf] kfOG5
. l/6sf] cfw'lgs ljsf;sf] qmddf aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f -Habeas Corpus_ sf] l/6n] Jofkstf
kfP;Fu} cGo vfnsf l/6x¿sf] klg Jofkstf a9\g uPsf] xf] .
#= g]kfndf l/6 If]qflwsf/sf] k|of]u
l/6 If]qflwsf/ dfkm{t gful/s clwsf/ tyf k|fs[lts Gofosf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ k|of; ul/G5 .
l/6 If]qflwsf/n] d'n'ssf] k|hftflGqs rl/qnfO{ klg k|ltljlDat u/]sf] x'G5 . o;sf] cy{
k|hftflGqs cEof;df l/6 If]qflwsf/sf] k|of]u cem Jofks dfqfdf ul/g] x'G5 . JolQmut
:jtGqtf ;DaGwL P]g, @))^ n] g]kfndf l/6sf] ;'?jft u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; P]gdf JolQmsf]
u}/sfg"gL y'gf lj?4 glhssf] cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;lsg] k|fjwfg ul/Psf] lyof] . k|wfg
Gofofno P]g, @))* sf] bkmf #) df k|wfg GofofnonfO{ aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f, k/dfb]z,
clwsf/k[R5f / pTk|]if0fsf] l/6 hf/L ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . hgtfnfO{ gful/s
clwsf/ lbg / ;f] sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos sfo{ljlw tof/ ug{5 hf/L ePsf] gful/s
clwsf/ P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf !^ / !& n] gful/ssf] clwsf/ k|rngsf nflu aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f
/ lgif]wf1fsf] l/6 hf/L ug]{ clwsf/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . To:t} ;jf]{Rr
cbfnt P]g, @)!# sf] bkmf !! n] ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q k|bfg u/L kfFr
k|sf/sf l/6 hf/L ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . ;jf]{Rr cbfnt P]g, @)!# sf] bkmf !!
cGtu{t cfb]z kfpF eGg] d'2fdf “;jf]{Rr cbfnt P]g, @)!# sf] bkmf !! df æk|rlnt
sfg"gåf/f k|bQ clwsf/ k|rngsf nflu sfg"gdf c? s'g} pkfosf] Joj:yf gePdf rflxg]
cf1f cfb]z jf k'hL{ aGbL k|ToIfLs/0f -x]ljo; s/k;_, k/dfb]z -DofG8]d;_, clwsf/k[R5f -

3
Frederic William Maitland et. al. A Sketch of English Legal History. G. P. Putnam's Sons. New York. 1915. Page-36.
4
Ibid, page 78.
5
Gfful/s clwsf/ P]g, @)!@, k|:tfjgf .
295
l/6 If]qflwsf/ / g]kfndf l/6 cEof; 305

sf]jf/]G6f]_, k|ltif]w -k|f]lxljzg_ / pTk|]if0f -;/l;of]//L_ sf k|sf/sf k'hL{ hf/L ug]{ ;jf]{Rr
cbfntsf] clVtof/ x'g]Æ6 egL ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]zn] Tolta]nfsf] l/6 ;DaGwL
k|of]unfO{ k|ltljlDat ub{5 .
;+j}wflgs ¿kdf eg] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% n] ;j{k|yd ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{
;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xssf] ¿kdf efu # åf/f k|bQ df}lns xssf] nflu wf/f ( df %
k|sf/sf l/6 hf/L ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof].g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( sf] wf/f &! df “of]
;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yfsf] cwLgdf /xL efu # åf/f k|bQ df}lns xssf] k|rngsf] nflu jf cGo
pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gul/Psf] eP tTsfn k|rlnt cGo sfg"gåf/f k|bQ xssf] k|rngsf nflu
aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f, k/dfb]z, k|ltif]w, clwsf/k[R5f, pTk|]if0f nufot hf] rflxg] cf1f cfb]z jf
k'hL{ hf/L ug]{ clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ x'g]5” eGg] Joj:yf lyof] . ;+j}wflgs ljsf;sf]
qmddf k|hftflGqs ;+ljwfgsf] ¿kdf :yflkt g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @#
n] efu # df k|bQ xssf] k|rngsf] nflu wf/f ** -!_ / -@_ df qmdzM Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg
/ kfFr k|sf/sf l/6 nufot hf] rflxg] cf1f cfb]z hf/L ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] .
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* df ldlt @)^&÷!@÷!% df ePsf] ;+zf]wgn] k'g/fj]bg cbfntnfO{
kfFr k|sf/sf l/6 tyf lgif]wf1f hf/L ug]{ / lhNnf cbfntnfO{ aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f Pj+
lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg
@)^# sf] wf/f #@ n] ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xssf] Joj:yf u/L efu # df Jojl:yt df}lns
xssf] k|rngsf nflu wf/f !)&-!_ / -@_ df Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg / kfFr k|sf/sf l/6 Pj+
pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . xfn g]kfndf k|of]udf /x]sf]
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] efu # df k|bQ xssf] k|rngsf] nflu wf/f $^ df ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf]
xssf] Joj:yf u/L ;f] k|rngsf nflu ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ wf/f !## -!_ df Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sg / -@_ df kfFr k|sf/sf l/6 / cGo pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ k|bfg
u/]sf] 5 eg] wf/f !$$ df pRr cbfntnfO{ df}lns xs k|rngsf nflu kfFr k|sf/sf l/6
Pj+ pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L wf/f !%! df lhNnf
cbfntnfO{ aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f / lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
o;/L ;+j}wflgs ¿kdf pRr cbfnt / lhNnf cbfnt ;d]tnfO{ l/6sf] clwsf/ lbOPsf]
klxnf] k6s xf] eg] o; Joj:yfn] /fHon] gful/s clwsf/nfO{ cToflws dxTj lbPsf] eGg]
;+s]t ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ePsf] l/6sf] o; ljsf;qmdn] l/6 If]qflwsf/nfO{ xfn cfP/
Pp6f kl/kSjtfsf] >[+vnfdf pEofPsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . t/ Jofjxfl/s cEof;n] To; s'/fnfO{
cem dnhn ug{ afFsL /x]sf] s'/f eg] lglZrt 5 .
$= g]kfndf l/6sf] Jofjxfl/s cEof;
;+ljwfg jf sfg"gn] lbPsf] clwsf/ u'd]sf] jf pkof]u ug{ gkfPsf] cj:yfdf ;f] sf/0f hgfO{
tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf clwsf/ k|rngsf] nflu jf ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL pkrf/sf] nflu
If]qflwsf/ /x]sf] cbfntdf btf{ ul/g] lgj]bgnfO{ l/6 lgj]bg elgG5 . t/ j}slNks
pkrf/sf] u'Ghfo; /x'Gh]n l/6 dfkm{t pkrf/ dfUg kfOFb}g . l/6 lgj]bgn] JolQmut /

6
g] sf k @)!^, c+s *, lg=g+= %^ .
296
306 l/6 If]qflwsf/ / g]kfndf l/6 cEof;

gful/s clwsf/sf ljifox¿ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . l/6 lgj]bgdf dfu ul/Psf] ljifonfO{ :ki6
¿kdf v'nfpg' kb{5 .
g]kfndf xfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L eP kZrft\ ltg} txsf cbfntx¿ -lhNnf, pRr / ;jf]{Rr_
nfO{ l/6 If]qflwsf/ lbOPsf] 5 . l/6 If]qflwsf/nfO{ c;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/ klg elgG5 .
ljutsf ;+ljwfg eGbf km/s x'g] u/L ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$$ -@_ df pRr cbfntsf]
clwsf/If]q tyf wf/f !## -#_ df ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] clwsf/If]q k|of]u ug]{ ;Gbe{df
cbfntn] aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f, k/dfb]z, pTk|]if0f, k|ltif]w, clwsf/k[R5f nufot h'g;'s} / cGo
pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 egL clwsf/ k|bfg u/]af6 pRr / ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{
lbOPsf] l/6 If]qflwsf/ cem a[xt\ xf]sL eGg] a'lemG5 .
l/6 If]qflwsf/nfO{ lgb]{z ug]{ sfg"gL b:tfj]hx¿df g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)&#, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)&$, pRr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)&#, lhNnf cbfnt
;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)&%, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt -;+j}wflgs Ohnf; ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)&@
d'Vo /x]sf 5g\ . t;y{ l/6 lgj]bgn] pQm ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gsf] ;f/jfg tyf sfo{ljlwut
b'j} u'0f af]s]sf] x'g' h?/L x'G5 .
l/6 ;DaGwL Jofjxfl/s cEof;df qmddf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$$ n] pRr cbfntnfO{
lbPsf] l/6 If]qflwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ wf/f !## df k|bfg ePsf] clwsf/ h:t} xf] jf
;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/df eP h:t} ;f] If]qflwsf/ dfkm{t ePsf] lg0f{o ;d]tdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg nfUg] jf gnfUg] ;DaGwdf sfg"gL låljwf ePsf] ;Gbe{df ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k"0f{
Ohnf;n] ;'Gb/ sfsL{ lj?4 /fd]Zj/ dfgGw/7 ePsf] d'2fdf u/]sf] cfb]zn] l/6 lgj]bgsf
;DaGwdf pRr cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf] cfb]z pk/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] t/
bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpg] lgj]bg eg] lbg ;Sg] egL k|i6 kf/]sf] / xfnsf] ;dodf To;} adf]lhd
cEof; ul/Fb} cfOPsf] 5 .
$=! l/6 lgj]bgdf dfu ul/g] ljifosf] ;fdfGo ;dLIff
;fdfGotofM l/6 lgj]bgdf dfu ul/g] ljifosf] cfwf/df l/6nfO{ b'O{ efudf juL{s/0f ug{
;lsG5M
-s_ ;fwf/0f l/6 -General Writ_
-v_ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifosf] l/6 -Public Interest Litigation_
s'g} vf; JolQm jf JolQmx¿sf] JolQmut ;/f]sf/df dfq ;Lldt l/6nfO{ ;fwf/0f l/6
elgG5 . To;}u/L ;d'bfosf] ;fd"lxs xs, lxt jf ;/f]sf/;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf] ljifo jf
ljjfb g} ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf] . s'g} klg ljjfb ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb
xf] eGg] :yflkt ug{ lgDg k"j{zt{x¿ /x]sf] 5, tL x'g\M
!= ljjfb ;fj{hlgs k|s[ltsf] x'g'kg]{
@= jf:tljs tyf cy{k"0f{ k|ltlglwTj

7
;'Gb/ sfsL{ lj?4 /fd]Zj/ dfgGw/, d'2fM cGt/sfnLg cfb]z vf/]h u/L kfpF -)&#-FN-)#$^_, k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] cfb]z
ldlt @)&#.!!.% .
297
l/6 If]qflwsf/ / g]kfndf l/6 cEof; 307

#= ljjfb / lgj]bssf aLr ;fy{s ;DaGw x'g' kg]{

$= ljjfbdf ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf] x'g'kg]{
%= ljjfb Goflos lg¿k0fof]Uo x'g'kg]{
^= ljjfb /fhgLlts k|s[ltsf] x'g gx'g] . 8
æ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb eGgfn] s'g} vf; JolQm jf JolQmx¿sf] JolQmut xs jf
;/f]sf/df dfq ;Lldt ePsf] ljjfb geP/ g]kfn /fHosf] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf jf s'g}
hg;d'bfosf] ;fd"lxs xs jf ;/f]sf/;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf] ljjfbsf] jf]w x'G5, s'g} ljjfb
;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o Tof] ljjfb ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf]
jf s'g} hg;d'bfosf] ;fd"lxs xs jf ;/f]sf/;Fu ;DalGwt 5 jf s'g} vf; JolQm jf
JolQmx¿sf] xs jf ;/f]sf/;Fu 5 eGg] cfwf/df ug{'kg]{.”9 egL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]
ljifonfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 JofVof ePsf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L clwjQmf d'/nLk|;fb zdf{ lj?4
pBf]u dGqfno ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf “;fdflhs Gofosf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ;/sf/n] u/]sf] lg0f{on]
s'g} ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts / z}lIfs b[i6sf]0fn] lk5l8Psf] ju{, ;d'bfo jf If]qsf k|lt
Gofo x'g ;s]sf] 5}g jf /fli6«o ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ljt/0fdf To:tf ju{sf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt x'g
;s]sf] 5}g eg] To;/L lk5l8Psf ju{ ;d'bfo jf If]qsf JolQmsf] cbfnt jf /fHosf
;+oGqx¿df lk5l8Psf] jf r]tgf:t/ sd ePsf] sf/0f ;xh kx'Fr 5}g eg] ;f]xL sf/0fn]
dfq ;fdflhs Gofoaf6 jl~rt x'g gk/f];\ eGg] p2]Zon] To:tf JolQmx¿sf] tkm{af6 cGo
JolQmx¿n] ;d]t Goflos pkrf/ dfu ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo x'g]=”10
egL ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf
xsb}ofsf ;DaGwdf l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 . ef/tLo ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;fj{hlgs
;/f]sf/sf] ljifonfO{ o;k|sf/ JofVof u/]sf] 5M
“PIL means a legal action initiated in a Court of Law for the enforcement of public interest
or general interest in which the public or a class of the community have pecuniary interest
or some interest by which their legal rights or liabilities are affected=”11

g]kfnsf] jt{dfg Goflos cEof;df l/6 lgj]bgsf] nf]slk|otf pRr b]lvPsf] 5 . vf;u/L
JolQmut ljifodf sfg"gL pkrf/ vf]Hg g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;s[otf a9]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf ;fy}
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ljifodf ;d]t dflg;x¿ ;r]t / hfu?s ePsf] kfpg ;lsG5 . xfn
g]kfndf ePsf sltko gful/s xs clwsf/sf ljifox¿ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ljifosf] l/6
dfkm{t dfu u/]/ :yflkt klg u/fPsf] kfOG5 . l/6 If]qflwsf/sf] ;sf/fTds k|of]un]
;fj{hlgs lgsfo tyf clwsf/Lx¿n] ug]{ unt / u}/Goflos lg0f{ox¿df klg ;'wf/ ug{ cfd
hgtfnfO{ ;xh ePsf] 5 . l/6 lgj]bgsf] k|of]usf] cj:yfnfO{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{noaf6 ePsf] k|lt/Iff ;DaGwL tnsf] tflnsfn] klg bzf{pF5 .

8
;/sf/L jsLn lbUbz{g kl/dflh{t t]>f] ;+:s/0f, @)&$, k[i7 #$( .
9
/fw]Zofd clwsf/L lj?4 dGqLkl/ifb ;lrjfno ;d]t, g] sf k @)$*, c+s !@, lg=g++= $$#) .
10
Gf] sf k @)^*, c+s (, lg= g+= *^*) .
11
Janata Dal vs H.S. Chowdhary and Ors., AIR 1993 SC 892.
298
308 l/6 If]qflwsf/ / g]kfndf l/6 cEof;

cf=j= dfxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no pRr ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn
sfof{no
)^(÷)&) $)&( #!*$ %!%
)&) ÷)&! $@)# #%#% %((
)&! ÷)&@ $%!# #$!! &$!
)&@ ÷)&# $&@@ @((# ^%!
)&#÷)&$ %)$% $!%$ &(&
)&$÷)&% $(!^ $%!^ *!)
)&%÷)&^ %@&( $)!& ($&
;|f]tM dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgx¿
l/6 If]qflwsf/sf] k|of]usf] dfqf a9];Fu} o;sf sfo{ljlwut If]qdf kl/kSjtf cfpg'kg]{df ;f]
eg] ePsf] b]lvFb}g . l/6 If]qflwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ vf;u/L sfg"g Joj;foLx¿ nf]slk|otfsf
nflu ljifosf] ulDe/tfnfO{ Vofn} gu/L PIL df cfpg] Pp6f k|j[lQ b]lvG5 . To:t} Pp6}
ljifodf k6s k6s l/6 kg{'n] klg l/6 If]qflwsf/sf] plrt k|of]udf s]xL ckl/kSjtf /x]sf]
eg]/ a'‰g ;lsG5 . sd{rf/Lx¿ nufotsf ;fj{hlgs kbdf /x]sf JolQmx¿ ;d]t
cfr/0fut, sfg"gL tyf k|0ffnLut sf/afxLx¿af6 pDsg jf k|s[ofnfO{ k5fl8 ws]Ng l/6sf]
b'¿kof]udf nfu]sf] kfOG5 -dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{non] u/]sf] Ps cWoogdf sd{rf/L
;DaGwL l/6sf] #$ k|ltzt dfq hf/L x'g] u/]sf] tYofÍn] klg o; s'/fnfO{ k'li6 u5{_.
To;}u/L s'g} JolQmsf] JolQmut kmfObfsf nflu sfg"gL k|s[of nDAofpg ;d]t l/6sf] ;xfotf
lnPsf] klg b]lvG5 .
sltko cj:yfdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 x'g] lg0f{osf] Ps¿ktfsf] cefjn] klg l/6sf] k|of]u
a9]sf] 5 . /fdb]j d'lvof lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ ePsf] aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f d'2fdf “h]i7 gful/s
;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !@ sf] Joj:yf lg/k]If xssf] ¿kdf geO{ ;DalGwt lgsfosf]
:jljj]ssf] ljifo b]lvFbf lhNnf cbfntaf6 s}b 5'6 glbg] u/L ePsf] cfb]z u}/sfg"gL eGg
ldn]g . t;y{ lgj]bssf] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL xsdf u}/sfg"gL x:tIf]k u/L y'gfdf /fv]sf]
eGg ;lsg] dgfl;j cfwf/ gb]lvFbf lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{
gldNg]”12 tyf ;dfg ljifoj:t' /x]sf] g/Wjh u'?Ë lj?4 pRr cbfnt kf]v/f ;d]t ePsf]
aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] lgj]bgdf “Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;'ljwfnfO{ ;+s'lrt
cy{df u|x0f u/L ;'ljwf lbgaf6 jl~rt ug{' dgfl;a x'Fb}g . Ho]i7 gful/s ;DaGwL P]g,
@)^# sf] bkmf !@ tyf sf/fuf/ lgodfjnL, @)@) sf] lgod @(-@s_ n] u/]sf] Joj:yf
cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ OGsf/ ug{'kg]{ s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/ tyf dgfl;a sf/0f b]lvg
gcfpg]”13 egL ePsf] km};nf h:tfsf sf/0fn] klg s'g} ljifodf cbfntsf] wf/0ff s] /x]5
a'lemxfnf}F g eGg] x]t'n] ;d]t l/6 lgj]bg lnO{ cbfnt cfPsf] b]lvG5 . To:t} l/6 lgj]bgdf
cfjZos kg]{ eGbf w]/} ljkIfLx¿ -h;sf] pQm lg0f{o jf sfo{df s'g} ;+nUgtf g} 5}g_ agfpg]
uf]Zjf/f z}nLsf] klg ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . oBlk “;/f]sf/ gePsf] c;DalGwt jf c;/

12
Gf] sf k @)&#, c+s #, lg= g+= (%%% .
13
Gf] sf k @)&$, c+s $, lg= g+= (((* .
299
l/6 If]qflwsf/ / g]kfndf l/6 cEof; 309

gkg]{ kIfnfO{ cbfnt;Dd af]nfpg' emGem6 jf b'Mv lbg' xf] . To;}n] o:tf] cj:yf gk/f];
eGgsf vflt/ cbfntn] o:tf ljjfb;Fu ;DaGw g/x]sf c;DalGwt jf lg0f{oaf6 c;/ gkg]{
JolQmnfO{ ljkIfL agfPsf] eP klg cj:yf x]/L cbfntn] lnlvt hjfkm gdufpg klg
;Sg]Æ14 egL ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ghL/ k|ltkfbg ePtfklg o;n] Jojxf/df
tflTjs cGt/ kf/]sf] b]lvFb}g .
Goflos k|s[ofsf] cgfjZos k|of]un] Gofofno nufot cGo ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] ;d]t ;do
Joy{df vr{ eO{ /x]sf] / ;/sf/L ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] cgfjZos vr{ a9fPsf] 5 . o:t} unt
cEof;nfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;do ;dodf cfˆgf] km};nfåf/f ;r]t u/fPsf]
;d]t kfpg ;lsG5 . To:tf s]xL k|ltlglwd"ns km};nfx¿ pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf]
5.
…dGqLsf] cgflws[t egfOsf] cfwf/df cg'dfg u/L lgj]bsn] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf]
¿kdf k|:t't ug{ vf]h]sf] of] ljjfbsf] ljifo ;xL cy{df ;+ljwfg cGtu{t o; cbfntaf6
lg¿k0f x'g ;Sg] ljifo g} b]lvGg . To; ;DaGwdf o; cbfntn] s'g} hfFra'em ug{
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #% sf] pkwf/f -^_ n] lgif]w u/]sf]n] /fhb"tsf] lgo'lQmsf] ;Gbe{df
ckgfOPsf] ;+j}wflgs k|s[ofsf] oyfy{tf olsg ug]{ / s'g} lglZrt lgisif{df k'Ug ;Sg] l:ylt
g} 5}gÚ15 egL ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cfˆgf] km};nfdf af]n]af6 l/6 lgj]bsn] s'g} lnlvt
lg0f{onfO{ r'gf}tL glbO{ df}lvs ;"rgfsf cfwf/df l/6 lgj]bg btf{ u/]sf] a'‰g ;lsG5 .
…ljBdfg s'g} tYosf] JofVofdf ljjfb ug{' / s'g} tYo oyfy{df 3l6t ePsf] xf] jf xf]Og eGg'
Pp6} s'/f] xf]Og . ljBdfg tYox¿df c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t cfb]z hf/L ug]{;Ddsf
cfwf/x¿ ljBdfg 5g\ jf 5}gg\ egL x]g{' cbfntsf] nflu ;w}F ;fGble{s x'G5g\ eg] s'g} s'/f
eP u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] h:tf ljjfb ;j'b a'emL lg0f{o ug{'kg]{ eof] eg] ;f] s'/f l/6
If]qaf6 x]g{ gldNg]Ú16 egL ePsf] JofVofaf6 s] a'lemG5 eg] o;df l/6 lgj]bsn] cf}krfl/s
¿kdf :yflkt g} gePsf] ljifonfO{ ljjfbsf] ¿kdf k|:t't u/L l/6df cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
…xs g} :yflkt gePsf] JolQmn] lgj]bg lbFb}df km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] sfo{ /f]Sg' sfg"g ;Ddt
x'g g;Sg]Ú17 o;df xsb}of lagf g} lgj]bsn] lgj]bg lbPsf] b]lvG5 . o;}u/L g]kfn cfon
lgudn] s'g} Ps cfly{s jif{df u/]sf] gfkmfsf] cfwf/df sd{rf/Lx¿n] af]g; k|fKt ug{ kfpg'
kg]{ lhsL/sf ;DaGwdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] …ha ;+:yfn] ;l~rt gf]S;fgL k"lt{ u/L ltg{'
a'emfpg'kg]{ bfloTjaf6 d'Qm /xL d'gfkmf u5{ eg] To:tf] d'gfkmfdf af]g; P]g adf]lhdsf]
k|fawfg :jfeljs ¿kdf :jtM nfu" x'g] xf] . P]g sfg"gsf] efjgf / dd{ ljkl/t af]g;
ljt/0f ug{' sfg"gL zf;gsf] d"No dfGotf ljkl/t x'g hfG5 . af]g; ljt/0f ;DaGwdf
tT;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿sf] ;du| kIfnfO{ ljrf/ gu/L ljwflosL dg;fonfO{ c;+ut

14
clwjQmf afns[i0f g]pkfg] lj?4 /fi6«klt 8f= /fdj/0f ofbj ;d]t, g] sf k @)^^, c+s $, lg=g+= *!!& .
15
/fw]Zofd clwsf/L lj?4 dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]t, g] sf k @)$*, c+s !@, lg= g+= $$#) .
16
s[i0fk|;fb cfrfo{ ;d]t lj?4 s[lif ljsf; a}+s s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]t, g] sf k @)^$, c+s $, lg= g+= &*#% .
17
>Ldfof ;'Aaf lnDa' lj?4 g]q a lnDa' ;d]t, g] sf k @)&^, c+s ^, lg= g+= !)#$* .
300
310 l/6 If]qflwsf/ / g]kfndf l/6 cEof;

tj/af6 ul/g] JofVof sfg"g;Ddt x'g g;Sg]Ú18 eGg] ;Gbe{df lgj]bs sd{rf/Lx¿n]
sfg"gnfO{ cfkm' cg's"n JofVof x'g'kg]{ dfu lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
To;}u/L …km/s km/s s;"/df km/s km/s cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] cg';Gwfg ug]{ cjlw;d]t
km/s km/s tf]lsPsf] ljifodf Pp6} cleof]ukqaf6 Ps} k6s cleof]hg x'g'kg]{ eGg] ts{
pko'Qm b]lvg gcfpg]Ú19 km/s km/s s;"/sf] ;DaGwdf sfg"gL ¿kdf kqmfp ul/Psf]
cj:yfdf aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] lgj]bg vf/]h ug]{ qmddf ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf]
cfb]zn] ;d]t aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] lgj]bgdf cfpg] k|j[lQnfO{ k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
l/6 If]qflwsf/n] gful/ssf] Gofo ;DaGwL xsnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg] tyf k|fs[lts Gofosf]
l;4fGt, ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt nufotsf ljifodf s]lG›t eO{ ;fj{hlgs lg0f{ox¿ x'g'kg]{
s'/fnfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpF5 . cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u u/L Pj+ ug{
nufO{ tyf l/6 If]qflwsf/sf] k|of]udf b]lvPsf] ljs[ltnfO{ Go'gLs/0f ub}{ Gofo lg¿k0f ug{'
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] klg bfloTj xf] . To;} p2]Zosf ;fy ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 b]xfo adf]lhdsf
glh/x¿ k|ltkfbg ;d]t ePsf 5g\M
…;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q u|x0f ug{ lgDg zt{ k"/f ePsf] b]lvg' k5{20M
-s_ ljjfbsf] ljifo j:t' /fHo jf To;sf] s'g} c+u, lgsfo jf clwsf/Lsf]
s[ofsnfkaf6 p7fg ePsf] jf To:tf] clwsf/Lsf] ;f] s[ofsnfkdf ;+nUgtf
ePsf] b]lvg'k5{ .
-v_ ljjfb /fHo jf To;sf] s'g} c+u jf lgsfo jf clwsf/LnfO{ d'Vo ljkIfL agfO{
lgh lj?4 bfo/ ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
-u_ ljjfbsf] ljifo ;fj{hlgs lxt jf ;/f]sf/sf] x'g'k5{ .
-3_ ljjfbdf ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zg ljBdfg eP /x]sf] x'g'k5{ .
-ª_ ljjfbsf] lg¿k0f s]jn k|fl1s k|Zg;Dddf dfq ;Lldt g/x]/ jf:tljs ¿kdf
xs lxtsf] l5gf]kmfgf] ug]{ x'g'k5{’
…;jf]{Rr cbfntn] b]xfosf cj:yfdf cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{tsf] cfb]z
hf/L ug{ ;Sg]M21
-s_ Breach of the principles of Natural Justice
-v_ Excess of powers or substantial ultra vires
-u_ Errors of procedures or procedural ultra vires
-3_ Error of law
-ª_ Failure of perform a duty

18
rGb|k|;fb lg/f}nf ;d]t lj?4 d k sf ;d]t, g] sf k @)&%, c+s #, lg= g+= ((&% .
19
/d]z bfxfnsf] xsdf lty{/fh bfxfn, g] sf k @)&^, c+s *, lg= g+= !)#@* .
20
pkef]Stf lxt ;+/If0f d~r g]kfn ;d]t lj?4 xf]6n ;+3 g]kfn ;d]t, g] sf k @)^$, lg= g+= &*&@ .
21
lb km'naf/L ln= lj?4 g]kfn /fi6« a}+s ;+rfns ;ldlt ;d]t, g] sf k @)^$, lg= g+= &*&@ .
301
l/6 If]qflwsf/ / g]kfndf l/6 cEof; 311

-r_ Bad faith or abuse of power in the sense of using a power in a meaning other
than that contemplated in the enabling statue.’

o;/L x]bf{ pknAw sfg"gL Joj:yf tyf cbfntL cEof;n] l/6 If]qflwsf/sf] cEof;sf] nflu
kof{Kt ;}4flGts tyf Jofjxfl/s cfwf/x¿ k|bfg u/]sf] kfOG5 .
$=@ l/6 cEof;df lnlvt hjfkm, k|lt/Iff / ;fj{hlgs -;/sf/L_ lgsfosf] e"ldsf
lnlvt hjfkm
l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ eO{ k|f/lDes r/0fsf] ;'g'jfO{ kZrft cbfntnfO{ plrt nfu]df ljkIfLsf
gfddf lgj]bgdf dfu u/] adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ gkg]{ eP sf/0f ;lxt lnlvt ¿kdf
cbfntdf k]z ug{' egL sf/0f b]vfp -Show Cause_ cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sb5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf ;DalGwt JolQm jf lgsfon] /Ltk"j{ssf] lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .
lgj]bgkqsf] Joxf]/faf6 cbfntsf] ljrf/df k|ToyL{n] u/] la/fP h:tf] -Prima Facie Case_
b]lvg cfPdf tf]lsPsf] tf/]vsf] lbg lgj]bgkqdf dfu ul/P adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'
gkg]{ s'g} sf/0f eP ;f] sf/0f b]vfpg lnlvt hjfkm lnO{ cfkm}F jf cfˆgf] k|ltlglw jf sfg"g
Joj;foLåf/f pkl:yt x'g' egL k|ToyL{sf] gfddf cfb]z hf/L ug{'k5{ .22
lnlvt hjfkmsf] 9fFrfsf] ;DaGwdf lhNnf cbfnt ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)&% tyf pRr
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)&# sf] lgod $* df pNn]v eP adf]lhd ug{'k5{ . ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf
s'g} 9fFrf gtf]lsP klg pRr cbfnt lgodfjnLn] tf]s]sf] 9fFrfdf g} ;jf]{Rr cbfntddf
lnlvt hjfkm k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . lnlvt hjfkm sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/]sf] Dofb leq g}
;DalGwt sfg"g Joj;foL dfkm{t cbfntdf k]z ug{' kb{5 . ;/sf/L lgsfon] lnlvt hjfkm
k]z ubf{ ;DalGwt ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no dfkm{t ug{'k5{ -cfkm}F lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug{
;lsg] cj:yfdf ;d]t_ . h;sf sf/0f lnlvt hjfkm k]z ePsf] ;DaGwdf ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{
hfgsf/L ;d]t x'g] ub{5 / o:tf] x'g' dxTjk"0f{ klg 5 lsgeg] ;/sf/L jsLn g} ;/sf/L
sfof{nox¿sf] sfg"g;Ddt k|ltlglw x'g\ / pQm sfof{nox¿sf] tkm{af6 k|lt/Iff ug{'
pgLx¿sf] st{Jo xf] .
lnlvt hjfkm ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] cfkm'n] u/]sf] lg0f{osf] j}wflgstf jf cflwsfl/stf k'li6
ug]{ cfwf/ klg xf] . t;y{ lnlvt hjfkm tof/ ubf{ lg0f{osf] sfg"gL cfwf/x¿ ;fjwflgk"j{s
pNn]v u/L eP;Ddsf k|df0fx¿ ;dfj]z u/L tof/ ug{'k5{ . ;Dej eP;Dd lnlvt hjfkm
tof/ ubf{ g} ;DalGwt ;/sf/L jsLn;Fu ;xsfo{ tyf ;dGjo ubf{ plrt x'G5 . lnlvt
hjfkm tof/ eO{ btf{ u/L ;s]kl5 lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v ul/Psf sfuh k|df0fx¿ Psk|lt
;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ ;d]t lbg'k5{ . o;n] l/6sf] k|lt/Iffsf qmddf ;xof]u k'Ug hfG5 /
k|efjsf/L k|lt/Iff x'g ;S5 .
k|lt/Iff
d'2fsf] kIfsf tkm{af6 d'2f x]g]{ cflwsfl/s lgsfodf pkl:yt eO{ kIfsf] ljifo jf lg0f{o jf
xs lxtsf] /Iffsf nflu ul/g] ax; k}/jL g} k|lt/Iff xf] . k|lt/Iff eg]sf] d'2fsf kIfnfO{

22
pRr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)&# sf] lgod $! -@_ .
302
312 l/6 If]qflwsf/ / g]kfndf l/6 cEof;

ljkIfLsf lhls/ / ts{af6 /Iff ug{ ul/g] j}rfl/s jfbljjfb xf] . l/6 lgj]bgsf ;Gbe{df eg]
lgj]bsn] lnPsf] lhls/ jf bfjLsf ljkIfdf cfˆgf] jf cfˆgf] kIfsf] /Iff ug{' k|lt/Iff xf] .
;/sf/L lgsfosf] sfg"g adf]lhdsf] k|ltlglw ;/sf/L jsLn x'g\ . o;sf] cy{ ;/sf/L kIfsf]
k|lt/Iff ;/sf/L jsLnn] ub{5 / of] pgLx¿sf] k|d'v sfo{ klg xf] . ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ g} kIf
ljkIf ePsf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/L jsLnn] s:fsf] kIfaf6 k|ltlglwTj ug]{ eGg] cxd\ ;jfn
p7\g] ub{5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf h'g ;/sf/L lgsfon] k|lt/Iff ul/lbg cg'/f]w u/L n]lv k7fpF5
;f]xL lgsfosf] kIfaf6 ug{'kb{5 . b'j} lgsfoaf6 k|lt/Iffsf nflu cg'/f]w eO{ cfPdf ;/sf/L
jsLnn] ;fj{hlgs lxt / Gofosf] kIfdf s]lG›t /xL cfˆgf] ax; lhls/ k|:t't ug{' kb{5 .23
cGtl/d cfb]zsf] 5nkmn
l/6 lgj]bg k/]kl5 o;sf] clGtd 6'+uf] gnfUb} l/6 lgj]bg;Fu ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'sf ;DaGwdf
s'g} sfd ug{ jf gug{ hf/L ul/g] cfb]znfO{ cGtl/d cfb]z elgG5 .24 vf;df l/6 lgj]bgdf
x'g] lg0f{osf] sfof{GjognfO{ ;xh t'Nofpg cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/G5 cyjf ljjflbt
ljifosf] :j¿k kl/jt{g gxf];\ tyf pQm ljifosf] lg/Gt/ sf/afxLsf sf/0f yk Iflt gk'uf];
eGgsf nflu cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/G5 . cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug]{ ;DaGwdf ePsf sfg"gL
Joj:yf cGtu{t ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)&$ sf] lgod $!-!_, pRr cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)&# sf] lgod $@-!_ tyf lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)&# sf] lgod !* ` -
!_25 kb{5g\ . cbfntn] cfjZos b]v]df vf; cjlw tf]sL cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug{ jf ;f]
cGtl/d cfb]znfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'kg]{ jf gkg]{ ;DaGwdf 5nkmnsf nflu csf]{ kIf lemsfpg
;Sb5 .26 o;/L 5nkmnsf nflu kIf lemsfpg] cfb]z ePsf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/L kIf tof/Lsf
;fy cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ k|lt/Iff ug{'kb{5 . o; sfo{df ;/sf/L jsLn dfq geO{
ljjflbt lg0f{osf lg0f{ostf{ -jf lghn] tf]s]sf] JolQm_ sf] ;d]t pkl:ylt u/fpg ;lsPdf
k|lt/Iff k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb5 . l/6 lgj]bgsf] k|lt/Iffsf] qmddf cGtl/d cfb]zsf] 5nkmnsf]
dxTj cToGt dxTjk"0f{ 5 . o; 5nkmnsf qmddf ePsf] k|ltlglwTj / k|lt/Iff tyf
tTkZrft cbfntaf6 x'g] cfb]zn] l/6 lgj]bg hf/L x'g] jf vf/]h x'g] ;DaGwdf Pp6f wf/
u|x0f ug]{ ;Defjgf /xG5 . t;y{ lg0f{ostf{n] o:tf] 5nkmndf pkl:ylt hgfP/ cfkm'n]
u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ lnOPsf] bfjL / ;'g'jfO{df ;fIffTsf/ x'Fbf lg0f{odf u/]sf] ulNtsf] kl/0ffd
yfxf x'g] tyf ;/sf/L lg0f{o z}nLdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf nflu 6]jf k'Ug] cj:yf cfpg
;S5 .
s'g} ;/sf/L lg0f{o j}w jf :yflkt x'g] jf vf/]h x'g] eGg] lg0f{o o;sf] k|lt/Iff s;/L x'G5
eGg] s'/fdf klg e/ k5{ . o;/L x]bf{ l/6 lgj]bgdf k|lt/Iffsf] Hofb} 7'nf] dxTj x'G5 .
;/sf/L kIfsf] k|efjsf/L k|ltlglwTj ;/sf/L jsLnsf] bfloTj xf] . o;sf nflu ;/sf/L
jsLn Jofj;flos ¿kdf bIf x'g' h?/L x'G5 . ;/sf/L jsLnsf] bIftf PSn}n] klg sltko
cj:yfdf gk'Ug] x'G5 . ;DalGwt lgsfon] cfjZos sfuh k|df0f pknAw gu/fpg], ;/sf/L
23
k"j{kfb !, k[i7 @#! .
24
k"j{kfb !, k[i7 #@( .
25
o; kl/R5]b cGtu{t u/]sf] s'g} lgj]bgkqsf ;DaGwdf cbfntn] plrt / cfjZos b]v]df lgj]bgkqsf] 6'+uf] gnfu];Ddsf]
cjlwsf] nflu cfjZos / pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 .
26
;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)&$ sf] lgod $!-!_ -!_, pRr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)&# sf] lgod $@-!_ tyf lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)&# sf] lgod !* ` -!_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+z .
303
l/6 If]qflwsf/ / g]kfndf l/6 cEof; 313

jsLnsf] tkm{af6 dfu ePsf ljifoj:t'df pbfl;gtf b]vfpg], cfjZos dfqfdf ;dGjo
gug]{, lnlvt hjfkm k7fO{ lbPkl5 cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L ;lsof] h:tf] ug]{ k|j[lQ ;/sf/L
lgsfox¿df /x]sf] x'G5 . oBlk cfˆgf lglxt :jfy{ hf]l8Psf ljifodf eg] kof{Kt rf;f] lng]
u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;n] ubf{ ;/sf/L k|lt/Iffsf qmddf w]/} cK7]/f] kl/l:ylt l;h{gf x'g] u/]sf]
5.
l/6df ;/sf/L kIfsf] alnof] k|lt/Iff u/L ;fj{hlgs lg0f{osf] arfp ug{' eg]sf] ;/sf/sf]
arfp ug{' xf], ljlw :yflkt ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' xf] . ljlw :yflkt u/fpg e"ldsf v]Ng'
;Dk"0f{ ;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf] kl/eflift bfloTj ;d]t xf] . ;/sf/L kIfsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{
lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/L jsLnsf] xf] egL cGo lgsfon] cfˆgf] cfˆgf] :t/sf] ;s[otf gb]vfpg] xf]
eg] ;/sf/L kIfsf] k|lt/Iff k|efjsf/L gx'g] dfq xf]Og ljlwsf] zf;g :yflkt ug]{ ofqfdf
cj/f]wx¿ l;h{gf x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf ;d]t /xG5 . o;n] ;fj{hlgs lg0f{o k|s[ofnfO{ ;'wf/
gug]{ a? ;fj{hlgs lg0f{onfO{ r'gf}tL ykug]{ cj:yf a9fpF5 .
l/6 If]qflwsf/df ;fj{hlgs -;/sf/L_ sfof{no/ lgsfosf] e"ldsf
l/6 cEof;sf] s]G› efudf ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs lgsfo g} /x]sf x'G5g\ . ;}4flGts ¿kdf g}
unt ;fj{hlgs lg0f{osf sf/0f cfd;fwf/0fsf] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL xsdf afwf kg{ uPdf
l/6 If]qflwsf/sf] k|of]u dfkm{t sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg] dfWod l/6nfO{ agfOPsf]
5 . To;sf/0f s'g} ljifodf ePsf] ljjfb l/6 If]qflwsf/ cGtu{t kg]{ jf gkg]{ eGg] s'/f
;fj{hlgs lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{o jf sfo{df lge{/ x'G5 . l/6 cEof;sf] qmddf
;fj{hlgs lgsfo jf clwsf/Lsf] ;+nUgtf lgDg cg';f/ x'g] b]lvG5M
-s_ k|ydtM cfˆgf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L lg0f{o tyf s'g} sfo{ ubf{ sfg"g / ljlw;Ddt
tl/sfn] ug]{ ubf{ lg0f{oaf6 c;/ k'Ug] JolQm jf ;d'bfon] sfg"gL ¿kdf r'gf}tL
lbg g;Sg] / l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{ l:ylt g} k}bf x'Fb}g .
-v_ olb s'g} ljifodf l/6 kl/xfn]df ;f] ;DaGwL hfgsf/L ;DalGwt cbfntaf6 Dofb
;lxt k|fKt u/] kl5 cfˆgf] tkm{af6 k|:t't x'g] lnlvt hjfkm tof/ u/L sfg"gn]
tf]s]sf] Dofb leq cfjZos sfuh k|df0f ;lxt k]z ug]{ .
-u_ ;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] lnlvt hjfkm tof/ ubf{ l/6 lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf k|Zgx¿nfO{
sfg"g, l;4fGt Pj+ cEof;sf cfwf/df k|i6 ¿kdf hjfkmdf pNn]v ug]{ .
-3_ Ps eGbf a9L ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿ ljkIfL ePsf l/6 lgj]bgdf lnlvt hjfkm
tof/ ubf{ ljkIfL agfOPsf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] ;dGjo u/L ;dfg wf/0ff x'g] u/L
hjfkmdf Ps¿ktf sfod x'g] Joj:yf ug{'kg]{ .
-ª_ lnlvt hjfkm btf{ ul/;s]kl5 k|lt/Iffsf nflu cfˆgf] sfg"g Joj;foL -;/sf/L
jsLn_ ;Fu lg/Gt/ ;Dks{df /xg], cfjZos k|aGw ldnfpg] / cbfntdf k]zL
/x]sf] lbg pkl:yt eO{ cfˆgf] kIf / ljkIfsf ;d]t s'/f ;'gL To;sf cfwf/df
cGo tof/L / ;dGjo ug]{ .

304
314 l/6 If]qflwsf/ / g]kfndf l/6 cEof;

-r_ l/6 hf/L eO{ km};nf ePsf] kl/k|]Iodf pQm km};nf ljlwjt k|fKt ug]{ / ;f]df
pNn]v eP jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z oyflz3| sfof{Gjog ug]{ tyf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu
;dGjo ug]{ . of] Pp6f ;+:yfut pQ/bfloTj / ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]lxtf;Fu
;DalGwt ljifo klg xf] .
5_ s'g} lg0f{o lj?4df cfb]z hf/L ePdf eljiodf To:tf lsl;dsf sdhf]/L ;lxtsf]
lg0f{o tyf sfo{ gug]{ gu/fpg] .
;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt glh/n] sfg"g ;/xsf] dfGotf k|fKt ug{'kb{5 eGg] l;4fGt xfd|f]
h:tf] sfg"gL k|0ffnL cjnDag ug]{ d'n'sn] kfngf ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . t/ sltko cj:yfdf
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cfb]z sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sbf k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt tyf ljlwsf]
zf;gsf] pkxf; ePsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu gful/stf ;DaGwL ljifonfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
;ljgf bdfO{ lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ ePsf] d'2fdf …tf]lsPsf] clwsf/Ln] ;+ljwfg, sfg"g / dfgj
clwsf/ ;DaGwL covenantion ga'em]/ jf sfg"gsf] unt ts{ / cy{ u/]/ s'g} gful/s
gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq kfpgaf6 jl~rt x'g ;Sb}g . gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|fKt ug{
sl7gfO{ -Hardship_ sf] ;fdgf ug{ kg]{ s'/f :jLsfo{ gx'g] . afa' jf cfdfdWo] s'g} Ps dfq
g]kfnsf] gful/s eP klg To:tf] JolQmn] g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt ug{;Sg]’27 egL glh/
:yflkt ePsf] tyf ;f] ;DaGwdf :ki6 ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] ePtf klg pSt
Joj:yf ;d]tnfO{ kfngf gug{] ;/sf/L lgsfosf] sfo{z}nLn] ubf{ cfdfsf] gfdaf6 gful/stf
kfpg cem} ;xh gePsf] tYo JolQmut ¿kdf l/6 If]qflwsf/sf] k|of]u dfkm{t cfb]z hf/L
u/fPkl5 dfq cfdfsf] gfdaf6 gful/stf k|bfg ug]{ k|zf;lgs lg0f{o tyf Jojxf/n] k|dfl0ft
u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] sfo{z}nLsf] k|df0fsf nflu ;Hbf ;fksf]6f ;d]t lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/,28
;[hg v/]n lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/29, ;Gb]z l;+x ;d]t lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/30, ljkgf a:g]t
;d]t lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/31, ;'lgn l;+x lj?4 lq lj lj, 8Lgsf] sfof{no ;d]t32sf
d'2fx¿nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o:tf k|s[ltsf l/6x¿ ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf lgoldt cfO{ /x]sf]
kfOG5 .
tyflk ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z cg'¿k lg0f{o ug]{ k/Dk/f xfd|f] sfo{z}nLdf
cem} k"0f{¿kdf :yflkt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu u}/sfg"gL ¿kdf JolQm kqmfp
gug{' eGg] aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]zsf jfah'b JolQm kqmfp ug]{ sfd k|x/L k|zf;gaf6
/f]lsPsf] 5}g . o;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k Pp6} ljifodf aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] l/6df cbfnt cfpg
afWo kfl/Psf] 5 . lvdaxfb'/ v8\sfsf] xsdf dx]G› v8\sf lj?4 u[x dGqfno ;d]t33, ;'lw/
a:g]tsf] xsdf ;'lgtf a:g]t lj?4 dxfgu/Lo k|x/L kl/;/ ;d]t34, t]haxfb'/ df]Qmfg ;d]t

27
Gf] sf k @)^*, c+s @, lg=g+= *%%& .
28
Gf] sf k @)&#, c+s &, lg=g+= (^@& .
29
Gf] sf k @)&#, c+s (, lg=g+= (^*& .
30
Gf] sf k @)&$, c+s &, lg=g+= (*$! .
31
Gf] sf k @)&%, c+s *, lg=g+=!))^^ .
32
Gf] sf k @)&^, c+s *, lg=g+= !)#$! .
33
Gf] sf k @)&^, c+s $, lg=g+= !)@%# .
34
Gf] sf k @)&^, c+s %, lg=g+= !)@^) .
305
l/6 If]qflwsf/ / g]kfndf l/6 cEof; 315

lj?4 u[x dGqfno ;d]t35, ljsf; yfkfsf] xsdf gj/fh yfkf lj?4 dxfgu/Lo k|x/L kl/;/
;d]t36, k|]daxfb'/ tfdfËsf] xsdf wg] nfdf lj?4 g'jfsf]6 lhNnf cbfnt ;d]t,37 ljho
s'df/ >Ljf:tjsf] xsdf r'dgk|;fb lj?4 sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfnt ;d]t38 ePsf] l/6df
aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]z hf/L ubf{ u}/sfg"gL tj/n] y'gfdf /fVg gx'g] eGg] pNn]v ePaf6
;/sf/L lgsfosf] lg0f{o tyf sfo{z}nL km]l/g g;s]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 .
;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] lhDd]jf/k"0f{ lg0f{o z}nL jf Ifdtfn] l/6sf] pTklQ x'g] jf gx'g] lgSof}{}n
ug]{ x'Fbf ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf eg]sf] ljlw;Ddt tyf ;'ema'emk"0f{ lg0f{o ug{'
g} xf] .
%= l/6 If]qflwsf/sf] k|efjsf/L k|of]usf nflu ug{'kg]{ ;'wf/sf sfo{x¿
l/6 If]qflwsf/ nf]stflGqs, hjfkmb]xL tyf hgpQ/bfoL /fHo Joj:yfsf] k|lts xf].o;sf]
k|efjsf/L k|of]usf] dfWodaf6 ;DalGwt kIfx¿n] klg nf]stGq, gful/s clwsf/, k|fs[lts
Gofo tyf ljlwsf] zf;g :yfkgfdf of]ubfg ug{ ;S5g\ . dfly ljj]lrt tYox¿sf cfwf/df
l/6 If]qflwsf/sf] c;n cEof;sf nflu lgDg ;'wf/x¿sf] cfjZostf b]lvG5M
l/6 lgj]bg/ lgj]bssf ;Gbe{df
-s_ JolQmut ljifosf] l/6 p7fg ubf{ cfkm' lj?4 ul/Psf] lg0f{o jf:tjdf ;+j}wflgs
jf sfg"gL xssf] k|lts'n 5 jf 5}g lgSof}{n u/]/ dfq ug]{ .
-v_ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo p7fg ubf{ lgDg s'/fx¿df Wofg lbP/ dfq ug]{M39
x ljifosf] cWoog
x ;fGble{s sfg"g tyf glh/sf] cWoog
x j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] eP gePsf], ePdf j}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f]
cjnDag ug]{
x cfb]z jf km};nf sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sg] cj:yf 5 5}g cWoog ug]{
x ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts If]qdf kg]{ k|efj / pknlAwsf] cWoog ug]{
-u_ sfg"g Joj;foLn] JolQmut kmfObfsf] ljifonfO{ gx]/L cjwf/0ffut / Jofjxfl/s
¿kdf dfq l/6 If]qflwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ tyf k|of]usf nflu k|]l/t ug]{ .
-3_ sfg"g Joj;foL tyf cGo JolQmn] cfˆgf] ljz]if1tf /x]sf] If]qdf dfq ljifosf]
p7fg ug]{ / pQm ljifodf kof{Kt cWoog / tof/L kZrft dfq l/6 If]qflwsf/df
k|j]z ug]{ .
;/sf/L lgsfo / k|efjsf/L k|lt/Iffsf ;Gbe{df
-s_ ;/sf/L lgsfon] lg0f{o ug]{ qmddf ljlw / sfg"gsf] kfngf ub}{ Ps¿ktfnfO{ dxTj
lbO{ l/6 If]qflwsf/af6 clwsf/ :yflkt ug{'kg]{ cj:yfnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ .

35
Gf] sf k @)&^, c+s ^, lg=g+= !)@*! .
36
Gf] sf k @)&^, c+s &, lg=g+= !)#)( .
37
Gf] sf k @)&^, c+s *, lg=g+= !)##! .
38
Gf] sf k @)&^, c+s (, lg=g+= !)#%( .
39
cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/ ljifos ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] d'2f, dlxnf sfg"g / ljsf; d~r -FWLD_, k[i7 !# .
306
316 l/6 If]qflwsf/ / g]kfndf l/6 cEof;

-v_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf cfb]zsf] sfof{Gjog k"0f{ rf;f]sf;fy ;s];Dd
l56f] ug]{ .
-u_ ;/sf/L kIfsf] k|lt/Iffsf qmddf lg0f{ostf{ lgsfosf k|ltlglw klg ;'g'jfO{
k|s[ofdf ;xefuL x'g] / ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u u/L ;/sf/L lg0f{osf]
k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ hf]ufpg e"ldsf v]Ng] .
-3_ ;/sf/L jsLnn] klg kof{Kt dfqfdf Joj;flostf k|bz{g ub}{ cfˆgf] kIfsf]
k|efjsf/L k|lt/Iffdf ;b}j ;s[otfsf ;fy nfUg] tyf ;+j}wflgs clwsf/sf] k|of]u
dfkm{t c;n lg0f{o ;+:sf/ lgdf{0f ug{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ k|]l/t ug]{ .
-ª_ ;fj{hlgs lg0f{osf ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt clwsf/LnfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg] tyf ;f]
ljifonfO{ ;+:yfut pQ/bfloTj;Fu hf]8L lg0f{o k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg
d"NofÍgsf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf ;d]t u|x0f ug]{ .
-r_ lghfdtL sd{rf/L k'/:sf/sf] 5gf}6sf qmddf ;fj{hlgs lg0f{o k|efsfl/tfnfO{
k|d'v dfkb08sf] ¿kdf lng] .
5_ ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf cfb]zx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ljifonfO{
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] a}7ssf] lgoldt k|:tfjsf] ¿kdf 5nkmn ug]{ tyf cfb]z sfof{Gjog
;DaGwL sfo{sf nflu k|wfgdlGqsf] sfof{nodf 5'§} zfvf u7g u/L sfof{b]z lbg] .
cbfntsf] e"ldsf
;+ljwfgn] lbPsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qsf] k|of]usf dfWodaf6 d'n'sdf ljlwsf] zf;gnfO{
k|j4{g ug]{ cxd\ e"ldsf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt nufotsf cbfntx¿nfO{ 5 . t;y{ hgtfsf] Gofo
k|ltsf] cf:yfnfO{ hfu[t /fVg lg0f{odf Ps¿ktf sfod ug{' Gofofnosf] lhDd]jf/L xf] .
Gofofnon] pQm lhDd]jf/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf axg gubf{ klg cgfjZos ljifodf l/6 dfkm{t
cbfntsf] wf/0ff a'‰g cfpg] k|j[lt b]lvG5 . cbfntnfO{ sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] b/lk7 ;DaGwL
clwsf/ ;d]t k|efjsf/L 9+un] pkof]u u/L lgj]bg tyf cGo lnvtx¿df ;+/rgfut,
efiffut tyf ljifout q'l6x¿nfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
^= lgisif{
Goflos ;jf]{Rrtf nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotfsf] dxTjk"0f{ tTj xf] . ha Goflos lg0f{o dfkm{t
;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL agfOG5 ta Goflos ;jf]{Rrtfsf] jf:tljs
cg'e"lt x'G5 . Goflos tj/n] gful/snfO{ ;/sf/sf] :j]R5frf/L lg0f{oaf6 cGofo x'g glbg
tyf ;+j}wflgs ¿kdf k|Tofe"t gful/ssf] df}lns xs clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ ;fwgsf]
¿kdf l/6nfO{ lnOG5 . GofofnonfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] ;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/ eGbf km/s tj/n]
k|of]u x'g] x'Fbf l/6 If]qflwsf/nfO{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . l/6 If]qflwsf/sf]
plrt k|of]un] ljlwsf] zf;gnfO{ k|j4{g u/L ;/sf/L lg0f{onfO{ cg'dfg of]Uo agfpg ;xof]u
ub{5 .
k|fs[lts GofonfO{ ;jf]{Rr Gofosf] ¿kdf lnOG5 lsgsL o;n] Gofofk]IfLx¿nfO{ jf:tljs
cy{df Gofosf] cg'e"lt lbnfpF5 . o;sf nflu klg l/6 If]qflwsf/sf] k|of]u ljZjJofkL ¿kdf
pkof]uL ;fljt alg/x]sf] 5 . ljZjJofkL ¿kdf k|rlnt /x]sf] l/6sf] k|of]usf] k|efj g]kfnL
Gofo If]qdf klg k/]sf] 5 . o;sf] k|of]udf g]kfnL hgtf klg hfu?s /x]sf] kfOG5 .

307
l/6 If]qflwsf/ / g]kfndf l/6 cEof; 317

hgtfsf] Gofo k|ltsf] hfu/0f al9/x]sf] / l/6 If]qflwsf/sf] k|of]u al9/x]sf] ;Gbe{df o;nfO{
k|efjsf/L / pkof]uL 9+un] ;+rfng / cEof; ug{' ;DalGwt ;a} kIfsf] bfloTj x'g cfpF5 .
hgtfdf Gofo If]qk|lt hfu/0f a9\g' eg]sf] Gofo If]qsf] dxTj klg a9\g' xf] . o;nfO{ Pp6f
cj;/sf] ¿kdf lnO{ GofoIf]qk|ltsf] vl:sFbf] hgljZjf;nfO{ sd ug{' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .
GofoIf]qsf] ul/df hf]ufO{ /fVg Gofofno PSn}sf] k|of; kof{Kt x'Fb}g . To;}n] o;;Fu ;DalGwt
;a} If]qn] cf–cfˆgf] :t/sf] Jofj;flos rl/q k|bz{g ug{' ckl/xfo{ x'g cfpF5 .

YZ

308
318 l/6 If]qflwsf/ / g]kfndf l/6 cEof;
g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg 319

jif{ #, c° !

g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf:
:yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt
l;+xfjnf]sg

# lzj jfUn] i

!= k[i7e"ld
hgtfnfO{ ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg, gful/ssf ;+ljwfg / sfg"gåf/f k|Tofe"t xsx¿sf]
pkof]u / k|of]u ug{, nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf ;+rfng k|lqmofdf ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn]
lglb{i6 u/]sf k|lqmofx¿sf] k"0f{ kfngf u/fpg sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/sf] e"ldsf cToGt} dxTjk"0f{
x'G5 . ljlwzf:qLo b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ g]kfnsf] Gofo Joj:yf lxGb' sfg"gaf6 k|efljt /
ljsl;t ePsf] kfOG5 eg] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{nfO{ /fo ;Nnfx k|bfg ug{
j}lbssfn b]lv g} ljleGg JolQm / kbsf] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . h;dWo] zf:qlj1 kl08t,
a|fDX0f, ef/bf/, rf}tfl/of cflbn] ;do ;dodf s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf dxfGofoflwjQmfn] ug]{
vfnsf k/fdz{bfoL sfo{x¿ u/]sf lyP .1 sfg"gsf] 1ftfsf] x}l;otsf kl08taf6 5nkmn
tyf ax; u/fpg' kg{] eGg] k/Dk/f g} g]kfndf ;/sf/L jsLn ;DjGwL cjwf/0ffsf] z'ef/De
xf] .2 dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ;'?jft ;DaGwL P]ltxfl;s tYonfO{ cjnf]sg ug]{ xf] eg] ljZjsf
x/]s sfg"g k|0ffnLdf sfo{sfl/0fLsf] k|d'v ;Nnfxsf/sf] ¿kdf dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ /fv]sf]
kfOG5 . /fHosf tkm{af6 d'2fsf] k|ltlglwTj / k|lt/Iff ug{] Joj:yfsf] ;'?jft afx|f}+
ztfAbLlt/ a]nfotdf king's attorney sf] dfWodaf6 ePsf] kfOG5 .3 lnlvt sfg"gsf] k|rng
eGbf cl3 zf;g ;~rfngdf j}wflgstfsf] k|Zgdf zf:q ;Ddltsf] 1ftf g}, h'g;'s}
gfdfs/0f / pkflwsf] eP klg, j}wflgstfsf] k|Zgdf /fHosf] k|d'v ;Nnfxsf/ x'g] ub{Yof] .4
sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df ¿kfGt/0f ug{ Pj+ gful/ssf cfwf/e"t
clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ lnOG5 . kmf}hbf/L
Gofo k|zf;gsf tLg k|d'v cjojx¿ ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / Gofolg/f]k0f dWo]

i
;xfos GofoflwjQmf, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, g]kfn .
1
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgf, @)^*, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfo{fno,sf7df8f}+, k[=! .
2
z+s/ s'df/ >]i7, æg]kfn clw/fHosf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no – JofVof / ljZn]if0fÆ, sfg"g a'n]l6g, sf7df08f}+ M sfg"g tyf
Gofo dGqfno_ jif{ !, c+s @, @)%%, k[= & .
3
;/sf/L jsLn lbUbz{g, @)&$, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfo{fno, sf7df8f}+, k[=^ .
4
u0f]z/fh zdf{, dxfGofoflwjQmf–;+ljwfg / oyfy{tf, GofobLk cw{jflif{s, kmf}hbf/L Gofo ljz]iffÍ, @)^@, c+s @, ;/sf/L jsLn
;dfh, sf7df08f}, k[= #^ .
309
320 g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg

/fHosf] tkm{af6 k|d'v cleof]hgstf{sf] dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/Ldf dxfGofoflwjQmf tyf ;/sf/L

jsLnx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg, txlssft / k|efjsf/L cleof]hg u/L bf]ifLnfO{
;hfo / kLl8tnfO{ Gofo k|bfg ug'{ kg]{ lhDd]jf/L dxfGofoflwjQmf / lgh dftxtsf ;/sf/L
jsLnsf] /x]sf] 5 .
;g\ !&($ df a[l6; dxfGofoflwjQmf Sir John Scott n] dxfGofoflwjQmfn] ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 rNg]
d'2fdf cleof]hgsf] lg0f{fosTjsf af/]df eg]sf oL jfSox¿ pNn]vgLo /xL cfPsf 5g\ M"Protest
against the doctrine, that the Attorney-General of England is bound to prosecute, because some other
set of men choose to recommend it to him to prosecute, he disapproving of that prosecution. He has in
his power to choose whether he will or not, and he will act according to his sense of duty as to .…. My
o;} k|sf/sf] lg/Gt/tfo'Qm cjwf/0ff
conscience must guide me, your judgement shall not direct me".
;g\ !()# df a]nfotsf g} tTsfnLg ;f]lnl;6/ hg/n Carson n] o;/L JoQm u/]sf 5gM "In the
field of criminal proceedings, the sole responsibility for what is done must rest upon, and must be taken
by, the Attorney-General, and if the cabinet tomorrow were to order and direct the Attorney-General to
institute a prosecution in this or any other case he should refuse, and rightly refuse, to do so under it
recommended itself to him upon a full consideration of the facts and the law appertaining thereto."5

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] Joj:yf ljZjsf k|foM ;a} d'n'sdf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . oBlk

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] lgo'lQm / sfo{If]q aLr eg] ;a} d'n'sdf ;dfg Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOFb}g .
dxfGofoflwjQmf sdg n k|0ffnL ePsf b]zdf ;/sf/sf] k|d'v sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/, k|d'v
cleof]hgstf{sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . a]nfotdf dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ ;/sf/sf] /fli6«o tyf
cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf] ;Nnfxsf/sf] e"ldsfdf /fvL kmf}hbf/L Gofo x]g{] dGqLsf] ;d]t lhDd]jf/L
lbOPsf] 5 . o;}u/L ci6«]lnofdf klg dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] dGqLsf] ;d]t
lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] 5 eg] ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf Department of Justice sf]
g]t[Tj dxfGofoflwjQmfn] lng] / pgL ;/sf/sf] ljefuLo dGqL x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf g t a]nfot, cd]l/sf, ci6«]lnofdf h:tf] dxfGofoflwjQmf ljefuLo dGqL x'g]
Joj:yf 5, g ef/t, kfls:tfgdf h:tf] P6g{L{ hg/n / ;f]lnl;6/ hg/nsf] 5'§} Joj:yf 5 .
g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ g} plNnlvt b'j} lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] / lghn] clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg
u/] adf]lhd g} cGo ;/sf/L jsLnx¿n] lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNb} cfPsf] kfOG5 .6
@= g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] Joj:yfsf] ljsf;qmd
g]kfndf /f0ff k|wfgdGqL >L # rG› zd;]/sf] kfnfdf lj=;+= !(%% ;fndf d'n'sL P]g
cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf] ¿kdf cldgL hfjtf hf/L x'g'k'j{ g]kfnsf] Gofo Joj:yfdf ;/sf/ jfbL
/ b'lgofF jfbL egL sfg"gtM d'2fnfO{ 5'6\ofOPsf] b]lv+b}g .7 ;fdfGotM cleo'Qm kqmfp ug{] /
lgh pk/ sf/jfxL ug{] sfd uf}+8f uf]Zjf/fsf xflsd, a8fxflsdaf6} ul/GYof] . cldgL hfjtf
hg;dIf cfPkl5 h3Go ck/fw dflgPsf Hofgdfg{], ha/h:tL s/0fL h:tf !% lsl;dsf
d'2fnfO{ ;/sf/ jfbL eO x]l/g] d'2f elgPsf] lyof] .8 Gofokflnsf /fHosf] :jtGq c+usf]

5
k"j{ kfbl6Kk0fL ;+Vof #, k[= #* .
6
v]d/fh 1jfnL, ;/sf/L jsLnsf] kl/ro, ck/fw cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgdf ;/sf/L jsLn, @)&), g]kfn sG;l66\o';g
kmfp08];g, sf7df8f}+ k[= ## .
7
ljzfn vgfn, ;/sf/L jsLn, g]kfnsf] Gofo k|zf;g P]ltxfl;s l;+xfjnf]sg, e[s'6L Ps]8]lds klAns];G; sf7df8f}+, k[=@*( .
8
k"j{ kfbl6Kk0fL ;+Vof ^, k[=@*( .
310
g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg 321

¿kdf cl:tTjdf g/xL sfo{kflnsf cGtu{t g} cy{ft k|wfgdGqLn] g} Gofo lg;fkm ;d]tsf]
sfo{ ug{] Joj:yf /x]sf]df lj=;+= !((& ;fn >fj0f ! ut] /f0ff k|wfgdGqL >L # h'4zdz]/sf]
kfnfdf Ps ;gb hf/L eO{ g]kfndf k|wfg Gofofnosf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] .9 ;f] ;gb
adf]lhd GofofwLz hg/nsf] lgj{frg eO{ axfb'/ zdz]/ GofofwLz hg/n kbdf lgj{flrt
ePsf] kfOP klg To;df sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/ tyf dxfGofoflwjQmf ;DaGwL s'g} Joj:yf
lyPg . sfo{kflnsfaf6 Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtfkl5 dfq sfo{sfl/0fLsf] sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/sf]
x}l;otdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] hGd ePsf] eGg ;lsG5 .
@=! g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg"g, @))$
g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfgsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg"g, @))$ sf]
wf/f !@ df sfg"gsf] ljifodf ;do–;dodf ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos k/]sf] /fo ;Nnfx k]z ug{
Pp6f k|wfg sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/ >L # af6 lgo'Qm x'g] eGg] Joj:yf u/L ;/sf/sf] sfg"gL
;Nnfxsf/ ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffsf] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm Joj:yfdf k|wfg sfg"gL
;Nnfxsf/nfO{ x/Ps c•f–cbfntdf uO{ ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 5nkmn ug{] clwsf/ k|bfg
ul/of] .10 t/ pQm j}wflgs sfg"g sfo{fGjogdf gcfPsf]n] k|wfg sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/ ;DaGwL
Joj:yf Jojxf/df nfu" x'g kfPg . tyflk, ;f] Joj:yfnfO{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] lgo'lQm / sfd
st{Jo clwsf/sf] ;Gbe{df lgdf{0f ePsf] klxnf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
@=@ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))&
lj=;+= @))& ;fn r}q @( ut]b]lv nfu" ePsf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& df
sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/ tyf P6g{L{ hg/n ;DaGwL s'g} k|fjwfg /flvPg . tyflk ;f]xL ljwfgn]
lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L @))* ;fn ebf}df g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f hf/L ul/Psf] g]kfn klAns
;le{; sld;g sf/jfO aGb]hsf] ;jfn sf] lgod # sf] -u_ df k|wfg GofofwLz / k|wfg
Gofofnosf GofofwLzx¿, dxfn]vs -Pl86/ hg/n_, dxfclwjQmf -P8ef]s]6 hg/n_
;d]tsf] lgo'lQm tyf of]Uotfsf ;DaGwdf klAns ;le{; sld;gsf] ;Nnfx lnO/xg' gkg{]
Joj:yf ul/of] .11 tTkZrft\ ;/sf/sf] nflu sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/sf] cfjZostf dx;'; u/L
sfo{sfl/0fL cfb]zaf6} @))* ;fn kf}if * ut] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 sfnLk|;fb pkfWofonfO{
g]kfnsf] klxnf] P6g{L{ hg/nsf] ¿kdf lgo'Qm ul/Psf] kfOG5 .12
@=# g]kfn k|wfg Gofofnosf] P]g, @))(
lj=;+= @))( ;fn j}zfv @^ ut] nfndf]x/ nflu ;f]xL jif{sf] k'if * ut]b]lv nfu" ePsf]
g]kfn k|wfg Gofofnosf] P]g, @))* df dxfGofoflwjQmf ;DaGwL s'g} Joj:yf lyPg . P6g{L{–
hg/nsf] lgo'lQm kl5 dfq o;nfO{ sfg"gL ¿k k|bfg ug{ P]g nfu" cufj} @))( ;fn
cflZjg #! ut] ;f] P]gdf k|yd ;+zf]wg u/L bkmf $) / $! yk ul/of] . P]gsf] bkmf $! n]
b]xfosf P6g{L{ hg/nsf] ;]jfsf zt{x¿, of]Uotf, sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ lgw{f/0f u¥of] M
9
www.jsc.gov.np x]l/Psf] ldlt @)&& ebf} @% .
10
g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg"g, @))$ .
11
g]kfn uh]6, ef› * ut] @))* ;fn .
12
k"j{ kfb l6Kk0fL ;+Vof !, k[=@ .
311
322 g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg

1. k|wfg Gofofnosf] GofofwLz x'g] nfossf] JolQmnfO{ k/fdz{bftfx¿sf] ;Nnfxn] >L %

dxf/fhlw/fhaf6 P6g{L{ hg/nsf] kbdf lgo'Qm ul/aS;g]5 .
2. k/fdz{bftfx¿sf] ;Nnfxn] >L % dxf/fhlw/fhsf] OR5f cg';f/ P6g{L{ hg/nsf] gf]s/L
axfn /xg]5 .
3. P6g{L{ hg/n labf / 8]k'6];gdf uPsf avt tn n]lvPsf lgodx¿df dfly pkbkmf -!_
df n]lvP adf]lhd lgo'Qm ePsf JolQm P6g{L{ hg/n x'g]5 .
4. P6g{L{ hg/nsf] gf]s/L cGtl/d sfnsf] nflu x'g]5 .
5. g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'2f dfldnf sfg"gL ljifodf dfu]sf] sfg"gL /fo lbg' / sfg"gL sf/jfxL
ug{' P6g{L{ hg/nsf] d'Vo st{Jo x'g]5 .
6. dfly -%_ pkbkmfdf n]lvPsf ;/sf/L d'2f dfldnfsf] sf/jfxLsf] sfddf P6g{L{ hg/nnfO{
cbfnttkm{ ;a} c•fdf uO{ ax; ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ /xG5 .
7. P6g{L{ hg/nsf] st{Jo b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5M
s= g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfg"g ljefu dfkm{t d'2f dfldnfdf P]g sfg"g ;DaGwL ljifox¿df
;Nnfx dfu]sf sndx¿df ;Nnfx lbg' / ;f] ljefuaf6 v6fPsf avt d'2f
dfldnfdf cbfntdf uO{ sf/jfO{ ug{' / ;/sf/L sfg"gL sfd h'g;'s} k/L cfPdf
ug{' .
v= ljwfg / c? k|rlnt P]g jf ca hf/L x'g] P]g adf]lhd P6g{L{ hg/nn] ug{'kg{] ;a}
sfd ug{'
8. P6g{L{ hg/n;Fu sfg"g Gofo ljifos h'g;'s} s'/fsf] ;f]wgL / hjfkm h'g;'s} ljefuaf6
eP klg sfg"g Gofo ljefudfkm{t dfq x'g]5 .
9. P6g{L{ hg/nnfO{ tn n]lvPsf] sfd s'/fx¿ dgfxL 5M
s= g]kfn ;/sf/lj?4 d'2f dfldnfdf jfl/; a:g' of ;Nnfx lbg' .
v= g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fo ;Nnfx lng] ;Defjgf ePsf] of jfl/; u/fpg] lsl;dsf]
ljifox¿df u}/;/sf/L kf6{Lsf] ;Nnfxsf/ jf jfl/; x'g' .
u g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cg'dlt ljgf s'g} ;DklQsf] 8fO/]S6/ x'g' .
10. dfly n]lvPsf afx]s c? ljifodf ;/sf/L sfdsf] km';{b x]/L k|fOe]6 k|flS6; ug{] cg'dlt
P6g{L{ hg/nnfO{ ePsf] 5 .
11. P6g{L{ hg/nsf] dfl;s l/6]g/ kmL df]? !))) Ps xhf/ / k|wfg Gofofnodf / cGoq
cbfnt srx/Ldf ;d]t sfd ug{'kg{] x'gfn] labfdf uPsf afx]s yk df]? @%) b'O{;o
krf; ;d]t !@%) af/x ;o krf; dfl;s l/6]g/ kmL x'g]5 .
12. ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 P6g{L{ hg/nsf]] clkm;sf] sfdsf] nflu gg uh]6]8 bh{fsf] 6fOlki6sf]
sfd ug{ hfGg] k;{gn cl;:6]G6 ! / lkog @, clkm;sf] nflu :yfg 3/ / clkm;df
6]lnkmf]g /flvlbOg]5 . o;sf] vr{ ;/sf/af6 x'g]5 .
13. P6g{L{ hg/nsf] nflu d;nGb vr{ ;fn ! sf] df]? #)) tLg;o x'g]5 .
14. P6g{L{ hg/nsf] jf;:yfg ljbf 8]k'6];g / Gofo ;DaGwL ;/sf/L sfddf aflx/ uPsf
lbgafx]s c? lbg sf7df8f}+df x'g]5 .
15. pkbkmf -&_ adf]lhd ;/sf/Lof sfddf rf/ e~hfË aflx/ cGoq uPsf avt P6g{L{
hg/nsf] ;jf/L vr{ / c? ;'ljwf Gofofnosf hhsf] ;/x x'g]5 .

312
g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg 323

16. pkbkmf -&_ df n]lvPsf] sfdsf] nflu pkbkmf !! df n]lvPsf] l/6]g/ lkm afx]s P6g{L{
hg/nnfO{ c? kmL ;/sf/n] lbg] 5}g .
17. P6g{L{ hg/nnfO{ ;jf/L of ;jf/L vr{ ;/sf/L 3/ of ef8fsf] ;'ljwf x'g]5}g .
k|wfg Gofofno P]g, @))* df /x]sf] P6g{L{ hg/n ;DaGwL Joj:yf dfq} To; avt sfod
lyof] . ;f] P]gdf ePsf] t];|f] ;+zf]wgn] bkmf $! df d"n bkmfdf g} ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] lyof] .
pQm bkmfn] P6g{L{ hg/nnfO{ k"j{jt\ ¿kdf /x]sf] k|fOe]6 k|flS6; ug{ aGb]h nufpg'sf ;fy}
lgDg Joj:yfx¿ yk u¥of]M
1. g]kfnL sfg"gdf kf]Vt eO{ Ifdtf xfl;n u/]sf] nfos JolQmnfO{ ;/sf/n] P6g{L{ hg/nsf]
kbdf lgo'lQm ug{]5 .
2. ;/sf/n] P]g sfg"g ;DaGwL ljifox¿df ;Nnfx dfu]sf sndx¿df ;Nnfx lbg' /
kl/cfPsf] h'g;'s} ;/sf/L sfg"gL sfddf ;/sf/n] v6fPadf]lhd ug{' P6g{L{ hg/nsf]
st{Jo x'g]5 .
3. cfkm\gf] cf]xbfsf] st{Jo kfng ug{sf lgldQ P6g{L{ hg/nn] g]kfne/ d'n'ssf ;a}
cbfntx¿df ax; ug{ kfpg]5g\ .
4. P6g{L{ hg/nsf] gf]s/L ;/sf/sf] OR5f cg';f/ axfn /xg]5 .
5. P6g{L{ hg/nn] k|fOe]6 k|flS6; ug{ kfpg] 5}gg\ .
6. P6g{L{ hg/nsf] gf]s/Lsf c? zt{x¿ ;/sf/n] lgodåf/f avt avtdf tf]s] adf]lhd
x'g]5 . pk/f]Qm bkmfx¿df h];'s} n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;/sf/n] rfx]df h'g;'s} d'2fdf
ax; ug{ c? s'g} clkm;/ jf JolQmnfO{ v6fpg ;S5 .
@=$ Gofo k|zf;g -k'gu{7g_ P]g, @)!@
ldlt @)!@ ;fn cflZjg & ut] Gofo k|zf;g -k'gu{7g_ P]g hf/L ul/of] . ;f] P]gsf] bkmf !#
df ;/sf/L KnL8/ tyf k|f]l;So"6/ zLif{s cGtu{t x/]s lhNnfsf] nflu ;/sf/n] KnL8/ tyf
k|f]l;So"6/ lgo'lQm ug{ ;Sg] / To:tf KnL8/ tyf k|f]l;So"6/ a8fxflsdsf] dftxt x'g],
lghx¿n] lhNnf cbfntdf k/]sf] ;a} d'2f ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 rnfpg] / ax; k}/jL ug]{,
cldgL cbfnt / kmf}hbf/Lsf xflsdn] ul/cfPsf ;/hldg txlssft ;DaGwL ;a} sfdx¿
ca GofofwLzn] gu/L k|f];So"6/ / KnL8/n] ug]{ Joj:yf lyof] .13 o;af6 ;/sf/jflb x'g]
d'2fsf] txlssft ug{] Pj+ To:tf] d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o ;/sf/L jsLn -k|f];So'6/_n] ug{] eGg]
k|rlnt Joj:yf g]kfnsf] sfg"gL Oltxf;df lj=;+= @)!@ ;fndf g} :jLsf/ ul/Psf] dfGg
;lsG5 . t/ of] P]g nfu" x'g ;s]g / ;/sf/L jsLnsf] :yfkgf klg ljlwjt ¿kdf x'g
;s]g .
@=% ;jf]{Rr cbfnt P]g, @)!#
k|wfg Gofofno P]g @))* nfO{ k|lt:yfkg u/L u/L lj=;+= @)!# ;fn h]7 * ut] hf/L ePsf]
;jf]{Rr cbfnt P]g, @)!# df P6g{L{ hg/n ;DaGwL Joj:yf gul/Psf]n] P6g{L{ hg/nsf] k"j{
Joj:yf ;d]t ;dfKt eof] . kmn:j¿k sfnLk|;fb pkfWofo :jtM vf/]hLdf kg{'eof] /

13
g/]Gb|k|;fb kf7s, ;/sf/L jsLn ljut / jt{dfg, ;/sf/L jsLn ;dfh :dfl/sf–@)%&, sf7df08f}, k[= #( .
313
324 g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg

l;+xb/af/sf] klxnf] rf]ssf] sfg"g tyf ;+;bLo k|aGw dGqfnosf] nË;Fu} /x]sf] s]xL sf]7]
P6g{L{ hg/nsf] sfo{fno klg pxfFsf] alxu{dg;Fu} aGb x'g k'Uof]@14
;jf]{Rr cbfnt :yfkgf ePsf] s]xL xKtfleq} ToxfF Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;+j}wflgs d'2f kg{ cfof] .
tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL 6Ík|;fb cfrfo{n] æjL/u+hdf ;+ljwfg;ef jf ;+;b s] sf] r'gfj u/fpg]
6'+uf] gnfu]sf]Æ egL lbPsf] jQmJo @))& ;fnsf] zfxL 3f]if0ff / @))* ;fnsf]
hgk|ltlglwTj P]g lj?4 ePsf] egL lj=kL= sf]O/fnfn] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf Pp6f l/6 lgj]bg
bfo/ ug'{eof] .15 ;f] l/6sf] k|lt/Iff ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ jsLnsf] vfFrf] k/]sf] / ;/sf/L jsLnsf]
Joj:yf ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gdf gePsfn] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt P]g, @)!# sf] bkmf @! n] k|bfg
u/]sf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L u[x dGqfnosf] @)!# ;fn >fj0f ! ut]sf] g]kfn uh]6df k|sflzt
;"rgfaf6 ;/sf/nfO{ ;/f]sf/ kg]{ d'2f dfldnfdf cfjZostfg';f/ ued]{06 P8ef]s]6n]
;jf]{Rr cbfnt nufot g]kfnsf] h'g;'s} c8\8f cbfntdf xflh/ eO{ ax; k}/jL ug]{ sfg"gL
Joj:yf ul/of] . o;sf cltl/Qm pQm ;"rgfdf lgDg s'/fx¿ pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] M
1. ;/sf/n] s'g} cl;:6]G6 ;]qm]6/L, 8]k'6L jf ;]qm]6/LnfO{ ueg{d]G6 P8ef]s]6 lgo'Qm ug{
;Sb5
2. To:tf] sd{rf/Ln] cfkm"nfO{ 7]lsPsf] sfddf cltl/Qm ueg{d]G6 P8ef]s]6n] tn kf/fu|fkm #
adf]lhd ug{'kg{] sfd sf/jfxL ug{]5
3. s'g} g]kfn sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg ;/sf/nfO{ ;/f]sf/ kg{] d'2f
dfldnfdf cfjZostf cg';f/ ;/sf/sf] jf ;/sf/n] v6fPdf s'g} ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf]
jfl/; e} ueg{d]G6 P8ef]s]6n] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt nufot g]kfne/ d'n'sdf h'g;'s} c•f
cbfntdf xflh/ Plko/ x'g ax; KnL8 jf k}/jL PS6 ug{'k5{ .
dfly plNnlvt ;"rgfsf cfwf/df pQm d'2fdf ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ax; ug{ @)!# ;fn >fj0f
J ˜ȡ sfg"g dGqfnosf Pl;:6]06 ;]qm]6/L zDe'k|;fb 1jfnLnfO kb]g ueg{d]G6 P8ef]s]6sf]
¿kdf lgo'Qm ul/of] .16 Pl;:6]06 ;]qm]6/Laf6 8]k'6L ;]qm]6/Ldf a9'jf x'g' ePsf zDe'k|;fb
1jfnLnfO{ @)!# ;fn ebf} @* ut] sfg"g dGqfnon] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L k'gM
kb]g ued{]06 P8ef]s]6sf] kbdf g} lgo'lQm sfod u/]sf] lyof] .
ued{]G6 P8ef]s]6df lgo'Qm zDe'k|;fb 1jfnL labfdf a;]sf] cj:yfdf ldlt @)!# ;fn df3 !(
ut]sf] g]kfn uh]6df ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L sfg"g tyf ;+;bLo k|aGw dGqfnosf cl;:6]G6 ;]qm]6/L
s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofonfO kb]g ued{]G6 P8ef]s]6df lgo'Qm ul/Psf]df k'gM pxfF xflh/ ePkZrft\ ldlt
@)!# kmfu'g #) df ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L zDe'k|;fb 1jfnLn] g} ued{]G6 P8ef]s]6sf] sfd ug{] egL
tf]lsPsf] lyof] . o:t} zDe'k|;fb 1jfnL k'gM ljbfdf a:bf ldlt @)!% ;fn d+;L/ !& tyf df3 @!
ut] u/L @ k6s sfg"g tyf ;+;bLo k|aGw dGqfnosf sf=d'= gfoa ;lrj j]bk|;fb lwtfnnfO{
ued{]G6 P8ef]s]6df lgo'Qm ul/Psf] lyof] .

14
k"j{ kfb l6Kk0fL ;+Vof !) k[=#
15
zDe'k|;fb 1jfnL, JolQm / ljrf/, hubDaf k|sfzg, @)%%
16
GofobLk cw{jflif{s, kmf}hbf/L Gofo ljz]iffÍ, @)^@, c+s @, ;/sf/L jsLn ;dfh, sf7df08f}, k[= !
314
g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg 325

@=^ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)!#

lj=;+= @)!# ;fn c;f]h ( ut]sf] uh]6df ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L hf/L ul/Psf] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)!# sf] kl/R5]b # cGtu{t lgod !* b]lv #) ;Dd jlsn ;DaGwL Joj:yf
ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm lgodfjnLsf] lgod @) df æd'2fdf cbfntnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] xs P6gL{
hg/n jf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] :yfg ;a} jsLn eGbf dfly x'g]5æ egL pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
@)!# ;fn k'if @$ ut]sf] uh]6df ;f]xL lgodfjnLsf] kl/R5]b ^ df ;/sf/L jsLn /x]sf
d'2fdf ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ k]zLsf] hfgsf/L cbfntn] g} lbg'kg{] Joj:yf ul/of] .
@=& g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!%
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% df dxfGofoflwjQmf ;DaGwL s'g} Joj:yf ePg . @)!%
;fnsf] cfd lgj{frg lgikIf gePsf] eGb} 8f=s]=cfO=l;+xn] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{'
ePkZrft\ tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL lj=kL= sf]O/fnfn] ;f] d'2fdf ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ax;
u/fpgsf nflu @)!^ ;fn ef› ( ut]sf] sfo{sfl/0fL lg0f{o17 adf]lhd k'gM sfg"g tyf
;+;bLo k|aGw dGqfnosf ;]qm]6/L kbdf kbf]Gglt e};Sg' ePsf zDe'k|;fb 1jfnLnfO{ P6gL{
hg/n kbdf g} lgo'lQm ug{'eof] . ueg{d]06 P8ef]s]6df >L j]bk|;fb lwtfn / >L
/dfgGbk|;fb l;+xnfO{ tf]lsof] . /fhkqdf k|sflzt pQm lg0f{odf lgDg ;d]tsf Joj:yf u/]sf]
kfOG5 M
!= g]kfn clw/fHosf] Ps P6g{L{ hg/n x'g]5 h;sf] lgo'lQm >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 ul/g] 5 .
@= ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] GofofwLzdf lgo'Qm x'g;Sg] of]Uotf geO{ s'g} JolQm P6g{L{ hg/n kbdf
lgo'Qm x'g] 5}g .
#= P6g{L{ hg/nsf] sfd st{Jo b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
s= >L % sf] ;/sf/n] v6fPdf >L % sf] ;/sf/ jf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf tkm{af6 cbfntdf
pkl:yt eO{ d'2f dfldnfdf ax; ug{],
v= >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 lghnfO{ k7fOPsf ljifodf sfg"gL ;Nnfx lbg],
u= >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ ;/f]sf/ kg{] d'2f dfldnfsf] ;fdfGo kl/rfngsf] /]vb]v ug{],
3= >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 lghnfO{ k7fOPsf ljw]osx¿sf] clGtd ¿ksf ;DaGwdf ;Nnfx lbg],
ª= sfg"gL k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/sf ;DaGwdf >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ ;Nnfx lbg] .
t/ P6g{L{ hg/n :jo+ pkl:yt x'g egL n]lvcfPdf afx]s of] k|s/0fsf] v08 s adf]lhd pkl:ylt
x'g'kg{] d'2f dfldnfdf P6g{L{ hg/n :jod jf lghsf lgb{]z adf]lhd ueg{d]06 P8ef]s]6 pkl:yt
eO{ ax; ug{]5g\ .
@=* Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)!^
lj=;+= @)!^ k'if ! ut] g]kfn uh]6df k|sflzt Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)!^ nfO{ g]kfnsf] ;+;b
lgld{t klxnf] P]g ePsf] dflgG5 . of] P]gn] ;jf{]Rr cbfnt dftxt pRr, lhNnf / Onfsf
u/L rf/ txsf cbfnt /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !! df ;/sf/nfO{

17
@)!^ ;fn ef› @@ sf] /fhkq .
315
326 g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg

;/f]sf/ kg]{ d'2f dfldnfdf ;/sf/L jsLnåf/f ax; k}/jL x'g] Joj:yf u¥of] . pSt P]gdf
;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L jsLnx¿sf ;DaGwdf ePsf Joj:yfx¿ lgDg adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M
! >L % sf] ;/sf/n] g]kfn clw/fHosf] lgldQ Ps hgf P6gL{ hg/n / Ps jf PseGbf a9L
ueg{d]G6 P8ef]s]6sf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 / cfjZostf cg';f/ Ps jf PseGbf a9L lhNnfsf] lgldQ
ueg{d]G6 lKn8/ / klAns k|f]l;So'6/sf] klg lgo'lQm ug{ ;Sg]5 .
@ >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ ;/f]sf/ kg{] h'g;'s} d'2f dfldnfdf cfjZostf cg';f/ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf
tkm{af6 / >L % sf] ;/sf/n] v6fPdf s'g} ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf tkm{af6 cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{
ax; k}/jL ug{' ;/sf/L jsLnsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
# k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd >L % sf] ;/sf/ jfbL eO{ x]l/g] jf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf tkm{af6
rnfOPsf] d'2f dfldnfdf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] cfb]z ePdf ;/sf/L jsLnn] c? kIfsf] ;xdltn]
To:tf] d'2f dfldnfdf ldnfkq ug{ jf cbfntsf] d~h'/Ln] To:tf] d'2f dfldnfdWo] kmf}hbf/L d'2f
dfldnf jfk; lng x'G5 / ;f] ePdf b]xfosf s'/fdf b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5M
s d'2f dfldnf ldnfkqdf s;}nfO{ aS;f}gL nfUb}g .
v d'2f dfldnf jfk; lnPsf]df kmf}hbf/L cleof]u jf ;/sf/L bfjL ;dfKt eO{ k|ltjfbLn]
km';{b kfpF5 . t/ s'g} u}/;/sf/L JolQmsf] ;DklQ ;DaGwL s'/fdf c;/ kg{] /x]5 eg]
To:tf] d'2f o; pkbkmf adf]lhd cbfntaf6 jfk; lng x'b}g .
$ ;/sf/L jsLntkm{ c? sfd st{Jo / lghn] kfpg] kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwf >L % sf] ;/sf/n]
tf]s] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
% ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf u}/;/sf/L jsLnn] pRr cbfnt, lhNnf cbfnt / Onfsf cbfntdf klg
pkl:yt eO{ d'2fdf ax; k}/jL ug{ kfpg]5g\ .
:ki6Ls/0fM o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf nflu ;/sf/L jsLn eGgfn] P6g{L{ hg/n, ueg{d]G6 P8ef]s]6,
ueg{d]G6 lKn8/ / klAns k|f]l;So"6/nfO{ ;Demg'kb{5 .
@=( ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)!&
lj=;+= @)!* ;fn j}zfv ! ut]b]lv k|f/De x'g] u/L cfPsf] ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)!&18
sf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -s_ n] ;/sf/L jsLnsf] kl/efiff leq dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfo{fnonfO{ ;+u7gsf] :j¿k k|bfg u¥of] . o; P]gn] ;/sf/L jsLn
eGgfn] P6g{L{ hg/n, ueg{d]G6 P8ef]s]6, ueg{d]G6 lKn8/ / klAns k|f]l;So"6/, Pl;;6]G6
ueg{d]G6 lKn8/ / Pl;;6]G6 klAns k|f]l;So"6/nfO{ ;Demg'kb{5 egL pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .
;/sf/ jfbL x'g] d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg, hfFra'em, d'2f bfo/ ug{] sfo{ k|x/L / ;/sf/L jsLnaf6
;+o'Qm ¿kdf x'g] tyf ;/sf/ jf ;/sf/L sfd sf/afxLdf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] tkm{af6
k|lt/Iff ug{] sfo{ Pj+ ;/sf/nfO{ sfg"gL /fo k|bfg ug{] sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ ;/sf/L
jsLnsf] x'g] Joj:yf u¥of] .
lj=;+= @)!& ;fn cufl8 g]kfndf cfkm\g} df}lns k|sf/sf] cg';GwfgfTds kmf}hbf/L Gofo
k|0ffnL k|rngdf /x]sf]df tTsfnLg ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)!& k|f/De eP kZrft\

18
g]kfn uh]6, kmfu'g ^ ut] @)!& ;fn .
316
g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg 327

cleof]hgfTds k4ltsf] cg'z/0f ul/of] . o; P]gsf] bkmf ( n] Pl;;6]G6n] klg ueg{d]G6

lKn8/ / klAns k|f]l;So"6/sf clwsf/x¿ k|of]u ug{ kfpg] u/L Joj:yf u¥of] . o;/L @)!&
;fndf b]zsf ;a} lhNnfdf ;/sf/L jsLn /xg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 .
@=!) ;/sf/L jsLn ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)!&
;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)!& n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)!* j}zfv
! ut] b]lv k|f/De x'g] u/L agfPsf] ;/sf/L jlsn ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)!&19 n] ;/sf/L
jsLnx¿ P6gL{ hg/nsf] dftxt Pj+ lghsf] ;fdfGo k|zf;sLo lgoGq0fdf /xg] Joj:yf
u/L ;/sf/L jsLnsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] lj:t[t Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . pSt
lgodfjnLsf] lgod ( df tf]lsPsf] zt{x¿sf] cwLgdf /xL ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ k|fOe]6
k|flS6;sf] ;'ljwf klg lbPsf] lyof] . ;f] lgodfjnLn] ;/sf/L jsLnsf ;]jf zt{ clkm;
k|zf;g / sfd st{Jo ;d]tsf af/]df Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] .
@=!! ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)!*
;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)!& n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)!* kmfu'g
! ut] b]lv k|f/De x'g] u/L agfPsf] ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)!*20 df ;/sf/
jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] txlssft ug{] ;DaGwdf ;/hldg tyf df}sf txlssftsf] sfddf
k|x/L sd{rf/L / klAns k|l;So'6/sf aLrdf x'g'kg{] ;dGjosf] s'/fnfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf v'nfPsf]
kfOG5 .
@=!@ Gofo k|zf;g -ljljw Joj:yf_ P]g, @)!*
Gofo k|zf;g -ljljw Joj:yf_ P]g, @)!* n] cbfntx¿ ;jf]{Rr, c~rn / lhNnf u/L tLg
txsf] x'g] Joj:yf u/] cg'¿k ;f]xL adf]lhd ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nox¿ /xg] Joj:yf eof] .
pQm P]gsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ ;/sf/jflb kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg txlssft / cleof]hgsf]
sfo{ k|x/L / ;/sf/L jsLnn] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf ug'{ kb{Yof] . oBlk cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ePkl5
cbfntn] k'gMcg';Gwfg ug{ u/fpg ;SbYof] . ax; k}/jL / k|lt/Iffsf] lhDdf ;/sf/L
jsLns} lyof] .
@=!# g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!(
ldlt @)!( ;fn k'; ! ut] hf/L ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( n] ;j{k|yd P6gL{
hg/nnfO{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yflkt u¥of] . h;cg';f/ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] st{Jo
;/sf/L d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt nufot ;Dk"0f{ Goflos lgsfodf ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ug'{sf]
cltl/Qm >L %, >L % sf] ;/sf/ jf >L % af6 tf]lsPsf cGo clwsf/LnfO{ /fo ;Nnfx lbg'
lyof] t/ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ cleof]hgsf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] lyPg . pQm ;+ljwfgsf]
@)@# ;fn df3df ePsf] k|yd ;+zf]wgaf6 hltklg c+u|]hL zAbx¿ g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs
kbx¿df k|of]u ul/Psf lyP g]kfnL zAbdf ¿kfGt/0f ul/of] . ;f]xL qmddf P6gL{ hg/nnfO{
dxfGofoflwjQmfdf ¿kfGt/ u/]sf] / @)#& ;fndf ePsf] t];|f] ;+zf]wgn] /fhfsf] OR5f

19
g]kfn uh]6, r}q @& ut] @)!& ;fn .
20
g]kfn uh]6, df3 @( ut] @)!* ;fn .
317
328 g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg

cg';f/sf] cjlw;Dd kbdf axfn /xg] Joj:yfsf] ;§f 5 jif{sf] sfo{sfn lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
kfOG5 .21 pQm ;+ljwfgsf] efu !$, wf/f &( / *) df dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] lgo'lQm, kbfjlw,
;]jfsf zt{ Pj+ sfd, st{Josf af/]dflgDg adf]lhdsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] M
&(= dxfGofoflwjQmfM
!= g]kfnsf Ps dxfGofoflwjQmf x'g]5 h;nfO{ >L % af6 lgo'Qm ul/aS;g]5 .
@= ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz x'g ;Sg] of]Uotf geO{ s'g} klg JolQm dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kbdf
lgo'Qm x'g] 5}g .
#= dxfGofoflwjQmf lgo'Qm ePsf] ldltn] ^ jif{;Dd cfkm\gf] kbdf axfn /xg]5 . t/ b]xfosf]
cj:yfdf lgh cfkm\gf] kbaf6 d'Qm x'g]5 M
s= >L % sf ;dIf k]z ul/Psf] lnlvt /fhLgfdf df};"kmaf6 :jLs[t ePdf jf
v= >L % af6 x6fOaS;]df .
!= dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{ sfg"gåf/f lgw{fl/t x'g]5 .
To;/Llgw{fl/t geP;Dd >L % af6 lgod agfO{ tf]lsjS;] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
*)= dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfdM ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL ljifodf /fo ;Nnfx dfluPdf >L %, >L
%sf];/sf/ jf >L % af6 tf]lsjS;]sf cGo clwsf/LnfO{ /fo ;Nnfx lbg' / of] ;+ljwfg jf
tTsfn k|rlnt cGo sfg"g adf]lhd dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ tf]lsPsf] c? sfd ug{'
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] st{Jo x'g]5 . pQm sfd ub{f dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ clw/fHosf] ;a}
cbfntdf pkl:yt x'g] clwsf/ x'g]5 .
@=!$ ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]gsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wg, @)@$
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)!( df @)@# ;fndf ePsf] ;+zf]wgsf] dd{ adf]lhd ldlt @)@$ ;fn
c;f]h !! df ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)!& df ePsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgn] ljleGg c+u|]hL
zAbsf ;/sf/L jsLnsf kbnfO{ klg g]kfnLdf ¿kfGt/0f u/]sf] lyof] .
@=!% ;/sf/L jsLn ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)@*
;/sf/L jsLn ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)!& nfO{ vf/]h u/L @)@* ;fn ebf} !% df ;/sf/L
jsLn ;DaGwL lgodfjnL hf/L ul/of] . o;n] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] dftxtdf /xg] u/L jl/i7
;/sf/L clwjQmf, ;/sf/L clwjQmf, ;/sf/L clejQmf tyf ;/sf/L cleof]Qmf ;DaGwL
Joj:yf u¥of] . o; lgodfjnLn] ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)!& sf] cg';"rL ! df
pNn]lvt kmf}hbf/L d'2f, cg';"rL @ df pNn]lvt b]jfgL d'2f / ;/sf/nfO{ ;/f]sf/ kg]{ egL
;/sf/n] tf]lslbPsf] d'2fnfO{ ;/sf/nfO{ ;/f]sf/ kg]{ d'2f egL kl/eflift ;d]t u¥of]] .
@=!^ Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ P]g, @)#!
Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ P]g, @)#! df cbfntsf ;jf]{Rr, If]qLo, c~rn / lhNnf cbfnt u/L
rf/ tx eP cg'¿k g} dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, If]qLo ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no, c~rn
;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no / lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nox¿sf] Joj:yf eof] .

21
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( .
318
g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg 329

@=!& g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf
lg/Gt/tf lbFb} ;/sf/sf] d'Vo sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/ / k|d'v cleof]hgstf{sf] ¿kdf :yflkt
u¥of] . s'g} cbfnt jf Goflos clwsf/Lsf ;dIf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 d'2f rnfpg]
jf grnfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] clGtd lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf
u/]/ klxnf] k6s o; ;+ljwfgn] dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ b]zsf] k|d'v cleof]hgstf{sf] ¿kdf
Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . s'g} cbfnt jf Goflos clwsf/L ;dIf ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 d'2f rnfpg]
grnfpg] clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ k|bfg u¥of] . o;}u/L ;f] ;+ljwfgn]
dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ ;+;bsf] s'g} klg ;bg jf To;sf] s'g} ;ldltsf] a}7sdf jf ;+;bsf]
;+o'Qm clwj]zgdf pkl:yt eO{ s'g} sfg"gL k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf /fo JoQm ug{] clwsf/ ;d]t
k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . ;+ljwfgsf] efu !^ cGtu{t wf/f !)( b]lv !!! ;Dd dxfGofoflwjQmf
;DaGwL lgDg Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] M
!)(= dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] lgo'lQmM
!= g]kfn clw/fHosf] Ps dxfGofoflwjQmf x'g]5 h;nfO{ >L % af6 k|wfgdGqLsf]
l;kmfl/;df lgo'Qm ul/aS;g]5 . dxfGofoflwjQmf >L % sf] OR5fg';f/sf] cjlw;Dd
cfkm\gf] kbdf axfn /xg]5 .
@= ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz x'g ;Sg] of]Uotf geO{ s'g} klg JolQm dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]Uo dflgg] 5}g .
#= b]xfosf cj:yfdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5M–
s= lghsf] d[To' ePdf; jf
v= lghn] >L % ;dIf k]z u/]sf] lnlvt /fhLgfdf df};'kmaf6 :jLs[t ul/aS;]df
jf
u= >L % af6 k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df lghnfO{ kbd'Qm ul/aS;]df .
$= dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿ sfg"gåf/f lgw{fl/t eP adf]lhd
x'g]5g\ .
!!) dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M
!= dxfGofoflwjQmf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] d'Vo sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/ x'g]5 . ;+j}wflgs Pj+
sfg"gL ljifodf >L % sf] ;/sf/ / >L % sf] ;/sf/n] tf]lslbPsf] cGo clwsf/LnfO{
/fo–;Nnfx lbg' lghsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
@= >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] xs, lxt jf ;/f]sf/ lglxt /x]sf] d'2fdf dxfGofoflwjQmf jf lghsf]
dftxtsf clws[tx¿af6 >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ul/g]5 . s'g} cbfnt jf
Goflos clwsf/Lsf ;dIf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg]
s'/fsf] clGtd lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ x'g]5 .

319
330 g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg

#= pkwf/f -!_ / -@_ df pNn]v ul/Psf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf cltl/Qm

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"gåf/f
tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
$= cfkm\gf]kbLo st{Josf] kfng ub{f dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] h'g;'s} cbfnt,
sfo{fno / kbflwsf/Lsf ;dIf pkl:yt x'g] clwsf/ x'g]5 .
%= dxfGofoflwjQmfn] of] wf/f adf]lhdsf] cfkm\gf]] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf]
cwLgdf /xL k|of]u / kfng ug{] u/L dftxtsf clws[tnfO{ ;'Dkg ;Sg]5 .
^= k|To]s jif{ dxfGofoflwjQmfn] of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"gadf]lhd cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfd tyf
g]kfn clw/fHodf ePsf ck/fw ;DaGwL ljj/0f ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg >L % sf] ;/sf/df
k]z ug{]5 / >L % sf] ;/sf/n] ;f] k|ltj]bg ;+;b;dIf /fVg]5 .
!!!= ;+;bdf pkl:yt x'g kfpg]M
dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ ;+;bsf] s'g} klg ;bg jf To;sf] s'g} ;ldltsf] a}7sdf jf ;+;bsf] ;+o'Qm
clwj]zgdf pkl:yt eO{ s'g} sfg"gL k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf /fo JoQm ug{] clwsf/ x'g]5 . t/ dt lbg]
clwsf/ x'g] 5}g .
;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg cg'¿k dxfGofoflwjQmfdf lglxt clwsf/ s]xL zt{x¿sf] cwLgdf /xL
dftxt ;/sf/L jsLnx¿n] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] u/L ldlt @)$* ;fn sflt{s @# sf] g]kfn
/fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] lyof] .
@=!* Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgsf] d"n dd{ adf]lhd Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* n] cbfntsf]
;jf]{Rr, k'g/fj]bg / lhNnf u/L tLg tx sfod u/] cg'¿k ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nox¿ klg
tLg tx sfod eP . ;fljssf] If]qLo tyf c~rn ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no vf/]h eP /
k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nox¿ :yflkt eP .
@=!( ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( / lgodfjnL, @)%%
lj=;+= @)$( ;fn k'if * ut] ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( nfu" ul/of] . ;f] P]gsf] bKfmf
@ -s_ n] ;/sf/L jsLn eGgfn] dxfGofoflwjQmf, ;xGofoflwjQmf, pkGofoflwjQmf, lhNnf
GofoflwjQmf / ;xfos lhNnf GofoflwjQmf tyf dxfGofoflwjQmfn] ;/sf/L jsLn eO{ sfd
ug{ tf]s]sf] s'g} sd{rf/LnfO hgfpF5 egL pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . k|:t't P]gn] kmf}hbf/L Gofo
k|zf;gdf ;f/e"t kl/jt{g u/L ck/fw cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf] If]qnfO{ 5'6\ofof] .
cg';Gwfg txlssftsf] sfo{df ;/sf/LjsLnnfO{ lgb]{zgfTds e"ldsfdf /fvL k|d'v
lhDd]jf/L cg';Gwfg clws[tnfO{ lbOof] / cleof]hgsf] clwsf/ ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ ;'Dk]sf]
lyof] . of] P]g hf/L ePkl5 ;+o'Qm cg';Gwfg / ;+o'Qm cleof]hgsf] cjwf/0ffdf ;f/e"t
kl/j{tg eof] .
@=@) ;/sf/L jsLn ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%%
lj= ;+= @)%% ;fndf hf/L ul/Psf] ;/sf/L jsLn ;DaGwL lgodfjnL @)%% sf] lgod # sf]
pklgod -@_ / -#_ df dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kb ;+j}wflgs / ;f] afx]s cGo ;/sf/L jsLnsf]
320
g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg 331

kb lghfdtL ;]jf cGtu{tsf] g]kfn Gofo ;]jf ;/sf/L jsLn ;d"xsf] /fhkqf+lst kb x'g]
s'/f pNn]v 5 . ;f] lgodfjnLsf] @)^* ;fpg @ df ePsf] ;+zf]wgn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] dd{ cg'¿k lgod !) df dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ljleGg sfd st{Jo / clwsf/
tf]lsPsf] kfOG5 .
lhNnf cbfntsf] d'sfd /x]sf] :yfgdf lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no /xg] Joj:yf ;/sf/L
jsLn lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod $ sf] pklgod -$_ df ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] cg'¿k lhNnf
cbfntx¿ /x]sf :yfgdf lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nox¿sf] :yfkgf eO{ sfo{;Dkfbg x'Fb}
cfPsf] lyof] .
@=@! g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
lj=;+= @)^# ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kZrft\ hf/L ePsf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# n] :jtGq Gofokflnsf tyf sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ff nufot nf]stflGqs d"No /
dfGotfk|lt ;d]t k"0f{ k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf] lyof] . gful/sx¿sf] xs clwsf/ tyf
:jtGqtfsf] u}/–sfg"gL 9+uaf6 ckx/0f x'g glbg, ;dfhsf] zflGt ;'/Iffdf vnn kfg{]
cfk/flws ultljlwx¿ lgoGq0f u/L To:tf ultljlwdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿ pk/ sfg"g adf]lhd
Goflos sf/afxL rnfO{ ;dfhdf zflGt / Gofo Joj:yf sfod /fVg tyf /fHosf] sfd
sf/afxLdf s'g} sfg"gL afwf, c8\sfp jf låljwf pTkGg ePdf sfg"gL /fo pknJw u/fpg]
p2]Zon] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d'Vo sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/ / d'Vo cleof]hgstf{sf] ¿kdf
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] .22 dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ d'2f dfldnfsf /f]xdf ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] u/]sf] sfg"gsf] JofVof jf k|ltkfbg u/]sf] sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] sfo{fGjog eP jf
gePsf] cg'udg ug{] jf u/fpg], lx/f;tdf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL
dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/ gu/]sf] jf To:tf] JolQmnfO{ cfkmGt;Fu jf sfg"g Joj;foL dfkm{t e]63f6
ug{ glbPsf] eGg] ph'/L k/]df jf hfgsf/L x'g cfPdf 5fgaLg u/L To:tf] x'gaf6 /f]Sg
;DalGwt clwsf/LnfO{ cfjZos lgb{]zg lbg] clwsf/ ;d]t dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ x'g] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] lyof] . h'g clwsf/ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& df dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ k|bfg
ul/Psf] clwsf/ eGbf yk clwsf/ lyP .23 ;+ljwfgsf] efu !^ cGtu{t wf/f !#$ b]lv !#&
;Dd dxfGofoflwjQmf ;DaGwL lgDg Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof]M
!#$=dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] lgo'lQmM
!= g]kfndf Ps dxfGofoflwjQmf /xg]5 h;sf] lgo'lQmk|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df
/fi6«kltaf6 x'g]5 . dxfGofoflwjQmf k|wfgdGqLsf] OR5fg';f/sf] cjlw;Dd cfkm\gf]
kbdf axfn /xg]5 .
@= ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz x'g ;Sg] of]Uotf geO{ s'g} klg JolQm dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]Uo dflgg] 5}g .
#= b]xfosf cj:yfdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5M–
s= lghn] k|wfgdGqL dfkm{t /fi6«klt ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf,
v= k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltaf6 lghnfO{ kbd'Qm ul/Pdf,
22
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] k|ltj]bg @)&%.)&^ .
23
k"j{ kfbl6Kk0fL ;+Vof ^ .
321
332 g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg

u lghsf] d[To' ePdf .

$= dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kfl/>lds tyf cGo ;'ljwf ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz;/x
x'g]5 . dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿ sfg"gåf/f lgw{f/0f eP adf]lhd
x'g]5g\ .
!#%= dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M
!= dxfGofoflwjQmf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d'Vosfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/ x'g]5 . ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL
ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]lslbPsf] cGo clwsf/LnfO{ /fo ;Nnfx lbg'
lghsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
@= g]kfn ;/sf/sf] xs, lxt jf ;/f]sf/ lglxt /x]sf] d'2fdf dxfGofoflwjQmf jf lghsf]
dftxtsf clws[tx¿af6 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ul/g]5 . o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoyf
n]lvPb]lv afx]s s'g} cbfnt jf Goflos clwsf/L ;dIf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 d'2f
rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] clGtd lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{
x'g]5 .
#= pkwf/f -@_ sf] cwLgdf /xL dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ cfkm\gf] st{Jo kfng ub{f b]xfosf
sfd ug{] clwsf/ x'g]5M–
s= g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL jf k|ltjfbL eO{ bfo/ ePsf d'2f dfldnfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
tkm{af6 k|lt/Iff ug{],
v= d'2f dfldnfsf /f]xdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] u/]sf] sfg"gsf] JofVof jfk|ltkfbg u/]sf]
sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] sfo{fGjog eP jf gePsf] cg'udg ug{] u/fpg],
u= lx/f;tdf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/
gu/]sf] jf To:tf] JolQmnfO{{ cfkmGt;Fu jf sfg"g Joj;foLdfkm{t e]63f6 ug{
glbPsf] eGg] ph'/L k/]df jf hfgsf/L x'g cfPdf 5fglag u/L To:tf] x'gaf6
/f]Sg ;DalGwt clwsf/LnfO{ cfjZos lgb{]zg lbg] .
$= o; wf/fdf n]lvPsf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] cltl/Qm dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] cGo sfd,
st{Jo / clwsf/ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"gåf/f lgw{f/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
%= cfkm\gf] kbLo st{Josf] kfngf ub{f dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ g]kfnsf] h'g;'s} cbfnt,
sfo{fno / kbflwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt x'g] clwsf/ x'g]5 .
^= dxfGofoflwjQmfn] of] wf/f adf]lhd cfkm\gf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf]
cwLgdf /xL k|of]u / kfng ug{] u/L dftxtsf clws[tnfO{ ;'Dkg ;Sg]5 .
!#^= jflif{s k|ltj]bgM
!= dxfGofoflwjQmfn] k|To]s jif{ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"g adf]lhd cfk"n] ;Dkfbg u/]sf]
sfdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L /fi6«klt ;dIf k]z ug{]5 / /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqL
dfkm{t To:tf] k|ltj]bg Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;dIf k]z ug{] Joj:yf ug{]5 .
@= pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]z ul/g] k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Q dxfGofoflwjQmfn]
jif{e/Ldf ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL ljifodf lbPsf] /fo ;Nnfxsf] ;+Vof ;/sf/ jfbL eO{
rn]sf d'2f ;DaGwL ljj/0f, g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL jf k|ltjfbL eO{ bfo/ ePsf d'2f
dfldnfdf k|lt/Iff u/]sf] ljj/0f, ck/fw ;DaGwL ljj/0f tyf ;/sf/ jfbL eO rn\g]
d'2fdf eljiodf ul/g' kg{] ;'wf/sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ug{' kg{]5 .

322
g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg 333

!#&= Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf pkl:yt x'g kfpg]M dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ Joj:yflksf–;+;b, ;+ljwfg ;ef

jf To;sf] s'g} ;ldltsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt eO{ s'g} sfg"gL k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf /fo JoQm ug{]
clwsf/ x'g]5 . t/ dt lbg] clwsf/ eg] x'g] 5}g .
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#% df /x]sf] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg cg'¿k dxfGofoflwjQmfdf lglxt clwsf/
dftxt ;/sf/L jsLnx¿n] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] u/L ldlt @)^# ;fn df3 ! ut]sf] g]kfn
/fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] lyof] . To;}u/L ldlt @)^* ;fn j}zfv !
ut]sf] g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgf cg';f/ dxfGofoflwjQmfdf lglxt clwsf/nfO{ cfkm\gf]
clwsf/If]q leqsf lhNnfx¿sf] xsdf ;DalGwt k'g/fj]bg -xfn pRr_ ;/sf/L jsLn
sfo{fnosf ;xGofoflwjQmf jf lghsf] cg'kl:yltdf ;xGofoflwjQmfsf] x}l;otdf sfd ug{]
sd{rf/Ln] k|of]u / kfngf ug{ kfpg] u/L ;'Dk]sf] kfOG5 .
@=@@ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu !@ wf/f !%* df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d'Vo sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/ / d'Vo
cleof]hgstf{sf] ¿kdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o:t} g]kfn ;/sf/sf] xs,
lxt jf ;/f]sf/ lglxt /x]sf] d'2fdf dxfGofoflwjQmf jf lghsf] dftxtsf ;/sf/L jsLnaf6
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ul/g], g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 bfo/ ePsf] d'2f lkmt{f ln+bf
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] /fo lng' kg{] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ ljutsf] ;+ljwfgdf k|bfg ul/P em} cfkm\gf] st{Jo kfng ub{f g]kfn
;/sf/ jfbL jf k|ltjfbL eO{ bfo/ ePsf d'2f dfldnfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 k|lt/Iff
ug{], d'2f dfldnfsf /f]xdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] u/]sf] sfg"gsf] JofVof jf k|ltkfbg u/]sf]
sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] sfo{fGjog eP jf gePsf] cg'udg ug{] jf u/fpg], lx/f;tdf /x]sf]
JolQmnfO{ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/ gu/]sf] jf To:tf] JolQmnfO{
cfkmGt;Fu jf sfg"g Joj;foL dfkm{t e]63f6 ug{ glbPsf] eGg] ph'/L k/]df jf hfgsf/L x'g
cfPdf 5fgaLg u/L To:tf] x'gaf6 /f]Sg ;DalGwt clwsf/LnfO{ cfjZos lgb{]zg lbg]
clwsf/ ;d]t dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .24 o;}u/L wf/f !%* sf] pkwf/f -
$_ cg';f/ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ Joj:yflksf–;+;b, ;+ljwfg ;ef jf To;sf] s'g} ;ldltsf]
a}7sdf pkl:yt eO{ s'g} sfg"gL k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf /fo JoQm ug{] clwsf/ ;d]t /x]sf] 5 .
;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf oL Joj:yfx¿af6 dxfGofoflwjQmfn] sfo{kflnsfnfO{ sfg"gL ;Nnfx k|bfg
ug{], Joj:yflksfnfO{ sfg"gL k|Zgdf /fo lbg] / Gofokflnsfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 d'2f
dfldnfdf k|ltlglwTj / k|lt/Iff ug{] lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsf] 5 . o;af6 dxfGofoflwjQmfn]
cfkm\gf] kbLo lhDd]jf/L /fHosf tLg j6} lgsfo;Fu cfa4 eO{ lgjf{x ul//x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
t/ o; ;+ljwfgn] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kbnfO{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf eg] :yflkt u/]g .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !%* sf] pkwf/f -&_ df dxfGofoflwjQmfn] pQm wf/f adf]lhd
cfkm\gf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf] cwLgdf /xL k|of]u / kfng ug{] u/L
dftxtsf clws[tnfO{ ;'Dkg ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . ;f]xL wf/fsf] pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd cfkm"df
lglxt d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] clwsf/ ljleGg zt{sf] cwLgdf /xg] u/L ldlt

24
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg wf/f !%* -^_-u_ .
323
334 g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg

@)&@.)^.)# sf] /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgf cg';f/ dxfGofoflwjQmfaf6 dftxtsf ;/sf/L

jsLnx¿nfO{ ;'Dk]sf] kfOG5 .25
o;}u/L ;f]xL ldltdf k|sflzt ;"rgf cg';f/ ljz]if ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{noaf6 ax; k}/jL /
k|lt/Iff ul/g] d'2fdWo] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @)^$ sf] s;"/ ;DaGwL d'2fdf ;DalGwt
cg';Gwfg clwsf/Laf6 d'2fsf] txlssft k"/f eO{ dÚ2f rNg] jf grNg] lg0f{osf] nflu
/fo;lxt ljz]if ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no ;dIf k|:t't x'g cfPsf] ldl;n ;xGofoflwjQmfn]
tf]s]sf] pkGofoflwjQmfn] cWoog ubf{ ;j'b k|df0fsf] plrt d"Nof+sgaf6 d'2f rnfpg' kg]{
b]v]df ;f]sf] cfwf/ / sf/0f ;lxtsf] lg0f{o u/L cfjZos sfg"gL sfo{ljlw k"/f u/L u/fO{
d'2f bfo/ ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfo jf clwsf/L ;dIf k7fpg], k|fKt ldl;n sfuh cWoog ubf{
;j'b k|df0fsf] plrt d"Nof+sgaf6 d'2f rnfpg' gkg]{ b]v]df cfwf/ / sf/0f ;lxtsf] cfˆgf]
/fo ;lxtsf] lg0f{o ;f]xL sfof{nosf ;xGofoflwjQmf ;dIf k]z ug{' kg]{ / ;xGofoflwjQmfn]
d'2f rnfpg' kg]{ b]v]df ;f] adf]lhd ug{ cfwf/ / sf/0f ;lxtsf] lg0f{o u/L cfjZos sfg"gL
sfo{ljlw k"/f u/L u/fO{ d'2f bfo/ ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfo jf clwsf/L ;dIf k7fpg], k|fKt
ldl;n sfuh cWoog ubf{ ;xGofoflwjQmfn] d'2f rnfpg' gkg]{ b]v]df cfwf/ / sf/0f
;lxtsf] cfˆgf] /fo;lxtsf] lg0f{o clGtd lgsf;fsf] nflu dxfGofoflwjQmf ;dIf k]z ug{
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ lgsf;f eP adf]lhd ug]{ u/L clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg
ul/Psf] 5 .
o:t} ;f]xL ldltdf g} k|sflzt cs{f] ;"rgf cg';f/ ;a} k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfo{fnosf
zfvf clws[txnfO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf tyf ljz]if ;/sf/L jsLn sfo{fno sf7df8f}+df
sfo{/t zfvf clws[tnfO{ ;f] sfo{fnon] x]g{] egL tf]lsPsf] d'2fx¿df ;/sf/L jsLnsf]
x}l;otn] ljz]if cbfnt j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Gofoflws/0f /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+ jfl0fHo
Ohnf; k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g / k|zf;sLo cbfntdf pkl:yt eO ax; k}/jL Pj+ k|lt/Iff
ug{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ePsf] kfOG5 @
o;}u/L ldlt @)&@.!!.@) sf] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] ;"rgf cg';f/ ;jf{]Rr
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] d'2fx¿df k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf jf clGtd cfb]z
pk/ ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yf cg'¿k d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg pko'Qm 5}g eGg] ;DalGwt k'g/fj]bg
;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nosf ;xGofoflwjQmfnfO{ nfu]df ljleGg tLg j6f zt{sf] clwgdf /xL
d'2f bf]xf¥ofpg] lgj]bg gug{] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nosf
;xGofoflwjQmfnfO{ ldlt @)&@.!!.!! df dxfGofoflwjQmfaf6 k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf]df pQm
k|Tofof]lht clwsf/sf] zt{ g+= # sf] ;DalGwt k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{noaf6 k|fKt
lg0f{o / cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf ;d]t cWoog ubf{ d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ug{'kg{] b]v]df
ldl;n lemsfO{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf ;DalGwt If]q x]g{] gfoa dxfGofoflwjQmfn]
;jf{]Rr cbfntdf d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg] lgj]bg ug{] eGg] Joj:yf ldlt @)&#.!.#! ut]sf]
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] ;"rgf cg';f/ lgnDag u/L ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
gnfUg] d'2fx¿df k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf jf clGtd cfb]z pk/ ljBdfg sfg"gL
Joj:yf cg'¿k d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg pko'Qm gePdf ;/sf/L jsLn ;DaGwL lgodfjnL @)%% sf]
25
g]kfn /fhq ldlt @)&@.)^.)# .
324
g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg 335

lgod @! adf]lhd ;f] sf] clGtd lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/ k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nosf
;xGofoflwjQmfnfO{ ldlt @)&#.!.#! af6 dxfGofoflwjQmfaf6 k|Tofof]hg ePsf] / ldlt
@)&#.$.!) b]lv pSt k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ lgldQ ;xGofoflwjQmfx¿n] klg k|of]u ug{ kfpg]
u/L dxfGofoflwjQmfaf6 k|Tofof]hg ePsf] 5 .
o:t} ldlt @)&$.)(.!* sf] g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgf cg';f/ pRr cbfnt kf6gsf]
jfl0fHo Ohnf;df bfo/ x'g] ;'/lIft sf/f]af/ P]g, @)^# / a}lsÍ s;"/ tyf ;hfo P]g,
@)^$ sf] s;"/ ;DaGwL d'2f / ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f -dgL nfpG8l/Ë_ lgjf/0f P]g, @)^$ sf]
s;"/ ;DaGwL d'2fdf cfjZos sfg"gL sfo{ljlw k"/f u/L u/fO{ d'2f bfo/ ug{ ;DalGwt
lgsfo jf clwsf/L ;dIf k7fpg] u/L ljz]if ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nonfO{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg
ul/Psf] 5 .
d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf #$ sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] k|of]hgsf nflu
vf; lsl;dsf ;fgfltgf s;"/df ;f] bkmfsf] k|lqmof k'/f u/L d'2f bfo/ gug{] u/L lg0f{o ug{
;a} lhNnfsf ;/sf/L jsLnx¿nfO{ dxfGofoflwjQmfåf/f ldlt @)&%.^.! df /fhkqdf
k|sflzt ;"rgf cg';f/ ldlt @)&%.%.! ut] l:js[lt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . of] clwsf/sf] k|of]u
u/L ;/sf/L jsLnn] o; k|sf/sf d'2f grnfpg] u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o g} clGtd x'G5 . h;nfO{
clGtd lgsf;fsf nflu dxfGofoflwjQmf ;dIf k'¥ofpg' kb{}g .
cf+lzs d'2f rnfpg] grnfpg] ;Gbe{df clGtd lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/ ldlt @)&%.)&.!# ut]sf]
/fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L dxfGofoflwjQmfaf6 dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf jl/i7td\
gfoa dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ k|Tofof]hg ePsf] 5 . ;f] adf]lhd dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf
jl/i7td\ gfoa dxfGofoflwjQmfaf6 cf+lzs d'2f grnfpg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{odf cfjZos
lgb{]zg lbg] sfo{ x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf !!& sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd
dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ ldnfkq u/fpg cfb]z lbg ;Sg] clwsf/ /x]sf] 5 . ldlt @)&^.!!.!(
df /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgf cg';f/ ldlt @)&^.!!.& b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfo{fnosf gfoa dxfGofoflwjQmfn] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] u/L dxfGofoflwjQmfaf6 clwsf/
k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] 5 .
o;}u/L ;f]xL ldltsf] ;"rgf cg';f/ ldlt @)&^.!!.^ ut]b]lv k|of]u / kfngf ug{ kfpg] u/L
/fh:j r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg tyf lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @) adf]lhd /fh:j cg';Gwfg
sfo{fnoaf6 k]z x'g cfPsf d'2fsf] sf/jfxL % j6f pRr ;/sf/L jsLn sfo{fnox¿ kf6g,
lj/f6gu/, jL/u+h, a'6jn / g]kfnu+hn] ug{] / k|fKt ldl;n cfjZos sfg"gL sfo{ljlw k"/f
u/L u/fO{ d'2f bfo/ ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfo jf clwsf/L ;dIf k7fpg] u/L clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg
ul/Psf] 5 .
To:t} ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !%* sf] pkwf/f -^_ sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd dxfGofoflwjQmfdf lglxt
lx/f;tdf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/ gu/]sf] jf To:tf]
JolQmnfO{ cfkmGt;Fu jf sfg"g Joj;foL dfkm{t e]63f6 ug{ glbPsf] eGg] ph'/L k/]df jf
hfgsf/L x'g cfPdf 5fgljg u/L To:tf] x'gaf6 /f]Sg ;DalGwt clwsf/LnfO{ lgb{]zg lbg]
clwsf/ ldlt @)&@.)^.)# sf] /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgf cg';f/ ;f]xL ldltb]lv nfu" x'g] u/L
325
336 g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg

k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfo{fnosf ;xGofoflwjQmf jf lghsf] cg'kl:yltdf

;xGofoflwjQmfsf] x}l;otn] sfd ug{] sd{rf/Ln] k|of]u ug{] u/L ;'lDkPsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !%$ n] g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfg"g adf]lhd ;+3Lo Gofo ;]jfsf]
/fhkqf+lst kbdf lgo'lQm, ;?jf, a9'jf ubf{ jf To:tf] kbdf axfn /x]sf] s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{
ljefuLo ;hfo ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/; cg';f/ ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . k|wfg GofofwLzsf] cWoIftfdf dxfGofoflwjQmf ;d]t ;b:o /xg] u/L Gofo ;]jf
cfof]usf] u7g x'g] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] 5 . jt{dfg Gofo ;]jfsf] ;+/rgfdf Gofo
;]jfnfO{ Gofo ;d"x, ;/sf/L jsLn ;d"x / sfg"g ;d"x u/L tLg ;d"xdf ljefhg ul/Psf]
eP klg ;a} ;d"xsf /fhkqflÍt sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQm, ;¿jf, a9'jf tyf ljefuLo sf/afxL
ug{] ;DaGwdf Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf] ;b:osf] ¿kdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
/x]sf] 5 .
@=@# d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$
@)&% ebf} ! ut]b]lv d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$, d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$
sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf 5g\ . oL ;+lxtf nfu" eP kl5 ;fljssf] ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g,
@)$( nufotsf sfg"gx¿ vf/]h ePsf 5g\ . d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf]
bkmf #$ n] s'g} vf; lsl;dsf] ;fgfltgf s;"/df d'2f bfo/ ug{' Jojxfl/s gePsf] jf
;fj{hlgs lxtnfO{ vf; c;/ gkg{] b]lvPdf ;/sf/L jlsnn] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] :jLs[lt lnO{
To:tf] AolQm lj?4 d'2f bfo/ gug{] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . cbfntdf
Psk6s bfo/ e};s]sf] d'2fdf yk k|df0f km]nf k/L klxn] lnPsf] dfu bfjL ;+zf]wg ug{' kg{]
b]lvPdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] :jLs[lt lnO{ ;DalGwt ;/sf/L jlsnn] cleof]ukqdf ;+zf]wg
ug{ ;'? txsf] ;DalGwt cbfntdf sf/0f v'nfO{ lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf klg ;+lxtfsf]
bkmf #^ df ul/Psf] 5 .
o:t} ;f]xL ;+lxtfsf] bkmf !!& sf] pkbkmf (@) n] ;j{;fwf/0fsf] 7uL jf ;j{;fwf/0fsf]
;DklQsf] xflg, gf]S;fgL jf j}b]lzs /f]huf/L ;DaGwL d'2fdf k|ltjfbL / kLl8t b'j}n] ldnfkq
u/fO{ kfpmF egL ;DalGwt ;/sf/L jsLn ;dIf lbPsf] lgj]bg pk/ sf/afxL x'Fbf To:tf]
Joxf]/f dgfl;a nfu]df dxfGofoflwjQmfn] ldnfkq u/fpg cfb]z lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5.
o:t} sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf] bkmf !($ n] ;/sf/ jfbL d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hg;Fu
;+nUg lgsfosf aLrdf cfjZostf cg';f/ ;dGjo sfod u/L cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hg
;DaGwL sfo{df k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] cWoIftfdf u[x dGqfnosf ;lrj,
sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfnosf ;lrj tyf k|x/L dxflg/LIfs ;d]t ;b:o
/x]sf] ;dGjo ;ldltsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;fljsdf ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%%
o; k|sf/sf] ;dGjo ;ldltsf] Joj:yf lyof] .
@=@$ kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]g,
@)&$ kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf #* df s}b
;hfo kfPsf s;"/bf/sf] ;fdflhs k'gM:yfkgf tyf PsLs/0f ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u ;d]t
326
g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg 337

k'¥ofpgsf] nflu dxfGofoflwjQmf cWoIftfdf u[x dGqfnosf ;lrj, sfg"g, Gofo tyf
;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfnosf ;lrj ;b:o /x]sf] k|f]j]zg tyf Kof/f]n af]8{sf] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5.
o:t} ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf $^ df ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0f sfo{ ;d]tsf] nflu
dxfGofoflwjQmf cWoIftfdf ;hfo ;'emfj ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] ;ldltdf
sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfnosf ;lrj ;b:o, g]kfn k|x/Lsf dxflg/LIfs
;b:o, ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] If]qdf sDtLdf kGw jif{sf] cg'ej xfl;n u/]sf jf b08ljb\x¿
dWo]af6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] Ps hgf ;b:o / s;"/bf/nfO{ k'gM:yfkgf ug]{ sfddf
;+nUg JolQmx¿ dWo]af6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] sDtLdf bz jif{sf] cg'ej k|fKt u/]sf] Ps
hgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
@=@% ;/sf/L jsLn ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)&&
d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$ sf] bkmf !(^ sf] pkbkmf (!) n] lbPsf] clwsf/
k|of]u u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)&& h]7 @^ ut]b]lv k|f/De x'g] u/L ;/sf/L jsLn ;DaGwL
lgodfjnL, @)&& sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf]] 5 . o; lgodfjnLdf dxfGofoflwjQmf nufot cGo
;/sf/L jsLnx¿sf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/x¿ pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;f] lgodfjnLsf]
lgod !! df b]xfo adf]lhdsf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/x¿ tf]lsPsf] 5M
!!= dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M
! g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !%* tyf cGo k|rlnt sfg"gdf pln\nlvt sfd, st{Jo /
clwsf/sf] cltl/Qm dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5M
s= ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] kbflwsf/LnfO{
sfg"gL /fo ;Nnfx k|bfg ug{],
v= g]kfn ;/sf/sf] xs, lxt jf ;/f]sf/ lglxt /x]sf] d'2fdf g]kfn ;/sf/ jf g]kfn
;/sf/sf] clwsf/Lsf] tkm{af6 cbfnt jf d'2f x]g{] lgsfo jf clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt eO{
ax; k}/jL ug{],
u= ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof ;DaGwL jf cGo s'g} hl6n sfg"gL k|Zg ;dfj]z
ePsf] jf ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] k|Zg lglxt /x]sf] d'2fdf pkl:yt eO{ ax; k}/jL ug{],
3= cbfntaf6 ePsf cfb]z jf km};nfsf] sfo{fGjogsf nflu ;DalGwt ;+j}wflgs lgsfo,
dGqfno, ;lrjfno, ljefu jf cGo ;/sf/L sfo{fnonfO{ n]vL k7fpg],
ª= k|rlnt sfg"gsf] sfo{fGjogsf] qmddf s'g} sl7gfO{ cfO{ k/]df jf s'g} ljifodf tTsfn
sfg"g agfpg' kg{] jf eO/x]sf] sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug{' kg{] jf alg/x]sf] sfg"g nfu" ug{' kg{]
b]lvPdf ;f]sf] cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug{],
r= ;+j}wflgs lgsfo, dGqfno, ;lrjfno, ljefu jf cGo ;/sf/L sfo{fnoaf6 cbfntdf
k|:t't x'g] lnlvt hjfkm nufotsf sfg"gL d:of}bfdf ;'wf/ ug{ / Ps¿ktf sfod ug{
To:tf lgsfo, dGqfno, ;lrjfno, ljefu jf sfo{fnoaLr cfjZos ;dGjo ug{],
5= sf/fuf/ tyf lx/f;tdf /x]sf s}bL tyf y'g'jfsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] cj:yfaf/] cg'udg
u/L ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ cfjZos lgb{]zg lbg],
327
338 g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg

h= d'Vo GofoflwjQmfsf] sfd sf/afxLsf] ;DaGwdf Ps¿ktf / k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu

cfjZos ;xhLs/0f / ;dGjo ug{],
em= ;+ljwfg tyf ;‹Lo sfg"gsf] sfo{fGjogsf] ;DaGwdf d'Vo GofoflwjQmfnfO{ cfjZos
lgb{]zg lbg],
`= k|b]z ;/sf/sf] Joj:yfkgdf /x]sf lx/f;t, ;'wf/u[x jf y'g'jf sIfdf /x]sf y'g'jf pk/
dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/ eP jf gePsf] ;DaGwdf d'Vo GofoflwjQmfaf6 cg'udg u/fpg] .
@= ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] s'g} uDeL/ jf ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
xs, lxt jf ;/f]sf/ lglxt /x]sf] s'g} d'2fdf tf]lsPsf] ;/sf/L jsLnsf] cltl/Qm cGo
;/sf/L jsLn v6fO{ d'2fsf] cleof]hg Pj+ ax; k}/jL ug{' cfjZos 5 eGg] nfu]df
dxfGofoflwjQmf jf ljefuLo k|d'vn] yk ;/sf/L jsLn v6fpg ;Sg]5 .
#= ;/sf/L sfo{fno jf sfg"g adf]lhd ul7t ;+:yf jf lgsfon] u/]sf] s'g} lg0f{o jf sfd
sf/afxLaf6 ;+ljwfg jf k|rlnt sfg"gsf] pNn‹g jf ;fj{hlgs lxt k|lts"n ePsf] 5
eGg] dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ nfu]df / To:tf] lg0f{o jf sfd sf/afxL lj?4 ph'/ ug{
sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] clwsf/Ln] ph'/L gu/]df jf To:tf] ph'/ ug{ s'g} clwsf/L gtf]lsPsf]df
dxfGofoflwjQmf cfkm}+n] jf lghn] tf]s]sf] ;/sf/L jsLnn] To:tf] lg0f{o jf sfd sf/afxL
lj?4 sfg"g adf]lhd ;DalGwt lgsfodf ph'/ ug{ jf ug{ nufpg jf cfjZos ;'emfj
jf lgb{]zg lbg ;Sg]5 .
#= xfn;Ddsf dxfGofoflwjQmfx¿
:yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Dd lgo'lQm eO{ sfo{/t /xg' ePsf dxfGofoflwjQmfx¿sf] gfdfjnL /
sfo{sfn lgDg adf]lhd /x]sf] 5M
s= ;+= dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] gfd sfo{sfn
1. >L sfnLk|;fb pkfWofo -@))(–@)!#_
2. >L zDe'k|;fb 1jfnL -@)!^.%.!!–@)@&.*.!$_
3. >L /dfgGb k|;fb l;+x -@)@&.*.@%–@)#*.!.@*_
4. >L s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/] -@)#*.@.!$–@)$$.@.!#_
5. >L d]3/fh axfb'/ lji6 -@)$$.@.!$–@)$&.!).@)_
6. >L df]tLsfhL :yflkt -@)$&.!).@#–@)%!.*.!#_
/ -@)%@.&.@)–@)%#.!!.@&_
7. >L ;j{1/Tg t'nfw/ -@)%!.*.@^–@)%@.%.@&_
8. >L k|]daxfb'/ lji6 -@)%$.!.%–@)%%.!.@*_ /
-@)%(.!.@#–@)%(.(.%_
9. >L ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{ -@)%%.@.!–@)%*.!@.@@_
10. >L s[i0f/fd >]i7 -@)%(.!!.(–@)^).%.@^_
11. >L ;'lzns'df/ kGt -@)^).%.#)–@)^!.$.^_
12. >L dxfb]jk|;fb ofbj -@)^!.$.@@–@)^!.!).@@_
13. k|f= >L kjgs'df/ cf]emf -@)^!.!!.^–@)^@.(.!)_
14. >L nIdLaxfb'/ lg/fnf -@)^@.(.!!–@)^#.!.%_
15. >L o1d"lt{ aGhf8] -@)^#.!.@(–@)^%.$.#!_

328
g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg 339

16. >L /f3jnfn j}B -@)^%.%.%–@)^^.@.!!_

17. 8f= >L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{ -@)^^.#.$–@)^&.*.#_
18. k|f=8f= >L o'j/fh ;+u|f}nf -@)^&.!!.!–@)^*.%.!#_
19. >L d'lQm gf/fo0f k|wfg -@)^*.%.@#–@)^(.!@.@_
20. >L b|f]0f/fh /]UdL -@)^(.!@.!%–@)&).!).@*_
21. >L afa'/fd s'Fj/ @)&).!!.%–@)&@.^.@%
22. >L xl/s[i0f sfsL{ @)&@.^.@*–@)&@.!!.!*
23. >L xl/ k|;fb km'Fofn @)&#.!.^–@)&#.$.!(
24 >L /dg s'df/ >]i7 @)&#.$.@$–@)&$.$.@(
25. >L j;Gt/fd e08f/L @)&$.%.@–@)&$.!!.#
26. >L clUg k|;fb v/]n -@)&$.!!.*–xfn;Dd_
$= dxfGofoflwjQmfx¿sf] sfo{sfnsf] ;dLIff
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& hf/L x'g'eGbf cl3sf] $) jif{sf] Oltxf;df % hgf
JolQmx¿ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kbdf kbfl;g x'g' ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,
@)$& df dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] lgo'lQm / av{f;L k|wfgdGqLsf] OR5f cg';f/ x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf]
/ xfn;Dd klg Tof] Joj:yf lg/Gt/ /x]sf] x'Fbf @)$& ;fn kl5 ag]sf ;/sf/x¿sf]
:yfloTjsf] cefjdf xfn;Dd @! hgf dxfGofoflwjQmfx¿n] cfkm\gf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfnL
;Sg'ePsf] 5 .
@^ hgf dxfGofoflwjQmf e};Sbf klg xfn;Dd Pshgf klg dlxnf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kbdf
lgo'Qm ePsf] kfOb}g . dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfo{fnosf] Oltxf;df /fhkqf+lst ljlzi6 >]0fLsf]
gfoa dxfGofoflwjQmf kbdf k'Ug] zf/bf ah|frfo{ dfq Pshgf dlxnf ;/sf/L jsLn
x'g'x'G5 . tyflk kl5Nnf jif{df dlxnf ;/sf/L jsLnx¿sf] ;+Vof j[l4 xF'b}uO/x]sf] 5 . xfn
/fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] ! hgf, /fhkqf+lst låtLo >]0fLsf] !@ hgf ;d]t &! hgf dlxnf
;/sf/L jsLnx¿ sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 .
@)$& ;fn cl3sf dxfGofoflwjQmfx¿M % hgf
@)$& ;fn cl3sf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] cf}ift sfo{sfnM * jif{
@)$& ;fn kl5sf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] cf}ift sfo{sfnM ! jif{ % dlxgf
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kb afx]s cGo lhDd]jf/L ;d]t /xg' ePsf
;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLzdf lgo'Qm x'g'x'g] dxfGofoflwjQmfx¿
!= :j= >L sfnLk|;fb pkfWofo
@= >L kjgs'df/ cf]emf
#= 8f= >L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
$= >L xl/s[i0f sfsL{
%= >L xl/k|;fb k'Fmofn
329
340 g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg

Gofo kl/ifb\sf] ;b:o aGg' x'g] dxfGofoflwjQmfx¿

!= :j= >L zDe'k|;fb 1jfnL
@= :j= >L s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/]
#= :j= d]3/fh axfb'/ lji6
$= :j= df]ltsfhL :yflkt
%= >L nIdL axfb'/ lg/fnf
g]kfn jf/ P;f]lzo;gsf] cWoIf x'g'x'g] dxfGofoflwjQmfx¿
!= :j=>L zDe'k|;fb 1jfnL
@= >L s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/]
#= >L ;j{1/Tg t'nfwf/
$= >L xl/s[i0f sfsL{
g]kfn jf/ P;f]lzo;gsf] dxf;lrj x'g'x'g] dxfGofoflwjQmfx¿
!=>L xl/s[i0f sfsL{
@= >L clUg k|;fb v/]n
#= >L /dg s'df/ >]i7
sfg"g dGqL x'g'x'g] dxfGofoflwjQmfx¿
!= :j=>L zDe'k|;fb 1jfnL
@= >L clUgk|;fb v/]n
ljlzi6 >]0fL eO{ dxfGofoflwjQmf x'g'x'g] dxfGofoflwjQmfx¿
!= :j=>L zDe'k|;fb 1jfnL
@= :j= >L /fdfgGb k|;fb l;+x
#= :j= >L s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/]
$= >L k|]d axfb'/ lji6
%= >L s[i0f/fd >]i7
^=>L b|f]0f/fh /]UdL
b'O sfo{sfn Joltt ug{'x'g] dxfGofoflwjQmfx¿
!= :j= >L df]ltsfhL :yflkt
@= >L k|]d axfb'/ lji6

330
g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg 341

@)$& ;fn kl5 b'O{ jif{ kbfjlw k"/f ug{] dxfGofoflwjQmfx¿

!= >L df]tLsfhL :yflkt
@= >L ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{
#= >L o1d"lt{ aGhf8]
$= >L clUgk|;fb v/]n
%= dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] ;+u7gfTds :j¿k tyf b/aGbLsf] ljsf;qmd
klxnf] P6gL{ hg/nsf] sfo{fno ;~rfngsf nflu pknAw l;+xb/af/sf] klxnf] rf]ssf] sfg"g
tyf ;+;bLo k|aGw dGqfnosf] nË;Fu} /x]sf] s]xL sf]7] P6g{L{ hg/nsf] sfo{fno klg klxnf]
P6gL{ hg/n sfnLk|;fb pkfWofosf] alxu{dg;Fu} aGb ePsf]df lj=;+= @)!^ ;fndf
l;+xb/jf/sf] klxnf] rf]ssf] blIf0f l:yt dflyNnf] tNnfsf] Pp6f sf]7fdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{no :yfkgf ePsf] kfOG5 . Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)!^ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd
lhNnf÷lhNnfdf lgo'Qm ueg{d]G6 lKn8/x¿nfO{ P6g{L{ hg/nsf] dftxtdf /fVg] u/L ldlt
@)!& j}zfv @) ut] lg0f{o ePsf] kfOG5 .26 o;}u/L ldlt @)!& ;fn r}q @& ut] g]kfn
uh]6df ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L k|To]s lhNnfdf ueg{d]G6 lKn8/ tyf klAns k|f]l;So"6/x¿ v8f
ul/P . ;f]xL ;"rgfdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] cg'kl:yltdf Pl;:6]G6 ueg{d]G6 lKn8/ / Pl;;6]G6
klAns k|f]l;So"6/sf] ¿kdf lhNnf cbfntsf ;|]:t]bf/n] kb]g eO{ sfd ug{] u/L tf]Sg'sf ;fy}
ljleGg @# hgf ;/sf/L jsLnx¿sf] ¿kdf kf]li6Ë / ;/sf/L jsLn sfo{fnosf] d'sfd klg
tf]s]sf] kfOG5 . ldlt @)!* ;fn j}zfv !@ ut]sf] g]kfn uh]6sf]] ;"rgf cg';f/ ;/sf/L
jsLn sfo{fno ;DalGwt pRr, lhNnf / Onfsf cbfnt ejgdf 7fpF k'u];Dd a:g] ;"rgf
hf/L ul/of] .
ldlt @)!* ;fn h]7 ( ut]sf] g]kfn /fhkqsf] æ;/sf/L jsLn clkm;af/]sf] ljj/0f
;j{;fwf/0fsf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu æzLif{ssf] ;"rgf cg';f/ *& j6f ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nosf]
ljj/0f lbOPsf] 5 . P6gL{ hg/nsf] sfof{no sf7df8f}+df /xg] / ;f]xL ejgdf dWodf~rn
ueg{d]G6 P8ef]s]6 clkm; /xg] ;"rgf o;n] lbPsf] 5 . ;fy} k"jf{~rnsf] lj/f6gu/ /
klZrdf~rnsf] g]kfnu~hdf ueg{d]G6 P8ef]s]6 clkm; /xg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . o:t}
;f]xL ;"rgfn] ueg{d]G6 P8ef]s]6 clkm; cGtu{t dWodf~rndf &, k"jf{~rndf ^ /
klZrdf~rndf & ueg{d]G6 lKn8/ tyf klAns k|f]l;So'6/ clkm;sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 .
ueg{d]G6 lKn8/ tyf klAns k|f]l;So'6/ clkm; cGtu{t klg lhNnf cbfnt txdf cl;:6]G6
klAns k|l;So'6/ tyf cl;:6]G6 ueg{d]G6 KnL8/sf] clkm;sf] Joj:yf ul/of] . ;f]xL ldltsf]
csf{] ;"rgf cg';f/ P6g{L{ hg/n nufot ljleGg ;/sf/L jsLnn] sfg"gL /fo lbg] /
cbfntL lnvt d:of}bf ug{] u/fpg] ;DaGwdf k|lqmof lgw{f/0f u/]sf] lyof] .27

26
g]kfn uh]6, k|sflzt @)!& ;fn c;f/ !$ ut] .
27
k|sfz j:tL, xfd|f] sfg"gL Oltxf;sf s]xL emfFsLx?, k}/jL a's xfp;, @)^#, k[=@)@ .
331
342 g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg

t/, @)!* ;fn df3 !* ut]sf] lg0f{o28n] @)!* ;fn h]7 ( ut] hf/L ;/sf/L jsLnsf]
;+u7g ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ vf/]h u¥of] . ;f] lg0f{ofg';f/ eQmk'/, /fd]5fk, d]rL dxfsfnL,
h'Dnf / uf]/vfdf /x]sf ueg{d]G6 lKn8/ tyf klAns k|f]l;So'6/ clkm; vf/]h ul/P . o;}u/L
ueg{d]G6 lKn8/ tyf klAns k|f]l;So'6/ clkm; sf7df8f}+ / nlntk'/ sf7df8f}+ klxnf] kmfF6 /
bf];|f] kmfF6df kl/0ft ul/P . k"jf{~rnsf] lj/f6gu/ / klZrdf~rnsf] g]kfnu~hdf ueg{d]G6
P8ef]s]6 clkm;x¿ ;d]t vf/]h ul/P . ;f]xL ;"rgfdf pk/f]Qm kl/jt{gkl5sf ljleGg &*
;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nox¿sf] lj:tfl/t ;"rL lbOPsf] 5 .
@)@) ;fn ebf} !& ut]sf] g]kfn uh]6sf] æ;/sf/L jsLn clkm;sf gofF of]hgfæ zLif{ssf]
;"rgf adf]lhd To; a]nfsf !$ ueg{d]G6 lKn8/ tyf klAns k|f]l;So"6/ clkm;nfO{
;DalGwt c~rnsf] c~rnfwLz sfof{no / ^# j6f cl;i6]G6 ueg{d]G6 lKn8/ tyf klAns
k|f]l;So"6/ clkm;nfO{ ;DalGwt lhNnfsf] a8f xflsd jf dlhi6]6sf] k|zf;sLo lgoGq0f tyf
/]vb]vdf /xg] u/L c~rnfwLz clkm;, uf}+8f, u9L, uf]Zjf/f / dlhi6]6 clkm;df ufleof] .29
ueg{d]G6 lKn8/ tyf klAns k|f]l;So"6/nfO{ k|fljlws sfd s'/fdf P6gL{ hg/n dftxt /fVg]
t/ sfdsf] xsdf xfn vl6Psf] ¿kdf c~rnfwLz, a8fxflsd / dlhi6]6 dftxt oyfjt
/fVg] / ;/sf/L jsLn;DaGwL k|zf;g sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnoaf6 ;~rfng ug{] u/fpg]
u/L @)@! ;fn c;f/ @) ut] lg0f{o ePsf] kfOG5 .30 @)!* ;fndf ;+:yfut ¿kdf
ljsl;t ePsf] ;/sf/L jsLnsf] b/jGbL x]bf{ @)!* b]lv @)@& ;Dd dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nodf dxfGofoflwjQmf ! / # hgf ;/sf/L clwjQmfsf] b/jGbL /x]sf]df @)@& ;fnsf]
cGtlt/ ! jl/i7 ;/sf/L clwjQmf / @ cltl/Qm ;/sf/L clwjQmfsf] b/jGbL yk ePsf]
b]lvG5 . @)@) ;fn;Dd ;/sf/L jsLnsf] k|zf;g dxfGofoflwjQmf sfof{noaf6 ePsf] eP
klg @)@) b]lv @)@& ;fn;Dd ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nonfO{ slxn] c~rnfwLz sfof{no /
lhNnf sfof{nodf ufEg'sf ;fy} ;/sf/L jsLnx¿sf] k|zf;gsf] sfd sfg"g tyf Gofo
dGqfnon] uYof]{ .
lj=;+= @)@& ;fndf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] k|zf;g k'gM dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dftxtdf
/xg] / sfof{no klg 5'§} /xg] Joj:yf eof] . ;f]xL adf]lhd lj=;+= @)@& ;fndf
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] ejg agfpg] sfo{ k|f/De eO{ @)@( ;fn j}zfv @ ut]
tTsfnLg /fhf jL/]G›af6 ;f] ejgsf] p¢f6g ul/Psf] lyof] . ejg pb\3f6gsf] cj;/df
cfdlGqt la|l6z /fhb"tn] sf7df08f}df ;/sf/n] agfPsf] sfof{no ejgdf olt /fd|f] / sfd
ug{ ;'ljwf o'Qm ejg csf]{ cfk'mn] gb]v]sf] k|ltlqmof lbg'' ePsf] lyof] egL zDe' k|;fb
1jfnLn] cfkm\gf] k':tsdf n]Vg'ePsf] 5 .31 To;kl5 dfq dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfo{fnosf]
;f+u7lgs :j¿kn] :yfloTj k|fKt u/]sf] kfOG5 .
@)@* ;fn ebf} !% ut]sf] g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgf adf]lhd c~rn tyf
lhNnf:t/Lo ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . @)#) ;fn r}q @( ut]sf]

28
g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt @)!* kmfu'g @@ .
29
k"j{ kfbl6Kk0fL ;+Vof #), k[= @)# .
30
g]kfn uh]6, k|sflzt @)@! ;fn d+;L/ ! ut] .
31
zDe'k|;fb 1jfnL, JolQm / ljrf/, hubDaf k|sfzg, @)%% .
332
g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg 343

;"rgfn] km]l/ s]xL ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no ufEg] / s]xL v8f ug{] pNn]v ePsf] lyof] . @)#!
;fndf If]qLo cbfntsf] :yfkgf kZrft\ lhNnf, c~rn, If]qLo tyf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{no u/L rf/ txsf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nox¿sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] .
b/aGbLsf] Joj:yf x]bf{ cf=j= @)#%÷)#^ ;Dd ;/sf/L jsLndf /fhkqf+lst $% / /fhkq
cg+lst @ u/L hDdf $& hgf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] b/jGbL /x]sf] kfOG5 . @)#* ;fndf
;/sf/L jsLnsf] b/jGbLnfO{ cku|]8 u/L lhNnfl:yt ;/sf/L jsLn klg /fhkqf+lst t[tLo
>]0fLsf] x'g] Joj:yf ePkl5 dfq sfg"gdf :gfts u/]sf w]/} JolQmx¿ ;/sf/L jsLnsf]
;]jfdf k|j]z u/]sf] kfOG5 . @)$! ;fndf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, If]qLo, c~rn /
lhNnf ;a} txsf hDdf /fhkqf+lst txdf !)% ;/sf/L jsLn / /fhkq cg+lst ;/sf/L
jsLn * hgf u/L dxfGofoflwjQmf ;lxt hDdf !!$ hgf ;/sf/L jsLnsf ;fy} !! hgf
/fhkqf+lst, @^) hgf /fhkq cg+lst sd{rf/L / @$& hgf lkog jf ;f] ;/xsf sd{rf/L
u/L ^#@ hgfsf] b/jGbL /x]sf] kfOG5 .32
@)$% ;fndf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ;fy} ! hgf d'Vo GofoflwjQmf tyf ! hgf cltl/Qm
GofoflwjQmf ;d]t u/L &&! hgfsf] b/aGbL /x]sf] kfOG5 .33 @)$& ;fn h]7;Dddf
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no !, If]qLo ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nox¿ -wgs'6f, kf]v/f, ;'v]{t,
lbkfon_ $, c~rn ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nox¿ !@ / lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nox¿ ^!
/xg'sf ;fy} ;a} txsf hDdf ;+j}wflgs !, /fhkqf+lst txdf !@% ;/sf/L jsLn /
/fhkqf+lst sd{rf/L @%, /fhkq cg+lst #@#, lkog jf ;f] ;/x @($ hgf u/L
dxfGofoflwjQmf ;lxt hDdf &^* hgfsf] b/jGbL /x]sf] kfOG5 .34
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& nfu" eP kZrft\cbfntsf] # tx sfod eP cg'¿k
;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nosf] klg tLg tx sfod u/L ;DalGwt P]g lgoddf ;+zf]wg
eO;fljssf] If]qLo tyf c~rn ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nox¿ ldlt @)$(.#.@$ b]lv sfod
g/xL k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nosf]] ;+Vof ( /x]sf] kfOG5 . k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn
sfof{nox¿sf] ;+Vof cf=j= @)%!÷)%@ df !! /x]sf]df cf=j= @)%@÷)%# df of] ;+Vof !^
ePsf] kfOG5 . o:t} lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nox¿sf] ;+Vof cf=j=@)%!÷)%@ df ^^
/x]sf]df cf=j= @)%@÷)%# df of] ;+Vof ^@ sfod ePsf] kfOG5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ @)%&.!.! af6 tt\tt lhNnfx¿df lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn
sfof{nosf] 5'§} sfof{no :yfkgf eO{ !^ k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nox¿ / &% lhNnf
;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nox¿ ;~rfngdf cfPsf] kfOG5 . @)^# ;fndf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{no, k'g/fj]bg / lhNnf ;a} txdf u/L ! ;+j}wflgs kb, $ /fhkqf+lst ljlzi6 >]0fL
;d]t @$@ hgf ;/sf/L jsLnsf ;fy} /fhkq cg+lstsd{rf/L ^!( hgf u/L *^! hgfsf]
b/jGbL /x]sf] kfOG5 .35 dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] klxnf] k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgf
sfof{Gjogsf] klxnf] jif{ cyf{t cf=j=@)^*÷)^( sf] tYof+s x]bf{ dxfGofoflwjQmf ;d]t @&&

32
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)$).)$! .
33
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)$$.)$% .
34
k"j{ kfbl6Kk0fL ;+Vof !) .
35
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg cf=j= @)^@÷)^# .
333
344 g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg

hgf ;/sf/L jsLnx¿ tyf ^$@ cGo sd{rf/Lx¿ ;d]t u/L s'n (!( ;+Vofsf hgzlQm
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf sfod b]lvG5g\ .36
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no cGtu{t sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf /xg] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ -
dlGqkl/ifb\_ sf] ldlt @)&).)&.@% sf] lg0f{oaf6 ljz]if ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nosf] :yfkgf
ePsf] lyof] . pQm sfof{noaf6 ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}+, /fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+,
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+, k|zf;sLo cbfnt tyf pRr cbfnt kf6gdf /x]sf
jfl0fHo Ohnf;af6 ;'g'jfO x'g] ;/sf/ jfbL d'2fx¿df ax; k}/jL tyf k|lt/Iff ug{
;xGofoflwjQmfsf] g]t[Tjdf cGo ;/sf/L jsLn tyf sd{rf/L /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg nfu" ePkZrft\ hf/L ePsf] Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)&# adf]lhd :yflkt
pRr cbfntx¿ / pRr cbfntsf Ohnf; /x]sf :yfgx¿df pRr ;/sf/L jsLn
sfof{nox¿ :yfkgf eO{ sfo{;Dkfbg x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
xfn pRr ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nox¿sf] ;+Vof !* /x]sf] 5 . pRr ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no
g]kfn Gofo ;]jf ;/sf/L jsLn ;d"xsf /fhkqflÍt k|yd >]0fLsf ;xGofoflwjQmfsf] g]t[Tjdf
/xg] Joj:yf 5 . Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)&# sf] bkmf # df k|To]s lhNnfdf Pp6f lhNnf
cbfnt /xg] Joj:yf cg'¿k && j6f lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no /x]sf] 5 . pQm lhNnf
:t/sf sfof{nox¿ dWo] lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no, sf7df8f}+df ldlt @)&%.)#.@& b]vL
nfu" x']g u/L sfof{no k|d'v g]kfn Gofo ;]jf, ;/sf/L jsLn ;d"xsf /fhkqflÍt k|yd >]0fLsf]
;xGofoflwjQmf /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 eg] afFsL &^ j6f lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nosf]
xsdf sfof{no k|d'vsf] ¿kdf g]kfn Gofo ;]jf, ;/sf/L jsLn ;d"xsf /fhkqflÍt låtLo
>]0fLsf lhNnf GofoflwjQmf /x]g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no / dftxtsf sfof{nox¿sf] ljj/0f
qm=;+= sfof{nosf] gfd ;+Vof
1. dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no !
2. pRr ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nox¿ !*
3. ljz]if ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no !
4. lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nox¿ &&
hDdf (&
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no / dftxtsf sfof{nox¿df /x]sf] jt{dfg b/aGbL ;+Vof37
>]0fL kb b/aGbL ;+Vof
;+j}wflgs dxfGofoflwjQmf !
/f=k=ljlzi6 >]0fL gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf $
/f=k=k|yd >]0fL ;xGofoflwjQmf #*
/f=k=l4lto >]0fL lhNnf GofoflwjQmf÷pkGofoflwjQmf !&$

36
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, cf=j= @)^*÷)^(
37
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf], sfof{no tyf hgzlQm ljefudf /x]sf] clen]v cg';f/ .
334
g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg 345

/f=k=t[tLo >]0fL ;xfos lhNnf GofoflwjQmf÷;xfos GofoflwjQmf #)$

;/sf/L jsLn %@!
/f=k=l4tLo >]0fL n]vf pk;lrj !
/f=k=t[tLo >]0fL n]vf clws[t !
/f=k=t[tLo >]0fL sDKo'6/ clws[t @
/f=k=t[tLo >]0fL sDKo'6/ OlGhlgo/ !
/fhkq cg++lst k|yd >]0fL gfoj ;'Jjf @&!
/fhkq cg++lst k|yd >]0fL n]vfkfn !^
/fhkq cg++lst k|yd >]0fL ;xn]vfkfn ^
/fhkq cg++lst l4tLo >]0fL vl/bf/ !!)
/fhkq cg++lst k|yd >]0fL sDKo''6/ ck/]6/ &(
/fhkq cg++lst l4lto >]0fL ;xfos sDKo'6/ ck/]6/ %%
/fhkq cg+lst k|yd >]0fL 6fO{lki6 #!
/fhkq cg+lst k|yd >]0fL k':tsfno ;xfos !
x=;=rf= !@%
sf=;= #^*
hDdf !%**

^= dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no / dftxtsf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nox¿sf] gfd38

lj=;+= @))* ;fndf klxnf] P6gL{ hg/nsf] ¿kdf >L sfnLk|;fb pkfWofo lgo'Qm ePkZrft\
;'? ePsf] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf qmddf ljleGg ;do cGt/fndf
dftxtsf sfof{nosf] ljleGg gfdfs/0f ePsf] kfOG5 . ljutb]lv xfn;Dd ;/sf/L jsLn
sfof{nosf gfdx¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\M
k|f/De b]lv @)@) ;fn;Dd
P6gL{ hg/n clkm;, ueg{d]G6 P8ef]s]6 clkm;, ueg{d]G6 lKn8/ tyf klAns k|l;So'6/
clkm;, cl;:6]G6 ueg{d]G6 lKn8/ clkm;,cl;:6]G6 klAns k|l;So'6/ clkm;, cl;:6]G6
ueg{d]G6 lKn8/ tyf cl;:6]G6 klAns k|l;So'6/ clkm; .
@)@) ;fn kZrft\
P6gL{ hg/n clkm;, ueg{d]G6 P8ef]s]6 clkm;, ueg{d]G6 lKn8/ tyf klAns k|l;So'6/,
c~rnfwLz clkm; ;/sf/L jsLn zfvf, cl;:6]G6 ueg{d]G6 lKn8/ tyf cl;:6]G6 klAns
k|l;So'6/ uf}+8f ;/sf/L jsLn zfvf, cl;:6]G6 ueg{d]G6 lKn8/ tyf cl;:6]G6 klAns

38
g]]kfn uh]6, g]kfn /fhkq tyf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] k|ltj]bgx? .
335
346 g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg

k|l;So'6/ uf]Zjf/f ;/sf/L jsLn zfvf, cl;:6]G6 ueg{d]G6 lKn8/ tyf cl;:6]G6 klAns
k|l;So'6/ dlhi6]6 clkm; .
@)@$ ;fn kZrft\
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, If]qLo ;/sf/L clwjQmfsf] sfof{no, ;/sf/L clejQmf tyf
;/sf/L cleof]Qmf sfof{no, ;xfos ;/sf/L clejQmf tyf ;xfos ;/sf/L cleof]Qmfsf]
sfof{no
@)$@.&.!# ut] kZrft
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, If]qLo ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no, c~rn ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no,
lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no
@)$* ;fn kZrft\
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no, ljz]if ;/sf/L jsLn
sfof{no -@)&) ;fndf :yflkt_, lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no .
@)&# ;fn kZrft
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, pRr ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no, ljz]if ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no,
lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no .
&= xfn;Dd k|of]u ePsf ;/sf/L jsLnsf kbgfdx¿39
P6gL{ hg/n tyf ;/sf/L jsLnsf kbgfdx¿ ;doqmd;Fu} a]nfa]nfdf kl/jt{g x'Fb} uPsf]
kfOG5 . xfn;Dd k|of]u ePsf ;/sf/L jsLnsf kbgfdx¿ lgDgfg';f/ ePsf] kfOG5M
@))* b]lv @)@# ;fn ;Dd
P6gL{ hg/n, ueg{d]G6 P8ef]s]6, ueg{d]G6 lKn8/ tyf klAns k|l;So'6/, cl;:6]G6
ueg{d]G6 lKn8/ tyf cl;:6]G6 klAns k|l;So'6/ .
@)@$ ;fn b]lv @)$@ ;fn;Dd
dxfGofoflwjQmf, jl/i7 ;/sf/L clwjQmf, ;/sf/L clwjQmf, cltl/Qm ;/sf/L clwjQmf,
;/sf/L clejQmf tyf ;/sf/L cleof]Qmf, ;xfos ;/sf/L clejQmf tyf ;xfos ;/sf/L
cleof]Qmf .
@)$@ ;fn b]lv @)$( ;Dd
dxfGofoflwjQmf, d'Vo GofoflwjQmf, cltl/Qm GofoflwjQmf, ;xGofoflwjQmf, pkGofoflwjQmf
;xfos GofoflwjQmf, lhNnf GofoflwjQmf, zfvf clws[t .
@)$( ;fn b]lv @)%^ ;Dd

39
P]=P]= .
336
g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg 347

dxfGofoflwjQmf, jl/i7 ;/sf/L clwjQmf, ;/sf/L clwjQmf, pk ;/sf/L clwjQmf, lhNnf

;/sf/L clwjQmf, ;xfos lhNnf ;/sf/L clwjQmf, zfvf clws[t .
@)%^ ;fn kl5 xfn;Dd
dxfGofoflwjQmf, gfoa dxfGofoflwjQmf, ;xGofoflwjQmf, pkGofoflwjQmf, lhNnf
GofoflwjQmf, ;xfos lhNnf GofoflwjQmf, ;xfos GofoflwjQmf, /f=k= t[tLo >]0fLsf] zfvf
clws[t kb -;/sf/L jsLn ;DaGwL lgodfjnL,@)&& kZrft\ o; kbgfd x6fOPsf]_ .
*= dxfGofoflwjQmfx¿sf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro
*=! :j= sfnLk|;fb pkfWofo
sfnLk|;fb pkfWofosf] hGd ;g !()# df ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf a'jf l;l4k|;fb pkfWofo ;g
!*!^ sf] ;'uf}nL ;lGw x'g' cl3 g]kfnsf] e'efudf /x]sf] /fdgu/df a;f]af; ug{'x'GYof] .
;'uf}nL ;lGw kZrft\ /fdgu/ ef/tdf ufleg k'u]sf] lyof] . sfnLk|;fb pkfWofon] k6gf n
sn]hdf aL Pn u/L k6gfdf g} sfg"g Joj;fo ug{' ePsf] lyof] .40 ;/sf/sf] nflu sfg"gL
;Nnfxsf/sf] cfjZostf dx;'; u/L sfo{sfl/0fL cfb]zaf6} lj=;+= @))* ;fn kf}if * ut]
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 pxfFnfO{ g]kfnsf] klxnf] P6g{L{–hg/nsf] ¿kdf lgo'Qm ul/Psf] lyof] . k|wfg
Gofofno P]g / lgodfjnL tof/ ug{] qmddf ;d]t pxfFsf] ax'd'No ;'emfj k|fKt ePsf]
elgG5 . pxfF k|wfg Gofofno P]g vf/]hL eO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt P]g @)!# cfP kZrft
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kbaf6 vf/]hLdf kg{' eof] . g]kfn jf/ Pzf]l;o;gsf] :yfkgf ldlt @)!#
;fn k'if & ut] z'qmaf/sf lbg eGbf cl3 jl/i7 clwjQmfsf] k|df0fkq lng] # hgf dWo] pxfF
Ps x'g'x'GYof] . pxfF;Fu} ;f] k|df0fkq lng]df g]kfn jf/ Pzf]l;o;gsf] klxnf] ;efklt b]jgfy
k|;fb adf{ / /fwfs[i0f laxf/L x'g'x'GYof] . pxfF ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf ¿kdf ldlt
@)!& ebf} #) df tTsfnLg /fhf dx]G›af6 lgo'Qm x'g' ePsf] lyof] . o;}u/L pxfFn] ! cu:6
!(^! b]lv cS6f]a/ !(^% ;Dd a]nfotsf] nflu g]kfnL /fhb"tsf ¿kdf ;d]t sfo{ef/
;DxfNg' ePsf] lyof] . a]nfotaf6 kms{L;s] kZrft\ pxfFnfO ldlt @)@@ ;fn r}q !( ut]
/fh;efsf] ;b:odf lgo'Qm ul/Psf] lyof] eg] To;kZrft klg pxfFn] s]xL ;do ;jf{]Rr
cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf ¿kdf sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] ;g !(&! h'g !$
tf/]vdf ^* jif{sf] pd]/df lgwg ePsf] lyof] .
*=@ :j= >L zDe'k|;fb 1jfnL
sfg"g dGqfnosf] cl;i6]G6 ;]qm]6/L kbdf axfn /x]s} cj:yfdf @)!# ;fn ;fpg * ut]
kb]g ueg{d]G6 P8ef]s]6 lgo'Qm x'g' ePsf :j= >L zDe'k|;fb 1jfnLn] sfg"g dGqfnosf]
;]qm]6/Laf6 @)!^ ;fn ebf} ( ut] P6g{L{ hg/n kbdf lgo'Qm eO{ g]kfnsf] bf];|f]
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg' ePsf] lyof] . >L zDe'k|;fb 1jfnL ;a}eGbf w]/} ;do
sl/a !! jif{ # dlxgf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kbdf /xg' x'g] dxfGofoflwjQmf x'g'x'G5 . pxfF
P6g{L{ hg/nsf] x}l;otdf @)@@ ;fndf ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] jflzË6gdf cfof]lht

40
clwjQmf ?› ;'j]bL, :j= sfnLk|;fb pkfWofosf] af/]df, ck/fw cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgdf ;/sf/L jsLn @)&) g]kfn
sG;l66\o';g kmfp08];g sf7df8f}+, k[=! .

337
348 g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg

sfg"gåf/f ljZjzflGt ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL x'g' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]

sfof{no ejg agfpg / ejg ;lxtsf] hUuf k|flKtsf] nflu ljz]if of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' ePsf]
lyof] .
>L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)!&.^.@& sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLz >L
gogaxfb'/ vqLsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t sfg"g cfof]usf] ;b:odf >L zDe'k|;fb 1jfnL lgo'Qm
x'g' ePsf] lyof] . ldlt @)!*.&.!$ df g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgf cg';f/ pxfFnfO{ ;f]
cfof]usf] cWoIf agfOPsf] lyof] . @)@) ;fnsf] d'n'sL P]g o; cfof]usf] ;lqmotfdf ag]sf]
xf] . 41

>L zDe'k|;fb 1jfnL g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( sf] d:of}bf ug{ ldlt @)!( ;fn j}zfv ^
ut] tTsfnLg cy{ dGqL Clifs]z zfxsf] cWoIftfdf ag]sf] ;+ljwfg d:of}bf cfof]usf] ;b:o
;d]t x'g' x'GYof] . pxfF g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)!( adf]lhd @)@) ;fn r}q @& ut] clg?4
k|;fb l;+xsf] cWoIftfdf u7g ePsf] tLg ;b:oLo Goflos ;ldltsf] ;d]t ;b:o /xg'
ePsf] lyof] . ;f] ;ldltn] ldlt @)@!.@.!% df /fhb/af/ k|d'v ;lrjfnosf] lj1lKt cg';f/
;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 clGtd lg0f{o ePsf]df lrQ ga'em\g] kIfn] #% lbgleq /Ltk"j{s
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &@ cg';f/ Goflos ;ldlt dfkm{t >L % sf xh'/df lgj]bg lbPdf d'2f
bf]xf]o{fpg] gbf]xf]of{pg] x]/L sf/0f v'nfO{ Goflos ;ldltn] >L % df hfx]/ ug{] jf tfd]nLdf
/fVg] clwsf/ lbPsf] kfOG5 . pxfF g]kfn sfg"g cfof]usf] cWoIf ;d]t x'g' x'GYof] .42
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kbaf6 /fhLgfdf lbP nuQ} >L zDe'k|;fb 1jfnL tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL
lslt{lglw lji6sf] dlGqkl/ifb\df @)@( ;fn j}zfv $ ut];Dd sfg"g tyf ;+;bLo dGqLsf
¿kdf /xg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfF Gofo kl/ifbsf] ;b:o ;d]t /xg' ePsf] lyof] .
k|wfg Gofofno lgodfjnL @))( tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)!# sf] d:of}bf ;d]t
ug{'sf ;fy} pxfFn] pxfFn] sfg"gsf] JofVof, JolQm / ljrf/ h:tf k':tsx¿ ;d]t n]Vg'ePsf]
lyof] . pxfF ;+j}wflgs ljifosf Vofltk|fKt jl/i7 sfg"g Joj;foLsf ;fy} g]kfn jf/
Pzf]l;o;gsf t]xf}F{ cWoIf -@)#(–@)$@_ tyf g]kfn sfg"g ;dfh Pj+ g]kfn d]nldnfk
kl/ifb\sf] ;+:yfks cWoIf klg x'g'x'GYof] . >L 1jfnLn] dbg k'/:sf/ u'7Lsf] 1fkgkq tyf
;f]sf] lgodfjnL ;d]t tof/ kfg{' ePsf] lyof] .
*=# :j=>L /dfgGb k|;fb l;+x
k"j{ dxfGofoflwjQmf >L /dfgGb k|;fb l;+x tTsfnLg P6g{L{ hg/n clkm;df ueg{d]G6
P8ef]s]6sf] ¿kdf ;]jf u/L l;lgo/ ueg{d]G6 P8ef]s]6sf] kbdf ldlt @)@@ j}zfv &
ut]b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L a9'jf x'g' ePsf] lyof] . sfg"g dGqfnosf] sf=d'=;lrj /x]s} avt
tTsfnLg dxfGofoflwjQmf zDe'k|;fb 1jfnL labfdf a:bf pxfFnfO sf=d' dxfGofoflwjQmf
;d]t tf]lsPsf] kfOG5 . kl5 sfg"g dGqfnosf] ;lrj /x]s} avt pxfFnfO{ dxfGofoflwjQmfdf
lgo'Qm ul/of] . pxfFn] sl/a !! jif{ g]kfnsf] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ¿kdf lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg'
ePsf] lyof] . pxfFs} kfnfdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfo{fnosf] ejg lgd{f0f ;DkGg eO{

41
http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/np/about-us x]l/Psf] ldlt @)&& ebf} .
42
vgfn /]jtL/d0f, g]kfnsf] sfg"gL Oltxf;sf] ?k/]vf, >LdtL ;/:jtL vgfn, @)%( k[=%^% .
338
g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg 349

tTsfnLg /fhf jL/]G›af6 ;d'¢3f6g ePsf] lyof] . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf]
d:of}bf ug{ ljZjgfy pkfWofosf] cWoIftfdf ag]sf] ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ;ldltsf] ;b:osf
¿kdf >L /dfgGb k|;fb l;+xn] lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg' ePsf] lyof] . g]kfn d]nldnfk kl/ifbsf]
;+:yfks ;b:o ;d]t /xg' ePsf jl/i7 clwjQmf >L l;+xn] ax'rlr{t c?0f t];|f] hnljB't
cfof]hgfsf] ;DaGwdf k/]sf] ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL d'2f43df lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 ax; ;d]t
ug{' ePsf] lyof] .
*=$ :j= >L s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/]
k"j{ dxfGofoflwjQmf :j=>L s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/]n] g]kfnsf] rf}yf] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ¿kdf ldlt
@)#*.@.!$ df tTsfnLg /fhf jL/]Gb|af6 lgo'Qm eO{ ^ jif{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ¿kdf
sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg' ePsf] lyof] . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLz >L gogaxfb'/ vqLsf]
cWoIftfdf ul7t sfg"g cfof]usf] ;b:odf sfg"g ;lrjsf] ¿kdf >L s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/]
lgo'Qm x'g' ePsf] lyof] .44pxfFn] g]kfn jf/ Pzf]l;o;gsf] cWoIfsf] ¿kdf -@)!(–@)@!_, -
@)@$–@)@^_ / -@)@^–@)@*_ u/L # sfo{sfn k"/f ug{' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf]
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfo{sfnnfO{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] :j0f{o'u
klg dflgG5 . pxfFsf] sfo{sfndf $@ j6f ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nosf ejgx¿ lgdf{{0f ePsf
lyP . @)$* ;fn c;f/ !# ut] /fli6«o ;efsf] ;b:odf dgf]lgt ;d]t x'g' ePsf >L
l3ld/]n] s]xL ;do Gofo kl/ifb\sf] ;b:osf] ¿kdf ;d]t sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg'ePsf] lyof] .
pxfF n]Vg'x'G5 æcfˆgf] 5'§} ejg lgdf{0f u/L ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no :yfkgf x'g g;Sbf sfd
sf/jfxLdf cK7\of/f] k/]sf] s'/f d}n] /fhf ;dIf /fVbf /fhfaf6 dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nonfO{ k|To]s jif{ @) nfv lgsf;f eof] . o;/L ;j{k|yd d]/f] Wofg b]zel/sf ;/sf/L
jsLn sfof{nox¿sf] ejg lgdf{0f ug]{tkm{ uof] . o; qmddf d]/f] ;dodf b]z e/L $@ j6f
3/x¿ ag] . d}n] oL ejgx¿sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ k|x/L / jg sfof{nosf] d2t lnPsf]
lyP . ;f] sf/0fn] ubf{ ejgx¿ lgs} sd d"Nodf tof/ eP . ;/sf/L jsLn kmfF6sf] gfd
lbOPsf] l;l8cf] clkm;sf] Pp6f sf]7fdf a;L sfhdf NofOPsf sd{rf/Laf6 ;/sf/L jsLn
sfof{nosf] sfd sf/jfxL ;DkGg x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf dx;'; u/L ;/sf/L jsLnsf] kbLo
lhDd]jf/L adf]lhdsf] kb jf b/jGbLsf] >[hgf u/fPF . To;kl5 lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn
sfof{nodf /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fLsf ;/sf/L cleof]Qmf tyf ;/sf/L clejQmfsf] b/jGbL
/xg] Joj:yf eof] .45
*=% :j=>L d]3/fh axfb'/ lji6
ldlt @)$$ ;fn h]7 !$ ut] tTsfnLg /fhf jL/]Gb|af6 g]kfnsf] kfFrf}+ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
¿kdf lgo'Qm x'g' cl3 >L d]3/fh axfb'/ lji6 k"j{ ;/sf/L jsLnsf ;fy} If]qLo cbfntsf]
d'Vo GofofwLz ;d]t x'g'x'GYof] . pxfF dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kbdf /xFbf /fhb/af/, /fli6o
k~rfot, k~rfot gLlt tyf hfFra'em ;ldlt tyf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ;Nnfxsf/sf]
43
uf]kfn l;jfsf]6L ;d]t lj?4 >L % sf] ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno ;d]t g]=sf=k @)%!, cÍ $, lg0f{o g+= $*(% .
44
k"j{ kfbl6Kk0fL ;+Vof @& k[=%%( .
45
>L s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/], ;/sf/L jsLnn] cfkm"nfO{ ;w} sfg"gsf] ljBfyL{ ;lDemg' kb{5, GofobLk cw{jflif{s, kmf}hbf/L Gofo ljz]iffÍ,
@)^@, c+s @, ;/sf/L jsLn ;dfh, sf7df08f}, k[= * .
339
350 g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg

e"ldsfdf ;d]t x'g'x'GYof] . ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ klg GofofwLzdf cj;/ lbg'k5{ eGg] wf/0ff
/fVg'x'g] >L d]3/fh axfb'/ lji6n] w]/} ;/sf/L jsLnx¿nfO{ GofofwLz agfpgsf nflu kxn
ug{' ePsf] lyof] .
pxfF eGg'x'G5 ";/sf/L jsLn h'g /fd|f 5g\ ltgLx¿nfO{ xf};nf k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 eGg] d}n]
;f]r] / /fd|f ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ u|]8 lbg] Joj:yfsf] ;'?jft u/] . ;/sf/L jsLnsf] ;]jf zt{
;DaGwL 5'§} sfg"g x'g kb{5 eGg] wf/0ff d}n] /fv]sf] 5' . o; ;DaGwdf d]/f] kfnfdf ;/sf/L
jsLn ;DaGwL P]gsf] d:of}bf klg ePsf] lyof] t/ kfl/t x'g ;s]g . ;/sf/L jsLnx¿sf]
k]zfut bIftf clej[l4sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf cGo lgsfodf k|:tfj k]z u/] . d]/f]
kfnfdf sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ tx -PnPn=Pd=_ / pRr lzIff cWoog ug]{ cj;/ kfPsf dWo]
s]xL ;/sf/L jsLn g} 5g\ s]xL GofofwLzdf ."46
*=^ :j= >L df]ltsfhL :yflkt
lj=;+= !((* ;fn ef› ! ut] sf7df8f}+sf] dVvg uNnLdf hGdg'ePsf >L df]ltsfhL :yflkt
g]kfnsf] Gofo If]qdf ;a}n] lbn vf]n]/ >4f / k|z+;f ug{] ;Tkfq x'g'x'G5 . s]xL ;do g]kfn
Gofo ;]jfdf sfo{/t /xg' ePsf] pxfFnfO{ k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] ;'?jft kl5 ;]jfaf6 x6fOPsf]
lyof] . lj=;+= @)!* ;fndf #( cf}+ g++= sf] clwjQmf k|df0fkq lng'ePsf pxfFn] g]kfnsf] Gofo
/ sfg"gsf] If]qdf lg/Gt/ 5 bzs eGbf a9L latfpg'ePsf] lyof] . Legal Service Firm /
Lawyers Chamber h:tf n kmd{x¿ vf]n]/ pxfFn] :jtGq ¿kdf sfg"g Joj;fonfO{ c+ufNg'sf
;fy ;fy} ljleGg sn]hx¿df k9fpg] klg ug{' ePsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)@$ ;fndf a]nfotsf]
Birmingham ljZjljBfnoaf6 ljlwzf:q, sDkgL sfg"g / ;+j}wflgs sfg"gsf af/]df ljz]if
cWoog ug{' ePsf] pxfF @)@(–#) ;fndf g]kfn jf/ Pzf]l;o;gsf] s]lG›o pkfWoIf ;d]t
r'lgg' ePsf] lyof] . b]ze/sf sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ Pp6} ;+u7gdf cfa4 ug{ x/]s cbfnt
cGtu{t PsfO u7g ug{] l;nl;nfdf pxfFn] tof/ kfg{' ePsf] ;+3fTds ljwfg d:of}bf
Pzf]l;o;gn] s]xL ;+zf];g;lxt kfl/t u/]sf] / Tof] ljwfg xfn;Dd klg sfod} /x]sf] 5 .
;jf]{Rr cbfnt af/ Pzf]l;o;gsf] cWoIf ;d]t /xg' ePsf pxfF @)$& ;fndf jl/i7
clwjQmf x'g' ePsf] lyof] . @)$& ;fndf g} g]kfnsf] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kbdf /xg' ePsf
pxfFn] dln\ns cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgdfly lbg'ePsf] /fonfO{ Gofo If]qn] clj:d/0fLo cEof;sf]
¿kdf lng] u/]sf] 5 . @)^$ ;fndf $ jif{sf] nflu Gofo kl/ifb ;b:osf] ;d]t e'ldsf
lgefpg' ePsf :yflktn] Gofo / sfg"g huts} ul/df a9fO{ g]kfnsf] cfw'lgs sfg"g
Joj;fo / Goflos If]qsf] Oltxf;d} cUnf] sf];]9'+uf ;fljt x'g'eof] . lgi7fsf s]xL k|ltd'lt{x¿
dWo]sf] Ps hgf k|ltli7t JolQmTj /xg' ePsf :yflktsf] lgwg @)&# ;fn c;f]h & ut]
ePsf] lyof] .
pxfF n]Vg'x'G5 ædxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k/]sf ljleGg d'2fx¿ x]g{sf nflu ;+j}wflgs,
/fh:j, e"ld ;DaGwL / sd{rf/L tyf jg;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fx¿ x]g{ / ;/sf/L jsLnx¿nfO{
ljifosf] ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/fO{ 5'§f5'§} ljifosf] ljz]if1 agfpg qmdzM ;+j}wflgs dxfzfvf,
/fh:j dxfzfvf, e"ld ;DaGwL dxfzfvf / sd{rf/L ;DaGwL dxfzfvfsf] :yfkgf u/]F . k|To]s

46
>L d]3/fh axfb'/ lji6, ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ ef}lts ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg' kb{5, GofobLk cw{jflif{s, kmf}hbf/L Gofo ljz]iffÍ,
@)^@, c+s @, ;/sf/L jsLn ;dfh, sf7df08f}, k[= !) .
340
g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg 351

dxfzfvfdf !÷! hgf ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] gfoa dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] Joj:yf u/L lgh dftxtdf
ljleGg txsf ;/sf/L jsLnx¿ /xg] Joj:yf u/fPF . g]kfn ;/sf/sf cGo dGqfnodf !
hgf ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] sd{rf/L /xg] / dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf klg ! hgfsf] dfq
b/jGbL ePsf]df ta pk|fGt dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf yk # hgf u/L $ hgf ljlzi6
>]0fLsf] gfoa dxfGofoflwjQmf /xg] Joj:yf eof] . ;/sf/L jsLnn] cGo lgsfosf
kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Ln] eGbf a9L d]xgt / a9L ;do sfd ug'{ kg]{ x'Fbf pgLx¿nfO{ 5'§}
ax; eQf lbg kg]{ 7fgL d}n] kxn u/] / ax; eQf a9L ;do sfd u/] jfkt dfl;s ¿kdf
tnasf] @% k|ltzt ax; eQf lbnfpg] sfd klg u/]sf] lyPF . 47

*=& >L ;j{1/Tg t'nfwf/

lj=;+= @)%!.)*.@^ ut] g]kfn clw/fHosf] dxfGofoflwjQmfdf lgo'Qm jl/i7 clwjQmf >L
;j{1/Tg t'nfwf/n] @)!* ;fndf #% cf}F g+= sf] clwjQmf nfO;]G; lnO{ @)!( ;fnaf6
sfg"g Joj;fo ;'? ug{' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFs} kxndf /fli6«o lgb{]zs P]g, @)!* cGtu{t
tTsfnLg c~rfnflwz sfo{fnodf g]kfn jf/ Pzf]l;o;g btf{ ul/Psf] lyof] . pxfF @)##
;fndf g]kfn jf/ Pzf]l;o;gsf] cWoIf ;d]t x'g' ePsf] lyof] eg] pxfFs} sfo{sfndf @)#$
;fn j}zfv # ut] klxnf] k6s tLg lbj;Lo clvn g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL /fli6«o ;Dd]ngsf]
cfof]hgf ePsf] lyof], h'g xfn;Dd lg/Gt/ cfof]hgf x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . pxfFn] tt\;dodf
sf7df8f}Fdf dfq l;ldt /x]sf] af/ Pzf]l;o;gnfO{ b]zJofkL ¿kdf lrgf/L lbg'ePsf]
lyof] .48 @)#% c;f/ !* ut] tTsfnLg /fli6«o k~rfot clwj]zgdf Ps ;b:on] ;jf{]Rr
cbfntk|lt u/]sf] jQmJo pk/ cbfntdf cjx]ngf d'2f49 bfo/ u/L :jtGq Gofokflnsf /
sfg"gL zf;gsf] kIfdf jsfnt ug{' ePsf] lyof] .
*=* >L k|]daxfb'/ lji6
>L k|]daxfb'/ lji6 lhNnf GofofwLz, c+rn ;/sf/L jsLn, ;lrj, pk ;/sf/L clwjQmf,
If]qLo ;/sf/L clwjQmf, cltl/Qm ;/sf/L clwjQmf, jl/i7 ;/sf/L clwjQmf x'Fb} b'O{ k6s
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kbdf k'Ug'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] ;g\ !(*) df ;+o'Qm clw/fHosf] ;]lkmN8
o'lgel;{6Laf6 lqmldgn n df :gftsf]Q/ ug{' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] g]kfndf ePsf ljleGg
ljdfg b'3{6gfsf] ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] u7g u/]sf ljleGg 5fgljg ;ldltsf] ;+of]hssf
¿kdf ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{' ePsf] lyof] .
*=( >L ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{
ldlt @)%% ;fn h]7 ! ut] dxfGofoflwjQmfdf lgo'Qm x'g' ePsf jl/i7 clwjQmf >L
ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{n] ;+j}wflgs sfg"gsf ljifodf lj1sf ¿kdf Voflt sdfpg' ePsf] 5 .
@)&% ;fn ebf} ! ut] b]lv hf/L ePsf d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf @)&$ tyf d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L
sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf @)&$ sf] k|f/lDes d:of}bf pxfFn] ug{' ePsf] xf] . @)$& kl5 @ jif{ eGbf

47
>L df]tLsfhL :yflkt, ;/sf/L jsLn ;fj{ef}d /fHosf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5, GofobLk cw{jflif{s, kmf}hbf/L Gofo ljz]iffÍ, @)^@, c+s
@, ;/sf/L jsLn ;dfh, sf7df08f}, k[= !@ .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v.obo2aThHoyg&t.1s x]l/Psf] ldlt @)&& ebf} @% ut]
48

49
g]=sf=k=@)#%, efu @), c+s !, lg=g+= !!(& .
341
352 g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg

a9L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfo{ljlw k'/f ug{] tLg hgfdWo] Ps pxfF klg x'g'x'G5 . pxfFn]
sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ ;d]t ul/;Sg'ePsf] 5 . ;/sf/L jsLnsf] Jofj;flostf ;+/If0fdf
pxfFn] ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf bfo/ ug{' ePsf] l/650df ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] dxfGofoflwjQmf tyf
;/sf/L jsLnsf] Joj;flos :jtGqtf ;DaGwdf u/]sf] JofVof cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ glh/sf]
¿kdf /xL cfPsf] 5 .
*=!) >L s[i0f/fd >]i7
@)#! ;fndf /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fLsf] ;/sf/L jsLndf lgo'Qm eO{51 sl/a tL; jif{
;/sf/L jsLnsf ljleGg kbx¿df axfn eO cGtdf /fhkqf+lst ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] gfoa
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kbaf6 lghfdtL ;]jf P]g adf]lhd @)%( ;fn kmfu'g ( ut] cjsf;
k|fKt ePkZrft\ ldlt @)%( kmfu'g !! ut] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kbdf lgo'Qm x'g' ePsf]
lyof] .
*=!! >L ;'lzns'df/ kGt
>L z'lzns'df/ kGt @)^) ;fn ebf} #) ut] g]kfn /fHosf] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ¿kdf
lgo'Qm eO{ sl/a Ps jif{ ;f] kbdf /xg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] ljZj a}+ssf] ;xof]udf ;+:yfut
;'wf/, :jL; 8]enkd]G6, o"/f]lkog o"lgog tyf ldq /fi6« ef/tsf] ;xof]u tyf Indian Law
Institute dfkm{t lgoldt kqfrf/ sfo{ u/L cWoogsf] cj;/sf] k|flKt, ;/sf/ k|d'v;Fusf]
clgjfo{ ;fKtflxs e]63f6 h:tf ;+:yfut ljsf;sf] af6f]df cl3 a9fpg' ePsf] lyof]
.;/sf/L jsLnsf] sfo{df Ps¿ktfsf] nflu klAns k|f]l;So'6/ Dofg'cn lgdf{0f ug{ ljz]if
of]ubfg lbg'ePsf] lyof] .52 pxfFs} sfo{sfndf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nonfO k|ljlwd}qL
agfpgsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ ePsf] kfOG5 .pxfFn] sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ ;d]t ul/;Sg'ePsf]
5.
*=!@ >L dxfb]jk|;fb ofbj
@)^! ;fn ;fpg @@ ut] dxfGofoflwjQmf kbdf lgo'Qm x'g' ePsf jl/i7 clwjQmf >L
dxfb]j k|;fb ofbj To;cl3 g} /fli6o ;efsf ;f+;b ;d]t eO{ ;Sg' ePsf] lyof] . sfg"g
Joj;foLsf ¿kdf ;lqmo >L ofbj xfn g]kfn jf/ sfplG;nsf] k'/:sf/ l;kmfl/; ;ldltsf
;+of]hs klg x'g'x'G5 .
*=!# k|f= >L kjgs'df/ cf]emf
@)^! ;fn kmfu'g ^ ut] dxfGofoflwjQmf kbdf lgo'Qm x'g' ePsf >L kjgs'df/
cf]emf;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] c:yfoL GofofwLzdf lgo'Qm x'g' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] ;jf{]Rr
cbfntaf6 jl/i7 clwjQmfsf] k|df0fkq ;d]t k|fKt ug{' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn]
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kbdf /xFbf ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k/]sf] a]/Ltsf] b/kL7 cfb]z ab/ ;DaGwL

50
a›Laxfb'/ sfs{L lj?4 clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u;d]t g]=sf=k=@)%* lg=g+= &))! .
51
>L s[i0f/fd >]i7, ;/sf/L jsLn d]/f cg'ej, ;Demgfsf] k]6f/f], GofobLk cw{jflif{s, kmf}hbf/L Gofo ljz]iffÍ, @)^@, c+s @,
;/sf/L jsLn ;dfh, sf7df08f}, k[= @% .
52
>L ;'lzns'df/ kGt, ;Demgfsf] k]6f/f], GofobLk cw{jflif{s, kmf}hbf/L Gofo ljz]iffÍ, @)^@, c+s @, ;/sf/L jsLn ;dfh,
sf7df08f}, k[= @&,@* .
342
g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg 353
53
d'2fdf ljz]if Ohnf;df pkl:yt eO cbfntsf] ;xof]uLsf ¿kdf d'2fsf] lg/f]k0fdf ;xof]u
;d]t k'¥ofpg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ ;d]t u/L k|fWofks ;d]t x'g'x'G5 .
*=!$ >L nIdLaxfb'/ lg/fnf
@)^@ ;fn k'if !! ut] jl/i7 clwjQmf >L nIdL axfb'/ v8\sf lg/fnfdxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
kbdf lgo'Qm x'g' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] Gofo kl/ifbsf] ;b:osf] ¿kdf ldlt
@)&^ k'if @@ ut] lgo'Qm x'g' ePsf] 5 .
*=!% >L o1d"lt{ aGhf8]
@)^# ;fn j}zfv @( ut] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kbdf lgo'Qm x'g' ePsf jl/i7 clwjQmf >L
o1d"lt{ aGhf8]] sl/a %) jif{b]lv lg/Gt/ sfg"g Joj;fodf ;lqmo x'g'x'G5 . pxfF g]kfnL
sfFu|];sf] eft[ ;+u7g g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf] ;+:yfks /xL j}olQms :jtGqtf nufotsf
ljifodf cfjfh p7fpg] qmddf @)@& ;fndf kqmfp k/]kl5 k/]sf] ax'rlr{t
aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] l/654 dfkm{t ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] Gofo ;DaGwL xs, lgMz'Ns sfg"gL
;xfotf nufotsf ljifodf ;/sf/nfO sfg"g agfpg lgb{]zgfTds cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] lyof] .
*=!^ >L /f3jnfn j}B
jl/i7 clwjQmf >L /f3jnfn j}B @)^% ;fn ebf} % ut] g]kfn/fHosf] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
¿kdf lgo'Qm x'g' ePsf] lyof] . k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf ¿kdf ;d]t lhDd]jf/L
;DxfNg' ePsf >L /f3jnfn j}B /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgsf] sfo{sf/L lgb{]zs ;d]t x'g'
ePsf] lyof] .
*=!& k|f=8f= >L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
@)^^ ;fn c;f/ $ ut] dxfGofoflwjQmf kbdf lgo'Qm x'g' ePsf k|f=8f= >L e/taxfb'/
sfsL{ ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] c:yfoL GofofwLzdf lgo'Qm x'g' ePsf] lyof] . sfg"g ljifodf
lk=Pr=8L= ug{] b'O{ hgf dxfGofoflwjQmf dWo] pxfF Ps x'g'x'G5 .
*=!* k|f=8f= >L o'j/fh ;+u|f}nf
lj=;+= @)^&.!!.)@ ut] g]kfn /fHosf dxfGofoflwjQmf lgo'Qm x'g'ePsf jl/i7 clwjQmf
k|f=8f= >L o'j/fh ;+u|f}nfn] lbNnL ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;g\ @))& df ck/fwzf:qdf …Criminal
Justice System of Nepal with special reference to Legal Framework and Practices of
Interrogation, Extrajudicial Confession and State of Fair TrialÚ ljifodf ljBfjfl/wL ug{'
ePsf] lyof]. pxfF sf7df8f}F :s'n ckm n sf] ;+:yfks ;b:o tyf xfn sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs
x'g'x'G5 . pxfFsf] ljlwzf:q, ck/fwzf:q, ;+j}wflgs sfg"g, cGt/fli6«o sfg"g nufotsf
ljifodf bIftf /x]sf] 5 . pxfFsf JurisprudenceM The Philosophy of Law, with special
reference to oriental philosophical traditions, Right to Have Rights, South-Asia China
Geo-Economics gfds k':tsx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . pxfF ;Gf !((* df Ashoka Fellowship,
;g\ !((( df National Youth Award for excellent works in the field of law and justice and

53
g]=sf=k @)^! c+s !@ lg0f{o g+= &$^( .
54
yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g{'xf];, g]=sf=k @)@& efu !@ c+s ! lg0f{o g+ %$& .
343
354 g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg

human rights, @))) df Honor of the Best Citizen, ;g\ @)!@ df Teaching Excellence
Award, ;g\ @)!@ df SAARC Law Scholar Award, ;g\ @)!& df Nepal Education
Leadership Award nufot ljleGgs cjf8{af6 ;Ddflgt x'g'x'G5 . dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nosf] klxnf] k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] ;'qwf/ pxfF g} x'g'x'G5 .
*=!( >L d'lQm gf/fo0f k|wfg
>L d'lQm gf/fo0f k|wfg @)^* ebf} @# ut] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kbdf lgo'Qm x'g' ePsf]
lyof] . pxfFn] sl/a ! jif{ ^ dlxgf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg'ePsf] lyof] . xfn
pxfF jl/i7 clwjQmfsf] ¿kdf lg/Gt/ ¿kdf sfg"g Joj;fodf ;+nUg x'g'x'G5 . pxfFn]
sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ ;d]t ug{' ePsf] 5 .
*=@) >L b|f]0f/fh /]UdL
;/sf/L jsLnsf ¿kdf sfo{/t /xFb} /fhkqf+lst ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] gfoa dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
kbaf6} cjsf; eP kZrft\ >L b|f]0f/fh /]UdL @)^( ;fn r}q !! ut] dxfGofoflwjQmfdf
lgo'Qm x'g' ePsf] lyof] . xfn pxfF jl/i7 clwjQmfsf] ¿kdf lg/Gt/ sfg"g Joj;fodf ;+nUg
x'g'x'G5 .
*=@! >L afa'/fd s'Fj/
c3f{vfFrL lhNnfsf] ;lGwvs{df hGdg'ePsf >L afa'/fd s'Fj/ @)&) ;fn kmfu'g % ut]
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kbdf lgo'Qm x'g' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] sl/a ! jif{ ^ dlxgf
dxfGofoflwjQmf /xL sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg'ePsf] lyof] . pxfF g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L e};s]kl5
ldlt @)&$ df3 # b]lv @)&^ sflt{s !& ut];Dd u08sL k|b]zsf] klxnf] k|b]z k|d'vsf
¿kdf sfo{/t x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFn] jl/i7 clwjQmfsf] ¿kdf kmf}hbf/L sfg"g nufot cGo
If]qdf lg/Gt/ sfg"g Joj;fo ub{} cfpg' ePsf 5 . pxfF 8]df]qm]l6s no;{ Pzf]l;o;gsf
cWoIf klg x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFn] sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ ;d]t ug{' ePsf] 5 .
*=@@ >L xl/s[i0f sfsL{
ldlt @)&#.)!.)^ ut] g]kfn /fHosf dxfGofoflwjQmf lgo'Qm x'g' ePsf >L xl/s[i0f sfs{L
g]kfn jf/ Pzf]l;o;gsf] ;qf}+ sfo{;ldltsf] dxf;lrj tyf t]O;f}+ sfo{;ldltsf cWoIf
x'g'x'GYof] . g]kfn jf/ Pzf]l;o;gsf] cWoIf /x]s} cj:yfdf pxfF dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kbdf
lgo'Qm x'g' ePsf] lyof] eg] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kbdf axfn /x]s} cj:yfdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf
GofofwLzsf] kbdf lgo'Qm x'g' ePsf] xf] .
*=@# >L xl/k|;fb km'ofn
ldlt @)&@.)^.@* ut] g]kfn /fHosf dxfGofoflwjQmf lgo'Qm x'g' ePsf >L xl/k|;fb
km'ofnn] ef/tsf] a]+unf]/l:yt …g]zgn n :s"n’ / a]nfotsf] …o'lgel;{6L ckm P;]S;’ af6
sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ ug{' ePsf] 5 . lj=;+= @)%) ;fnb]lv sfg"g Joj;foLsf ¿kdf cEof;
ub{} cfpg'ePsf pxfF @)&^ j}zfv ^ ut] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf ¿kdf lgo'Qm x'g'
ePsf] xf] . dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfo{fnosf] /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] sfo{fGjogdf pxfFsf] dxTjk"0f{
of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .
344
g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg 355

*=@$ >L /dg s'df/ >]i7

@)&# ;fn ;fpg @$ ut] dxfGofoflwjQmfdf lgo'Qm x'g' ePsf jl/i7 clwjQmf >L /dg
s'df/ >]i7n] g]kfn jf/ Pzf]l;o;gsf] @! cf} sfo{;ldltsf dxf;lrj, o'4 lj/fd cfrf/
;+lxtf /fli6«o cg'udg ;ldltsf ;b:osf ;fy} u0ftflGqs k|ultzLn sfg"g Joj;foL
;+u7gsf] cWoIfsf] ;d]t lhDd]jf/L ;DxfnL ;Sg' ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf] Ps jif{] sfo{sfndf
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] bf];|f] k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgf nfu" eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] lyof] .
o:t} dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] cleof]hg gLlt tyf dfu{bz{g, @)&$ ;d]t hf/L ePsf]
lyof] . dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfo{fnosf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0fsf cg]sf}+ kIfx¿df pTs[i6
of]ubfg lbg'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFs} sfo{sfndf ;j} lhNnf ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿df ;jf/L
;fwgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;/sf/L jsLnx¿sf] klxnf] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngsf ;'qwf/ pxfFn]
cg';Gwfgst{f k|x/L / cleof]hgstf{ ;/sf/L jsLnx¿sf] klxnf] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngsf]
cfof]hgfsf] ;d]t ;+of]hg ug{' ePsf] lyof] .
*=@% >L j;Gt/fd e08f/L
@)&$ ;fn ebf} @ ut] dxfGofoflwjQmfdf lgo'Qm x'g' ePsf jl/i7 clwjQmf >L j;Gt/fd
e08f/L skf]{/]6 no/sf ¿kdf :yflkt k'/fgf sfg"g Joj;foL x'g'x'G5 . pxfFn] emG8} $) jif{
sfg"g Joj;foLsf ¿kdf ;]jf ug{' ePsf] 5 . @)## ;fndf g]kfn jf/ Pzf]l;o;gsf ;b:o
;d]t /xg' ePsf pxfF 8]df]qmofl6s no;{ Pzf]l;o;gsf cWoIf ;d]t x'g'x'GYof] .
*=@^ >L clUg k|;fb v/]n
jl/i7 clwjQmf >L clUgk|;fb v/]n g]kfn jf/ Pzf]l;o;gsf] !* cf} sfo{;ldlt -@)%$–
@)%&_ sf] dxf;lrj x'g'x'GYof] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] lgd{f0fsf nflu ul7t
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ;ldltsf ;b:o ;d]t /xg' ePsf >L clUg k|;fb v/]n @)^$ /
@)&) ;fndf ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;b:o ;d]t aGg'ePsf] lyof] . pxfF k|wfgdGqL s]=kL= zdf{
cf]nL g]t[Tjsf] cl3Nnf] ;/sf/df sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqL ;d]t /xg' ePsf]
lyof] . @)&$ kmfu'g * ut] dxfGofoflwjQmfdf lgo'Qm x'g' ePsf >L clUgk|;fb v/]nn]
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgf sfo{fGjogdf pNn]Vo e"ldsf lgj{fx ub{}cfpg'
ePsf] 5 . pxfFn] k"j{ dxfGofoflwjQmfx¿n] lgd{f0f k|f/De ug{' ePsf tyf cfkm}n] lznfGof;
u/]sf ;d]t u/L xfn;Dd #) j6f ;/sf/L jsLn sfo{fnox¿sf] p¢f6g ug{' eO{ k"j{
dxfGofoflwjQmf >L s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/]kl5 w]/} sfo{fnosf] ejg lgd{f0f ug{] dxfGofoflwjQmf
x'g' ePsf] 5 . pxfFs} kfnfdf clwsf+z ;/sf/L jsLnx¿n] j}b]lzs k|lzIf0f tyf cWoogsf]
cj;/ k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . d'n'sL P]gnfO{ lj:yflkt u/L cfPsf ;+lxtfx¿sf] sfo{fGjogsf]
låljwfnfO{ lrb{} ;/sf/L jsLn / k|x/Lsf] cleefjs agL ;+lxtf sfo{fGjogdf pxfFn] ljz]if
of]ubfg lbg'eof] . ;/sf/L jsLnsf] ljlzli6s/0f, ;/sf/L jsLnx¿sf] b/aGbL yk tyf d'Vo
GofoflwjQmfx¿;Fusf] k|efjsf/L ;dGjo pxfFsf] jt{dfg sfo{sfnsf sf]z]9'+uf x'g\ . pxfFs}
sfo{sfndf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no cyf{t g]kfnsf ;/sf/L jsLnx¿ ;/sf/L
jsLnx¿sf] cGt/f{li6o ;+u7g (International Association of Prosecutors – IAP) sf] ;b:otf k|flKt
;d]t ePsf] 5 .

345
356 g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg

pk;+xf/
s'g} klg ;+:yfsf] Oltxf;n] eljiosf nflu cfwf/ k|bfg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 eGg] dflgG5 .
;/sf/sf] sfo{sfl/0fL cfb]zaf6 lj=;+= @))* ;fndf /fHosf] k|d'v sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/ tyf
;/sf/sf] k|lt/Ifssf ¿kdf :yflkt P6gL{ hg/n -dxfGofoflwjQmf_ ;DaGwL Joj:yfn]
xfn;Dd cfOk'Ubf w]/} ptf/ r9fj tyf psfnL cf]/fnL kf/ u/]sf] 5 . ljutdf Ps sf]7f
tyf # hgf sd{rf/Lx¿af6 k|f/De ePsf] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no xfn ;'ljwf;DkGg
cfkm\g} * tn] sfof{no ejgsf] :jfdL ag]sf] 5 . clwsf+z ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nox¿
;'ljwf;DkGg sfof{no ejgdf /x]sf 5g\ . xfn !%** hgf ;/sf/L jsLn tyf
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] b/aGbL sfod ePsf] 5 . dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf dfq %( hgf
;/sf/L jsLn;lxt !%* hgfsf] b/aGbL /x]sf] 5 . of] n]vdf ;dfj]z ePsf]
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] ljutb]lv jt{dfg;Ddsf] tYok/s k|:t'ltn] ljutsf] s'g
k[i7e"ldaf6 xfdL oxfF;Dd cfOk'Uof}+ eGg] oyfy{tf lrq0f u/]sf] 5 .
dxfGofoflwjQmf tyf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nox¿n] ;+j]}wflgs tyf sfg"gL lhDd]jf/L
k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;Dkfbg ug{sf nflu ;/sf/L jsLnsf] Jofj;flostf ljsf; / ;+:yfut
;'b[9Ls/0fdf s]lGb|t eO{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] b'O{ j6f k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts
of]hgf nfu" eO{ bf];|f] /0fgLlts of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] clGtd r/0fdf /x]sf] 5 . of]hgfn]
k|If]k0f u/]sf sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjogaf6 ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf / Jofj;flostf ljsf;df
s]xL pknlJw b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;+:yfut ;/sf/L jsLnn] ug]{ cleof]hg / ax;
k}/jLdf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu of]hgfsf] lg/Gt/tf cfjZos b]lvG5 . lgZro g}
sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;+VofTds j[l4 Pjd\ ef}lts k|ultn] dfq dxfGofoflwjQmf tyf
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] ;kmntfnfO{ O+lut ub{}g . To;sf nflu t ;do ;fk]If¿kdf
sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ klqmof Pjd\ sfo{ ;+:s[ltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg' kg]{ cfjZostf /xG5 .
;/sf/L jsLnsf] ;kmntf / k|efjsfl/tfsf] dfkg ;/sf/L d'2fsf] ;kmntfaf6 dfkg ug{
;lsPnf . t/ Tof] eGbf w]/} dfkg ug]{ ;"rs rfFlx ;fj{hlgs ljZj;lgotf xf] . o;sf
nflu Jofj;flos cfr/0fsf] ;xL kfngf cfjZos kb{5 . :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf dfGotfk|lt
;dk{0f cfjZos kb{5 . sfg"g / Gofosf dfGo l;4fGtx¿sf] cfGtl/sLs/0f u/L
Jofjxfl/s k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] ;Ifdtf cfjZos kb{5 . j:t'ut k|df0fdf cfwfl/t eP/
cleof]hg Pjd\ lg0f{o ug]{ bIftf cfjZos kb{5 . ef}lts k"jf{wf/ / Jofjf;lostf
ljsf;sf nflu ;+:yfut ¿kdf ul/Psf ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿sf] ;xL dfkg Tfa dfq x'g
;S5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿M
1= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg
2= g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg"g, @))$
3= g]kfn cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))&
4= ;/sf/L jsLn lbUbz{g @)&$
5= dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] klxnf] k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgf
6= dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgx¿

346
g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg 357

7= GofobLk cw{jflif{s, kmf}hbf/L Gofo ljz]iffÍ, @)^@

8= d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf, @)&$,
9= ;hfo lgwf{/0f sfof{Gjog P]g, @)&$,
10= ck/fw kLl8t ;+/If0f P]g, @)&%,
11= kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]g, @)&$,
12= ;/sf/L jsLn ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)&&,
13= Gofo ;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)&#,
14= dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kfl/>lds, ;]jfsf] zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL P]g, @)&$,
15= g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb P]g, @)%),
16= sfg"gL ;xfotf ;DaGwL P]g, @)%$,
17= /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fg P]g, @)^#,
18= gf]6/L klAns ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# tyf lgodfjnL @)^#,
19= Gofo kl/ifb\-sfo{ljlw_ lgodfjnL, @)%^,
20= k|sfz jl:t, xfd|f] sfg"gL Oltxf;sf s]xL emfFsLx¿, k}/jL a's xfp;, @)^#
21= zDe'k|;fb 1jfnL, JolQm / ljrf/, hubDaf k|sfzg, @)%%
22= xjfO{ ;'/Iff -Joj:Yff_ lgodfjnL, @)$^
23= GofobLk cw{jflif{s, kmf}hbf/L Gofo ljz]iff+s, @)^@ c+s @ ;/sf/L jsLn ;dfh, sf7df8f}+ .
24= ck/fw cg';Gwfg / ;/sf/L jsLn, g]kfn slG:66\o';g kmfpG8];g, sf7df8f}+, @)&)
25= ljzfn vgfn, g]kfnsf] Gofo k|zf;g P]ltxfl;s l;+xfjnf]sg e[s'6L Ps]8dLs klAns]zg
sf7df8f}+
26= g]kfn uh]6 tyf /fhkqx¿
27= g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt /fdzfxky, sf7df8f}+

YZ

347
358 g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg
g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg 359

cg;"rL

!= cleof]hg hg{n, jif{ !, c+s ! -@)&%_ df ;dfj]z ePsf ljifo / n]vs

dfggLo dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] cGtjf{tf{ pkrf/ ;DaGwL
cjwf/0ff / b]jfgL ;+lxtfsf] efje"ld ...................................................................# 8f= cfgGbdf]xg e§/fO{
kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_
P]g, @)&$ sf ljz]iftfx¿ ...........................................................................................................# e]if/fh zdf{
kmf}hbf/L Gofodf ;'wf/sf] cfz ............................................................................................ # an/fd s]=;L
oftgf ;DaGwL gLlt tyf sfg"gsf] jt{dfg cj:yf ..............................................# 8f= o'j/fh ;+u|f}nf
d'n'sL kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ tyf ;/sf/jfbL
kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cleof]hg ;DaGwL Joj:yf / o;df
;/sf/L jsLnsf] e"ldsf ....................................................................................................... # a›Lk|;fb uf}td
;+lxtfx¿n] ;/sf/L jsLnsf] sfddf kfg]{ k|efj ........................................................... # ls/0f kf}8]n
d'2fdf lnOg] w/f}6 hdfgt ;DaGwL Joj:yf / k|of]u ............................................... # g[kWjh lg/f}+nf
kmf}hbf/L s;"/ -;hfo lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog_ P]gsf]
sfof{Gjog / r'gf}tLsf kIfx¿ ........................................................................................ # s[i0fhLjL l3ld/]
d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtfdf rf]/L tyf 8f“sf ;DaGwL ck/fwM
Ps ljZn]if0f ..................................................................................................................# k|f= 8f= /lhteQm k|wfgf
# ;f]dsfGtf e08f/L
lhls/sf] ;f}bfafhL cEof; / g]kfnL kmf}hbf/L Gofo
k|0ffnLdf ;hfo 5'6 ;DaGwL Joj:yf.............................................................................. # lszf]/ l;njfn
;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL kl/jlt{t sfg"gL Joj:yf .................................................... # dx]z zdf{ kf}8]n
d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ df Joj:yf ul/Psf]
wd{ ;DaGwL s;"/M Ps rrf{ ..................................................................................................# 6]sk|;fb 9'Ëfgf
gofF sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfdf k"j{ ;'g'jfO{ 5nkmn ;DaGwL sfg"gL
Joj:yf / o;sf] k|of]uM Ps ljj]rgf .............................................................................. # 6]sgf/fo0f s'“j/
cleof]hgstf{sf] bfloTj / :jtGqtf .............................................................................. # r]tgfy l3ld/]
kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{ ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf /
sfof{Gjogsf r'gf}tLx¿ ...................................................................................................... # g/]Gb|k|;fb kf7s
ck/fwLs/0f ;DaGwL l;4fGt, gofF kmf}hbf/L sfg"gL ;+/rgf /
;'wf/sf] ;Defjgf M Ps ljj]rgf .................................................................................... # 8f= >Lk|sfz pk|]tL

348
360 g]kfndf dxfGofoflwjQmf: :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+lIfKt l;+xfjnf]sg

@= cleof]hg hg{n jif{ @, c+s ! -@)&^_ df ;dfj]z ePsf ljifo / n]vs

;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf ;hfo lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL

;fdfGo dfu{bz{gx¿ / sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf ....................................... 6]sk|;fb 9'·fgf
of}g lx+;f kLl8t;Fu ul/g] ;f]wk'5 k|s[of / ;+j]bgzLntf ...................... 6]sgf/fo0f s'“j/
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] ;+:yfut ljsf; ................................ Zofds'df/ e§/fO{
kf/:kl/s sfg"gL ;xfotf, g]kfn sfg"g / sfof{Gjogdf
;/sf/L jsLnsf] lhDd]jf/L .............................................................;+hLj/fh /]UdL
d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ df ck"0f{ ck/fw ;DjGwL Joj:yf .................. nf]s/fh k/fh'nL
d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)&$ df k|lt/Iff ;DaGwL Joj:yf M Ps ljZn]if0f ......8f= >Lk|sfz pk|]tL
d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf / kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfn] cg';Gwfg /
cleof]hg ;DaGwdf ;d]6]sf gof“ Joj:yfM Ps ljZn]if0f ......................... 8f= lbjfs/ e§
k|df0f, ;a'b tyf ;a'bsf] ef/sf] l;4fGt tyf b]jfgL /
kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf k|df0fsf] ef/ ......................................................../]jtL/fh lqkf7L
:jR5 ;'g'jfO ;DaGwL xs / Goflos b[li6sf]0f ........................................ v]d/fh e§
dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ ck/fwdf Ifltk"lt{
;DaGwL Goflos b[li6sf]0f ........................................................... ;f]dsfGtf e08f/L
lq–jif{{L{o ck/fw lgoGq0f tyf cg';Gwfg
sfo{of]hgf Crime Action Plan (CAP)M ;+lIfKt ljj]rgf ............................. lktfDa/ clwsf/L

g]kfndf hftLo e]befj tyf 5'jf5"t lj?4sf sfg"g sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf ........ lzj jfUn]

349